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Gettysburg
TH8 CIvIL WAR 1860-1865
50miles
Spotsylvania
Fred Christensen
fchriste @illinois.edu
Fall 2021
GETTYSBURG: CLASS SCHEDULE
All dlasses begin at 1:30 PM.
Sep.15 Background / The Nature of 19*-c. Warfare / The American Civil War
Sep.22 Lee Moves North: Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, summer 1863
Sep.29 Gettysburg: the first day. July 1
Oct.6 Gettysburg: the second day, July 2
Oct 13 Gettysburg: the third day, July 3
Oct 20 Retreat and Pursuit, July 4—14: part one
Oct 27 Retreat and Pursuit, July 4-14: part two
Nov 3 Campaign's End / Significance, Debates, Alternatives, Memory, Heritage.
If you would like to receive
articles and essays via email as
.PDF attachments, please email
me at
fchriste@illinois.edu
Fred Chr
Jamuay 2021
GETTYSBURG AND THE CIVIL WAR: SUGGESTED READINGS
GENERAL HISTORIES OF WARFARE:
Stig Fors
1860']
P
BATTLEFIELD TOUR GUIDES:
ccout
Stephen W.r Get (203
fteuopiougted
THE RETREAT AND PURSUTT APTER THE BATLE:
110pF Clinton: A "What If* History of the U.S. (2000)
HISTORICAL FICTION ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR:
S o
[mg
"CETTYSBURGS OF THE IMAGINATION:" WARGAMES AND ALTERNATE HISTORIES
A. ALTERNATEHISTORIE South
Foracompehefalltherisin thisewe seth weeUo
Jay Luw l l
[Ohermauga] EnW
..Ceelent aecomt enphasting tectieal iations and evmts.
MAGAZINES: EdwinE
Pusuitato
ovrtheaitherpdvndbade
ses the wsbsite Web-Grognard
North and South
...beauafd osightfu
JohnD.IdeThCoderaRee fomGetygv3
odeS
2000)
INTERNET WEB SITES:
"ONE-STOP SHOPPING" FOR NEW, USED AND OUT-OF-PRINT BOOKS:
ovdeastlltheholin fmazo
CIVIL WAR HISTORY SITE:
Gve.com enhdetnes,c)
THE CLASSICS....
E
CIVIL
WAR
ANARRATIVE
EHI
CIVIL
WAR
P U L I T Z E R
ANARIATIVT
THE
CIVIL.
WAR
ANARRATIVT
WAR
ELLIO
BRUCE
CATTON
CENTENNIAL
★★★
OF TIE
CHOLSIH
CIVILWAR
Bruce
HISTORY
Catton
WINNER
SWIFT
TERRIBLE
BATTLE BRUCE
PRIZE
SWORD
CRY
BrueeCattor
CALL
NEVER
CATTON
OFFREEDON
THECIVILWARERA
RETREAT TIS
SHELBY
FOOTE BHELBY SHELBY
FOOTE FOOTE
GROUND
H A U L O W E D
THE
COMING
Thestoryof theUnionSideoftheCivilWar
FURY
RANDOM
HOUSE RANDOM RANDOM
HOUSE AMES .MCPERSON
UBLEDAY
editedby
2,800 pp 800pp 400pp.1,400pp.
★业
BRUCE
CATTON
author of the Pulitzer Prize winnerA Stillness at Appomattox
THIS
HALLOWED
GROUND
The story of the Union Side of the Civil War
Mainstream ofAmerica Series edited by
Lewis Gannett
Clifford Dowdey
TheLand
They
Fought
For
The story
of the South
as the
Confederacy,1832-1865
Mainstreamof America Series
editedbyLewis Gannett
Gettysburg books.....
NATIONWEBESTSELLER
S T E P H E N W.SEARS GETTYSBURG
SHELBY
FOOTE
THEFINALFURY
lt..
By the author of
LANDSCAPE TURNED RED and CHANCELLORSVILLE
"The bestc carsis the STARS IN
THEIR
WINN COURSES
THE
AWARD GETTYSBURG
RODK ABOUT CAMPAIGN
BRUCECATTON
Pulit Pri-insng Authr
ASTILLNESSAT APPOMATTOX
514 pp. 290 pp. 116 pp.
WINNEROF THE PULITZER PRIZE
THEKILLER
ANGELS
ANoveofthe Cival War
MICHAELSHAARA
VANCOU ER
ISLANJD
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
OREGON
HUDSONS BAY CO.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
NEWFOUND
D
Utahterritory
Nebraska
territory B R
CANADA
NEW
ENOVA
CA
M E SCOTIA
WI
IA N Y
Denver CTI
Gil New Mexico
territory
Kansas
territory
IL IN O H
M O
PA
D E
unorganized
territory 36°30 KY VA M D
2T N
A R N C
Gadsden
purchase S C
TX M S AL GA
L A
FL
MEXICAN
REPUBLIC GeneralMiramon
in Mexico City
BAHAMAS
m m
(British)
LESSER
ANTILLES
Slave states
President Juarez
nVera Cruz
CUBA
(Spanish)
HAITI
DOMINICAN
REP-
British Frer
November elize(British) JAMAICA
(British)
PUERTO
RICO
1860 G U A T E M A L A H O N D U R A S (Spanish)
Americainthe1850s:AChangingSociety
StillpredominantlyruralintheNorth
overwhelminglyruralintheSouth.
Industrializationisbeginningtotransform
American life....in theNorth.
Railroads arebringing about
unprecedented change andmobility.
Scene on n Cotton Plantntion.
Black slavery in the South is central to
economic life...and is a way to keep race
relations under control.
GREAT SALE
f
SLAVES
JANUARY 10,1855
HERE Will BeOfered ForSaleatPublicAuclionatthe SLAVEMARKET.CHEAPSiDE
LEXINGTON,AlITheSLAVES ofJOHN CARTER,Equire,of LEWIS COLNTY,KY
OnAccount of His Removal to Indians,a FreeState.The Slaves Listed Below We
AllRainedon the CARTER PLANTATIONat QUICK'SRUN,LeisCounty.Kentut
3 Bucks Aged from 20 to 26,Strong,Ablebodied
1 Wench, Sallie,Aged 42, Excellent Cook
1 Wench, Lize, Aged 23 with 6 mo. old Picinniny
One Buck Aged 52, good Kennel Man
17 Bucks Aged from twelve to twenty, Excellent
Offers for the entire let wil be entertained previous to sale by addressing th
IOHNCARTER,ESq·
Po.(larksburg IewiCountv.kentuk
SouthernPopulation,1860
EnslavedAfrican
Americans-32%
Slaveholding
whites-17%
FreeAfrican
Americans-2% Nonslaveholding
whites-49%
MostSouthernerspreferred todescribe
their way of life as a benevolent one....at
least in public.
