Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu PDF Free Download
1 / 173/173
100%
Presses universitaires de Strasbourg
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
Françoise Dunand et François Bœspug (dir.)
DOI: 10.4000/books.pus.11634
Éditeur: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg
Lieu d’édition: Strasbourg
Année d’édition: 2002
Date de mise en ligne: 19 septembre 2019
Collection: Sciences de l’histoire
ISBN numérique: 979-10-344-0438-4
https://books.openedition.org
Édition imprimée
ISBN (Édition imprimée): 978-2-86820-185-0
Nombre de pages: 208
RÉFÉRENCE NUMÉRIQUE
Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 6 mai 2024.
Le format PDF est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.
Le format ePub est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.
RÉSUMÉ
La vision de Dieu, ou des Dieux, est attestée à peu près partout dans l'espace et dans le temps,
même là où elle fut réputée impossible en théorie. Elle constitue donc un objet obligé, mais un
peu délaissé, de l'histoire des religions. Les douze contributions de ce volume tentent de combler
cette lacune en s'interrogeant principalement sur les récits de vision : le témoignage des
visionnaires, comme dans d’autres domaines de l'expérience religieuse, est le seul fondement
possible d'une analyse historique. Il permet de soulever de multiples problèmes, depuis celui du
contenu et des modalités de la vision jusqu'à celui de sa réception et de son éventuelle utilisation.
Ces problèmes sont abordés dans divers contextes, depuis l'hindouisme jusqu'au christianisme
médiéval d’Occident, en passant par Israël, l'Égypte, la Grèce et la Rome anciennes.
Œuvre collective, ce recueil est le fruit de deux journées d'étude organisées en 1998 et 1999
par le Centre de recherches d'histoire des religions de l'université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg,
sous la direction de Françoise Dunand et François Bœspflug, professeurs d'histoire des religions.
NOTE DE L’ÉDITEUR
Les Presses universitaires de Strasbourg remercient l'Université Marc Bloch de
Strasbourg et la Société des Amis des Universités de Strasbourg pour le soutien accordé à
cette publication.
FRANÇOISE DUNAND (DIR.)
Professeur à l’UFR des Sciences Historiques, et directeur de l’Institut d’Histoire des religions de
l’Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg, est spécialiste de l’Égypte tardive. Parmi ses dernières
publications: Dieux et hommes en Égypte (1991, avec C. Zivie-Coche); Les momies et la mort en Égypte
(1994, avec R. Lichtenberg); Isis, Mère des dieux, Paris, Éditions Errance, 2000.
FRANÇOIS BŒSPFLUG (DIR.)
Professeur d’histoire des religions à la Faculté de théologie catholique de l’université Marc Bloch
de Strasbourg. Parmi ses dernières publications: Pour une mémoire des religions (Paris, 1996, avec
Fr. Dunand et J.-P. Willaime); Assise, dix ans après (1986-1996) (1996, dir., avec Y. Labbé); Le
Comparatisme en histoire des religions (1997, dir., avec Fr. Dunand); S’initier aux religions (1999, dir.,
avec É. Martini).
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
,QWURGXFWLRQ
Françoise Dunand et François Bœspug
Première partie. Antiquité « Païenne »
9LVLRQVGH'LHX[GDQVOɛ,QGH
Sylvain Mazars
,8QHWHFKQRORJLHGHVYLVLRQV
,,/HFRQWHQXGHVYLVLRQV
,,,/DIRQFWLRQVRFLRSROLWLTXHGHVYLVLRQV
/HG«VLUGHFRQQD°WUH'LHX
8QHYLVLRQGH0DQGRXOLVDXWHPSOHGH.DODEVFKD
Françoise Dunand
/DYLVLRQGH0DQGRXOLV
7UDGXFWLRQ
/HVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHVGDQVOHVURPDQVJUHFVb/HFDVGX5RPDQGH/HXFLSSHHW&OLWRSKRQ
Gɛ$FKLOOH7DWLXV
Pascaline Mangin
0RGDOLW«VGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHV'LHX[
/DYLVLRQFRPPHUHIOHWGXUDSSRUWGHVKRPPHVDX['LHX[
/HVYLVLRQVFRPPHUHVVRUWURPDQHVTXH
Deuxième partie. Antiquité judéo-chrétienne
/DWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±([ɘ
8QHDSSURFKHQDUUDWLYH
André Wénin
8QSHXGɛKLVWRLUH
$SSURFKHQDUUDWLYH
2XYHUWXUH
/HVDSSDULWLRQVGXUHVVXVFLW«b'HOD7K«RSKDQLH¢OD&KULVWRSKDQLH
Michel Deneken
9RLUHWHQWHQGUH
/HPDUTXHXUGHODFKULVWRSKDQLHbmb¶SKWK¬b}
mb9RLUOH6HLJQHXUb}bYLVLRQRXDSSDULWLRQb"
'HODWK«RSKDQLH¢ODFKULVWRSKDQLH
/HVSHQVHXUVJQRVWLTXHVIDFH¢ODYLVLRQ
Madeleine Scopello
$XWRXUGHVVRXUFHV
8QHFRQFHSWLRQSHVVLPLVWHGXPRQGH
3RXUTXRLGHVYLVLRQVb"
/HVP«GLDWHXUVGHODYLVLRQ
$WWLWXGHVIDFH¢ODYLVLRQ
/ɛLQLWL«P«GLDWHXUGHODYLVLRQHQWUH'LHXHWOHVKRPPHV
/DPLVHSDU«FULWGHODYLVLRQ
/ɛHQYHUVGHODYLVLRQbOɛDYHXJOHPHQW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
1
5«FLWVGHYLVLRQFKH]OHVSªUHVGXG«VHUW
Françoise Dunand
8QPRQGHUHPSOLGHVªPHLD
9LVLRQHWH[WDVH
'HOɛH[WDVH¢OɛHIIURL
6HQVHWHQMHX[GHODYLVLRQ
6DYRLUFɛHVWYRLU
/HVWURLVVRUWHVGHmbYXHVb}VHORQ$XJXVWLQ
Goulven Madec
7K«PDWLVDWLRQ
1RWHVFRPSO«PHQWDLUHV
Troisième partie. Moyen âge chrétien
/HVYLVLRQVGHODFRXUF«OHVWHGDQVOH/LEHU&HOHVWLXP5HYHODWLRQXPGH%ULJLWWHGH6XªGH
Véronique Germanier
%ULJLWWHSURSK«WHVVHGHVRQWHPSV
*HQªVHHWJHQUHOLWW«UDLUHGHV5«Y«ODWLRQV
0RGDOLW«VGHODYLVLRQHWGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHF'LHX
/DWUDGLWLRQLOOXVWU«HGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVGDQVOHVPDQXVFULWVHQOXPLQ«V
&RQFOXVLRQ
'RVVLHULFRQRJUDSKLTXH
(QWUHUHQGLDORJXHHQWUHUHQYLVLRQɣ
/HVYLVLRQVGHOD9LHUJHGDQVOH'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPGH&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFK
Sylvie Barnay
,QWURGXFWLRQ
(QWUHUGDQVOHGLDORJXH
(QWUHUGDQVODYLVLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQ
/DYLVLRQE«DWLILTXHSDUDQWLFLSDWLRQb"
SURSRVGHTXHOTXHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«GDQVOHVmb9LW¨VRURUXPb}Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQYHUV
François Bœspug
/HVmb9LW¨VRURUXPb}HWOHPRQDVWªUHGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ
7URLVmbYLVLRQVGHOD7ULQLW«b}
O«PHQWVGɛDSSU«FLDWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQ
Françoise Dunand et François Bœspug
/HVDXWHXUV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
2
,QWURGXFWLRQ
Françoise Dunand et François Bœspug
S
18QYROXPHGHFROORTXHDWRXMRXUVTXHOTXHFKRVHGHGLVSDUDWH&HOXLFLQRXVSDUD°W
SRXUWDQWDYRLUVDUDLVRQGɛ¬WUHHQUDLVRQGHVDVS«FLILFLW«HWGHFHTXHQRXVFUR\RQV
¬WUHVRQRULJLQDOLW«bLOSRUWHQRQVXUOHVVRQJHVHWOHVYLVLRQVLQGLVWLQFWHPHQWPDLVVXU
OHVYLVLRQVbQRQVXUWRXWHVOHVYLVLRQVTXHOTXɛHQVRLWOɛREMHWPDLVVXUOHVYLVLRQVGH'LHX
RXGHV'LHX[/DPDWLªUHFHUWHVGHPHXUHLPPHQVHHWSHXW¬WUHDERUG«HGHELHQGHV
PDQLªUHV(WGHIDLWOHVFRQWULEXWLRQVU«XQLHVGDQVFHYROXPHSRXUUDLHQWSDUD°WUHD
SULRULIRUWK«W«URJªQHVbTXɛ\DWLOGHFRPPXQHQWUHODYLVLRQGH0R±VHDX6LQD±HWFHOOH
GH0D[LPRVGDQVOHWHPSOH«J\SWLHQGH.DODEVFKDHQWUHFHOOHVGHV\RJLQVLQGLHQVHW
FHOOHV GHV PRQLDOHV Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ ¢ &ROPDUb" ,O QH VɛDJLW SDV SRXUWDQW GɛXQ
mbFRPSDUDWLVPH VDXYDJHb} /ɛLG«H GH FRQIURQWHU GDQV GHV VRFL«W«V UHODWLYHPHQW
«ORLJQ«HV GDQV OH WHPSV HW OɛHVSDFH PDLV QRQ VDQV OLHQV HQWUH HOOHV XQ W\SH
GɛH[S«ULHQFH UHOLJLHXVH ¢ OD IRLV WRXW ¢ IDLW SDUWLFXOLHU HW VHPEOHWLO ODUJHPHQW
U«SDQGXDFRQVWLWX«SHQGDQWSOXVLHXUVDQQ«HVOHWKªPHGHVWUDYDX[GɛXQV«PLQDLUH
U«XQLGDQVOHFDGUHGX&HQWUHGHUHFKHUFKHVGɛ+LVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«
0DUF%ORFK¢6WUDVERXUJ'HVHQVHLJQDQWVHWFKHUFKHXUVGHGLII«UHQWHVGLVFLSOLQHVɘ
KLVWRLUHKLVWRLUHGHOɛDUWDUFK«RORJLHWK«RORJLHɘ\RQWFROODERU«HWELHQHQWHQGXOD
SDUWLFLSDWLRQGHV«WXGLDQWVGHOD0D°WULVHDX'RFWRUDWD«W«HVVHQWLHOOH3DUDLOOHXUVDX
FRXUVGHGHX[-RXUQ«HVGɛ«WXGHHQbHWGHVLQWHUYHQDQWVH[W«ULHXUVRQW«W«
DPHQ«V¢SU«VHQWHUOHXUUHFKHUFKHVS«FLILTXHGDQVFHGRPDLQHFHTXLDJUDQGHPHQW
FRQWULEX«¢RXYULUOHVSHUVSHFWLYHVHW¢«ODUJLUOHV«FKDQJHV/HSU«VHQWYROXPHHVWOD
U«XQLRQGHOHXUVWH[WHVDX[TXHOVOHV«GLWHXUVRQWMXJ«XWLOHGHMRLQGUHGHX[H[SRV«V
Gɛ«WXGLDQWVSDUPLOHVPHLOOHXUV
21RWUHREMHFWLI«WDLWWRXW¢IDLWSU«FLVHWOLPLW«7RXWHVOHV«SRTXHVPDLVFHUWDLQHVSOXV
TXHGɛDXWUHVWRXWHVOHVVRFL«W«VPDLVFHUWDLQHVSOXVTXHGɛDXWUHVQRXVRQWODLVV«GHV
W«PRLJQDJHVGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHTXHGHVKRPPHVHWGHVIHPPHVGLVHQWDYRLUIDLWHGɛXQH
UHQFRQWUHDYHFOHGLYLQG«FULWHHQWHUPHVGHYLVLRQ(WFHODVHSURGXLWDSSDUHPPHQW
GDQVOHVVRFL«W«VSRO\WK«LVWHVFRPPHGDQVOHVVRFL«W«VPRQRWK«LVWHVTXɛHOOHVVRLHQW
DQWLTXHVP«GL«YDOHVPRGHUQHVRXFRQWHPSRUDLQHV&HSK«QRPªQHGHODYLVLRQGX
GLYLQ HQFRUH TXH SHX «WXGL« HVW DVVXU«PHQW SOXV U«SDQGX GDQV OHV VRFL«W«V
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
3
SRO\WK«LVWHVR»LOSRXUUDLWSDUD°WUHQRUPDOTXHOHVGLHX[VHIDVVHQWYRLUQHI½WFHTXH
VRXVGHVIRUPHVmbRPEUHXVHVb}WDQGLVTXHOH'LHXGHVUHOLJLRQVPRQRWK«LVWHVVHUDLW
FDUDFW«ULV« OXL SDU XQH PHVXUH GH WUDQVFHQGDQFH HW GɛLQYLVLELOLW« TXL OH UHQGUDLW
IRQFLªUHPHQWLQDFFHVVLEOH¢WRXWHIRUPHGHYLVLRQHQGHKRUVGHVJUDQGVPRPHQWVGHOD
