
Patu Tangata | Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is the deliberate use of force that causes, or has the potential to cause, physical pain,
injury, or harm to another person. This includes actions that may leave visible marks, but also those that
cause internal injuries or long-term harm. (Family Violence Act, 2018)
In a church context, even when intended as “discipline” or “correction,” physical harm is never acceptable
and can have serious consequences for health, trust, and wellbeing. Physical abuse might include:
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Hitting, slapping, shaking, kicking, or any other form of physical assault.
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Forcing someone to take part in physically harmful activities, including dangerous punishments.
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Withholding basic needs such as food, water, shelter, rest, or medical care.
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Handling children or vulnerable adults roughly during activities or discipline.
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It also includes any act where a child is forced or persuaded to take part in sexual activities, whether
or not they understand what is happening. It happens when an adult, or someone older or more
powerful, uses mokopuna, tamariki, rangatahi for sexual purposes. This can include any type of
sexual activity, physical harm such as strangulation or choking, touching or fondling of breasts or
genitals, unwanted touching or kissing, exposing themselves to a child, or making a child expose
themselves for sexual reasons.
Whakaiti Tangata | Cultural Abuse
Cultural abuse occurs when a person’s cultural identity, values, or practices are disrespected, dismissed, or
used against them in a way that causes harm or diminishes their dignity. It can undermine a person’s sense
of belonging and identity, and create barriers to participation in church life. (Oranga Tamariki Act, 1989)
In a church context, cultural abuse not only harms individuals but also damages the unity and witness of
the church community. Cultural abuse might include:
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Mocking, stereotyping, or belittling someone’s cultural practices, language, or heritage.
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Excluding or marginalising people because of their ethnicity, culture, or traditions.
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Forcing individuals to abandon their cultural identity in order to “fit in.”
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Ignoring or dismissing the significance of cultural practices (e.g., food, dress, ceremony, or forms of
worship).
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Misusing or appropriating cultural traditions in ways that are disrespectful.
Mauri Tukino | Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is a pattern of behaviour where a person causes harm to another by undermining their
sense of self-worth, dignity, or emotional wellbeing. Unlike physical abuse, it may not leave visible scars,
but its impact can be just as damaging and long-lasting. (Family Violence Act, 2018)
In a church context, emotional abuse can happen in many settings such as Sunday school, youth groups,
pastoral care, choir, or informal gatherings. Emotional abuse might include:
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Constantly criticising, shaming, or humiliating a child, young person, or vulnerable young people.
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Using Scripture, faith, or spiritual authority to control, manipulate, or instil fear.
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Ignoring or excluding someone in a way that causes distress.
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Creating an environment of fear, embarrassment, nervousness or unsafe where a person feels they
cannot express their thoughts, ask questions, or make mistakes.
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Pressuring someone to meet unrealistic expectations or using guilt to control their actions.
Whakamomori | Mental / Cognitive Abuse
Mental or cognitive abuse occurs when someone’s thinking, understanding, or mental wellbeing is
deliberately manipulated, controlled, or undermined. It often involves creating confusion, self-doubt, or
dependency in order to control or exploit another person. This type of abuse can be subtle but deeply
damaging, particularly for those who may already be vulnerable because of age, disability, illness, or other
circumstances. (Family Violence Act, 2018)
In a church context, mental or cognitive abuse can cause long-term harm, leaving individuals feeling
powerless, isolated, or unable to trust their own judgment. Mental or cognitive abuse might include:
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Making someone question their memory, perception, or sanity.
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Constantly undermining or dismissing someone’s thoughts, ideas, or decisions.
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Exploiting someone’s cognitive impairments or mental health struggles for personal gain or control.
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Withholding important information to create confusion or dependency.
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Overriding someone’s ability to make decisions about their own life, faith, or participation in church.