TheCensusof1860
TERRITORY
12
VERMONT MAINE
315 628
ESOTA
172
WISCONSIN
776 MICHIGAN
749
NEWYORK
3,881
NEWHAMPSHIRE
326
MASSACHUSETTS
UTAHTERRITORY
40
NEBRASKATERRITORY
29
IOWA
675
ILLINOIS
1,712
INDIANA
1,351 2,340
PENNSYLVANIA
2,906 460
672
DELAWARE
112:110/2
MARYLAND
687:600/87
KANSASTERRITORY
107 1,182
MISSOURI
1,067/115
1,155
KENTUCKY
930/225
1,596
1,105/491 DISTRICTOF COLUMBIA
75:72/3
9 4
INDIAN
TERRITORY
C.100
11110
TENNESSEE
8341276 662/331
993
604
TEXAS
422/182
435
ARKANSAS
324/111
708
LOUISIANA
376/332
355/436
964
ALABAMA
529/435
703
1,057
GEORGIA
SOUTH CAROLINA
595/462
301/402 In slaves
140
FLORIDA
$78/62
oninThou
onbrokendown
intofreeandslave
791 (freepopulationgreaterthan75%)
MiddleSouthstates
(freepopulationbetween60%and75%)
DeepSouthstates
（free population between 60%and50%)
(free populationless than50%)
Cotton
production
seirsq
1860
Slavepopulation
distribution
2,000s
The Secessionvote18601
divided
storia(US)
BRITISH LAMERICA
OREGON
COUNTRY
NEW
MEXICO
MEXICAN
EMPIRE
CUB
(Spanish)
BAHAMAS
(British)
WFOUND
(British)(French
July
1822 (British
(British)
HAITI
PUERTO
RICO
(Spanish)
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the
Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and
Maine as a free state. ... In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-
Nebraska Act.
MICHIGAN
TERRITORY
36°30
UNORGANIZED
Free
Slave
MO.
1821
ARKANSAS
TERRITORY
1819
MISSOURICOMPROMISE1820
Main Points of The Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five separate bills that made the
following main points:
· Permitted slavery in Washington, D.C., but outlawed the slave trade
· Added California to the Union as a "free state"
Established Utah and New Mexico as territories that could decide via
popular sovereignty if they would permit slavery
OREGON
TERRITORY
1848
MINNESOTA
TERRITORY
1849
Defined new boundaries for the state of Texas following the Mexican-
American War, removing its claims to parts of New Mexico but awarding
the state $10 million in compensation
UTAH
TERRITORY
1850
UNORGANIZED
TERRITORY
NEW MEXICO
TERRITORY
850
INDIAN
TERR.
n Ka len on nueu e aldoad paeisua paluap pue saels Kemeunu
COMPROMISEOF1850
VANCOU E R
ISLA
Oregon
territory
Sacramentorive
BRITISH NORTH
AMERICA
CROW!
San
Diego
Utahterritory
(DAKOTA) Minnesota
FtLaramie
territory
VISCONSINM I
ME
ARAPAHO
NewMexico
SanJoaquinriver
territory
and
IA
CTI
CHEYENNE
SIOUX
IL IN
KIOWA
O H P A
M O
K Y V A -DE
M D
AR T N N C
TX M S
A
AL
SC
G A
FL
BAHAMAS
(British)
MEXICAN
REPUBLIC CUBA
(Spanish)
HAITI
DOMINICAN
REP
LESSER
ANTILLES
(British）(Frencl
November
1852 GUATEMALA
Slize(British)
HONDURAS
JAMAICA
（British)
PUERTO
RICO
(Spanish)
WASHINGTON
TERRITORY
OREGON
TERRITORY NEBRASKA
TERRITORY
MINNESOTA
TERRITORY
UTAH
TERRITORY KANSAS
TERRITORY
1854
NEW MEXICO
TERRITORY INDIAN
TERR.
KANSAS-NEBRASKAACT1854
freestateorterritory slavestateor territory territory
opentoslavery
It became law on May 30, 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri
Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also
activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.
White Cloud Forest City
nnah
lowa Pointe
St.Joseph
Doniphan
Atchison M I s S O U R I
Holton Oak Mills Weston
Grasshopper Falls Fort Leavenworth
Leavenworth
Hardville
Platte City
(Martinsville)
Osawkie Oskaloosa Parkville Liberty
K A I S A S R i
Topekao Lecompton
Wyandotte Independence
River Westport
Shawnee OSI awnee Mission
Wakaruso veFranklin
River New Santa Fe
(Little Santa Fe)
Olathe.
TERRITORY Hickman Mills
Hickory Point
Palmyrao Gardner Pleasant Hill
Lanesfield
Prairie City
River
Ottawa
Home of Tauy Jones Harrisonvilleo
Paola
Osawatomie Austine
Emporia Lane
Garnett Trading Post
Marais des Cygnes
19May1858
Mound City·
Butlero
sage
Papinsville
BORDER Mapleton
MRiver
1854-58
major attack by free-state forces
major attack by proslavery forces
1 0 20 30
LRiver
KANSAS-MISSOURI
THREEEVENTSIN ONEWEEK:MAY1856
May 21: the sacking of the antislavery town of Lawrence,
Kansas, by a proslavery mob.
THREEEVENTSINONEWEEK:MAY 1856
May 22: the caning of Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner
by South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks.
THREEEVENTSINONEWEEK:MAY1856
May 24: the Pottawatomie Creek massacre in Kansas;
abolitionist John Brown and his followers kill five pro-
Southern settlers in response to the sacking of Lawrence.
VANCOU ER
ISLANJD
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
OREGON
HUDSONS BAY CO.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
NEWFOUND
D
Utahterritory
Nebraska
territory B R
CANADA
NEW
ENOVA
CA
M E SCOTIA
WI
IA N Y
Denver CTI
Gil New Mexico
territory
Kansas
territory
IL IN O H
M O
PA
D E
unorganized
territory 36°30 KY VA M D
2T N
A R N C
Gadsden
purchase S C
TX M S AL GA
L A
FL
MEXICAN
REPUBLIC GeneralMiramon
in Mexico City
BAHAMAS
m m
(British)
LESSER
ANTILLES
Slave states
President Juarez
nVera Cruz
CUBA
(Spanish)
HAITI
DOMINICAN
REP-
British Frer
November elize(British) JAMAICA
(British)
PUERTO
RICO
1860 G U A T E M A L A H O N D U R A S (Spanish)
VERMONT
315
MAINE
628
The1860Census MINNESOTA
172
NEBRASKATERRITORY
29
WISCONSIN
776
MICHIGAN
749
3,881
IOWA
675
NEW HAMPSHIRE
MASSACHUSETTS
326
2,906
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODEISLAND
NEWYORK
175
CONNECTICUT
460
NEWJERSEY
672
DELAWARE
ILLINOIS
1,712
OHIO
1,351 2,340
INDIANA 112:110/2
MARYLAND
687:600/87
DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA
KANSASTERRITORY
107 1,182
MISSOURI
1,067/115
21,155
KENTUCKY
930/225
1,596
VIRGINIA
1,105/491 75:72/3
INDIAN
TERRITORY
C.100
1,110
TENNESSEE
8341276
993
NORTH CAROLINA
662/331
435
324/111
ARKANSAS'
703
SOUTH CAROLINA
1,057 301/402 Population in Thousands
In slavestatsopuatonrokenw
into free and slave
604
GEORGIA
791 964
MISSISSIPPI
355/436
ALABAMA
529/435 595/462 BorderSouth states
TEXAS
（free populationgreaterthan75%）
Middle South states
（free populationbetween60%and75%)
4 2 2 / 1 8 2 708 Deep South states
LOUISIANA
（free populationbetween60%and50%)
376/332
(free population less than50%)
140
FLORIDA
78/62
The Election of 1860 electoralvotes
%of thepopularvote cast
forthewinning candidate
Won by Lincoln:
O R
W I
15ofthe16free
states of the north
M N
6
·V T
58
N Y
INDIANA 51ILLINOIS 11
13
IOWA
M I
MICHIGAN
62
55 4
MAINE 8
51
M E MASSACHUSETTS 13
63 6
57
57
C A
63
N H
IA
MINNESOTA
35
VERMONT
CONNECTICUT
87
NEWHAMPSHIRE
NJ
IN
OHIO
5
NEWYORK
RI
23
M A
54
D E
M O
56
PENNSYLVANIA
K Y
52 27
NC
AR T N
M D
V A
S C
P A 61 4
76
O H WISCONSIN 57 5
T X M S
RHODEISLAND
AL
Won by Lincoln:the 2free
states of the west
CALIFORNIA 32 4
OREGON 3 6
Won byBreckinridge:11of the
15slave states
ALABAMA 54 9
ARKANSAS 5 3
G A 4
D E L A W A R E 46 3
FLORIDA 62 3
GEORGIA 49 10
LOUISIANA 45 6
MARYLAND 46
MISSISSIPPI 59
NORTH CAROLINA 51 10
SOUTH CAROLINA 8
TEXAS 76 4
SouthCarolinadidnotholdanelectiol
THEPRESIDENTIALELECTIONOFNOVEMBER1860 thestatelegislaturesimplynominated
48
Breckinridge electors.