U«Y«ODWLRQELEOLTXH2ULOVɛDYªUHTXHOHVU«FLWVGHmbYLVLRQb}GX'LHXXQLTXHGªVOHV
G«EXWV GH OɛKLVWRLUH GX FKULVWLDQLVPH H[LVWHQW HQ QRPEUH HW TXH FH FDQWRQ GH
OɛH[S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVHMXVWHPHQWSDUFHTXɛLOIXWU«SXW«LQH[LVWDQWKRUVOHGRPDLQH
ELEOLTXH HVW HQFRUH SHX H[SORU« HQ G«SLW GɛXQH YDJXH Gɛ«WXGHV U«FHQWHV VXU OHV
SK«QRPªQHVYLVLRQQDLUHV&ɛHVWMXVWHPHQWSRXUUHP«GLHU¢FHW«WDWGHIDLWTXHQRXV
DYRQVRSW«SRXUXQSURJUDPPHGHUHFKHUFKHVXUFHWKªPHGHODYLVLRQGH'LHX
37RXWHQUHQRQ©DQW¢QRXVLQWHUURJHUVLQRQVXUODQDWXUHGXPRLQVVXUOɛDXWKHQWLFLW«GH
FHVH[S«ULHQFHVTXLVHPEOHOHSOXVVRXYHQWKRUVGHSRUW«HGXWUDYDLOKLVWRULTXHQRXV
DYRQVG«FLG«GHFRQIURQWHUFHVGLYHUVW«PRLJQDJHVDXWDQWTXHSRVVLEOHVXUODORQJXH
GXU«HDOODQWGHOɛ$QWLTXLW«DX0R\HQJH1RXVYRXOLRQVFHIDLVDQWVRXOHYHUFHUWDLQHV
GHVTXHVWLRQVTXLVRQWDXFüXUGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVHmb9RLU'LHXb}RXSRXU¬WUH
SOXVSU«FLVG«VLUHURXSU«WHQGUHmbYRLU'LHXb}TXɛHVWFHTXHFHODVLJQLILHb"4XHYRLWRQ
TXLYRLWRQHWVHORQTXHOOHVPRGDOLW«Vb"/HU«FLWGHYLVLRQDWLOTXHOTXHFKRVH¢QRXV
GLUHGHVDWWHQWHVGHVYLVLRQQDLUHVTXɛHOOHVVRLHQWLQGLYLGXHOOHVRXFROOHFWLYHVb"4XHOV
SHXYHQW ¬WUH VXU FH GRXEOH SODQ OHV HIIHWV GH OɛDSSDULWLRQ VXU OH YLVLRQQDLUH VD
FUR\DQFHUHOLJLHXVHRXVXUVRQPLOLHXb"4XɛHQHVWLOHQILQGHODmbU«FHSWLRQb}GHOD
YLVLRQGHVRQ«YHQWXHOOHDFFHVVLRQDXVWDWXWGHmbPRGªOHb}b"3DUDLOOHXUVLO«WDLWFODLU
TXHODGLPHQVLRQUHOLJLHXVHGXSK«QRPªQHSRXUHVVHQWLHOOHHWSULYLO«JL«HTXɛHOOHVRLW
Qɛ«WDLWSDVODVHXOHTXɛLOIDLOOHHQYLVDJHU/DUHQFRQWUHDYHFOHGLYLQSHXWVɛLQVFULUHGDQV
GHVVWUDW«JLHVGHSRXYRLUTXHFHVRLW¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGɛXQHFRPPXQDXW«UHVWUHLQWHRXGDQV
ODVRFL«W«JOREDOHHWGªVORUVIDLUHOɛREMHWGHGLYHUVHVPDQLSXODWLRQVbXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQ
GLYLQHSHXWVHUYLU¢MXVWLILHUOɛDXWRULW«DXVVLELHQTXɛ¬WUHXWLOLV«HFRPPHLQVWUXPHQWGH
FRQYHUVLRQ
48QSUREOªPHHVVHQWLHO«WDLW«YLGHPPHQWFHOXLGHVVRXUFHVHWGHOHXUFULWLTXH2UGDQV
FHGRPDLQHFRPPHGDQVEHDXFRXSGɛDXWUHVTXLWRXFKHQW¢OɛH[S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVH
QRXVGHYRQVELHQFRQVWDWHUTXHODYDOLGDWLRQGXW«PRLJQDJHHVWLPSRVVLEOHbQRXVQH
VDYRQVGHODYLVLRQTXHFHTXHOHVYLVLRQQDLUHVRX¢ODULJXHXUOHVmbW«PRLQVb}GLVFLSOHV
HWFRQILGHQWVQRXVHQRQWGLW&ɛHVWGRQFDYDQWWRXWVXUXQLPDJLQDLUHQRQSDVDX
VHQV VHXOHPHQW VXEMHFWLI HW LQGLYLGXHO GX WHUPH PDLV DX VHQV GɛXQ V\VWªPH GH
mbUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVb}HWGHmbYDOHXUVb}SDUWDJ«SDUXQJURXSHTXɛLOQRXVIDOODLWFRQVWUXLUH
QRVDQDO\VHV&HWLPDJLQDLUHHVWVWUXFWXU«VHORQGHVFRGHVVRFLDX[HWFXOWXUHOVTXɛLOHVW
SRVVLEOHGHG«FKLIIUHUHWLOVɛH[SULPHVXUGHVUHJLVWUHVH[SUHVVLIVWUªVGLYHUVTXLRQW
HX[P¬PHVOHXUVORLVHWOHXUVQ«FHVVLW«VHWIRXUQLVVHQW¢OɛKLVWRULHQXQPDW«ULHOVXU
OHTXHOLOHVWHQPHVXUHGHWUDYDLOOHUVHORQVHVP«WKRGHVSURSUHV&HVOLHX[GɛH[SUHVVLRQ
GH OɛLPDJLQDLUH YLVLRQQDLUH FH VRQW GɛDERUG GHV WH[WHVb U«FLWV DXWRELRJUDSKLTXHV
«PDQDQW GHV YLVLRQQDLUHV HX[P¬PHVb H[SRV«V ¢ FDUDFWªUH WK«RORJLTXHb WH[WHV
SRO«PLTXHVRXDSRORJ«WLTXHVbWH[WHVOLWW«UDLUHV«JDOHPHQWGDQVOHVTXHOVOɛ«YRFDWLRQ
GɛXQHYLVLRQSHXWDYRLUXQHIRQFWLRQGUDPDWLTXHRXURPDQHVTXH'ɛDXWUHSDUWGDQV
FHUWDLQV FDV OH WKªPH GH OD YLVLRQ D GRQQ« QDLVVDQFH ¢ XQH Y«ULWDEOH IORUDLVRQ
LFRQRJUDSKLTXHbFɛHVWFHTXLVHSURGXLWHQSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVOHVVRFL«W«VP«GL«YDOHV
RFFLGHQWDOHV/HVSUREOªPHVGɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGDQVFHFDVQHVRQWSDVPRLQGUHVTXɛHQ
FHTXLFRQFHUQHOɛ«FULWbOɛLPDJHTXLSDUD°WDYRLUVHUYL¢mbLOOXVWUHUb}XQWH[WHSHXWHQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
4
UHWRXUVWLPXOHUOɛLPDJLQDLUHHW¬WUHHOOHP¬PH¢OɛRULJLQHGHODSURGXFWLRQGHWH[WHV
QRXYHDX[
5/H FKRL[ GHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV SU«VHQW«HV GDQV FH YROXPH HVW UHVWUHLQWb LO HVW
«YLGHPPHQWIRQFWLRQGHVRULHQWDWLRQVGHUHFKHUFKHGHVSDUWLFLSDQWVDXV«PLQDLUHGH
6WUDVERXUJ 2Q SHXW \ GLVWLQJXHU WURLV VRXVHQVHPEOHV /H mbEORFb} SULQFLSDO TXL
UHFRXYUHGHX[GɛHQWUHHX[HVWFRQVWLWX«SDUOHWKªPHGHODYLVLRQHQPLOLHXMXG«R
FKU«WLHQ,OVɛRXYUHSDUGHX[U«FLWVTXLMRXHQWXQU¶OHHVVHQWLHOGDQVOɛ«ODERUDWLRQGɛXQH
WK«RORJLHMXLYHSXLVFKU«WLHQQHGHODYLVLRQbFHOXLGHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGH<DKY«¢
0R±VHDX6LQD±$:«QLQHWFHOXLGHVDSSDULWLRQVGX&KULVWDSUªVODU«VXUUHFWLRQ0
'HQHNHQSDUWLUGHFHVH[S«ULHQFHVIRQGDWULFHVVHG«YHORSSHQWHWVHU«SDQGHQWOHV
«ODERUDWLRQVVDYDQWHVGHODOLWW«UDWXUHJQRVWLTXH06FRSHOORHWGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUH
KDJLRJUDSKLTXHWRXWHVVRUWHVGHU«FLWVGɛH[S«ULHQFHYLVLRQQDLUHDLQVLFKH]OHVPRLQHV
HWOHVDVFªWHVGHVG«VHUWV«J\SWLHQV)'XQDQG3XLVDQWVRQLQVSLUDWLRQDXVVLELHQGDQV
OD%LEOH TXH GDQV OD OLWW«UDWXUH GH Oɛ$QWLTXLW« mbSD±HQQHb} ODU«IOH[LRQ V\QWK«WLTXH
Gɛ$XJXVWLQVXUOHVWURLVJHQUHVGHYLVLRQ*0DGHFIDLWSRXUDLQVLGLUHOHSRLQWHWVHUD
VDQVFHVVHLQYRTX«HDX0R\HQJH8QULFKHFRUSXVHVWIRXUQLSDUOHVWH[WHV«PDQDQW
GHYLVLRQQDLUHVP«GL«YDX[RXUHODWDQWOHXUVH[S«ULHQFHVGHSXLVOɛ«YRFDWLRQTXLHQHVW
IDLWH SDU &«VDLUH Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK DX ;,,,HbVLªFOH 6 %DUQD\ MXVTXɛDX[ U«FLWV GHV
U«Y«ODWLRQVUH©XHVSDU%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHDX;,9HbVLªFOH9*HUPDQLHUHQSDVVDQWSDUOD
UHODWLRQGHVYLVLRQVGRQWDXUDLHQWE«Q«ILFL«¢ODFKDUQLªUHGHFHVGHX[VLªFOHVSOXVLHXUV
PRQLDOHVGRPLQLFDLQHVGXFRXYHQWGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ¢&ROPDU)%üVSIOXJ
66LGLII«UHQWVVRLHQWLOVGXIDLWGHOHXU«SRTXHGHOHXUVREMHFWLIVGXJHQUHGRQWLOV
UHOªYHQWGXPLOLHXFXOWXUHOGRQWLOV«PDQHQWFHVU«FLWVQɛHQDSSDUWLHQQHQWSDVPRLQV
DX P¬PH mbV\VWªPH UHOLJLHX[b}b FHWWH FRPPXQH DSSDUWHQDQFH MXVWLILDLW XQH
FRQIURQWDWLRQGRQWRQSRXYDLWWRXWDWWHQGUHVɛDJLVVDQWGHFHSUREOªPHFHQWUDOGHOD
UHODWLRQDYHF'LHXbFRK«UHQFHVHWFRQWUDGLFWLRQVILG«OLW«¢GHVPRGªOHVDXVVLELHQTXH
UHYHQGLFDWLRQGɛXQHUDGLFDOHQRXYHDXW«0DLVGɛDXWUHVU«FLWVTXLVHVLWXHQWGDQVXQ
WRXWDXWUHFDGUHUHOLJLHX[HWFXOWXUHOHWUHOªYHQWGHWUDGLWLRQVVRXYHQWSOXVDQFLHQQHV
TXHODWUDGLWLRQELEOLTXHQRXVVRQW«JDOHPHQWDSSDUXVFRPPHGHV«O«PHQWVPDMHXUV
GDQVFHGRVVLHUbFHVRQWFHX[TXL«PDQHQWGHVRFL«W«VSRO\WK«LVWHVFHOOHVGHOɛJ\SWH
GHOD*UªFHHWGHOɛ,QGHDQFLHQQHVHWTXHQRXVDYRQVFKRLVLVSRXUHQFDGUHUHQTXHOTXH
VRUWHOHVU«FLWVUHOHYDQWGHODWUDGLWLRQPRQRWK«LVWHMXG«RFKU«WLHQQH
7,OQɛH[LVWHSDV¢FHTXɛLOVHPEOHSRXUFHVVRFL«W«VDQWLTXHVGHU«FLWIRQGDWHXURXVɛLOHQ
H[LVWDLW LOV QɛRQW SDV «W« FRQVHUY«V 0DLV FɛHVW SHX SUREDEOHb TXHOOH TXH VRLW
OɛLPSRUWDQFHVRXYHQW FRQVLG«UDEOHGHV «FULWXUHVVDFU«HV GDQVFHV FXOWXUHV HOOHVQH
FRQVWLWXHQWSDVXQFDQRQVDXISHXW¬WUHDQDORJLTXHPHQWHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOɛ,QGH
DQFLHQQHHWQɛRQWSDV¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUGHFDUDFWªUHQRUPDWLI(QUHYDQFKHGDQV
GHV WH[WHV GH FDUDFWªUHV WUªV GLYHUV WH[WHV OLWXUJLTXHV RX WK«RORJLTXHV WH[WHV
OLWW«UDLUHVGRFXPHQWVRIILFLHOVRXSULY«VRQSHXWUHWURXYHUOHVWUDFHVGHFHTXɛLOIDXW
ELHQDSSHOHUOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHODYLVLRQ2ULOHVWDSSDUXFODLUHPHQW¢QRWUHVXUSULVHTXH
FHV WH[WHV GH P¬PH TXH OHV GRFXPHQWV ILJXU«V ¢ YUDL GLUH PRLQV QRPEUHX[ HW
GɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ VRXYHQW GLIILFLOH QɛDYDLHQW JXªUH UHWHQX OɛDWWHQWLRQ GHV KLVWRULHQV
GHSXLVOHYROXPLQHX[DUWLFOHGH3ILVWHULQWLWXO«(SLSKDQLHGDQVOD3DXO\:LVVRZD1RXV
DYRQVUHWHQXSRXUFHYROXPHGHX[FDVW\SLTXHVFKDFXQ¢VDID©RQbOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQ
HWOHXU IRQFWLRQFKH] XQURPDQFLHU JUHFGX G«EXWGH QRWUHªUH $FKLOOH 7DWLXV3
0DQJLQOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHODYLVLRQY«FXHHWUHODW«HSDUXQJ\SWLHQGX,,HbVLªFOHS&
GDQVOHWHPSOHQXELHQGH.DODEVFKD)'XQDQG
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
5
8(QWUH XQ *UHF RX XQ J\SWLHQ KHOO«QLV« YLYDQW HQ PLOLHX WUDGLWLRQQHO GDQV OHV
SUHPLHUVVLªFOHVGHQRWUHªUHHWXQGHVHVFRPSDWULRWHVD\DQWDGK«U«¢ODQRXYHOOH
UHOLJLRQ FKU«WLHQQH Oɛ«FDUW FXOWXUHO HW PHQWDO «WDLW FHUWDLQHPHQW PLQLPH /HXUV
H[S«ULHQFHVUHVSHFWLYHVGHODUHQFRQWUHDYHFOHGLHXVLGLII«UHQWHVVRLHQWHOOHV«WDLHQW
GRQFFRPSDUDEOHV/HVYLVLRQVGHGLHX[GDQVOɛ,QGHDQFLHQQH60D]DUV«WDLHQWHOOHVGX
P¬PHRUGUHb"'DQVFHFDVLOVɛDJLVVDLWYUDLPHQWGɛXQDXWUHXQLYHUVR»OHVFRQFHSWLRQV
GRPLQDQWHVVXUOHPRQGHVXUOHWHPSVVXUOHVGLHX[VXUOHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHFHX[FLHW
OHVKRPPHVRQWSHX¢YRLUDYHFFHOOHVTXLSU«YDOHQW¢ODP¬PH«SRTXHGDQVOHV
VRFL«W«VRFFLGHQWDOHVHWP¬PHSURFKHRXPR\HQRULHQWDOHV0DLVOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHOD
YLVLRQHQPLOLHXLQGLHQQRXVHVWDSSDUXHVXVFHSWLEOHGHSURYRTXHUGXIDLWP¬PHTXɛHOOH
QRXV«WDLW«WUDQJªUHXQHQRXYHOOHLQWHUURJDWLRQXQUHJDUGGLII«UHQWVXUOHPRQGHSOXV
IDPLOLHUGDQVOHTXHOVHVLWXDLHQWSRXUOɛHVVHQWLHOQRVUHFKHUFKHV
9&ɛHVWGRQFGDQVXQHG«PDUFKHFRPSDUDWLVWHTXHYRXGUDLWVHVLWXHUFHUHFXHLO,OQH
VɛDJLWSDVGHU«GXLUH¢XQVFK«PDXQLTXHGɛDQDO\VHGHVW\SHVGɛH[S«ULHQFHGRQWOHV
DQDORJLHV SRXUUDLHQW ELHQ Qɛ¬WUH TXɛDSSDUHQWHV PDLV GH SURGXLUH JU¤FH ¢ OD