1:THEPOPULARVOTE 2:THEELECTORALVOTE Won by Bell:3 slave states
stateswonby totalelectoralvotes 303
neededtowin 152
Lincolnobtained thevotesof
KENTUCKY 45 12
TENNESSEE 12
VIRGINIA 4 5 15
Lincoln(Republican)
Douglas(Northern Democrat)
Bell(Constitutional Union)
Breckinridge(SouthernDemocrat)
1,865,908（40%)
1,380,202（29%)
590,901(13%)
848,019(18%)
15northernstates 169
2westernstates 1
NewJersey (part) 4
TOTAL 180
Breckinridgeobtained72votes,Bell39and
Douglas12(Missouri's9plus3of NewJersey's7)
Won byDouglas:1 slave state
1free state
MISSOURI 3 6
NEWJERSEY 5 2
Despite thefact thatDouglascarried
state,4oftheelectorsvotedforLincoln
VANCOU E R
ISLAN
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
HUDSON'SBAY
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
O R NEWFOUND
Nevada
territory
Dakota
territory. M N CANADA NEW
B R
M E NOVA
SCOTIA
CA Utah
territory
Colorado
territory
Nebraska
territory IA N Y
W I
KANSAS IL IN PA
O H
CTI
N J
NewMexico
territory Indian
territory
M O
K Y Washington
A R
V A
TN
-DE
YMD
N C
T X M S A L S C
Montgomery G A
L A
Fort
Pickens
Pensacola
FL
Fort
JeffersonFort Taylor BAHAMAS
(British)
CUBA
(Spanish)
HAIT
LESSER
ANTILLES
(British）(Frenc
March
1861 GUATEMALA
lize(British)
H O N D U R A S
JAMAICA
(British) SANTO
DOMINGO
(Spanish)
PUERTO
RICO
(Spanish)
POPULATION I8GO
Inhahitants 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 1.000,000 2,000.000 3.000.000
CALIFORNIA
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
D.C.
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
NEBRASKA
N.HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW YORK
OHIO
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
VERMONT
WISCONSIN
KENTUCKY
MISSOURI
ALABAM A
ARKANSAS
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
LOUISIANA
'MISSISSIPPI
NO.CAROLINA
SO.CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
VIRGINIA Figures under5oooonotshuown
aNorthern States BorderStates wm Southern States Slaves
I N D U S T R Y 1 8 G 0
Establishmerts iooo 3.000 6,000 9.000 12,000 15,000 18,000 21,000
CALIFORNIA
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
D.C.
SIONITTI
INDIANA
JOWA
KANSAS
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
NEBRASKA
N.HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW YORK
OHIO
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
VERMONT
WISCONSIN
KENTUCXY
MISSOURI
ALABAMA
ARIANSAS
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
LOUISIANA
MISSISSIPPI
NO.CAROLINA
SO.CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
VIRGINIA
Jotalnumberof
Establisments
North 99,564
Border 6,532
South 16,896
L
+Jerritories
Northern States BorderStates wm Southern States
No146.
Railroads and railroad tracks were crucial for supplying armies.
Large armies could only operate near rivers, seacoasts (for the Union),
and functioning railroads.
BRITISHNORTHAMERICA
(CANADA)
Greal
Detroit
Boston
Pittsburgh NewYork
Chicago Philadelphia
Washington,D.C.
St.Joseph Cincinnati
St.Louis
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Charleston
NewOrleans
Railroads
in1850
Railroadsbuilt
between 1850
and1860
0200
Gulf ofMexico 400miles
0200 400kilometers
RAILR0ADS,1850AND1860
Western farm crops moved south to New Orleans and the Gulf, and eastern
manufactured goods moved up the Mississippi to western and northern markets.
By 1850 more than six hundred steamboats of 135,000 total tons were operating
on western rivers. By 1860 the number of western steamboats had climbed to
over eight hundred and 196,000 tons. In the same ten years western rail mileage
had grown eightfold. Most of the new rail lines ran in an east-west
MINNESOTA
TERRITORY M
1850:theold Northwesttraffic
goes north-south by steamboat via
the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers
direction.
Steamboat
freight rates
WISCONSIN
steamboatroute
MAINE were of
course
cheaper than
N.H. railroad freight
IOWA
NEWYORK MASS. rates. In 1853 the
CON.
R.1 New York Central,
PENNSYLVANIA theErie,and the
MISSOURI
ILLINOIS INDIANA Pittsburgh NEW
JERSEY Pennsylvania freight
rates ranged from
OHIO
DELAWARE 2.4g to 3.5 per ton-mile.
VIRGINIA By1860 thesesamerailroads
had lowered their rates to
KENTUCKY around 2t a ton-mile. Railroad
ARKANSAS TENNESSEE
NORTH CAROLINA freight rates,while higher per ton-
mile than those of the steam-
SOUTH boats, had advantage both in
C A R O L I N A speed and distance. Rail routes were
LOUISIA
ALABAMA GEORGIA
often shorter and more direct than river
routes. The rail distance from Pittsburgh to
FLORIDA
Cincinnati was 316 miles, by river steamboat
mileage was 470 miles. Steamer distance from
Cincinnati to St.Louis was 702miles,while the
rail distance on the broad-gauge Ohio and
Mississippi Railroad was only 339 miles. The
river trip from Cincinnati to St. Louis
required nearly three daysthat by rail took
only sixteen hours.
22
During the decade of the fifties a new east-west axis flow of traffic devel-
oped from Chicago and St. Louis east toward New York City, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore. This economic alliance between the northeastern and the north
western states was made even firmer with founding of the Republican party (a
northern-only party) in the mid-1850s. The southern states may not have been
fully aware of this change in traffic direction and the new east-west alliance.