FRQIURQWDWLRQGHFHVH[S«ULHQFHVGRQWFKDFXQHGRLW¬WUH«WXGL«HGDQVVDVS«FLILFLW«
GHVYRLHVGHFRQQDLVVDQFHHWGɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ VXVFHSWLEOHVGHOHV«FODLUHU GDQVOHXU
HQVHPEOH,OQɛHVWFHUWHVSDVKDELWXHOGHYRLUUDSSURFK«HVGDQVXQHP¬PHUHFKHUFKHOD
WK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±HWOHVYLVLRQVGHV3ªUHVGXG«VHUWHWHQFRUHPRLQVOHVYLVLRQVGH
OɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQHHWFHOOHVGX0R\HQ¤JHRFFLGHQWDO,OQRXVDSRXUWDQWVHPEO«TXHFHV
UDSSURFKHPHQWVVWLPXODLHQWOɛLQWHUURJDWLRQVXUOHVU«FLWV TXLOHVUDSSRUWHQWVXUOD
VLWXDWLRQGHVE«Q«ILFLDLUHVHWW«PRLQVGHFHVH[S«ULHQFHVHWVXUWRXWVXUOHVIRQFWLRQVGH
VHPEODEOHVU«FLWVGDQVOHVPLOLHX[VRFLDX[R»LOVRQW«W«SURGXLWVHWWUDQVPLV
10 TXRLVHUYHQWOHVFROORTXHVb"IDLUHVHUHQFRQWUHUGHVFKHUFKHXUVDXWRXUGHTXHOTXHV
PRWV VHUYDQW GɛHPEOªPHV ¢ TXHOTXHV SUREOªPHV DILQ TXH OHV GLYHUVHV SUDWLTXHV
VFLHQWLILTXHVQɛDERXWLVVHQWSDV¢ODVHJPHQWDWLRQGXVDYRLUHW¢OɛLJQRUDQFHPXWXHOOH
GHVVS«FLDOLW«V4XHFHWWHUHQFRQWUHHWFHWWHFRQIURQWDWLRQQHSXLVVHQWVHSURGXLUHTXɛ¢
ODIDYHXUGɛXQHFHUWDLQH«TXLYRFLW«GHG«SDUWLOIDXWELHQOHFRQVWDWHUPDLVFHQɛHVW
SHXW¬WUHSDV¢UHJUHWWHU,O\DGHV«TXLYRFLW«VKHXUHXVHVGDQVOHXUVHIIHWV/HOHFWHXU
SRXUUDOHFRQVWDWHUbOHGLYHUVDLFLYDOHXUKHXULVWLTXHHWGHYUDLWFRQWULEXHU¢UHSRVHU
GɛXQHPDQLªUHQHXYHFUR\RQVQRXVOHSUREOªPHGXG«VLUGHFRQQD°WUHOHGLYLQHWSOXV
SU«FLV«PHQWbGHOɛDUGHQWG«VLUGHYRLUOHGLYLQTXLDKDELW«WDQWHWWDQWGHFUR\DQWVGH
WRXWHVSURYHQDQFHV
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 6LJQDORQVHQWUHDXWUHVSRXUOHXUYDOHXUV\QWK«WLTXHGHSXLVOHOLYUHGɛ(%HQ]'LH9LVLRQ
(UIDKUXQJVIRUPHQ XQG %LOGHUZHOW 6WXWWJDUW TXHOTXHV SXEOLFDWLRQV GH U«I«UHQFH 3RXU
Oɛ$QWLTXLW«mbSD±HQQHb}YRLUQRWHbSRXUOɛ$QWLTXLW«FKU«WLHQQHYRLU6RJQLYLVLRQLHSURHIH]LH
QHOOɛDQWLFRFULVWLDQHVLPR $XJXVWLQLDQXP b SRXU OD ILQ GH Oɛ$QWLTXLW«HWOH+DXW
0R\HQJHRFFLGHQWDO0$XEUXQmb&DUDFWªUHVHWSRUW«HUHOLJLHXVHHWVRFLDOHGHV9LVLRQHVHQ
2FFLGHQW GX 9,H DX ;, HbVLªFOHb} &DKLHUV GH FLYLOLVDWLRQ P«GL«YDOH ; H;,,HbVLªFOHV ;;,,,
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
6
SbbSRXUOH0R\HQJHFHQWUDO3'LQ]HOEDFKHU9LVLRQXQG9LVLRQVOLWHUDWXULP0LWWHODOWHU
mb0RQRJUDSKLHQ]XU*HVFKLFKWHGHV0LWWHODOWHUVb}YROb6WXWWJDUWb,Gmb/DOLWW«UDWXUH
GHVU«Y«ODWLRQVDX0R\HQJHbXQGRFXPHQWKLVWRULTXHb}5HYXHKLVWRULTXHSbb
,G5HYHODWLRQHVmb7\SRORJLHGHVVRXUFHVGX0R\HQJHRFFLGHQWDOb}$9,'7XUQKRXWb
$3DUDYLFLQL%DJOLDQL«G9XHHW9LVLRQDX0R\HQ$JH$FWHVGXFROORTXHGH/DXVDQQHRFW
0LFURORJXV9,Sb
2. 6XUOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVDX0R\HQJHHQWUHYLVLRQVHWLPDJHVYRLUHQWUHDXWUHV&K)UXJRQLmb/H
0LVWLFKHOHYLVLRQLHOɛLFRQRJUDILDbUDSSRUWbHGLQIOXVVLb}LQ/DPLVWLFDIHPPLQLOHGHO7UHFHQWR
FROORTXHGH7RGLSbb-+DPEXUJHUmb7KH9LVXDODQGWKH9LVLRQDU\b7KHFKDQJLQJ
5ROHRIWKH,PDJHLQ/DWH0HGLHYDO0RQDVWLF'HYRWLRQVb}9LDWRUSbb,G7KH
5RWKVFKLOG&DQWLFOHV$UWDQG0\VWLFLVPLQWKH)ODQGHUVDQGWKH5KLQHODQGFLUFD1HZ+DYHQ
/RQGUHVb-&O6FKPLWWmb5LWXHOVGHOɛLPDJHHWU«FLWVGHYLVLRQb}LQ&ROOGH6SROªWHH
6HPDLQHGɛWXGHV7HVWHH,PPDJLQHQHOOɛ$OWR0HGLRHYR
3. )3ILVWHUmb(SLSKDQLHb}LQ3DXO\:LVVRZD5HDOHQF\FORS¦GLH6XSSOSb8QH
WKªVHD«W«FRQVDFU«HDX[«SLSKDQLHVGHVGLHX[GDQVODSR«VLHO\ULTXHJUHFTXH$.\ULD]RSRXORV
HWXQHDXWUHSOXVU«FHPPHQWDXFRUSVGHVGLHX[GDQVOHV«SLSKDQLHVHQ*UªFHDQFLHQQH
53LHWWUHbQLOɛXQHQLOɛDXWUH¢QRWUHFRQQDLVVDQFHQɛRQWHQFRUH«W«SXEOL«HV(QFHTXL
FRQFHUQHOɛJ\SWHOHWUDYDLOOHSOXVVXJJHVWLI¢FHMRXUHVWFHOXLGH'9DQ'HU3ODVmbɝ9RLUɞ'LHX
4XHOTXHVREVHUYDWLRQVDXVXMHWGHODIRQFWLRQGHVVHQVGDQVOHFXOWHHWODG«YRWLRQGHOɛJ\SWH
DQFLHQQHb}%6)(Sbb RQ UHOªYHUD «JDOHPHQW Oɛ«WXGH GH 5 7HIQLQ mb0LUDFOHV
PHUYHLOOHVHWVRUWLOªJHVGDQVOɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQHb}GDQVOHYROXPHFROOHFWLI$SSDULWLRQVHWPLUDFOHV
«GSDU$'LHUNHQV3UREOªPHVGɛ+LVWRLUH GHVUHOLJLRQV8QLYHUVLW«/LEUH GH%UX[HOOHV
Sb
AUTEURS
)UDQ©RLVH'XQDQG
3URIHVVHXU¢Oɛ8)5GHV6FLHQFHV+LVWRULTXHVHWGLUHFWHXUGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGɛ+LVWRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJHVWVS«FLDOLVWHGHOɛJ\SWHWDUGLYH
3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWHDYHF&=LYLH&RFKHb
/HVPRPLHVHWODPRUWHQJ\SWHDYHF5/LFKWHQEHUJb,VLV0ªUHGHVGLHX[3DULV
GLWLRQV(UUDQFH
)UDQ©RLV%üVSIOXJ
3URIHVVHXUGɛKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV¢OD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHFDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«
0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb3RXUXQHP«PRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQV3DULVDYHF)U'XQDQGHW-3:LOODLPHb$VVLVHGL[DQVDSUªV
GLUDYHF</DEE«b/H&RPSDUDWLVPHHQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF)U
'XQDQGb6ɛLQLWLHUDX[UHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF0DUWLQL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
7
Première partie. Antiquité « Païenne
»
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
8
9LVLRQVGH'LHX[GDQVOɛ,QGH
Sylvain Mazars
S
1/ɛLPDJHUHY¬WXQHLPSRUWDQFHSULPRUGLDOHHQ,QGH&RPPHOHVRXOLJQH*RQGDmbFHTXL
FDUDFW«ULVHDYDQWWRXWOɛ+LQGRXLVPHFɛHVWODY«Q«UDWLRQGɛLPDJHVHWGɛHPEOªPHVGHV
GLHX[b}0DLVODGLPHQVLRQV\PEROLTXHHVWDXVVLLPSRUWDQWHTXHOɛLPDJHHQHOOHP¬PH
$LQVLRQWURXYHGHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQVGLYLQHVGDQVOHVSOXVDQFLHQVWH[WHVGHOɛ,QGH
QRWDPPHQWGDQVOHV9HGDOH0DK¤EK¤UDWDHWOHV3XU¤QDHWMXVTXɛDX[«SRTXHVOHVSOXV
U«FHQWHV&HVU«FLWVRQW «W««WXGL«VHWDQDO\V«VSDU)LOOLR]DWGDQVVRQDUWLFOHmb/HV
YLVLRQVFKH]OHVVSLULWXHOVLQGLHQVb}FIELEOLRJUDSKLH2QHQWURXYHGDQVWRXWHVOHV
ODQJXHVbVDQVNULWWDPRXOUHFXHLOVGHG«YRWVYLVKQRX±WHVOHV$OYDUHWVKLYD±WHVOHV
1D\DQP¤UGX;,HbVLªFOHNDQQDGDEHQJDOLHWF
23DUDOOªOHPHQWOɛ,QGHVHFDUDFW«ULVHSDUXQHFXOWXUHUDWLRQDOLVWHWUªVSU«FRFH'HSXLV
Oɛ$QWLTXLW«ODORJLTXHHWODJUDPPDLUHWLHQQHQWXQHJUDQGHSODFHGDQVOɛHQVHLJQHPHQW
2UHQ2FFLGHQWOHG«YHORSSHPHQWGHODFULWLTXHUDWLRQQHOOHDFRQWULEX«¢G«P\VWLILHU
OHVYLVLRQVP\VWLTXHV(Q,QGHVLOHUDWLRQDOLVPHDSHUPLVGHFRPSUHQGUHFRPPHHQ
2FFLGHQWOHVFDXVHVU«HOOHVGHFHUWDLQHVGHFHVYLVLRQVLOQɛHQDSDVQL«ODU«DOLW«(OLDGH
UHPDUTXH TXH mbOD WHQGDQFH J«Q«UDOH GHV WH[WHV \RJLTXHV ɣ HVW GɛH[SOLTXHU WRXW
SK«QRPªQH P«WDSK\VLTXH HW RFFXOWH HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV ɝSRXYRLUVɞ DFTXLV SDU OH
SUDWLTXDQWHWGɛH[FOXUHWRXWHLQWHUYHQWLRQVXUQDWXUHOOHb}WRXWHQYDOLGDQWODU«DOLW«GH
FHV SK«QRPªQHV P«WDSK\VLTXHV /ɛ,QGH VɛHVW P¬PH GRW«H GɛXQH mbWHFKQRORJLH GHV
YLVLRQVb})LOOLR]DWTXLOXLHVWSURSUHbOH\RJD
3/DFUR\DQFHDX[YLVLRQVHQ,QGHUHVWHGRQFXQHU«DOLW«TXɛLOIDXWWRXMRXUVJDUGHU¢
OɛHVSULW(QWRXWHORJLTXHFHOXLTXLDHXXQHYLVLRQHQU¬YHQɛHVWSDVREOLJ«GHFURLUH¢OD
U«DOLW«GHODYLVLRQ,OSHXWODFRQVLG«UHUSRXUFHTXɛHOOHHVWbXQU¬YH(Q,QGHULHQGH
WHO/DFUR\DQFHDX[YLVLRQV\HVWHQFRUHSOXVPDUTX«HGDQVOHVPLOLHX[SKLORVRSKLTXHV
TXLDWWULEXHQWDXPRQGHXQFDUDFWªUHLOOXVRLUH'DQVFHFDVYLVLRQHWPRQGHU«HOQHVH
GLVWLQJXHQWSOXV0LHX[bODSHUFHSWLRQGXPRQGHHVWFRQVLG«U«HFRPPHVXELHDORUVTXH
ODYLVLRQHVWFKRLVLHbHOOHHVWXQHFU«DWLRQEK¤YDQ¤0¬PHOHVPD°WUHV\RJLQVKRVWLOHV¢
ODUHFKHUFKHGHSRXYRLUVQHGRXWHQWSDVGHOHXUU«DOLW«DORUVTXɛLOVSRXUUDLHQWOHV
G«QRQFHUFRPPHPHQVRQJHUVHWLOOXVRLUHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
9
4,OIDXWGRQFDYDQWWRXWH[DPLQHUFHWWHmbWHFKQRORJLHGHVYLVLRQVb},XQHP«WKRGH
SV\FKRSK\VLRORJLTXHWUªVUDWLRQQHOOHSHUPHWWDQWQRWDPPHQWGHIDLUHDSSDUD°WUHGHV
GLHX[(QVXLWHXQHDQDO\VHGXFRQWHQXGHVYLVLRQV,,SHXWU«Y«OHUGDQVTXHOOHPHVXUH
FHOOHVFLVRQWLQIOXHQF«HVSDUOHXUPLOLHXFXOWXUHO(QILQODIRQFWLRQVRFLRSROLWLTXHGHV
YLVLRQV ,,, SHXW PHWWUH HQ OXPLªUH OHV PRWLYDWLRQV GHV YLVLRQQDLUHV GDQV OHXU
UHFKHUFKHGHVGLHX[
b
I/ Une technologie des visions
52QSHXWGLVWLQJXHUGHX[W\SHVGHYLVLRQVbOHVYLVLRQVVSRQWDQ«HVDSSDULWLRQVHWOHV
YLVLRQVSURYRTX«HV/ɛ,QGHFRQQD°WSOXVLHXUVP«WKRGHVSRXUSURYRTXHUXQHYLVLRQb
SDUGHVSRXYRLUVVLGGKLLQQ«Vb
SDU GHV SODQWHV RX VXEVWDQFHV SV\FKRWURSHVb FKDQYUH LQGLHQ PDGKX OLTXHXU
VSLULWXHXVHGHVYLVKQRX±WHVHWVKLYD±WHVVRPDFKDPSLJQRQKDOOXFLQRJªQHVHORQ5
*RUGRQ:DVVRQb
SDUGHVIRUPXOHVPDQWUDVb
SDUOɛDVFªVHb
SDUGHVWHFKQLTXHVFRUSRUHOOHVGDQVHVULWXHOOHVHWFb
SDUOH\RJDTXLHVWXQHWHFKQLTXHVS«FLILTXH¢Oɛ,QGH
60DLV WRXWHV FHV P«WKRGHV QH VH YDOHQW SDV 3DU H[HPSOH OɛXVDJH GHV GURJXHV HVW
FRQGDPQ«SDUOH\RJD(QHIIHWOHSULQFLSHGX\RJDHVWGɛ«FDUWHUOHV«WDWVGHFRQVFLHQFH
GɛRULJLQHH[WHUQH,OHVWXQFKRL[VSLULWXHOG«OLE«U«2UOɛXVDJHGHVGURJXHVFRQVWLWXH
SU«FLV«PHQWXQH LQWR[LFDWLRQH[RJªQH TXɛRQQH VDXUDLWVXEVWLWXHU ¢OD YRORQW« GX
\RJLQ'ɛDXWUHSDUWOH\RJDSHUPHWGHFKRLVLU¢OɛDYDQFHVDYLVLRQHWGHODU«DOLVHUDYHF
SU«FLVLRQFHTXLQɛHVWSDVOHFDVORUVTXHOɛRQUHFRXUW¢GHVGURJXHVTXLSURYRTXHQWGHV
U«VXOWDWV DO«DWRLUHV &HSHQGDQW LO DUULYH TXH FHUWDLQV \RJLQV HQ XWLOLVHQW DILQ GH
IDFLOLWHUOHXUVH[HUFLFHV
7)LOOLR]DWG«ILQLWOH\RJDFRPPHXQHmWHFKQLTXHGHFRQGLWLRQQHPHQWHWGHGLUHFWLRQ
SV\FKRORJLTXHV}SURSUH¢Oɛ,QGHHWFRPPHOɛLQVWUXPHQWGHVVSLULWXHOV«GXTX«V6HORQ
OXLOH\RJDVHUDLWXQHmWHFKQRORJLHGHVYLVLRQV}(QU«DOLW«OH\RJDQHVHUWSDVTXɛ¢
DYRLUGHVYLVLRQV,OWURXYHVDMXVWLILFDWLRQGDQVODWK«RULHGXNDUPDQ&HOOHFLFRQVLVWH¢