That a shift in trade routes had occurred is graphically made by William and
Bruce Catton in their book Two Roads to Sumter:“Southerners who dreamed
that theNorthwestmightbe neutral or even an ally in the event ofa
civil conflict should have looked more closely at the endless parade of Buffalo
freight trains clattering across the mountains between the ocean and
the Lakes."
1860:the old
Northwest traffic
goeseast-westby
railroads
Albany
NEW YORK
Chicago PENNSYLVANIA New
York
Fort
Wayne
Pittsburgh NEW
Philadelphia JERSEY
ILLINOIS INDIANA
OIHO Baltimore
Cincinnati MARYL DELAWARE
AN
St.Louis
MISSOURI VIRGINIA
100km
100miles
23
OFF TO THE WAR.
Off to the war.
MOTIVATIONS:WHYMENFOUGHT INTHECIVILWAR
..Whatmotivated thesemen?Howcould theyenduresuch losses andkeep
fighting?
Itried to answer thesequestions inmybookFor CauseandComrades...Drawing
onsoldiers'lettersanddiaries,Ifound thattheirmotivesincluded
Ferventpatriotism,
Ideological conviction about the righteousness oftheir cause,
The cohesion of community-based regimental companies,
Victorian cultural valuesofduty,honor,courage,and
manhood,inwhichcowardiceand lettingdownone's
comradesdoomed one toeternal shame and dishonor,and
Religiousbeliefsthatenabledmanysoldierstofacedeath
with a composure thatseems extraordinary today.
lalsodiscussedtheimportanceofleadershipbyofficerswhocouldremaincool
underfire,imposedisciplinewithoutprovokingcorrosiveresentment,command
theconfidenceof theirmen,andnotaskthem todo anythingorface any danger
theywereunwillingtodoorfacethemselves
-from JamesMcPherson,ThisMightyScourge(2007)
MOREMOTIVATIONS:WHYSOUTHERNERSFOUGHT
AllthefactorsjustlistedappliedtoConfederatesoldiersasmuchastoUnionones-
inthecase ofreligious enthusiasm,perhapsevenmoreso.
Hatredof theNorth(viewingit as an alien society andas similar toBritain in
theAmericanRevolution)wasintenseinmuchoftheSouth.
Defenseofthehomelandandoffamiliesandpropertywerestrong
Hedidn'townanyslaves,andheobviouslydidn'thavemuchinterestinthe
Constitutionoranythingelse.Andtheyaskedhim,Whatareyoufightingfor?Andhe
said,T'mfightingbecauseyou'redownhere.'"(aShelbyFooteanecdote)
Whiteracialsupremacywas avery strongmotivation....mostSouthern
volunteersbelievedtheywerefightingforlibertyaswellasslavery(oftencitingboth
inthesamebreath),andmanyactivelyfearedtheeffectsofBlackRepublicanism
loosed on theirHerrenvolk democracy."(ForCauseand Comrades,pp.20-22)
"Herrenvolk'democracytheequalityofallwhobelongedtothemasterrace
explainswhypoorSouthernerswhodidnotownslavesfoughtsoferociouslyforthe
"Southernwayoflife."
LeeGreenwood's1984songsays“I'mproud tobeanAmerican/Where atleast I
knowI'mfree.”ThiscouldbemodifiedforpoorSouthernersintheCivilWar:“I'm
proudtobeaSoutherner,whereatleastIknowI'mwhite.
BRUEGCTTON
Excellentaccountofsoldierlife,fromfoodtocombat.... MR. L INCOL N'SAR MY95)
178
tized at once.This regiment isnot going to let that damned Brooklyn
regiment beat it at anything!"16
For afew days there inMaryland the army came about as close
to contentment as an army on active service ever gets.The future did
not exist,and the past would somehow be made up for; there was
only thepresent,witheasymarches,friendlycountry,clearweather,
and good roads.A veteran in George H. Gordon's brigade has left a
picture of a noonday halt: each man building a tiny campfire,put-
ting his own personal, makeshift kettle （an empty fruit can with a
bit of haywire for a bail)on toboil water from his canteen, shaking
in coffee from a little cloth bag carried in the haversack.“At the
same time a bit of bacon or pork was broiling on a stick,and in a
fewminutes thewarmmealwas cooked anddispatched.Then,wash-
ing hisknife by stabbing it in the ground,and eating uphis plate,
whichwasahardtackbiscuit,thecontentedsoldierlithislaurel-root
pipe,tookafewpuffs,lay downwith hisknapsackforapillow,and
2.Crackers andBullets
The best thing about being in Maryland, the soldiers agreed,was
that the people hadplenty of fresh provisions to sell and were
quite willing to sell them.The army was in funds; most of the men
had put in four months on the peninsula, a war-ravaged country
deal withYankees,and there had been little chance to spend any-
thing.It had been but little different along the Rappahannock,al-
though in the larger towns a man could usually make a deal; the
14th NewYorkwas alleged to have passed some three thousand
dollarsin counterfeit Confederatenotes-obtained heavenknowshow
-among the luckless shopkeepers ofFredericksburg.But now,with
money in hispocket and things to spend it on,the soldier enjoyed
a few days ofbetter eating than the regulations calledfor.
The CivilWar soldierwouldhave stared inamazement ifhe could
havc looked ahead eighty years to see the War Department,in
WorldWarIl,thoughtfullyretainingfemale experts oncookery to
devise tasty menus for the troops and setting up elaborate schools
Troop strength trends over 2o3 years
Before each major war, the U.S.armed forces have been built up, followed by a drastic drop immediately after the confilct.
15,000,000
10,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
Civil War
1861-1865
20,000
15,000
10,000 718troops
5,000 Warof1812
Mexican War
1812-1815
1846-1848
1,000
0
1789 1794 179918041809181418191824 18291834 18391 8 4 4 1 8 4 9 1 8 5 4 1 8 5 91 8 6 4 1 8 6 9 1 8 7 4 1879
Source:Wasi ctorate forInformation OperationsandReports
Numbersrepresentactive-dutystrengthof
all the services. Note the two dramatic
changesofscale,from5,000to500,000to
5 million.
15,000,000
10,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
Korean War
1950-1953
Vietnam War
1964-1973 Persian Gulf
War 1991
35,000
1,807,177
troops
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1,000
1,430.895
0
2012:
World Warl
1917-1918 WorldWarll
1941-1945
Spanish-American
War1898
1889 1894
18991904190919141919192419291934193919441949195419591 9 6 4 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 4 1 9791 9 8 4 198992
ATPC
Today: 1,300,000
10
丰
TheActiyeArmy todayincludes soe divisions,
with eigmore In thereservecomponents:Although
many soldiers arenot assigned to divisions,thejobof
everyone In theAmy istosupport,train,equipor
pose,every divisionneedssoldiersskilled in
mainlenance,medicine,policework,administraion
aviationdaaocessingrdarandmany
areas in addition to the combat soldiers.A division
couldbe compared toa good-sized town,andit
needspeople with the sare skills:telephone opera-
tors,kivrndnancem
operators,cooksoumalists,mechanics,andmany
other skilfedpeople.Divisions are divided into smaller
unitsin order to accomplish their missions.Atevery
leveldown to company.the organization includes
specialized skillsofmany kinds in aadition to
combat soldiers.
X X
DIVISION
10,000 to17,000peoplecommandedbyaMajor
General.Two or more divisions are sometimes
organized into a CORPS.