H[SOLTXHUODFRQGLWLRQGɛXQKRPPHGDQVODYLHSU«VHQWHSDUOHVDFWLRQVERQQHVRX
PDXYDLVHVTXɛLODFRPPLVHVGDQVXQHYLHDQW«ULHXUHHWGRQWLOUHVWHGHVWUDFHVY¤VDQ¤b
mbSDUIXPDJHVb}'DQVFHWWHWK«RULHVLOHSV\FKLVPHKXPDLQHVWDEDQGRQQ«¢OXLP¬PH
LOGHYLHQWOHMHXGHVHV«WDWVGHFRQVFLHQFHVXFFHVVLIV0DLVHQV«OHFWLRQQDQWFHX[FLRQ
SHXWVHUHQGUHPD°WUHGHVDFRQVWLWXWLRQILQDOH&ɛHVWOHEXWGX\RJD4XHOOHHQHVWOD
WHFKQLTXHb"
8/DWHFKQLTXHGX\RJDD«W«H[SRV«HGDQVOHV<RJDV½WUDGH3DWD³MDOL(OOHFRQVLVWHHQKXLW
«WDSHV<RJDV½WUD,,b,,,b
'HVFRQGLWLRQVGɛK\JLªQH
'HVFRQGLWLRQVGHPRUDOH
'HVSRVWXUHVFRUSRUHOOHV¤VDQD
'HVH[HUFLFHVGHU«JXODWLRQGXVRXIIOHSU¤Q¤\¤PD
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
10
/D QHXWUDOLVDWLRQ GHV H[FLWDWLRQV VHQVRULHOOHV H[W«ULHXUHV SUDW\¤K¤UD RX
mbU«WUDFWLRQGHVVHQVb}/HVVHQVQHVRQWSOXVGLULJ«VYHUVGHVREMHWVH[W«ULHXUV
PDLV LO HVW WRXMRXUV SRVVLEOH GɛDYRLU GHV SHUFHSWLRQV VHQVRULHOOHVb OHXU
FRQQDLVVDQFHHVWREWHQXHGLUHFWHPHQWSDUODFRQWHPSODWLRQ/H\RJLQQHYRLWSOXV
OHVIRUPHVPDLVOɛHVVHQFHP¬PHGHWRXVOHVREMHWV
/DFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHOɛDWWHQWLRQGK¤UDQ¤HQXQVHXOSRLQW&HSRLQWSHXW¬WUHXQH
SDUWLHGXFRUSVXQHSHQV«HXQGLHXSDUH[HPSOHOHGLHX,VYDUD
/DP«GLWDWLRQ\RJLTXHGK\¤QD
/DPLVHHQSRVLWLRQVWDEOHGXSV\FKLVPHVDP¤GKLVXUXQREMHWGHFRQVFLHQFH
MXVTXɛ¢OɛH[WLQFWLRQP¬PHGHODFRQVFLHQFHGHOHFKHUFKHU&ɛHVW¢FHVWDGHTXHOH
\RJLQREWLHQWVHVSRXYRLUVPDJLTXHVVLGGKL0DLVLOGRLW¬WUHFDSDEOHGɛ\UHQRQFHU
FDULOVɛDJLWGɛXQGDQJHUGHWHQWDWLRQPDJLTXH(QU«DOLW«FHVSRXYRLUVQHVRQWSDV
HVVHQWLHOVDX\RJDLOVFRQVWLWXHQWVLPSOHPHQWOHVLJQHTXHOH\RJLQDDWWHLQWFH
VWDGHTXɛLOVɛHVWG«VRUPDLVDIIUDQFKLGHOɛHQJUHQDJHGHVORLVQDWXUHOOHV
9&HSHQGDQWLODUULYHTXHFHUWDLQV\RJLQVQHSUDWLTXHQWOH\RJDTXHSRXUHQREWHQLUGHV
YLVLRQVRXGHVSRXYRLUVPHUYHLOOHX[4XHOVVRQWFHVSRXYRLUVb"
10 /H \RJD SURFXUH GHX[ JUDQGHV FDW«JRULHV GH SRXYRLUV <RJDV½WUDV OLYUH ,,, /HV
SUHPLHUVVRQWOHVVLGGKLmbSHUIHFWLRQb}mbU«DOLVDWLRQb}RXDLVYDU\DmbSRXYRLUb},OVɛDJLW
GHU«DOLVDWLRQV PDW«ULHOOHV LPSRVVLEOHV DXFRPPXQb O«YLWHU WRXFKHU OH VROHLOIDLUH
MDLOOLUGHVIODPPHVGHVRQFRUSVVHPXOWLSOLHUHWF/HV\RJLQVTXLOHVUHFKHUFKHQWVRQW
LQW«UHVV«V SDU OD SXLVVDQFH /D GHX[LªPH FDW«JRULH GH SRXYRLUV FRQFHUQH OHV
FRQQDLVVDQFHVM³¤QDLQDFFHVVLEOHVDXYXOJDLUH&HVFRQQDLVVDQFHVVRQWGHGHX[W\SHV
'ɛDERUGOHVM³¤QDUHODWLIV¢FHTXLHVWVXEWLOFDFK««ORLJQ«mbKRUVGHODSRUW«HGHV
VHQVb} DW°QGUL\D 3DU H[HPSOH OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GH OɛXQLYHUV HW GH VD VWUXFWXUH OD
FRQQDLVVDQFHGHOɛDJHQFHPHQWGXFRUSVKXPDLQODFRQQDLVVDQFHGXFULGHVHVSªFHV
DQLPDOHVODFRQQDLVVDQFHGHODSHQV«HGɛDXWUXL&HVM³¤QDVRQWREWHQXVJU¤FHDX[FLQT
VHQVVXSUDQRUPDX[GRQWOɛRUHLOOHGLYLQHGLY\DVURWUDTXLSHUPHWGɛHQWHQGUHGHVYRL[
GLYLQHVHWOɛüLOGLYLQGLY\DFDNVXVTXLSURFXUHGHVYLVLRQVGLYLQHV<RJDV½WUD,,,/H
VHFRQGW\SHGHFRQQDLVVDQFHVHVWTXDQW¢OXLUHODWLIDX[REMHWVRX«Y«QHPHQWVSDVV«VRX
IXWXUV ,O VɛDJLW GH OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GHV H[LVWHQFHV DQW«ULHXUHV HW GHV SURSK«WLHV
SU«PRQLWLRQGHODPRUWHWF
11 /HP«FDQLVPHGHVM³¤QDUHSRVHVXUXQV\VWªPHGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVHQWUHOHVFLQTVHQV
HWOHVFLQT«O«PHQWVEK½WD$LQVLODYLVLRQSURFªGHGXIHXOɛRX±HGXYLGHOɛRGRUDWGHOD
WHUUHOHJR½WGHOɛHDXHWOHWRXFKHUGXYHQW'ªVORUVLOVXIILWDX\RJLQGHSUHQGUH
FRQVFLHQFHGXYLGHSRXUDFTX«ULUOɛRUHLOOHGLYLQHRXGXIHXSRXUDFTX«ULUGHVYLVLRQV
VXSUDQRUPDOHV&HVYLVLRQVVHIRQGHQWVXUGHVFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVDQDORJXHVbDLQVLVL
OɛHIIRUWSV\FKLTXHGX\RJLQVHFRQFHQWUHVXUOHVFRUSVF«OHVWHVODYLVLRQREWHQXHVHUD
FHOOH GH OD VWUXFWXUH GH OɛXQLYHUV 6ɛLO VH FRQFHQWUH VXU OH FRUSV KXPDLQ OD YLVLRQ
PRQWUHUDODFRQVWLWXWLRQGXFRUSV
12 /HVYLVLRQVQHW«PRLJQHQWHOOHVDORUVTXHGHWURXEOHVSV\FKLTXHVb"&HX[FLVHUDLHQWG½V
DX[VXEVWDQFHVSV\FKRWURSHVHWDX[FRQWUDLQWHVSK\VLTXHVLQWHQVHVLPSRV«HVSDUOH
\RJDSDUH[HPSOHODU«WHQWLRQGXVRXIIOH
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
11
II/ Le contenu des visions
13 /HVYLVLRQVGHV\RJLQVW«PRLJQHQWGɛXQIRUWFRQGLWLRQQHPHQWSDUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHHWOH
V\PEROLVPHLQGLHQV&HX[FLRQW«W«WUªVW¶WG«ILQLVGDQVOHXUIRUPHFDQRQLTXH/D
%KDJDYDG*°W¤DXSOXVWDUGDY-&FRQWLHQWDLQVLOHU«FLWGHODYLVLRQGH9LVQXSDU
OHK«URV$UMXQD9LVQXQɛHVWGɛDERUGSU«VHQW«TXHFRPPHOHFRPSDJQRQGHJXHUUHGX
K«URV3XLV LOVH U«YªOH FRPPHXQ PD°WUH UHOLJLHX[TXL OXLHQVHLJQH GHV SRLQWVGH
GRFWULQHDYDQWGɛDSSDUD°WUHVRXVOHVWUDLWVGH.UVQDDYDWDUGH9LVQX
14 mb$UMXQDGLWb/HVXSU¬PHP\VWªUHTXHSRXUPRQELHQWXPɛDVFRPPXQLTX«ODGRFWULQH
GHOɛ¤WPDQDEDQQLGHPRLWRXWHHUUHXU'HWDERXFKH¶K«URVDX[\HX[GHORWXVMɛDL
DSSULVHQG«WDLOOɛRULJLQHHWODILQGHV¬WUHVHWWDJUDQGHXULPS«ULVVDEOH,OHQHVW
FRPPHWXOɛDVGLWHQWɛDIILUPDQW WRLP¬PHOHGLHXVRXYHUDLQ-HG«VLUH¶ VXSU¬PH
3XUXVKD WH YRLU GDQV WD IRUPH GLYLQHb} %KDJDYDG*°W¤ ;, %KDJDYDW mbOH
VHLJQHXUb}HVWGɛDFFRUGbmb0DLVWXQHSHX[PHYRLUDYHFWHVVHXOV\HX[GɛKRPPHbMHWH
FRQIªUHODYXHGLYLQHGLY\DFDNVXVbFRQWHPSOHPDSXLVVDQFHVRXYHUDLQHb}%*;,
15 mb$UMXQDGLWb2GLHXMHYRLVGDQVWRQFRUSVWRXVOHVGLHX[HWWRXWHVOHVVRUWHVGɛ¬WUHV
%UDKP¤&LYDOHGLHXDXVLªJHGHORWXVHWOHVULVKLVHWWRXVOHVVHUSHQWVGLYLQV-HWHYRLV
DYHFXQQRPEUHLQILQLGHEUDVGHSRLWULQHVGHERXFKHVHWGɛ\HX[LOOLPLW«VHQWRXV
VHQVbGHWRL¶PD°WUHGHOɛXQLYHUVDX[DVSHFWVLQILQLVMHQHYRLVQLODILQQLOHPLOLHXQL
OHFRPPHQFHPHQW$YHFOHGLDGªPHODPDVVXHHWOHGLVTXHɘWHOOHXQHPDVVHGHIHXTXL
SURMHWWHGHWRXVF¶W«VVHVIODPPHVɘMHWHYRLVWRLVLGLIILFLOH¢DSHUFHYRLULPPHQVH
U«SDQGDQWHQWRXVVHQVOɛ«FODWGɛXQEUDVLHUDUGHQWGXVROHLOɣODYXHGHFHWWH
DSSDULWLRQLPPHQVHDX[ERXFKHVDX[\HX[LQQRPEUDEOHVDX[EUDVDX[MDPEHVDX[
SLHGVVDQVQRPEUH¶K«URVDX[JUDQGVEUDVDYHFWHVLQQRPEUDEOHVSRLWULQHVWHVFURFV
IRUPLGDEOHVOHVPRQGHVWUHPEOHQWHWMHWUHPEOHPRLDXVVL(QWHYR\DQWWRXFKHUOHFLHO
GHODW¬WH«EORXLVVDQWGHPLOOHFRXOHXUVOHVERXFKHVRXYHUWHVOHV\HX[LPPHQVHVHW
IODPER\DQWVMHPHVHQV«SRXYDQW«MHQHSXLVPHUHVVDLVLUQLUHSUHQGUHFRQWHQDQFH¶
9LVKQXb}%*;,b;,
16 'DQVFHWH[HPSOHLOVɛDJLWGɛDERUGGɛXQHDSSDULWLRQFɛHVWOHGLHXTXLVɛHVWPDQLIHVW«
PDLVFɛHVW$UMXQDTXLYHXWYRLU9LVQXVRXVVDIRUPHGLYLQH&ɛHVWLPSRVVLEOHVDQVXQGHV
SRXYRLUVPHQWLRQQ«VSOXVKDXW&RPPH$UMXQDQɛHVWSDVXQ\RJLQLOVHIDLWFRQI«UHUOD
mbYXHGLYLQHb}SDU9LVQX,OREWLHQWELHQODYLVLRQPDLVFHOOHFLOXLIDLWSHXU,OIDXWQRWHU
HQRXWUHTXHFHWWHYLVLRQHVWGHYHQXHSDUODVXLWHXQPRGªOHQRQVHXOHPHQWSRXUOHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVPDLVDXVVLSRXUOHVDUWLVWHVTXLRQWSULVFHWH[WHGDQVVRQVHQVOLWW«UDO
SRXUUHSU«VHQWHU9LVQX(OOHHVWGHYHQXHSDUWLHLQW«JUDQWHGHODFXOWXUHLQGLHQQH
17 2ULOHVWELHQFRQQXTXHOHVYLVLRQVFRQFRUGHQWHQJ«Q«UDODYHFOHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQV
FXOWXUHOOHVHWOHVFUR\DQFHVGɛXQPLOLHXGRQQ«SDUDLVVDQWDLQVLHQFRQILUPHUODU«DOLW«
3DUH[HPSOHOHVYLVLRQVGH\RJLQVUHODWLYHV¢ODVWUXFWXUHGHOɛXQLYHUVRXGXFRUSV
KXPDLQVRQWELHQFRQIRUPHVDX[FRQQDLVVDQFHVGHODVFLHQFHLQGLHQQHFODVVLTXHHQ
DVWURQRPLHHWHQDQDWRPLHPDLVQHFRQFRUGHQWSDVDYHFOHVREVHUYDWLRQVGHODVFLHQFH
PRGHUQH'HP¬PHOHVYLVLRQVGHGLHX[FRUUHVSRQGHQWDX[UHSU«VHQWDWLRQVTXLHQ
VRQWGRQQ«HVGDQV GHVWUDLW«V GɛLFRQRJUDSKLHRX GHVWH[WHV GHG«YRWLRQ FRPPHOH
'K\¤QDVORNDTXLSU«FLVHOHFDUDFWªUHGHVLPDJHVGLYLQHV¢OɛXVDJHGHVDUWLVWHVPDLVDXVVL
GHVYLVLRQQDLUHV/HVYLVLRQVSUHQQHQWDLQVLXQFDUDFWªUHLG«DOLV«HWVW«U«RW\S«&ɛHVW
DLQVLTXHODYLVLRQGɛ$UMXQDHVWGHYHQXHODPHVXUHGHWRXWHVOHVYLVLRQVDXWKHQWLTXHVGX
GLHX&HOOHVFLQHVRQWDWWHLQWHVTXHORUVTXHOHGLHXDSSDUD°WDYHFWRXVVHVDWWULEXWV
LFRQRJUDSKLTXHVb,QGUDDYHFVRQ«O«SKDQW6LYDDYHFVRQWDXUHDXHWVRQWULGHQW9LVQX
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
12
VRXVODIRUPHGHVHVGLYHUVDYDWDUVSRLVVRQWRUWXHVDQJOLHUKRPPHOLRQQDLQOH
5DPD¢ODKDFKHOH5DPDGX5DPD\¤QD¢ODSHDXEOHXH.UVQD.DONLQLQFDUQDWLRQ
IXWXUHGH9LVQXUHSU«VHQW«HVXUXQFKHYDOEODQFHWP¬PH%RXGGKD
18 /ɛLG«DOLVDWLRQGHVYLVLRQVVHIRQGHVXUXQV\VWªPHGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVV\PEROLTXHV
&HOOHVFLH[LVWHQWJU¤FHDXSULQFLSHGɛLGHQWLW«XQLYHUVHOOH'DQVOHFDGUHGHFHV\VWªPH
WRXWSHXW¬WUHWK«RSKDQLHbWRXWVDQJOLHUHVW9LVQXWRXWHWRUWXHHVW9LVQXHWF,OQH
VɛDJLWSDV¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUGHYLVLRQPDLVGHU«LQWHUSU«WDWLRQVXUQDWXUHOOHGɛXQH
DSSDULWLRQ QDWXUHOOH 7RXMRXUV HQ YHUWX GH FHV FRUUHVSRQGDQFHV V\PEROLTXHV OD
P«GLWDWLRQ VXU OD V\OODEH mb20b} mb$80b} OD mbTXLQWHVVHQFH GHV 9HGD b} $ HW 0
UHSU«VHQWDQWODSUHPLªUHHWODGHUQLªUHOHWWUHGHOɛDOSKDEHWVDQVNULWSHUPHWGHYRLUOH
EUDKPDQmbOɛDEVROXb}
19 &HSHQGDQWODSUHPLªUHWK«RSKDQLHDWWHVW«HHQ,QGHQHIXWSDVGɛRUGUHYLVXHOPDLV
DXGLWLI(QHIIHWOHVGLHX[VHVRQWGɛDERUGPDQLIHVW«VSDUOHVVRQV&ɛHVWSDUODSDUROHHW
QRQSDUODYLVLRQTXHOHV9HGDRQW«W«U«Y«O«VDX[UVLOHVmbYR\DQWVb}bOHV9HGDIRQW
SDUWLHGXFRUSXVGHOD6UXWLTXLVLJQLILHmbDXGLWLRQb}
20 /HV 8SDQLVDG IRXUQLVVHQW TXHOTXHV H[HPSOHV GH VRQV P\VWLTXHV 3DU H[HPSOH
OɛH[S«ULHQFHP\VWLTXHDXGLWLYHGHEDVHbmbTXDQGRQVHERXFKHOHVRUHLOOHV¢OɛDLGHGHV
SRXFHVRQHQWHQGOHVRQGHOɛHVSDFHTXLHVW¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGXFüXUb}0DLWU\8SDQLVDG9,
'DQV OD 1¤GDELQGX 8SDQLVDG RQ DSSUHQG TXH GHV SK«QRPªQHV DXGLWLIV
DFFRPSDJQHQWFHUWDLQHVH[S«ULHQFHV\RJLTXHVbGHVVRQVGɛDERUGYLROHQWVWRQQHUUH
FDVFDGHSXLVPXVLFDX[FORFKHIO½WH
21 &HW LQW«U¬W GHV ,QGLHQV SRXU OHV WK«RSKDQLHV VRQRUHV VɛH[SULPH HQFRUH ¢ Oɛ«SRTXH
FRQWHPSRUDLQHbGDQVOHVDQQ«HVb¢%HDVSUªVGɛ$PULWVDULOH[LVWDLWXQHVHFWHOHV
5DGKDVZ¤PLTXLP«GLWDLWH[FOXVLYHPHQWDXWRXUGHVVRQVP\VWLTXHVHQSUDWLTXDQWOH
6DEGD\RJDmb\RJDGXVRQb}/HSUHPLHUVRQ¢HQWHQGUHSRXUTXHODP«GLWDWLRQVRLW
YDOLGH«WDLWXQVRQGHFORFKH
b
III/ La fonction socio-politique des visions
22 2QDYXTXHOHVYLVLRQVSRXYDLHQW¬WUHFRQGLWLRQQ«HVGDQVOHXUSURGXFWLRQSDUGHV«WDWV
GHFRQVFLHQFHPRGLIL«VGURJXHV\RJDHWTXɛHOOHV«WDLHQWODUJHPHQWG«WHUPLQ«HVGDQV
OHXUFRQWHQXSDUODFXOWXUHDPELDQWH0DLVRQQɛDSDVHQFRUHSDUO«GHOɛLQW«U¬WSUDWLTXH
GHV YLVLRQVb OD TXHVWLRQ ¢ SRVHU PDLQWHQDQW QɛHVW GRQF SDV mbSRXUTXRL OHV GLHX[
DSSDUDLVVHQWLOVb"b} PDLV mbTXHO LQW«U¬W WURXYHWRQ ¢ OHV IDLUH DSSDUD°WUHb"b} 2Q
UHPDUTXHHQHIIHWTXHODSOXSDUWGHVYLVLRQVP¬PHVLHOOHVVRQWOɛüXYUHGɛXQHUPLWHRX
GɛXQ DVFªWH FRXS« GX PRQGH QɛRQW HQ U«DOLW« ULHQ GH FRQILGHQWLHO /ɛH[S«ULHQFH
P\VWLTXHQɛHVWMDPDLVH[FOXVLYHPHQWLQGLYLGXHOOHSXLVTXɛHOOHHVWUHODW«HG«FULWHTXɛHOOH
DGRQFXQSXEOLF,ODUULYHDLQVLVRXYHQWTXɛXQGLHXDSSDUDLVVHSRXUU«FRPSHQVHUXQ
DVFªWH]«O«MXVWLILDQWSDUO¢VRQDVFªVHDX[\HX[GHVWLHUV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
13
23 'ɛDXWUHSDUWOHVSHUVRQQHVTXLRQWGHVYLVLRQVDSSDUWLHQQHQW¢XQHFDW«JRULHVRFLDOH
ELHQG«WHUPLQ«H7RXWOHPRQGHQɛDSDVGHYLVLRQ'DQVFHUWDLQVH[HPSOHVLOVɛDJLWGH
NDYLVVSLULWXHOVRXSRªWHVLQVSLU«VLVRO«V PDLVGDQVODSOXSDUWGHVFDV LOVɛDJLWGH
G«YRWVFRPPHOHVG«YRWVGH9LVQXOHVVXULVmbVDYDQWVb}RXQDURGHYD\DQRmbKRPPHV
XQLV¢GLHXb}GDQVOHFDGUHGɛXQJURXSHUHOLJLHX[HQJDJ«GDQVXQHOXWWHSROLWLTXH&H
TXLPRGLILHFRQVLG«UDEOHPHQWODVLJQLILFDWLRQHWODSRUW«HGHVYLVLRQVTXɛLOVSHXYHQW
DYRLU &H W\SH GH YLVLRQQDLUHV HVW GRQF FDUDFW«ULV« SDU XQH IRQFWLRQ VRFLDOH SOXV
LPSRUWDQWHTXHFHOOHGHVVLPSOHVmbSRªWHVLQVSLU«Vb}
24 /DTXHVWLRQGHODIRQFWLRQVRFLDOHGHVYR\DQWVVHUHWURXYHDX[WHPSVOHVSOXVDQFLHQVGH
Oɛ,QGH'DQVFHUWDLQHVWULEXVDUFKD±TXHVOHYR\DQWHVWG«M¢XQSHUVRQQDJHVS«FLILTXH
&ɛHVWOHFDVGDQVODWULEXGHV5HGGLVRULJLQDLUHVGX'HFFDQGHODQJXHW«ORXJRXH/HV
5HGGLVVHFURLHQWHQWRXU«VGHGLHX[HWGɛHVSULWV/HXUVGLYLQLW«VWXW«ODLUHVVRQWOHV.RQGD
'HYDWD GLHX[ GHV PRQWDJQHV /HV 5HGGLV VH OHV UHSU«VHQWHQW DQWKURSRPRUSKHV HW
SUDWLTXDQW OHV P¬PHV DFWLYLW«V TXɛHX[b OHV GLHX[ YRQW ¢ OD FKDVVH FXOWLYHQW OHXUV
FKDPSV FH TXL FRQILUPH OɛLQIOXHQFH FXOWXUHOOH VXU OH FRQWHQX GHV YLVLRQV /HXUV
YR\DQWVVRQWOHVY¬MX,OVQɛRQWULHQ¢YRLUDYHFOHVSU¬WUHVOHVSXMDULTXLQHVɛRFFXSHQW
TXHGXFXOWHHWLOVVRQWWRXVHX[P¬PHVILOVGHYR\DQWVbLOVYRLHQWOHVGLHX[HQU¬YHRX
HQWUDQVH/HXUU¶OHVRFLDOHVWHVVHQWLHO,OFRQVLVWH¢JX«ULUOHVPDODGHVHQLGHQWLILDQWHW
HQDSDLVDQWSDUGHVVDFULILFHVOHGLHXFRQVLG«U«FRPPHUHVSRQVDEOHGHODPDODGLH,O
FRQVLVWH «JDOHPHQW ¢ SU«YHQLU GHV GDQJHUV GRQW LOV RQW FRQQDLVVDQFH SDU OHV
LQIRUPDWLRQVTXɛLOVWLUHQWGHVGLHX[DXFRXUVGHOHXUVWUDQVHV
25 8QHDXWUHWULEXODWULEXGHV5DM *RQGVVLWX«HHQ$QGKUD3UDGHVKSU«VHQWHXQFDV
VLPLODLUH/HVYR\DQWV\VRQWDXVVLGLVWLQFWVGHVSU¬WUHVHWLOVRQWOHXUGRQGHYR\DQFHGH
QDLVVDQFH,OVHQWUHQWHQFRQWDFWDYHFOHVGLHX[DXFRXUVGHWUDQVHVHWFHVGHUQLHUV
VɛH[SULPHQW¢WUDYHUVOHXUVERXFKHV
26 /DIRQFWLRQVRFLDOHGHVYR\DQWVHVWSOXVIDFLOH¢FHUQHUTXHODIRQFWLRQSROLWLTXHGH
FHUWDLQHVGHOHXUVYLVLRQV0DLVGDQVTXHOTXHVFDVFHOOHFLHVW«YLGHQWH'DQVOɛH[HPSOH
GHODYLVLRQGɛ$UMXQDRQFRQVWDWHTXHOD%KDJDYDG*°W¤HVWGHYHQXHSDUODVXLWHXQ
Y«ULWDEOHPDQXHOGHYLVKQRXLVPH&ɛHVWSU«FLV«PHQWSDUFHTXHOHVSRLQWVGHGRFWULQH
DERUG«V\RQW«W«U«Y«O«VSDU9LVQXHQSHUVRQQHDWWULEXDQWDLQVLXQHDXWRULW«SOXV
JUDQGH ¢ FH WH[WH HW «FUDVDQW GX P¬PH FRXS WRXWHV OHV YHOO«LW«V GH GLYHUJHQFHV
GRFWULQDOHV2QUHPDUTXHGDQVXQDXWUHH[HPSOHTXHOHVYLVKQRX±WHVFRQVLGªUHQWOH
%RXGGKDFRPPHXQGHVDYDWDUVGH9LVQX/ɛLPDJHGXFKHIGHILOHGɛXQPRXYHPHQW
UHOLJLHX[HVWGRQFU«FXS«U«HSDUXQPRXYHPHQWUHOLJLHX[DQWDJRQLVWH
27 YLGHPPHQW RQ GLVWLQJXH PLHX[ OɛLPSDFW SROLWLTXH GɛXQH YLVLRQ ¢ Oɛ«SRTXH
FRQWHPSRUDLQHTXɛ¢Oɛ«SRTXHY«GLTXH&HODQH YHXWSDVGLUHTXHOɛLPSDFWSROLWLTXH
QɛH[LVWDLWSDV¢FHWWH«SRTXH6LPSOHPHQWRQQHOHUHPDUTXHSDVFDULOHVWQR\«GDQV
WRXWHXQH V«PDQWLTXH PHUYHLOOHXVHHW PDJLTXH (Q UHYDQFKHOH FRQWH[WH SROLWLTXH
G«VDFUDOLV«GHOɛ«SRTXHSOXVU«FHQWHQHQRXV«FKDSSHSDVFHW«JDUGOHVYLVLRQVGH
5¤PDNULVKQD VRQW H[HPSODLUHV 5¤PDNULVKQD *DG¤GKDUD &KDWWHUML ILOV
LQFXOWHGɛXQEUDKPDQHSDXYUHHQFKDUJHGɛXQWHPSOHGHODEDQOLHXHGH&DOFXWWDG«FLGH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
14
GHVHFRQVDFUHUH[FOXVLYHPHQWDXFXOWHGHODG«HVVH.DOL,OVɛLPSRVHGHVEULPDGHVSRXU
HQDYRLUXQHYLVLRQ5DSLGHPHQWLOVHIDLWGHVGLVFLSOHVHWVHUHWURXYH¢ODW¬WHGɛXQ
PRXYHPHQW U«IRUPDWHXU PLOLWDQW FRQWUH OɛRFFLGHQWDOLVDWLRQ GH Oɛ,QGH &ɛHVW ¢ FH
PRPHQWTXɛLOD«JDOHPHQWGHVYLVLRQVGX&KULVW&HODOHSRXVVH¢SU¬FKHUXQPHVVDJH
GHFDUDFWªUH üFXP«QLTXH TXL VɛDGUHVVH HQ IDLW EHDXFRXS SOXV ¢ OɛRFFXSDQW DQJODLV
TXɛDX[,QGLHQVHX[P¬PHV
28 4XDQWDX[YLVLRQVGH6UL$XURELQGRHOOHVSHXYHQWHOOHVDXVVLVɛLQWHUSU«WHU
GDQVXQHRSWLTXHSROLWLTXH6UL$XURELQGRPLOLWHSRXUOɛLQG«SHQGDQFHGHOɛ,QGHHWSRXU
OH UHQRXYHDX VSLULWXHO LQGLHQ PDLV PRLQV FRQWUH OɛRFFLGHQWDOLVDWLRQ TXH FRQWUH
OɛLVODPLVDWLRQ(QbHQSULVRQLODXQHYLVLRQGX.UVQDGHOD%KDJDYDG*°W¤2U¢
FHWWH«SRTXHFɛHVWXQHU«I«UHQFHWUªVSRSXODLUHHQ,QGH6UL$XURELQGRQHWLUHDXFXQ
PHVVDJHDXFXQHQVHLJQHPHQWGHVDYLVLRQ'DQVVRQFDVFHTXLLPSRUWHHVWPRLQVOH
FRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQTXHOHIDLWP¬PHGɛDYRLUFHWWHYLVLRQ(OOHVHUWHQHIIHW¢SURXYHU
OɛDXWKHQWLFLW«GHOɛ+LQGRXLVPH¢FHX[TXLVHUDLHQWWHQW«VSDUODFRQYHUVLRQ¢Oɛ,VODP
$LQVLUHPDUTXHWRQGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVR»QRXVFRQQDLVVRQVOHFRQWH[WHSROLWLTXHTXH
OHVYLVLRQVVHUYHQW¢YDOLGHUXQV\VWªPHVRFLDORXUHOLJLHX[IDFH¢XQDXWUHVXVFHSWLEOH
GHOHPHQDFHU
29 /H\RJDHVWODVHXOHWHFKQLTXHGɛREWHQWLRQGHYLVLRQVTXLVRLWSURSUH¢Oɛ,QGH3RXUWDQW
VRQEXWHVWWRXWDXWUH/H\RJDHVWHQU«DOLW«XQHmbWHFKQLTXHGHFRQGLWLRQQHPHQW
SV\FKRORJLTXHb})LOOLR]DWHQYXHGHODG«OLYUDQFH/HVYLVLRQVVXUQDWXUHOOHVQHVRQW
TXɛXQGHVDVSHFWVGHVDSUDWLTXHELHQTXHFHUWDLQV\RJLQVQHOHSUDWLTXHQWSU«FLV«PHQW
TXHSRXUHQREWHQLU/HVYLVLRQVQHVRQWHOOHVDORUVTXHOHVVXLWHVKDOOXFLQDWRLUHVGHOD
SUDWLTXH\RJLTXHb",OVHPEOHTXHODTXHVWLRQVRLWDXMRXUGɛKXLG«SDVV«H/HVGLVWLQFWLRQV
VDYDQWHVHQWUHKDOOXFLQDWLRQHWY«ULW«P\WKHRXU«DOLW«VXEMHFWLIRXREMHFWLIYLVLRQRX
DSSDULWLRQQHFRQYLHQQHQWSOXVDX[QRXYHOOHVSUREO«PDWLTXHVHQTX¬WHGɛH[SOLFDWLRQV
FXOWXUHOOHVVRFLRORJLTXHVHWSROLWLTXHVGHVYLVLRQV/DTXHVWLRQTXLVHSRVHSOXVTXHGH
VDYRLUSDUTXHOPR\HQRQDFTXLHUWXQHYLVLRQFɛHVWGHFRQQD°WUHOHVUDLVRQVGXVXFFªV
RXGHOɛ«FKHFGɛXQHP\VWLTXHHQIRQFWLRQGHODQDWXUHGHVYLVLRQVTXɛHOOHY«KLFXOHbSRXU
RXFRQWUHOHSRXYRLUGRPLQDQWELHQRXPDOSHU©XHVSDUODSRSXODWLRQ
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
15
Bibliographie
1) Sources
a) Les Veda
)00¾OOHU«G5LJ9HGD6DQKLWDWKH6DFUHG+\PQVRIWKH%UDKPDQVbWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH
FRPPHQWDU\RI6D\DQDFKDU\DYRO/RQGUHV:+$OOHQDQG&R
-9DUHQQH«G/H9HGDSUHPLHUOLYUHVDFU«GHOɛ,QGHYRO9HUYLHUV*«UDUGHW&LH
FROO0DUDERXW8QLYHUVLW«
:':KLWQH\«G$WKDUYD9HGDVDPKLWDWUDQVODWHGZLWKDFULWLFDODQGH[HJHWLFDO
FRPPHQWDU\UHYLVHGDQGEURXJKWQHDUHUWRFRPSOHWLRQDQGHGLWHGE\&5RFNZHOO
/DQPDQYRO&DPEULGJH0DVV+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV+26
b
b) Les Upanisad
$0(VQRXO«G0DLWU\8SDQLVDG3DULV$GULHQ0DLVRQQHXYH/HV8SDQLVKDG
(6HQDUW«G%UKDGDUDQ\DND8SDQLVDG3DULV/HV%HOOHV/HWWUHV
-9DUHQQH«G8SDQLVKDGVGX\RJDWUDGXLWHVGXVDQVNULWHWDQQRW«HV3DULV*DOOLPDUG
FROOHFWLRQmb&RQQDLVVDQFHGHOɛ2ULHQWb}
b
c) Le Mahâbhârata
(6HQDUW«G/D%KDJDYDG*°W¤3DULV/HV%HOOHV/HWWUHV
966XNWKDQNDU6.%HOYDONDU3/9DLG\D«G7KH0DKDEKDUDWDIRUWKHILUVWWLPH
FULWLFDOO\HGLWHGYRO3RRQD%KDQGDUNDU2ULHQWDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH
b
d) Patanjali et le yoga
+$UDQ\D<RJDSKLORVRSK\RI3DWD³MDOLWUDGDQJOGH310XNHUML&DOFXWWD8QLYHUVLW\RI
&DOFXWWD
-+:RRGV7KH<RJDV\VWHPRI3DWD³MDOL+DUYDUG+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
U«LPSU'HOKL0RWLODO%DQDUVLGDVV
b
2) Articles et ouvrages
$%DUHDX:6FKXEULQJ&KYRQ)¾UHU+DLPHQGRUI/HVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ,QGHYROb
%RXGGKLVPHMD±QLVPHUHOLJLRQVDUFKD±TXHV3DULV3D\RW
0(OLDGH/H\RJDLPPRUWDOLW«HWOLEHUW«H«GUHYXHHWFRUULJ«H3DULV3D\RW
-)LOOLR]DWmb/HVYLVLRQVFKH]OHVVSLULWXHOVLQGLHQVb}/HVYLVLRQVP\VWLTXHV1RXYHOOHVGH
Oɛ,QVWLWXW&DWKROLTXHGH3DULVQRbSb
-*RQGD/HVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ,QGHYRO3DULV3D\RW
(/DPRWWHmb/HVYLVLRQVGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHHWODO«JHQGHGXERXGGKLVPHLQGLHQb}/HVYLVLRQV
P\VWLTXHV1RXYHOOHVGHOɛ,QVWLWXW&DWKROLTXHGH3DULVQRbSb
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. -*RQGD/HVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ,QGHYROb3DULVSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
16
2. 0(OLDGH/H\RJDLPPRUWDOLW«HWOLEHUW«3DULVSb
3. -)LOOLR]DWmb/HVYLVLRQVFKH]OHVVSLULWXHOVLQGLHQVb}3DULVSb
4. ,ELGSb