B R I G A D E
2.000 to4,000people,commandedbyaColonel.
There are nomally three brigades ina division.In
lery'also commandedby a Colonel and support
units （medical,maintenance,etc.)are in abrigade
size“Support Command”.
BATTALION
500to1,oo0people,commandedbyaLieutenant
Colonel.There are many types obattalions:Tank
Infany,rtillry,Mintnac,Mcalginr,
Signal,SupplyandTransportandmanyothersThre
areusually from2to5battalionsinabrigade-size
unit
4
COMPANY
100 to over200 soldiers,usuallycommandedbya
Captainssistedbyairstrgeanthereare
5companiesinabattalion.Anartilleryunitof thissi
is called a battery” and a cavalry unit is a troop”
PLATOON
30 to50soldiersusuallyledbyaLeutenantassiste
by a Plalcon Sergoant Platconmay be further
subdividedintosectionsorsquadsdependingonh
typeofunit
SQUAD
Nomallyeachsquadcrew,teamrlmentth
makes up theplatoon consists of about 5 to10
people,ledbya Staff Sergeantora Sergeant
Symbols
The symbolson thispage are standardArmymap
symbols forunitsof the size shown.Inside the box,
insteadofaword,therewouldnormallybeadditiona
symbols indicating the type of unit The deviceson
the right are the rank insignia of the commander or
leaderateach level discussed.
THE AWKWARD SQUAD.
Springfield rifled musket
Minie balls
Cartridge
Bullet
Black powder
Smoothbore musket Rifled musket
Targets on the wall, Colonial Williamsburg
gunsmith's shop. Each“shot group"was
producedbyaweaponboltedto a table25
feetfrom the targets.
Five shots were fired.
1861 Springfield Rifle
MANUFACTURING MUSKE
PainBullets
Haveyou ever heard of the term"bite thebullet?"This term originates from the Civil War in
relationtopainbullets.During battlesinjuriesfrom the soft lead bullet couldbehorrificand,due
to the lack of anaesthetics,the soldier
wouldbegivenabullettobiteon.Thisis
wherethetermpainbulletcomesfrom.This
rather grizzly.but fascinating,pain bullet
wasrecovered from the sceneof a field
hospital at theBattleofNewBern,1862
Thesoldiersteethmarksareclearlyvisible
on thebullet.
FiredBullets
DuringtheCivilWarmillionsofbulletswere
fired and it is estimated that during the three days fighting at Gettysburg 569 tons of
ammunitionwasused.Mostbulletswouldhavemissed theirintended targets,hitting trees
fenceposts,orperhapsjustflying through theair atlong distanceandlanding on theground
inthelefthashitsomethingatmediumrangeandthebulletontherighthasimpactedatcloser
range(thisisagreatexampleofwhatisknownasamushroombullet”astheleadhasbeen
squashed into the shape of amushroom).We canonly guess at what these bulletshit,but
whatwecanbesureofisthatif theycouldspeaktheywouldhaveafascinating taletotell
YANKEERebel
BULLETS WHICH MET IN
AiR atGettysburg,1863
Union And Contederate Bullets That
MetInMid Air Gettysburg from The
Origtinal Rosensteel Collection
2TyP
TheInfantryFirefight
Regiment in Massed Column
Brigade Attack in Successive Lines
LINEARTACTICS,VOLLEYFIREbySmoothboremusketS....
...made perfectly good sense and was necessary, down to the mid-1gth century,
for two reasons:
-WEAPONS EFFECTIVENESS: In a pre-machine gun age, volley fire was the closest counterpart.
-cOMMAND AND cONTROL: In a pre-electronic communications age, linear formations were the only
way a commander ("one man on a horse") could control what was going on. He could send out couriers
with written orders, along the line of troops....
Typical Company inFormation
4ft. fortheAdvance
FRONT RANK Capt.
REAR RANK
DIRECTION
FILE-CLOSERS OFADVANCE
Lt. Sgt. Sgt. .Lt.
CAverage strength of a company in Pickett's division
was 29,including 3 officers. Many companies had
been weakened by. details for skirmishers.)
134 SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION S 136
Column at futl distance,forward into line of battle. march straight forward; and at the sixth, the mon will touch el.
bows toward the right.
The right guide of the second company,
who is nearest to the line of battle,will march straight forward;
each succeding right guide will follow tho file immodiately before
him at the cessation of the wheel.
411. The second company having arrived opposito to the len
fle of thefrst,its captain will cause it to turn to theright,inor
der to approach the lino of battle;and when its right guide shal
be at three paces from thut line,the captain will command:
1.Second company. 2.HAi.r.
455.At the second command, the company will halt; the fles
not yet in line with the guide will come into it promptly, the lef
to one of the three fles on the left of the company;and, as soon
as he is assured on the direction by the lieutonant-colonei,thecap-
tain,havingplaced hinself accurately on tho line ofbatlewill
c o m m a n d : 3.Right-DREss.
446.At the instant that the guide of the second company begins
to turn to theright,the guide of tho third,ceasing to follow the
fle immediately before bin,will march straight forward;and,
when he shall urrive opposite to theleftof the second,his captain
will cause the company to turr to theright,in order to approach
the linofbatlehaltitatthree aesfromthatlineand aigt
by the right,as preseribed for the second company.
447.Eachfollow ing company will exeeute what has just beon pre-
seribed for the third,as the preceding company shali turn to the
right,in order to approach the line of battle.
448.The formation ended,the colonel will command:
Guides-PosTe.
440.A column boing by company.at fall distance.right in front,
and at a halt,when tho colonol shall wish to form it forward into
line,hewill conform towhat is prescribed No.414 and 415,and
then command:
1.Forcard into line.
2.By company,left half uhecl.3.MaRcH
(or double quick-Mancn).
441.At the frst command, the captain of the leading company
will addguiderightuttcomanyarehaltitrec
from the markers,and align it against the latter by the right.
412.At the command march,all the other corpanies will wheel
to the left on fixed pivots;and,at the instant the colonel shall
judge,aecording to the direction of the line of battle,that the com-
panies have sufflciently wheeled,he will eommand:
4.Foricard.5.MARcH.6.Guide right.
443.At the fth command,the companie,ccasing to wheel,will
449.The colonel and lieutenant-colonel will observe,in this for-
mation,what is preseribed for them on the right into line.
450.A column left in frontwil form itseif forward into line of
battle, according to the same principlesand by inverse means.
451.When a column by company at full distance,right in front,
and in mareh,shall arrive behind the right of the line en which it
is to form into battle, the colonel and lieutenant-colonel will con-
form themselves to what is preseribed Nos.414 and 415.
452.The head of the column having nrrived at company dig-
tance from the two markers eatablished on the line,the coloncl will
command:
1.Forward into line.2.By conpany,left half wheel. 3.MAnca
(or double quick-MARci).
453.At the first conmand, the captain of the first company will
command, Guide right,and caution it to march directly to ths
front; the captains of the other companies will caution them to
wheel to the lef.
166 SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. S 167
747.At the third,each company will wheel to the right on the
fixed pivot; the left guide of each will place hinself on its left as
soon as he shall be able to pass; and when the colonel shall jndge
that the companies have sufficiently wheeled,he will command:
4.Forward. 5.MARcu. 6.Guide right.