5. 5*:DVVRQ6RPDGLYLQH0XVKURRPRI,PPRUWDOLW\1HZ<RUN+DUFRXUW%UDFH-RYDQRYLFK
6. -)LOOLR]DWSb
7. ,ELGSb
8. -+:RRGV7KH\RJDV\VWHPRI3DWD³MDOL'HOKLSb
9. ,ELGSb
10. (6HQDUW/D%KDJDYDG*°W¤3DULVSb
11. ,ELGSb
12. ,ELGSb
13. -)LOOLR]DWQRWHSb
14. ,ELGSb
15. -*RQGDQRWHSb
16. 0(OLDGH/H\RJDLPPRUWDOLW«HWOLEHUW«3DULVQRWHSb
17. ,ELGSb
18. $%DUHDX:6FKXEULQJ&YRQ)¾UHU+DLPHQGRUI/HVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ,QGHYROb3DULV
Sb
19. ,ELGSb
20. -*RQGDYRObSb
21. ,ELGSb
AUTEUR
6\OYDLQ0D]DUV
7LWXODLUHGɛXQ'($HQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKVXUOɛ«WKLTXH
P«GLFDOHGXERXGGKLVPHDHQWUHSULVXQHWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWVXUFHVXMHW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
17
/HG«VLUGHFRQQD°WUH'LHX
8QHYLVLRQGH0DQGRXOLVDXWHPSOHGH.DODEVFKD
Françoise Dunand
S
1/ɛH[S«ULHQFHGHODYLVLRQHVWELHQDWWHVW«HGDQVODVRFL«W«JUHFTXHDQFLHQQHFRPPHHQ
W«PRLJQHXQH GRXEOHWUDGLWLRQ K«UR±TXHHW P\WKLTXHGɛXQH SDUW mbKLVWRULTXHb}GH
OɛDXWUH/ɛ«SRS«HHWOHVK\PQHVKRP«ULTXHVUHODWHQWG«M¢WRXWHXQHV«ULHGɛ«SLSKDQLHV
GHGLYHUVGLHX[QRQVDQVSU«FLVHUTXɛLOVɛDJLWGɛXQHH[S«ULHQFHGDQJHUHXVHUHGRXWDEOH
mb,OHVWGLIILFLOHGHYRLUOHVGLHX[HQSOHLQHOXPLªUHb}DIILUPH+«UDTXLYDLQWHUYHQLU
SRXUSURW«JHU$FKLOOHbHWORUVTXH$SKURGLWHYHXWV«GXLUH$QFKLVHHOOHVHIDLWSDVVHU
SRXUXQHMHXQHILOOHmbDILQTXɛLOQɛDLWSRLQWSHXUHQODYR\DQWGHVHV\HX[b}ɣ0DLVOHV
«SLSKDQLHVGLYLQHVQHFRQVWLWXHQWSDVVHXOHPHQWXQWKªPHOLWW«UDLUH'HQRPEUHX[
U«FLWVOHV«YRTXDQWVHWURXYHQWFKH]+«URGRWH/HSOXVFRQQXHVWFHOXLGHOɛDSSDULWLRQ
GXGLHX3DQ¢3KLOLSSLGªVOHFRXUULHUHQYR\«SDUOHV$WK«QLHQV¢6SDUWHSRXUFKHUFKHU
GHVVHFRXUVODYHLOOHGHODEDWDLOOHGH0DUDWKRQ0RLQVFRQQXHPDLVSU«VHQW«HFRPPH
WRXWDXVVLDXWKHQWLTXHHVWOɛKLVWRLUHGHODWURLVLªPH«SRXVHGXURLGH6SDUWH$ULVWRQb
FRQVLG«U«HDORUVRQHVWDXPLOLHXGX9,HbVLªFOHD&FRPPHODSOXVEHOOHIHPPHGH
6SDUWHHOOHDYDLW«W«XQE«E«IRUWODLGTXHVDQRXUULFHSRUWDLWTXRWLGLHQQHPHQWDX
VDQFWXDLUHGɛ+«OªQHGDQVOɛHVSRLUGɛXQHLQWHUYHQWLRQGHODG«HVVHMXVTXɛDXMRXUR»
FHOOHFLOXLDSSDUXWHWFDUHVVDODW¬WHGHOɛHQIDQWɘTXLGªVORUVGHYLQWmbSDUIDLWHPHQW
EHOOHɣb}/ɛH[LVWHQFH GH SK«QRPªQHV GHFH W\SH YD GH VRLSRXU OɛDXWHXU GX WUDLW«
KLSSRFUDWLTXH 6XU OHV PDODGLHV LQWHUQHV SRXU TXL XQH PDODGLH SHXW VH G«FODUHU mbVL
TXHOTXɛXQPDUFKHVXUXQFKHPLQLVRO«HWVLODSHXUVɛHPSDUHGHOXL¢ODVXLWHGɛXQH
DSSDULWLRQb}
2SDUWLUGHOɛ«SRTXHKHOO«QLVWLTXHOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQGLYLQHGHYLHQQHQWGHSOXVHQ
SOXVQRPEUHX[QRQVHXOHPHQWGDQVOHVWH[WHVTXHOTXɛHQVRLWOHJHQUHPDLVFHTXLHVW
QRXYHDXGDQVOHVGRFXPHQWVRIILFLHOVRXSULY«V$SROORQLRVGH5KRGHVSXLV'LRGRUH
3DXVDQLDV3OXWDUTXH/XFLHQPXOWLSOLHQWOHVU«FLWVGHFHW\SHbDYHF'LRGRUHOHWHUPH
HSLSKDQHLD FRQQX GHSXLV OH ,9 HbVLªFOH UH©RLW OD FRQQRWDWLRQ UHOLJLHXVH GH
mbPDQLIHVWDWLRQ YLVLEOH GɛXQ GLHXb} TXL OH FDUDFW«ULVHUD SDU OD VXLWH 0DLV VXUWRXW
GHSXLVOH,,,HbVLªFOHD&MXVTXɛ¢Oɛ«SRTXHLPS«ULDOHGHQRPEUHXVHVLQVFULSWLRQVGH*UªFH
HWGɛ$VLH0LQHXUHPHQWLRQQHQWGHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHV&HVLQWHUYHQWLRQVYLVLEOHVGHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
18
GLHX[ VɛHIIHFWXHQW VRXYHQW GDQV GHV VLWXDWLRQV GH FULVH RX HQ WRXW FDV GɛXUJHQFHb
$WK«QDVHPDQLIHVWHDX[/LQGLHQVORUVTXɛLOVVRQWDVVL«J«VSDU'DWLVHQbD&SXLVSDU
'«P«WULRV3ROLRUFªWHHQbD&b$SROORQLQWHUYLHQWSRXUSURW«JHUVRQVDQFWXDLUH
GH'HOSKHVPHQDF«SDUOHV*DODWHVb=HXVGH3DQDPDUDVHPDQLIHVWH¢WUDYHUVOɛRUDJHHW
OD IRXGUH SRXU VDXYHU VRQ WHPSOH SUªV GH 6WUDWRQLF«H DWWDTX« SDU OHV WURXSHV GH
/DELHQXV/ɛDSSDULWLRQSHXWDXVVL¬WUHOL«H¢ODIRQGDWLRQGɛXQFXOWHRXGɛXQVDQFWXDLUHb
FɛHVW ¢ OD VXLWH GɛXQH DSSDULWLRQ Gɛ$UW«PLV TXH OD YLOOH GH 0DJQ«VLH GX 0«DQGUH
HQbD&G«FLGHGɛLQVWDOOHUVDVWDWXHGDQVOHWHPSOHU«QRY«HWGɛLQVWLWXHUHQVRQ
KRQQHXUXQHI¬WHSDQKHOO«QLTXHb¢3HUJDPHOHURL$WWDOH,,LQVWLWXHXQFXOWHGH=HXV
6DED]LRVDXPRWLITXHOHGLHXVɛHVWVRXYHQWPRQWU«VHFRXUDEOHmbGDQVVHV«SLSKDQLHVb}
/DJUDQGHLQVFULSWLRQGɛ$QWLRFKRV,HUGH&RPPDJªQH¢1LPUXG'DJKPHQWLRQQHFRPPH
TXHOTXHFKRVHGHWUªVIU«TXHQWOHV«SLSKDQLHVGHVGLHX[HWOHSK«QRPªQHSHUGXUH¢
Oɛ«SRTXHLPS«ULDOHbXQG«FUHWGɛSKªVHHQbS&«YRTXHOHVVDQFWXDLUHVHWOHVDXWHOV
FRQVDFU«V¢$UW«PLVHQGHQRPEUHX[HQGURLWVmbHQUDLVRQGHV«SLSKDQLHVTXLVɛ\VRQW
SURGXLWHVFODLUHPHQWHQDUJHLVb}
3(QJ\SWH¢Oɛ«SRTXHSKDUDRQLTXHOHVFKRVHVVRQWSHXW¬WUHSOXVFRPSOH[HV2QD
UHOHY«ODIU«TXHQFHGHOɛH[SUHVVLRQmbYRLUOHGLHXb}mbYRLUVDEHDXW«b}GªVOɛ$QFLHQ
(PSLUHGDQVGHVWH[WHVWUªVGLYHUVWH[WHVOLWXUJLTXHVIRUPXOHVGHSULªUHLQVFULSWLRQV
GHVWDWXHV0DLVGHTXRLVɛDJLWLOb"2QSHXWmbYRLUOHGLHXb}GDQVVDVWDWXHFXOWXHOOHRX
ELHQVRXVODIRUPHGHOɛDQLPDOTXLHVW«YHQWXHOOHPHQWVRQLQFDUQDWLRQRXHQFRUHVRXV
XQHIRUPHmbQDWXUHOOHb}ORUVTXɛLOVɛDJLWSDUH[HPSOHGXGLHXVRODLUH5¬(QFRUH\DWLO
GHVU«VHUYHV¢DSSRUWHUbODVWDWXHFXOWXHOOHGɛXQGLHXQɛHVWYLVLEOHGDQVVRQVDQFWXDLUH
TXHSRXUXQSHWLWQRPEUHGHSU¬WUHVbHWLOQɛHVWSDVV½UTXHOHVILGªOHVSXLVVHQWODYRLU
HQIHUP«HTXHOOHHVWGDQVVRQWDEHUQDFOHORUVGHVmbVRUWLHVb}GHVLPDJHVGLYLQHV¢
OɛRFFDVLRQGHVI¬WHV(QUHYDQFKHLOVHPEOHELHQTXɛRQDLWUHODWLYHPHQWSHXGɛH[HPSOHV
GɛDSSDULWLRQGɛXQGLHXDXVHQVGɛXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVHQVLEOHGHVDSU«VHQFH4XHOTXHV
FDVUHOªYHQWGHWUDGLWLRQVOLWW«UDLUHVb%DWDGDQVOH&RQWHGHV'HX[)UªUHV UHQFRQWUH
Oɛ(QQ«DGHGLYLQHb6DWQLHWVRQILOV6L2VLULVGDQVXQFRQWHGXF\FOHGH6DWQL.KDPR±V
UHQFRQWUHQWOHVGLHX[GXPRQGHGHVPRUWV3DUDLOOHXUVGHVWH[WHVGHFDUDFWªUHRIILFLHO
UHODWHQWGHVYLVLRQVGRQWSOXVLHXUVURLVDXUDLHQWE«Q«ILFL«b+DUPDNKLVOH*UDQG6SKLQ[
GH*L]DDSSDUD°WDXSULQFH7KRXWPRVLVOHIXWXU7KRXPRVLV,9SRXUOXLSU«GLUHVD
SURFKDLQHDFFHVVLRQDXSRXYRLUb$PRQDSSDUD°W¢ODUHLQH$KPRV«TXɛLOD«OXHSRXU
¬WUHODPªUHGHVDILOOHODIXWXUHUHLQH+DWVKHSVRXWbVHORQXQWH[WHDSRFU\SKHPDLV
TXLQɛHQHVWSDVPRLQVU«Y«ODWHXU.KQRXPGɛO«SKDQWLQHDSSDUD°W¢'M«VHULQTXLHWGH
SOXVLHXUV DQQ«HV GH V«FKHUHVVH SRXU OXL U«Y«OHU OɛRULJLQH GH OD FUXH 2Q SHXW
VɛLQWHUURJHUVXUOHFDUDFWªUHSROLWLTXHGHFHVWH[WHV«YLGHPPHQWGHVWLQ«V¢VHUYLUXQH
SURSDJDQGHUR\DOH&HTXLHQUHVVRUWHQWRXWFDVFɛHVWTXHOHURLGHSDUVDQDWXUHHWVD
IRQFWLRQSRXYDLWUHQFRQWUHU'LHXbPDLVODYLVLRQGDQVFHWWHDFFHSWLRQSDUD°WELHQ¬WUH
XQSULYLOªJHTXHOTXHFKRVHGɛH[FHSWLRQQHO
4$X[«SRTXHVSWRO«PD±TXHHWURPDLQHFHSHQGDQWHQJ\SWHFRPPHHQ*UªFHRXHQ$VLH
0LQHXUH ¢ OD P¬PH «SRTXH OHV DSSDULWLRQV GLYLQHV GHYLHQQHQW EHDXFRXS SOXV
IU«TXHQWHV HW OH URL QɛHQ HVW SOXV OH SULQFLSDO E«Q«ILFLDLUH 6DUDSLV ,VLV ,PKRWHS
DSSDUDLVVHQW ¢ GHV PDODGHV TXL OHXU GHPDQGHQW XQH JX«ULVRQ RX ¢ GHV IHPPHV
G«VLUHXVHVGɛDYRLUXQHQIDQWb7KRWDSSDUD°W¢XQGHVHVSU¬WUHVSRXUOXLIDLUHGHV
U«Y«ODWLRQVVXUOɛDYHQLUGHOɛJ\SWHHWVXUVRQSURSUHVRUW4XHOTXHVVLªFOHVSOXVWDUG
FɛHVWHQJ\SWHTXHVHUHQGOHP«GHFLQ7KHVVDORVSRXUREWHQLUODYLVLRQGɛXQGLHX
VXVFHSWLEOHGHOXLHQVHLJQHUGHVUHPªGHVPLUDFXOHX[YLVLRQTXɛLOREWLHQGUDJU¤FH¢XQ
SU¬WUHVDYDQWSDUXQHY«ULWDEOHmbPLVHHQFRQGLWLRQb}HIIHFWX«HVHORQXQSURWRFROH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
19
FRPSOH[H ,FL HQFRUH WH[WHV mbOLWW«UDLUHVb} HW mbGRFXPHQWVb} FRQYHUJHQW /HV
DSSDULWLRQVTXɛ«YRTXHQW'LRGRUHHW6WUDERQSHXYHQW¬WUHPLVHVHQSDUDOOªOHDYHFFHOOHV
TXHUHODWHQWOHVmbDUFKLYHVb}GXSU¬WUH+RUGH6«EHQQ\WRVGDQVODSUHPLªUHPRLWL«GX
,,HbVLªFOHD&RXOɛLQVFULSWLRQELRJUDSKLTXHGHOɛ«SRXVHGXJUDQGSU¬WUHGH0HPSKLV
VRXVOHUªJQHGH&O«RS¤WUH9,,
5&ɛHVWGXJHQUHmbGRFXPHQWDLUHb}TXHUHOªYHOHU«FLWGHYLVLRQGRQWLOVHUDTXHVWLRQLFLb
PDLV LO HVW FODLU TXH WRXW HQ UHODWDQW OɛH[S«ULHQFH GɛXQ LQGLYLGX GRQQ«H SRXU
DXWKHQWLTXHHWGLUHFWHLOVHFRQIRUPH¢XQVFK«PDQDUUDWLIHW¢XQYRFDEXODLUHGHW\SH
OLWW«UDLUH
6/HFDGUHHVWFHOXLGXWHPSOHGH.DODEVFKDOɛDQFLHQQH7DOPLVDXWUHIRLVVLWX«¢HQYLURQ
bNP DX 6XG Gɛ$VVRXDQ &RQVWUXLW ¢ Oɛ«SRTXH Gɛ$XJXVWH HW GH VHV SUHPLHUV
VXFFHVVHXUVFISO,b,,b WDQGLVTXHVDG«FRUDWLRQVHSRXUVXLYDLWMXVTXH VRXVOHV
UªJQHVGH7UDMDQHWGɛ$QWRQLQOH3LHX[LOVHPEOHDYRLUIDLWVXLWH¢XQWHPSOH«GLIL«DX
1RXYHO(PSLUHVRXV$PHQKRWHS,,GRQWDXFXQYHVWLJHQɛD«W«FRQVHUY«$VVRFL«H¢FH
WHPSOHXQHFKDSHOOHUXSHVWUHDG½IDLUHRIILFHGHmbPDLVRQGHODQDLVVDQFHb}PDPPLVL
SRXUXQMHXQHGLHXbXQHDXWUHFKDSHOOHUHPRQWHUDLW¢Oɛ«SRTXHGH3WRO«P«H9,OVHPEOH
TXɛ¢Oɛ«SRTXHSKDUDRQLTXHLOQɛ\DYDLWSDVGɛ«WDEOLVVHPHQWXUEDLQ¢.DODEVFKDbPDLV¢
Oɛ«SRTXHLPS«ULDOHRQ\DSODF«XQHJDUQLVRQURPDLQHGRQWODSU«VHQFHHVWDWWHVW«H
GHSXLVOHUªJQHGH9HVSDVLHQMXVTXɛ¢FHOXLGɛ$OH[DQGUH6«YªUHHWLOHVWSUREDEOHTXHOHV
FRPSDJQHVGHVVROGDWVHWOHXUVHQIDQWV«WDLHQWLQVWDOO«V¢SUR[LPLW«FRPPHFɛHVWOHFDV
GDQVGɛDXWUHV«WDEOLVVHPHQWVPLOLWDLUHV$XPLOLHXGX,,,HbVLªFOHOHWHPSOH«WDLWVDQV
GRXWHHQG«FOLQVLQRQG«VDIIHFW«bXQG«FUHWGXJRXYHUQHXUGɛ2PERVHWO«SKDQWLQH
$XU«OLRV%ªVDULRQHQbS&RUGRQQHDX[SURSUL«WDLUHVGHFRFKRQVGHIDLUHVRUWLUFHV
DQLPDX[GXKLHURQɣ0DLVORUVTXHOHV5RPDLQVVHUHWLUHQWGH%DVVH1XELHDXG«EXWGX
,9HbVLªFOHOHV%OHPP\HVGHYHQXVPD°WUHVGHFHWWHSDUWLHGHODYDOO«HIRQWGH.DODEVFKD
OHXUU«VLGHQFHSULQFLSDOHMXVTXɛ¢VDFRQTX¬WHDX9,HbVLªFOHSDUOHURLQXELHQ6LONR
7/HGLHXDXTXHOHVWFRQVDFU«OHWHPSOHHVWXQGLHXQXELHQGRQWOHQRP«J\SWLHQ0UZU
RX0UZOD«W«WUDQVFULWHQJUHFVRXVODIRUPH0DQGRXOLV&ɛHVWXQGLHXVRODLUHPD°WUH
GXFLHOTXHOHVLQVFULSWLRQVJUHFTXHVGXWHPSOHLQYRTXHQWFRPPHmbOHWUªVJUDQGb}mbOH
VHLJQHXUb}HWTXɛHOOHVLGHQWLILHQW¢$SROORQ6RQLPDJHHVWFHOOHGɛXQGLHX«J\SWLHQ
SRXUYXGHODFRXURQQHKHPKHPHWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWDWWULEX«H¢+DUSRFUDWHOHGLHXHQIDQWb
HWGHIDLWOHGLHXHVWUHSU«VHQW«VXUOHVUHOLHIVGXWHPSOH¢ODIRLVFRPPHXQDGXOWHHW
FRPPHXQHQIDQWFHTXLHVWDVVH]H[FHSWLRQQHOFISO,,,b6RQLPDJHHVWODSOXSDUW
GXWHPSVDQWKURSRPRUSKHPDLVHOOHSHXWDXVVLSUHQGUHOɛDVSHFWGɛXQIDXFRQYRLUH
GɛXQRLVHDX¢W¬WHKXPDLQH0DQGRXOLVDYDLWGɛDXWUHVOLHX[GHFXOWHHQ1XELHb$MXDOD
VXUODULYH(VW¢TXHOTXHVNLORPªWUHVDX1RUGGH.DODEVFKDR»XQWHPSOHOXLDYDLW«W«
FRQVDFU«¢Oɛ«SRTXHSWRO«PD±TXH3KLODHR»LO«WDLWV\QQDRVGɛ,VLV'HQGRXUR»LO«WDLW
DVVRFL«DX[GHX[mbK«URVb}ORFDX[GHX[IUªUHVGLYLQLV«V3HWLVLVHW3LKRU.DODEVFKD
VRQSULQFLSDOOLHXGHFXOWHWRXWHXQHV«ULHGHGLHX[OXL«WDLHQWDVVRFL«VbVDSDUªGUH
2XWROHGLHXHQIDQW+DUSRFUDWHOHVGLHX[GɛO«SKDQWLQH.KQRXPHW6DWLVDLQVLTXH
GLYHUV DXWUHV GLHX[ ,VLV 2VLULV +DWKRU +RUXV $PRQ 0RXW 6KRX 0LQɣ GRQW OD
SU«VHQFHFDUDFW«ULVHOHVVDQFWXDLUHVDYRLVLQDQWOD3UHPLªUHFDWDUDFWH
86XUODmbFOLHQWªOHb}GH0DQGRXOLVQRXVVRPPHVUHQVHLJQ«VSDUXQLPSRUWDQWHQVHPEOH
GɛLQVFULSWLRQVHWGHJUDIILWLUHOHY«VSRXUODSOXSDUWVXUOHVSDURLV6XG(VWHW1RUGGHOD
FRXUGXWHPSOHFISO,b,,b/DPDMHXUHSDUWLHGɛHQWUHHX[«PDQHQWGHVROGDWVGHOD
JDUQLVRQYHQXVVRLWVHXOVVRLWHQJURXSHIDLUHDFWHGɛDGRUDWLRQSURVF\QªPHDXSUªV
GXGLHX,OVDSSDUWLHQQHQW¢OD/«JLRQ,,,&\UHQDLFDHW¢GHVFRUSVDX[LOLDLUHV,WXU«HQV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
20
7KUDFHV7K«EDLQV+LVSDQLHQV/XVLWDQLHQV'ɛDXWUHVYLVLWHXUVQɛDSSDUWHQDLHQWSDV¢
OɛDUP«Hb OH SU¬WUH 6DQVQRV TXL D ODLVV« SOXVLHXUV LQVFULSWLRQV GRQW XQH EHOOH
H[KRUWDWLRQ ¢ OD SL«W« HQYHUV mbWRXV OHV GLHX[b} PDLV SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW mbOHV GLHX[
DQFHVWUDX[b}DXSUHPLHUUDQJGHVTXHOV,VLVHW6DUDSLVbXQWDLOOHXUGHSLHUUHYHQXDYHF
VDFRPSDJQHHWVRQILOVbXQP«GHFLQPDLVTXLDSSDUWLHQWSHXW¬WUH¢OɛDUP«H$X
WRWDOFHVmbFLYLOVb}VRQWSHXQRPEUHX[IDFH¢ODPDVVHGHVVROGDWVbLOHVWFODLUTXHOH
WHPSOHGH.DODEVFKDQɛ«WDLWSDV¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUXQOLHXGHSªOHULQDJHHQWRXWFDV
SRXUOHVJ\SWLHQV4XDQWDX[%OHPP\HVTXLVɛ\U«XQLVVDLHQWLOVQɛRQWJXªUHODLVV«GH
WUDFHVGHOHXUSDVVDJH
9/HVLQVFULSWLRQVGHVVROGDWVVRQWSRXUODSOXSDUWWUªVU«S«WLWLYHV(OOHVVHU«GXLVHQWOH
SOXVVRXYHQW¢ODIRUPXOHmbOHSURVF\QªPHGHɣb}RXmbMɛDLIDLWOHSURVF\QªPHb}VXLYLH
RXSU«F«G«HGXQRPGXG«GLFDQWSDUIRLVDFFRPSDJQ«HGHODIRUPXOHmbSRXUOHELHQb}
8QERQQRPEUHGɛHQWUHHOOHVVRQWGHVSULªUHVFROOHFWLYHVDVVRFLDQWSOXVLHXUVVROGDWV
GɛXQH P¬PH WXUPHb LQGLYLGXHOOHV RX FROOHFWLYHV HOOHV PHQWLRQQHQW VRXYHQW OHV
PHPEUHVGHODIDPLOOHVXUOHVTXHOVOɛDXWHXUGHODG«GLFDFHYHXWDWWLUHUODSURWHFWLRQGX
GLHXGH.DODEVFKDbOHVIUªUHVHWVüXUVHQSUHPLHUOLHXPDLVDXVVLOHVHQIDQWVOɛ«SRXVH
OHVSDUHQWV HWGDQV SOXVLHXUVFDV OH FKHYDODXTXHO OHFDYDOLHU HVWPDQLIHVWHPHQW
DWWDFK«QRQVHXOHPHQWVDQVGRXWHSDUFHTXHFɛHVWXQDQLPDOGHSUL[PDLVSDUFHTXɛLO
IDLWHQTXHOTXHVRUWHSDUWLHGHODIDPLOOH
10 'DQVFHFRUSXVFLQTWH[WHVGRQWODGDWDWLRQGRLWVHVLWXHU¢Oɛ«SRTXHR»IRQFWLRQQDLWOH
WHPSOHHQWUHOH,HUHWOH,,,HbVLªFOHRFFXSHQWXQHSODFHWRXW¢IDLWSDUWLFXOLªUH,OVɛDJLW
GɛLQVFULSWLRQVEHDXFRXSSOXVORQJXHVTXHOHVSU«F«GHQWHVGRQWTXDWUHVRQWHQYHUVb
VHXOHOɛXQHGɛHQWUHHOOHVHVWmbVLJQ«Hb}SDUXQDFURVWLFKHLQGLTXDQWTXHVRQDXWHXUHVW
mbOHG«FXULRQ0D[LPRVb}3HLQWHV¢OɛRULJLQHVXUOHVPXUV6XGHW(VWGHODFRXUHOOHVRQW
DXMRXUGɛKXLGLVSDUX,O\DXQHLQG«QLDEOHSDUHQW«GHVW\OHHWGHYRFDEXODLUHHQWUHFHV
FLQTWH[WHVbLOQɛHVWSDVFHUWDLQFHSHQGDQWTXH0D[LPRVHQVRLWOHVHXODXWHXU/ɛXQ
GɛHX[HVWXQHSULªUHDGUHVV«H¢0DQGRXOLVGHPDQGDQWTXɛXQFHUWDLQ+«U¶GªVSXLVVH
UHQWUHUFKH]OXLbXQHDXWUHSULªUHGHPDQGH¢0DQGRXOLVGHmbVDXYHUb}VRQDXWHXU
DLQVLTXHVDIHPPHHWVHVHQIDQWVHWPHQWLRQQHXQHPDODGLHνόσοςDLQVLTXHVHPEOH
WLOOHUHWRXUGDQVODSDWULHδμόαςűατρίδιίκέσθαι8QHWURLVLªPHSULªUHDGUHVV«H¢
$SROORQ3\WKLHQVHWHUPLQHSDUXQDFWHGɛDGRUDWLRQ¢0DQGRXOLVFHTXLDWWHVWHXQH
«TXLYDOHQFHUHFRQQXHHQWUHOHGLHXJUHFHWOHGLHXQXELHQ0DLVOHVGHX[WH[WHVOHV
SOXVLQW«UHVVDQWVVRQWFHX[TXL«YRTXHQWGHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHV/ɛXQHVWOHSRªPHGH
0D[LPRVTXLUHODWHFRPPHQWYHQXYLVLWHUFHmbOLHXE«QLGHVROLWXGHb}μακάριονήρεμίας
τόűον LO VɛHQGRUW HW U¬YH TXɛLO VH EDLJQH GDQV OH 1LO HW TXH OXL DSSDUDLVVHQW
VXFFHVVLYHPHQW OH FKüXU GHV 0XVHV SXLV 0DQGRXOLV GHVFHQGX GH Oɛ2O\PSH HQ
FRPSDJQLHGɛ,VLVTXLOXLHQMRLQWGɛ«FULUH/ɛDXWUHHVWXQU«FLWHQSURVHTXLDG«M¢«W«
OɛREMHWGɛXQHDERQGDQWHmbOLWW«UDWXUHb}HWTXLPHSDUD°WP«ULWHUWRXWSDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW
OɛDWWHQWLRQ
11 &H WH[WH VH SU«VHQWH FRPPH OD UHODWLRQ GɛXQH H[S«ULHQFH GH YLVLRQ GHPDQG«H HW
REWHQXHSDUXQILGªOHDQRQ\PHTXɛLOIDXWSHXW¬WUHLGHQWLILHUDX0D[LPRVGXSRªPH
6XUODmbU«DOLW«b}GHODYLVLRQLOHVW«YLGHPPHQWLPSRVVLEOHGHVHSURQRQFHU/HU«FLWQH
SHXWSDV¬WUHSULVmbDXSUHPLHUGHJU«b}bLOVɛDJLWGɛXQWH[WHOLWW«UDLUHDVVH]FRPSDUDEOH
TXDQWDXYRFDEXODLUHDX[LQYRFDWLRQVDXVROHLOTXLILJXUHQWGDQVOHVK\PQHVRUSKLTXHV
HWGDQVOHVSDS\UXVPDJLTXHVFDUDFW«ULV«FRPPHHX[SDUOɛDFFXPXODWLRQGHV«SLWKªWHV
VDYDQWHV HW GHV DOOXVLRQV P\WKRORJLTXHV 7HO TXHO LO SDUD°W FHSHQGDQW WRXW ¢ IDLW
U«Y«ODWHXUGɛXQ«WDWGɛHVSULWU«SDQGX¢FHWWH«SRTXHbOHG«VLUGHmbFRQQD°WUH'LHXb}
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
21
12 /HFDUDFWªUHVRODLUHGXGLHXHVWGɛHPEO«HLQGLTX«GDQVOɛLQYRFDWLRQ/ɛDGMHFWLIDNWLQRERORV
άκτινοβόλεδέσűοταWUªVUDUH«YRTXHXQGLHXTXLmbGDUGHVHVUD\RQVb}bOHTXDOLILFDWLI
GHmb7LWDQb}VHUW¢G«VLJQHUOHVROHLOGDQVXQK\PQHRUSKLTXHHWVHWURXYHG«M¢GDQVOH
P¬PHHPSORLFKH](PS«GRFOH4XDQW¢Oɛ«SLWKªWHmbELHQKHXUHX[b}μακαρεύςHOOHVH
UHWURXYHDXVVLGDQVOHV+\PQHVRUSKLTXHVDSSOLTX«H¢GLYHUVGLHX[
13 9LHQWHQVXLWHOɛREMHWGHODGHPDQGHFODLUHPHQWIRUPXO«bOɛDXWHXUDOHSUHVVHQWLPHQWGH
ODQDWXUHGXGLHXPDLVLOYRXGUDLWODFRQQD°WUHmbGHID©RQFHUWDLQHb}FDULODUH©XGHOXL
mbGHV VLJQHV «FODWDQWVb} σημεία λαμűρά 'H TXRL VɛDJLWLOb" /H WHUPH VªPHLRQ SHXW
G«VLJQHUOHVPDUTXHVGLVWLQFWLYHVOHVDWWULEXWVTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHUHFRQQD°WUHXQGLHXb
GDQVXQSDS\UXVPDJLTXHOHPDJLFLHQVɛDGUHVVDQW¢+«OLRVTXɛLOYHXWIDLUHDSSDUD°WUH
DIILUPHbmbMHFRQQDLVWHVVLJQHVVªPHLDWHVV\PEROHVHWWHVIRUPHVb}0DLVOHWHUPHHQ
HVWYHQX¢G«VLJQHUOHPLUDFOHDXVHQVGHmbVLJQHb}HQYR\«SDUXQGLHXTXHFHVRLW¢
WLWUH SU«PRQLWRLUH RX ELHQ SRXU U«FRQIRUWHU VRXWHQLU SDUIRLV DXVVL FK¤WLHU XQ
LQGLYLGX,OHVWSUREDEOHTXHFɛHVWXQVLJQHGHFHJHQUHTXHOɛDXWHXUGXU«FLWGLWDYRLU
UH©XbPDLVRQQɛHQVDXUDSDVSOXV&HTXɛLODWWHQGHQWRXWFDVFɛHVWXQHU«Y«ODWLRQGHOD
SDUWGXGLHXHWSRXUFHIDLUHLOGRLWHIIHFWXHUXQHY«ULWDEOHmbPLVHHQFRQGLWLRQb}TXL
UDSSHOOHFHOOH¢ODTXHOOHOHPDJLFLHQGRLWSURF«GHUDYDQWXQHRS«UDWLRQPDJLTXH,O
VɛDJLWGɛXQHSXULILFDWLRQPRUDOHbmb-HPHVXLVUHQGX«WUDQJHU¢WRXWYLFHHW¢WRXWH
LPSL«W«b}HWSUREDEOHPHQWPDW«ULHOOHbOHWHUPHKDJQHXHLQάγνεύσαςSHXWG«VLJQHUGHV
DEVWLQHQFHVDOLPHQWDLUHVHWVH[XHOOHVSHXW¬WUHDXVVLOHSRUWGɛXQY¬WHPHQWSDUWLFXOLHU
,O HVW FODLU TXH OHV mbVRXLOOXUHVb} LQ«YLWDEOHV GH OɛH[LVWHQFH GRLYHQW ¬WUH «OLPLQ«HV
ORUVTXɛRQYHXWHQWUHUHQFRQWDFWDYHFODGLYLQLW«&HWWHSU«SDUDWLRQSUHQGVHPEOHWLO
EHDXFRXSGHWHPSVἐςűολ¼νχρόνονPDLVHQILQQRWUHKRPPHUH©RLWODIDYHXUGɛXQH
YLVLRQ
14 /DVFªQHVHSDVVHWUªVSUREDEOHPHQWGDQVXQHSDUWLHGXWHPSOHDFFHVVLEOHDX[ILGªOHVb
OHἔνθαGHOD,SHXW¬WUHSULVGDQVXQVHQVWHPSRUHOmbDORUVb}RXGDQVXQVHQV
VSDWLDOmb¢FHWHQGURLWb}UHQYR\DQWDXWHPSOHGRQWLOYLHQWGɛ¬WUHTXHVWLRQ<DWLOHX
LQFXEDWLRQ VHORQ XQH SUDWLTXH ELHQ FRQQXH GHV VDQFWXDLUHV «J\SWLHQV ¢ «SRTXH
WDUGLYHb"&ɛHVWOɛK\SRWKªVHGɛ+/HZ\TXLSURSRVHGHUHVWLWXHUOmbDXFRXUVGHFHWWH
QXLWb}τῇδετῇνυκτὶHWOmbMHPHVXLVHQGRUPLb}ἐűεκοιμήθηνbFHSHQGDQW1RFN
SURSRVDLW GH OLUH ¢ OD mbMɛDL IDLW XQH RIIUDQGH GɛHQFHQVb} RX XQ VDFULILFH
έűεθυσάμηνFHTXLQɛHVW«YLGHPPHQWSDVLPSHQVDEOHFRPPHSU«OXGH¢ODUHQFRQWUH
DWWHQGXH DYHF OH GLHX &HV UHVWLWXWLRQV VRQW OɛXQH HW OɛDXWUH FRQMHFWXUDOHVb PDLV OD
SUHPLªUHSHXWSDUD°WUHSDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWYUDLVHPEODEOHGXIDLWTXHGDQVOHSRªPHGH
0D[LPRVOɛDXWHXUGLWDYRLUHXVHVYLVLRQVDXFRXUVGɛXQVRQJHDORUVTXɛLO«WDLWGHVFHQGX
GDQV mbXQ VRXWHUUDLQ SURSLFH DX VRPPHLOb} ὕűνου μυχός FɛHVW¢GLUH WUªV
SUREDEOHPHQWXQHSLªFHHQVRXVVRO¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGXWHPSOHGHVWLQ«H¢OɛLQFXEDWLRQ
/ɛDXWHXUGHOɛK\PQHHQSURVH«WDLWLOHQGRUPLRX¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHRQQHOHVDXUDSDV
0DLVLOGLWDYRLUmbYXb}ένθεασάμενοςHWSHXW¬WUHmbFRPSULVb}FHTXLVɛHVWPRQWU«¢
OXL
15 &DU 0DQGRXOLV VɛHVW EHO HW ELHQ mbPRQWU«b} ¢ OXL FRPPH OɛLQGLTXHQW OHV WHUPHV
κατέδειξαςOHWφαίνηOGRQWOHGHX[LªPHDSSDUWLHQWDXYRFDEXODLUHWHFKQLTXH
GHOɛDSSDULWLRQ/HGLHXOXLDIDLWFRQQD°WUHSDUXQVLJQHTXɛLOU«SRQGDLW¢VDSULªUHbOH
WHUPHνεύωνOG«VLJQHXQVLJQHGHW¬WHRXXQHLQFOLQDLVRQGXFRUSVbRQSHXW
«YRTXHUOHIURQFHPHQWGHVRXUFLOSDUOHTXHO=HXV«WDLWFHQV«PDQLIHVWHUVDYRORQW«
GDQVODWUDGLWLRQJUHFTXHRXGDQVOHVULWXHOV«J\SWLHQVOHPRXYHPHQWGHODVWDWXH
GLYLQHTXLLQGLTXDLWODU«SRQVHGRQQ«HSDUOHGLHX¢ODTXHVWLRQSRV«HSDUXQILGªOH/D
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
22
P¬PH H[SUHVVLRQ VRXV XQH IRUPH XQ SHX GLII«UHQWH VH UHWURXYH GDQV XQH DXWUH