748. At the ffh command,the companies ccasing to wheel will
march straight forward; at the sixth, the men will touch elbows
towards the right.
749. The right guide of the second company will march straight
forward until this company shall arrive at the point where it
should turn to the right; each sueceeding right guide will follow
the fle immediately before him at the cesation of the wheel,and
will march in the trace of this file until this company shall turn
to the right to move upon the line; this guide will then march
straight forward.
757.Each of the other companies will wheel to the right on s
fixed pivot; the leit guides will place themselves on the left of
their respective conpaniesand when the colonel shalljudge they
have wheeled suficiently,he will command:
4.Foruard.5.MARcH.6.Guideright.
758. These commands will be executed as indicated No. 746 and
following.
759.The colonel will cause the battalion to change frontforward
on the eighth company according to the same principles and by
inverse means.
Change of front perpendicularly tothe rear.
fle of the first,its captain will cause it to turn to the right; the
line of battle.and when he shll be at three paces from that line,
the captain will command:
1.Second company. 2.HALr.
751.At the second command,the company will halt; the files
not yet in line with the guide will come into it promptly，the left
guide will place himself on the line of battleand as socn as he is
assured in the direction by the lieutenant-colonel,the captain will
align the company by the right.
been prescribed for the second.
753.The formation ended,the colonel will command:
Guides-Posts.
754.If the battalion be in march, and the coloael shall wish to
change front forward on the first company,and that the angle
captain will align the company by the right.
formed by the old and new positions be a right angle,he will
cause two markers to be placed on the new direction,before the
position to be occupied by that company,and will command:
cheel.
3.MARcH (or double quick-MARc).
755.At the first command, the captains will move rapidly be.
fore the center of their respectivo companies; the captain of the
frst company will command:1.Right turn,2. Quick time; the
captains of the other companies will caution them to wheel to
the right.
756.At the command march,the firs company will turn to the
right according to the principles preseribed in the school of the
soldier,No.402;its captain will halt it at three paces from the
markers,and the fles in rear will promptly come into line. The
Figl
On the skirmish line.
Artillery battery with gun crew
Usually four to six guns in a battery.
Combined arms in action.
Infantry units would form their lines adjacent to artillery batteries.
Cavalry.
Limited use in the middle of a battlefield (vulnerable to new and more
accurate rifled muskets)
Extremely useful for reconnaissance, raiding, guarding flanks of an
army.
Cavalry could fight like infantry, dismounted and with one in for men
as horseholders.
THE AWKWARD SQUAD.
MOTIVATIONS:WHYMENFOUGHT IN THECIVILWAR
...What motivated thesemen?How could theyendure such losses and keep
fighting?
Itried toanswer thesequestions inmybookForCause andComrades...Drawing
onsoldiers'lettersanddiaries,Ifoundthattheirmotivesincluded
Ferventpatriotism,
Ideological conviction about the righteousness of their cause,
The cohesion ofcommunity-based regimental companies,
Victorian cultural valuesofduty,honor,courage,and
manhood,inwhichcowardiceand lettingdownone's
comradesdoomed onetoeternal shame and dishonor,and
Religiousbeliefsthatenabledmanysoldierstofacedeath
with a composure thatseems extraordinary today.
Ialsodiscussedtheimportanceofleadershipbyofficerswhocouldremaincool
underfire,imposedisciplinewithoutprovokingcorrosiveresentment,command
the confidenceof theirmen,and not askthem to do anythingor face any danger
theywereunwillingtodoorface themselves.
-from JamesMcPherson,This Mighty Scourge(2007)
MOREMOTIVATIONS:WHYSOUTHERNERSFOUGHT
All thefactorsjustlistedappliedtoConfederatesoldiersasmuchastoUnionones
in thecase of religious enthusiasm,perhaps evenmore so.
HatredoftheNorth(viewingit as an aliensocietyandassimilartoBritainin
theAmericanRevolution)wasintenseinmuchoftheSouth.
Defenseof thehomeland andoffamiliesandpropertywere strong
factors."Earlyoninthewar,aUnionsquadclosedin onasingleragged Confederate
Hedidn'townanyslaves,andheobviouslydidn'thavemuchinterestinthe
Constitutionoranythingelse.Andtheyaskedhim,Whatareyoufightingfor?Andhe
said,Tmfightingbecauseyou're down here.'"(aShelbyFoote anecdote)
volunteersbelieved theywerefightingfor liberty aswell as slavery(often citingboth
inthe samebreath),andmany activelyfeared the effectsofBlackRepublicanism
loosedon theirHerrenvolkdemocracy"(ForCause and Comrades,pp.20-22)
"Herrenvolk'democracytheequalityofallwhobelongedtothemasterrace"
explainswhypoorSouthernerswhodidnotownslavesfoughtsoferociouslyforthe
"Southernwayoflife."
LeeGreenwood’s1984songsaysI'mproud tobeanAmerican/Where at least I
knowI'mfree.ThiscouldbemodifiedforpoorSouthernersintheCivilWar:“I'm
proudtobeaSoutherner,whereatleastIknowI'mwhite.
CLASH OFOPPOSITES:THEDIALECTICOFBATTLE
Life..... .....Death
Reason... .Emotion
Offense.... ...Defense
Rational Planning.......Accident, coincidence,chance,luck
Tactical succes........Strategic/operational failure
Experienced veterans...Inexperienced novices
Heroism....... .....Cowardice
Victory........ ......Defeat
LEGEND
Enemy strongpoints
Steep rises on Rocky cliffs tideRising)
Shingle crurn 4SECTIONS O F C o )
Secondary roads Other roads (ELEMENTSOFI,K,L'COS）
Tracks ond paths
100 200 000 400 500
YARDS
DEFINITIONS
STRATEGy-"the overall planning of military operations."
TACTIcs -"the technique or science of securing those objectives designated
by strategy:specifically,the art of deploying and directing
troops against the enemy.
*PRINCIPLES OF WAR*
OBJEcTIvE-every military operation should be directed toward a clearly
defined,decisive and attainable objective."
OFFENsIvE-"seize,retain and exploit the initiative."
MAss -concentrate combat power at the decisive place and time.
ECONoMY OF FORCE-"allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary
efforts."
MANEuvER-"place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the
flexible application ofcombat power."
UNITY OF coMMAND -"for every objective, there should be unity of effort.
SURPRISE-“strike the enemy at a time or place and in a manner for which
he is unprepared."
SIMPLIcITY-"prepare clear,uncomplicated plans and clear concise orders
to ensure thorough understanding."
SOME CLASSIC BATTLES:
Marathon,Issus, Cannae,Zama,Hastings,Agincourt,
Blenheim,Leuthen, Austerlitz,Waterloo,Chancellers-
ville, Gettysburg, Metz,Tannenberg, France 1940,
D-Day,Battle of the Bulge,Inchon,Suez 1973,Falk-
lands 1982.
5 0 100 150
STATUTE MILES 200 840W Salineville .08 PENNSYLVANIA
Gettysbur N.J.
409 OHIO
INDIANA
To Westport ILLINOIS CavalryRaid-1863
aton
Nir DEI
MISSOURI
St.Louis Second
WEST VIRGINIA
Became 35th
nellosville-1863
State of theUnion
June20,1863
Perryville
VIRGINIA
Seceded
April17,1861
hmond
nins
Cark aign
Appomattox C.H. 1862
Springfield adu cah
Doneison-1862
Stone'sRIv 1862-3
36N
INDIAN
Nashville
sSortie
1862
TENNESSEE-
Bennett's House
Forts Henry&
Raleigh
A R KANSAS
eceded
Memphis Shiloh-1862 Sece
Shiloh
ded NORTH CAROLINA
1863
Chicka uga June8 1861 Goldsbora
TERRITORY canoog
Seceded
May 20,1861Sherman's Pursuit
of Johnston-1865
1863
astport
Princeton
32° Shreveport.
TEXAS
Seceded
February1,1861
Columbia
LOUISIANA
Seceded
January 26,1861
1864
Atlanta
Cava
SOUTH
Atlanta C A R O L I N A
Natchez
Wilmington
MISSISSIPE
Jan.9,1861
Seceded
Vicksburg
Palmetto S e c e d e d
Dec.20,1860
Sherman's March
M a
tothe Sea
1864
Naval Blockade
of Southern Ports
1861-1865
Charleston
A T L A N T I C
Selm OCEAN -32°
Grierson's
Montgomery
AL A BAM A
Seceded
January 11,1861
Savannah
G E O R G I A
Seceded
January 19,1861
Although the Confederate battle flag carried
Por Hudson
Baton Rouge
Mobile
13 starsonly thellStates colored buffin
this insetmap actually seceded.The extra stars
in theflagrepresentMissouri andKentucky.which
were voted into theConfederacyatRichmond
b u t r e m a i n e d l o y a l t o t h e U n i o n .
Galveston
New Orleans
Farragut
arragut-1864 Jacksonville
FLORIDA MAJOR OFFENSIYES
Seceded
January10,1861 Union
Confederate
92° 88° M E 84°W 80°
PENNSYLVANIA 40
Gettysburg-1863 Gettysburg
M A R Y L A N D N J
Antietann-18
First B
Jackson-1862
un-lesn Washington
DEL
Second Bull
GINIA 1862
th
1863
nansellogsville-1863
VIRGINIA
Seceded
April17,1861
redericksbbrg
862 福
Fredericksburg
Gran
186
Appomattox C.H..
ninsular
Camgaign
1862
TME GIVI WAR
VANCOUVER
ISLAI
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
Labrador
HUDSONSBAYCO
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
NEWFOU
OR
Dakota
territory CANADA
M N
territory
Utah
CA
NOY
ME OTIA
Colorado
territory
New Mexico
territory
Nebraska
territory
WI
IA
KS M O
X
IL
StLouis
territory
IN
Grant
Columbu
Polk
Indian
Baltimore MD
A R
aducah
O H
Nilson's
CTI
K Y
T N
Washington DC
Richmond
P A
品
Bull Run
VA Fort Monroe
M S
FortsHatteras&Clark
A L
N C
SC
G A 中Forts Beauregard
&Walker
IMEXICANI
REPUBLIC Spanish
Expeditionary
Force
口 口
Havana
BAHAMAS
(British)
(Spanish)
LESSER
ANTILLES
(British)（Fren
HAIL 三
December
1861
ize(British)
HONDURAS JAMAICA
(British)
SANTO
DOMINGO
(Spanish)
PUERTO
RICO
(Spanish)
PATTERSON
18,000
JOHNSTON
11,000
Baltimore
O
McDOWELL
35,000
oWashington
GapRR BEAUREGARD
24,000
Richmondo
CANICOLNE R BRITISH
COLOMBIA
O R
0 O
BRITISHNORTHAMERICA
HUDSO
CA
Nevada
teritary
Utah
teritory:
New Mexica
terriory
Dakota
Colorado
beritory
teritory.
Nebraska
leTzy
KS
Indian
terrinory
T X
IA
M O IL
Forts
Henry&
Doneison
Gran
Memphis
AF. T N
FuCmo
M S AL
Vicksburg
IN
reans.
G A
K Y Richmo
O H
N T
V A
S C
NC
ReOleRan
SLAugustine
FL
MEXICAN
R E P U B L I C DAHAMAS
YBninlit
Pueblo
Freneh-
Expeditionary
FOR
LRA
LEESER
ANTTLEES
eunr
1862 Tqsnat
H O N D U R A S
AAIO
IBrien) (Spaneh) (Spanish)
FOO
WWI
NNS Johnstown
Greensburgt
ahela
backby le for the Battle
ofGettysburg.
Burlington
Lebanon Reading
+2850
1 1
Phoenixville Trenton
C a r l i s l e Bordentowr
Cityo D
nE
WNCHESTER
h e
d defeated theFederalsintheSecond
ttle of WinchesterJune14-15.863.Berlin
Bedford
Lancaster
onfederate casualties ware only 269
Chambersburg
Tomse
John Brown raided the US.arsenal
Wrightsville
oWilmington
Columbia PHILADELPHIA
Gettysburg
hereOctober16,1859.Two days
then a colonel in the US.Army
Both sides suffered heavily in this
Cumberland Hancock.
W
captured 3.358men and23cannon later he was captured by RobertE.Lee.
Hanover
Camden River
Junction.
Yorko
Julyy-3-1863
the manpower of the South
Chester
Shippensburg.
Bloody Run
Union victorywhichnearly depleted
4 0
Bath
Elkton.
Morgantown 8 0 Manchester.
Lonaconing. Parkton
Dillsburg
New Castle
Barnegat.
Norristown
Uniontown Salem
Frederick
E
Westminster
rpsbure
Havre de Grace
airmont
N E
Uniontroopsfought their way
Sha
Romney
convictedof treason and hanged.
SouthMt. Bridgeton,
6XSept.14,1862 through
mountain passestoJohn Brownand six of hismen AtlanticCity
Martinsburg Antietam
Harper'sFerrySept.17.1862
Grafton Charlestown Ellicott'sMills
Point
ofRocks
BALTIMORE Millington
Chestertown
Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary line
surveyed byMason and Dixon.17637.
the leader onDecember 2.1859.
Delaware
Dover between Nortn and South.
car Cape May
mick's Ford May25.1862
Kernstown Court House
Lee'sfirstnortherninvasion
March23.1862 AB
July13.1861 Bay
XCape lsland
Annapolis
CapeMay
was turned back here
Lynchburg
Greensboro
Leadsville(Elkins)
Moorefield
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COLUMBIA
Cedar Mt.X
Strasburg CedarCreek
HilX Bull Run Cape Henlopen
ErontRoyal July21.1861
Sept.22.1864
Woodstock
rly
May231862
CAlexandria Easton
1864X
Manassas Junction Union forces twice
First battle ihStonewall Jacekson'sValley
S
Seaford
driven
May1s back to Washington.
NewMarketo Cambridge
ranklin Keys,
Campaign. He losthere but won at McDowell.
Front RoyalWinchesterCross
and Port Republic. Port
Dumfries Prince Fredericktown
ept.10-15,186 Tobacco
CrossKeyse
nBank CulpepeC.H. Aquia Creek Salisbury
small McDowell
to chang
EVirgi
May8,1862
Mt.Meridian
August9.1862
5-6
Port Republic Leonardtown
Fredericksburg
Spotsylvania
Beginning of Grant's campaign to annihilate
eof numbers.
Chincoteague
Hun'tersville Staunton, Barboursville" Sandy
Waynesboro Milford
Y863
Decembe386assaultingeesprepared positions.
Pt.Lookout Bay
Stonewall Jackson Hillo
-PantherGep-
-38°
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Middlebrook Trevilian's
e of Jackson'sValleyCampaign
wounded
joined Lee at RichmondHis
2653FederalswrlosttFreerickug
ited the junction of McDowell
Charlottesville Heathsville
First ofthe on Lee's entrencied army.losing
s threatened Washington,D.C, 18,399men,theenemyao
out9.000.
Seven Days'Battles ahanno
ofthat?city seemedhopeless.
Tapp
Columbia Mechanicsvile
evacuated April 2,1865.
Capitalof the Contederacy
llanbefore Richmond when the (Beaver Dam Creek)
by his own men
水
June 26,1862 Saludas
Cold Harbor
Richmond
E
XJune3.1864
LastofSevenDaysBatteswhichLee opened
Buckingham C.H.
atMechanicsville.Hisoffensive thwarted
McClellan's attempt to take Richmond
B
West Point Franktown
offensive-ope ned Sailor's
Battle of March 9,1862
Malvern Hili
6/865 July 1.1862 Eastville
JamesWilliamsburg between the ironclads
revolutionized naval warfare.
MONITOR and MERRIMAC
Enhessee Railroad Petersburg
here on thegth. purt House Burkeville
became the traditional division
Nottoway C.HFiveForksX Yorktown
April1.1865 lastmaorengagement between Cape Charles
thearmies of Lee and Grant.
tbdestroy lead Marysville Meherrin Reams'Station Hampton
Newport News
Mayll.1864 Chalk Staun Keysville Union cavalry under Gen.James H.Wilson broke Hampton Roads
Cape Henry
RobertLee
Commander, Army of Northern Virginia
FREMONT
15,000
Q J A C K S O N
18,000
BANKS
8,000
Harper'sFerry
M c D O W E L L
LEE
60,000
Richmondo
40,000
oWashington
McCLELLAN
115,000
Fort
Monroe
oWashington
55.000 POPE
55,000 McCLELL
100,000
Richmondo
Sharpsburg
McCLELLAN
85,000
oWashington
LEE
40,000
Richmondo
oWashington
BURNSIDE
120,000
LEE Fredericksburg
80,000
Richmondo
oWashington
HOOKER
130,000
JACKSON Fredericksburg
LEE
60,000
Richmondo
Norfolk
SCHOFIELD
(25,000)
O
BURNSIDE
(38,000)
ROSECRANS
（8 4 , 0 0 0 )
BRAGG
(45,000)
BUCKNER
(16,000)
BEAUREGARD
(60,000) J.E.JOHNSTON
(25,000)
PEMBERTON
30,000)
GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN
General Situation I June 1863
Lee's CorpsCommanders:JamesLongstreet,Richard Ewell,andA.P.Hill
Major General JosephHooker
Commander,Armyofthe Potomac
ArmyofthePotomacCorpsCommanders
George Sykes JohnSedgwick,John Reynolds,Winfield Scott Hancock,Oliver Howard,Henry Slocum,andDaniel Sickles
MajorGeneral JosephHooker
Commander,ArmyofthePotomac
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Gettysburg
MEADE
85,000
oWashington
E
75,000
Richmondo
Marylang
Gettysburg
MEADE
85,000
LEE
75,000
The
Gettysburg
Campaign
A Studyin Command
EDWINB.CODDINGTON
Copyrighted Materia
STEPHEN W.SEARS
By the authorof
CHANCELLORSVILLE
THE
EMAPSOF
GETTYSBURG
J.Blocher
d'sSharpsnooters Gordon Benner
75OH
250H
Ames
von Gilsa
ersRun Almshouse
AnAtlas of the Gettysburg
Campaign,June3-July 13,1863
BradleyM. Gottfried
(author ofBrigades of Gettysburg)
THEPULITZERPRIZE-WINNING CIVILWARNOVEL
MORETHANTWOANDAHALFMILLION
COPIESINPRINT
THEKILLER
ANGELS
"The best and most realistic historical
novel about warI have ever read.
General H. Norman Schwarzkopf
MICHAELSHAARA
Situation 9 June 1863 WARRENTON HOWARD
BRAND STA
美XX E X uar
EWELLs
ICH.
LONGSTREE
HOOKER
(115,000)
SICKLES
HANCOCK
R E Y N O L D S
SLOCUM
R o p i d o n
River FALMOUTH
ORANGEC . H (76,000)
LEE
FREDERICKSBURG
A.P HILL
ZSEDGWICK
ahannock Rivel
福
Q G O R D O N S V I L L E
Battle ofBrandy
Station
Overview:June8,1863 Bealeton
Station
3km
3mile Welford's Buford
Beverly's
HazelRiver
ord
B u f o
RLEASONTON
Knox
Rappahannock
Station
AuburnRd
OSt.James
Church Rapp annock
(Cow's)Ford
Old Carolina Rd
JonasRun Bea Hampton
Miller
(Fleetwood)STUART
Norman's
Ford
Auburn
aRR
Brandy
Station Ford
Wheatly's Rd
EWELL
Ford
Culpeper Rd tgpi
MT. Rd
DUMPLING
Culpeper
Court
House
"LEE
Gregg
elly'
Ford Mt.Holly
Church
Car
ountain Run
Kirtley'sRolling Rd
PIO
Wickham Butler COILES Mill
Butler
:Duffie
Paoli's
Mill
Ford
LONG-
MT.
PONY
STREET
Wickham
Stevensburg
Situation 9 June 1863 WARRENTON HOWARD
BRAND STA
美XX E X uar
EWELLs
ICH.
LONGSTREE
HOOKER
(115,000)
SICKLES
HANCOCK
R E Y N O L D S
SLOCUM
R o p i d o n
River FALMOUTH
ORANGEC . H (76,000)
LEE
FREDERICKSBURG
A.P HILL
ZSEDGWICK
ahannock Rivel
福
Q G O R D O N S V I L L E
MARYLANS
LONGSTREE
HOOKER
HOWARD
SICKLES
HANCOCK
REYNOLDS
SLOCUM GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN
LEE
(76,000) APHILL
Situations 9 June and 17June1863
b
EWELK
IREYNOD
MEADE HINGTON
GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN
Situation 24 June 1863
Major General George Meade
Commander, Army of the Potomac
from June 28, 1863 to the end of the war.
Rode
Uohnson LISLE
LEE
(Early)
EorlyP YORK
LONGSTREE
PENNSYLVANIA
MARYLAND
IAGERSTOWN
ARTINSBURG
REYNOEDS
HOWARD
MEADE
OCUM
SICKLES
JHANCOCK
ISYKES
S E D G W I C K
EBALTIMORE
WINCHESTER
BERRYVILLS
Stuar)
J. E. B. Stuart
Commanding the cavalry, Army of Northern Virginia.
STREET
YORK
HANOVER
PENNSYLVA
M A R Y L A N D
AGERSTOWN EDGWICKSYKES
S
ARTINSBURG
BALTIMORE
ESTER
RRYYILL
GETTYSBURG CAM
Situation 30 June