LQVFULSWLRQGH.DODEVFKDGDQVODTXHOOHOHG«GLFDQWSULH0DQGRXOLVGHOXLmbGRQQHUXQ
VLJQHb}/HU«FLWGHODYLVLRQGRQWOHWH[WHHVWWUªVPXWLO«QHSHXWPDOKHXUHXVHPHQW
¬WUHUHFRQVWLWX«TXHGHID©RQFRQMHFWXUDOH,OVɛDJLWVDQVGRXWHGɛXQHYLVLRQGXVROHLO
WUDYHUVDQWGDQVVDEDUTXHσκάφοςODYR½WHF«OHVWHούράνιονűόλονbPDLVODVXLWHHVW
SUREO«PDWLTXHbLO\HVWTXHVWLRQGH mbIRUPHVb}δέμματαHWGɛXQH mbWHUULEOHFRXUVH
QRFWXUQHb}δεινόννυκτιδρόμονGRQWRQDSHQV«TXHOOHSRXUUDLW«YRTXHUOHYR\DJH
QRFWXUQHGXVROHLOGDQVOHPRQGHGHVPRUWV3DUDLOOHXUVLOVHPEOHELHQTXHQRWUH
DXWHXUDLWE«Q«ILFL«GɛXQHGHX[LªPHYLVLRQTXLVHVLWXHUDLWOHPDWLQORUVTXHOHVROHLO
DSUªVVɛ¬WUHmbEDLJQ«GDQVOɛHDXGɛLPPRUWDOLW«b}τήςἀθανασίαςὕδατιλουσάμενοςOXL
DSSDUD°WmbXQHGHX[LªPHIRLVb}φαίνηδεύτερονVHORQXQHUHVWLWXWLRQVXJJ«U«HSDU
1RFN&HSHQGDQWODUHVWLWXWLRQmbFRPPHXQHQIDQWb}φαίνηώςűαιδίονSURSRV«HSDU
/HZ\VXLYLSDU(%HUQDQGPHSDUD°WSOXVLQW«UHVVDQWHGDQVODPHVXUHR»HOOH«YRTXH
XQH WUDGLWLRQ DQFLHQQH HQ J\SWHb OH VROHLO ¢ VRQ OHYHU HVW YX FRPPH XQ HQIDQW
«PHUJHDQWGɛXQHIOHXUGHORWXVKRUVGHVHDX[SULPRUGLDOHVbFKDTXHPDWLQFHWHQIDQW
VRODLUHUHFU«HOɛRUGUHGXPRQGH&HWWHWUDGLWLRQSHXW¬WUHGɛRULJLQHKHUPRSROLWDLQHHVW
ELHQFRQQXH¢«SRTXHWDUGLYHbHWRQUHOªYHUDTXH0DQGRXOLVGDQVVRQWHPSOHGH
.DODEVFKD HVW UHSU«VHQW« VRXV GHX[ IRUPHV DOWHUQDWLYHPHQW RX VLPXOWDQ«PHQW
FRPPHXQDGXOWHHWFRPPHXQHQIDQW/ɛ«YRFDWLRQGXmbEDLQb}GXGLHXSRXUUDLWHOOH
DXVVLVHU«I«UHU¢XQHFRQFHSWLRQ«J\SWLHQQHFHOOHGXSDVVDJHQRFWXUQHGXVROHLO¢
WUDYHUV OH mb1RXQ GɛHQ EDVb} OɛRF«DQ GDQV OHTXHO LO VH U«J«QªUH 0DLV OɛLG«H GH OD
mbUHQDLVVDQFHb}GXVROHLO¢SDUWLUGHVHDX[GRQWLO«PHUJHDXPDWLQVHWURXYH«JDOHPHQW
HQPLOLHXJUHFHWHOOHHVWUHSULVHSDUXQDXWHXUFKU«WLHQGX,,HbVLªFOH0«OLWRQGH6DUGHV
¢TXLHOOHIRXUQLWXQHLPDJHGHODU«J«Q«UDWLRQGXFKU«WLHQSDUOHVHDX[GXEDSW¬PH
16 (QUHYDQFKHORUVTXHOɛDXWHXUF«OªEUHOHUHWRXUGXGLHXGDQVVRQWHPSOHDSSRUWDQW¢VD
VWDWXH mbOH VRXIIOH GH YLH HW XQ JUDQG SRXYRLUb} ἓμűνοιαν űαρέχων καί δύναμιν
μεγάληνFɛHVW¢GHVULWHVVS«FLILTXHPHQW«J\SWLHQVTXɛLOPHSDUD°WVHU«I«UHUXQ
SUHPLHUmbQLYHDXGHOHFWXUHb}RQSHXWSHQVHUDXULWXHOMRXUQDOLHUSDUOHTXHOOHSU¬WUH
SULQFLSDOGDQVFKDTXHWHPSOHGɛJ\SWHmb«YHLOOHb}OHGLHXGHID©RQTXɛLOYLHQQHKDELWHU
VDVWDWXHFXOWXHOOHbFɛHVWELHQVRQmbVRXIIOHGHYLHb}TXLDQLPHFHWWHGHUQLªUH0DLVXQ
DXWUHULWXHOGH FDUDFWªUHSOXV H[FHSWLRQQHOSRXUUDLW «JDOHPHQW¬WUH UDSSURFK«GH
QRWUHWH[WHbFHOXLGHOɛmbXQLRQDXGLVTXHb}ELHQDWWHVW«GDQVOHVWHPSOHVSWRO«PD±TXHV
HWURPDLQVVHORQOHTXHODXPRLQVXQHIRLVSDUDQOHVVWDWXHVGLYLQHV«WDLHQWVRUWLHVGH
OHXUQDRVSRXU¬WUHH[SRV«HVGDQVXQHFKDSHOOH¢FLHORXYHUW«YHQWXHOOHPHQWVXUOHWRLW
GXWHPSOHDX[UD\RQVGXVROHLOTXLOHVmbUHFKDUJHDLWb}Gɛ«QHUJLHGLYLQH&HULWXHOHVW
G«FULWHQG«WDLOGDQVOHVWH[WHVGɛ(VQDUHODWLIV¢ODmb)¬WHGXVRXOªYHPHQWGXFLHOHWGH
OɛLQVWDXUDWLRQGXWRXUGHSRWLHUb}GRQWLOHVWOɛXQGHV«SLVRGHVbOɛDFWHHVVHQWLHOHVWOD
mbU«Y«ODWLRQGXYLVDJHb}DXFRXUVGHODTXHOOHRQVRUWDLWGHVRQWDEHUQDFOHODVWDWXHGH
.KQRXP OH GLHX SULQFLSDO GX WHPSOH SRXU OɛH[SRVHU GHYDQW OH SRUWDLO GH OD VDOOH
K\SRVW\OHb DLQVL LQRQG«H GH VROHLO HOOH UHWURXYDLW VD SXLVVDQFH .DODEVFKD
0DQGRXOLVGLHXVRODLUHLOOXPLQHHWmbUHFKDUJHb}VDSURSUHVWDWXH
17 $LQVLOɛREMHWGHODmbYLVLRQb}DSSDUD°WDXSUHPLHUDERUGFRPPHTXHOTXHFKRVHGHEDQDOb
OHVROHLO¢VRQOHYHUɣ0DLVQRWUHYLVLRQQDLUHDYXGDQVFHVSHFWDFOHELHQDXWUHFKRVH
TXɛXQSK«QRPªQHQDWXUHObRXSHXW¬WUHIDXWLOFRPSUHQGUHTXɛXQSU¬WUHOXLDU«Y«O«OH
VHQV GH FH TXɛLO YR\DLW &HWWH U«Y«ODWLRQ FɛHVW FHOOH GɛXQ mbGLHX YLYDQWb} mbURL GH
OɛXQLYHUVb}αűάντωνβασιλέαGRQWOɛDSSDULWLRQDXPDWLQHVWOHVLJQHGHODU«J«Q«UDWLRQ
GXPRQGHG«OLYU«GHVIRUFHVREVFXUHVTXLPHQDFHQWVRQH[LVWHQFH/DQRWLRQVHORQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
23
ODTXHOOHODFU«DWLRQVDQVFHVVHPHQDF«HGɛXQUHWRXUDXFKDRVGRLW¬WUHUHQRXYHO«H
FKDTXHMRXUJU¤FH¢OɛDFWLRQELHQIDLVDQWHGɛXQG«PLXUJHHVWSU«VHQWHHQJ\SWHGDQV
WRXVOHVV\VWªPHVFRVPRJRQLTXHVHWODSOXSDUWGɛHQWUHHX[YRLHQWFHG«PLXUJHVRXVOD
IRUPHGɛXQ¬WUHVRODLUH(QFHVHQVRQSHXWGLUHTXHOɛDSSDULWLRQGH0DQGRXOLVQRXV
DPªQHDXFüXUGɛXQHYLVLRQGXPRQGHW\SLTXHPHQW«J\SWLHQQH
18 0DLVFHWWHYLVLRQUHY¬WDXPRLQVHQSDUWLHXQmbKDELOODJHb}JUHF/RUVTXH0DQGRXOLVHVW
LQYRTX«VRXVOHQRPGɛ$L¶QOH7HPSVRXOɛWHUQLW«FɛHVWSHXW¬WUHDYDQWWRXWXQH
PDQLªUHGɛH[SULPHUFHTXLHVWSRXUVHVILGªOHVXQHFHUWLWXGHbVRQUHWRXUSHUS«WXHO
SURPHVVHGHGXUDELOLW«GɛXQPRQGHTXɛLOUHFU«HVDQVFHVVH0DLVLOHVWYUDLTXHODILJXUH
Gɛ$L¶QUHOªYHGHWUDGLWLRQVUHOLJLHXVHVHWSKLORVRSKLTXHVU«SDQGXHVGDQVOHPRQGHJUHF
¢SDUWLUGHOɛ«SRTXHKHOO«QLVWLTXHHWTXɛRQQHSHXWJXªUHOɛLGHQWLILHU¢XQHILJXUHGLYLQH
«J\SWLHQQHɞ'HVWH[WHVWDUGLIVIRQW«WDWGɛXQFXOWHGɛ$L¶Q¢$OH[DQGULHHWP¬PHGɛXQH
I¬WHF«O«EU«HHQOɛKRQQHXUGHVDQDLVVDQFHGDQVODQXLWGXDXMDQYLHUbGɛDXWUHSDUW
VXUXQHPRQQDLHDOH[DQGULQHGɛ$QWRQLQOH3LHX[IUDSS«HHQSRXUF«O«EUHUOH
G«EXWGɛXQHQRXYHOOHmbJUDQGHDQQ«Hb}VRWKLDTXHOHQRP$L¶QILJXUHDFFRPSDJQDQW
OɛLPDJHGXSK«QL[SRXUV\PEROLVHUOHmbUHQRXYHOOHPHQWb}GXWHPSV,OUHVWHTXHOD
G«VLJQDWLRQGH0DQGRXOLVFRPPH$L¶QUHOªYHSOXW¶WVHPEOHWLOGɛXQXVDJHDWWHVW«
GDQVOHVSDS\UXVPDJLTXHVJUHFV+«OLRVGDQVFHVWH[WHVHVWVRXYHQWLQYRTX«FRPPH
mbOɛWHUQHOb} Αἰών OH mb0D°WUH «WHUQHO GH OD YR½WH F«OHVWHb} ἀιωνűολοκράτωρ
mbOɛWHUQHOPD°WUHGXPRQGHb}Αἰώνκοσμοκράτωρ/ɛLQYRFDWLRQ¢0DQGRXOLVGLHX
VRODLUHVRXVOHQRPGɛ$L¶QVɛLQVFULWGRQFGDQVXQFRXUDQWGHSHQV«HVS«FLILTXHGHV
SUHPLHUVVLªFOHVGHQRWUHªUH
19 (WFɛHVWDXVVLXQWUDLWVS«FLILTXHGHOɛ«SRTXHTXHODGHPDQGHGHmbFRQQD°WUH'LHXb}
&RQVXOWHUXQRUDFOHDXVXMHWGHODmbQDWXUHb}RXGHOɛLGHQWLW«GɛXQGLHXVHPEOHDYRLU«W«
XQHSUDWLTXHIU«TXHQWHLQGLYLGXHOOHRXFROOHFWLYH/HVJHQVGH0LOHWHWGɛU\WKU«HV
LQWHUURJHQWOɛ$SROORQGH'LG\PHVVXUODGLYLQLW«Gɛ$OH[DQGUHbRQLQWHUURJHOɛRUDFOHGH
'HOSKHVSRXUVDYRLUVL/\FXUJXHHVWXQGLHXRXXQK«URVbXQFHUWDLQ$SROORSKDQªV
$UFDGLHQ GHPDQGH ¢ FH P¬PH RUDFOH GH 'HOSKHV GH TXL $VNO«SLRV HVW OH ILOVb RQ
LQWHUURJHOɛRUDFOHGH&ODURVSRXUVDYRLUmbTXLHVW,D¶b}ɣ8QH[HPSOHFDUDFW«ULVWLTXH
HVWFHOXLGXSKLORVRSKH3URFOXVbD\DQWSUL«SRXUTXHOXLVRLWU«Y«O«HOɛLGHQWLW«GXGLHX
GɛXQVDQFWXDLUHRUDFXODLUHR»VɛDFFRPSOLVVDLHQWGHVPLUDFOHVHWGRQWRQVHGHPDQGDLW
VɛLOVɛDJLVVDLWGɛ$VNO«SLRVRXGHV'LRVFXUHVmbOHGLHXb}OXLDSSDUD°WHWOXLDSSUHQGTXHOHV
SDWURQV GX VDQFWXDLUH VRQW OHV K«URV JX«ULVVHXUV ILOV Gɛ$VNO«SLRV 3RGDOLUH HW
0DFKDRQ,ODUULYHDXVVLFRPPHGDQVOɛLQVFULSWLRQGH.DODEVFKDTXHODTXHVWLRQVRLW
GLUHFWHPHQWSRV«HDXGLHXGRQWRQYHXWFRQQD°WUHODQDWXUHb1LFRFU«RQURLGH&K\SUH
DXUDLW LQWHUURJ« OɛRUDFOH GH 6DUDSLV SRXU OXL GHPDQGHU TXL LO «WDLWb OHV JHQV
Gɛ$ERQRWHLFKRVSRVHQWODP¬PHTXHVWLRQ¢*O\NRQOHGLHXTXHOHXUDDSSRUW«OHmbIDX[
SURSKªWHb}$OH[DQGUH'DQVFHVGHX[FDVLOVɛDJLWGɛXQGLHXmbQRXYHDXb}VXUOHTXHOOHV
FRQVXOWDQWVSHXYHQW¢ERQGURLWVɛLQWHUURJHU0DQGRXOLVTXDQW¢OXLHVWXQGLHXORFDO
QXELHQGRQWOHFXOWHQɛHVWDWWHVW«TXHVXUXQWHUULWRLUHUHVWUHLQWTXLYDGH3KLODHDX
1RUG ¢ 'HQGRXU DX 6XGb OɛDXWHXU GH OɛLQVFULSWLRQ TXL Qɛ«WDLW FHUWDLQHPHQW SDV
RULJLQDLUHGHODU«JLRQSRXYDLWOXLDXVVLVɛLQWHUURJHUVXUXQGLHXDXVVLmbH[RWLTXHb}
0DLVVɛDJLWLOGɛXQHVLPSOHFXULRVLW«¢Oɛ«JDUGGɛXQGLHX«WUDQJHUb"&HQɛHVWSDVV½U/H
G«VLUGHFRQQD°WUHVɛH[SULPHDYHFIRUFHHW¢SOXVLHXUVUHSULVHVGDQVQRWUHWH[WHOO
2UFɛHVWXQHDWWLWXGHTXHOɛRQUHWURXYH¢FHWWH«SRTXHFKH]OHVSKLORVRSKHVFRPPH
FKH]OHVJQRVWLTXHV'DQVOHSURORJXHGXSUHPLHUWUDLW«GX&RUSXV+HUPHWLFXPXQ¬WUH
VXUQDWXUHO3RLPDQGUªVVHU«YªOHDXQDUUDWHXUFRPPH«WDQWXQH«PDQDWLRQGLYLQH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
24
YHQXHOXLDSSUHQGUHWRXWFHTXɛLOG«VLUHFRQQD°WUHbHQHIIHWGLWOHQDUUDWHXUmbMHYHX[
¬WUH LQVWUXLW VXU OHV ¬WUHV FRPSUHQGUH OHXU QDWXUH FRQQD°WUH 'LHX γνῶναι τ´ν
θεόνb} 0¬PH DWWHQWH HQ PLOLHX SD±HQ mb1RXV SULRQV WRXW VS«FLDOHPHQW DILQ GH
UHFHYRLU>GHVGLHX[@ODFRQQDLVVDQFHGHOHXUQDWXUHb}«FULW3OXWDUTXHHQLQWURGXFWLRQ
GX'HKLGHHWFHQɛHVWSDVVHXOHPHQWXQHFRQQDLVVDQFHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHTXLHVWHQFDXVHb
mbOHG«VLUGHY«ULW«HQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVGLHX[HVWXQHDVSLUDWLRQ¢ODGLYLQLW«b}
$XWUHPHQWGLWODFRQQDLVVDQFHSHXWSHUPHWWUH¢OɛKRPPHGHG«SDVVHUVDFRQGLWLRQHW
GɛDFF«GHU¢ODYLHGLYLQH
20 1RXVQHVDYRQVULHQGHOɛKRPPHTXLGLWDYRLUE«Q«ILFL«GHODYLVLRQGH0DQGRXOLVbSHXW
¬WUHHVWLOOHP¬PHTXHFH0D[LPRVTXLG«VLUDLWmbFRQWHPSOHUFHOLHXE«QLGHVROLWXGHb}
HWD«W«IDYRULV«GHSOXVLHXUVYLVLRQVHQVRQJHPDLVFHQɛHVWSDVFHUWDLQ&HSHQGDQWVL
FHVWH[WHVQRXVDSSDUDLVVHQWFRPPHGHVFRPSRVLWLRQV VDYDQWHVYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQW
«ODERU«HVSDUGHVSU¬WUHV«UXGLWVSOXW¶WTXHSDUOHVmbSªOHULQVb}HX[P¬PHVLOVQɛHQ
VRQWSDVPRLQVOɛ«FKRGɛXQW\SHGɛH[S«ULHQFHGRQWQRXVDYRQVWURSGHW«PRLJQDJHVSDU
DLOOHXUVSRXUPHWWUHHQGRXWHODU«DOLW«'HSXLVOHVGHUQLHUVVLªFOHVDYDQWQRWUHªUH
MXVTXɛ¢Oɛ«SRTXH R» VɛDIILUPH ODSU«GRPLQDQFH GX FKULVWLDQLVPH HQ *UªFHHQ $VLH
0LQHXUHHQJ\SWHGHVKRPPHVHWGHVIHPPHVDSSDUWHQDQW¢GHVPLOLHX[VRFLDX[HW
FXOWXUHOVWUªVGLYHUVRQWG«VLU«mbYRLUOH'LHXb}&DUOHmbYRLUb}Fɛ«WDLWOHmbFRQQD°WUHb}(W
OHFRQQD°WUHFHODDSXUHSU«VHQWHUSRXUFHUWDLQVGɛHQWUHHX[OɛHVSRLUGɛDFF«GHUGH
TXHOTXHPDQLªUH¢VDGLYLQLW«bGHWRXWHVPDQLªUHVFɛ«WDLWSRXUWRXVODFHUWLWXGHGHVD
SU«VHQFHDXPRQGHHWGHVDELHQYHLOODQFHDJLVVDQWH¢Oɛ«JDUGGHVKRPPHV
b
La vision de Mandoulis
21 7H[WH FRSL« HW WUDQVFULW SDU + *DXWKLHU &LQT LQVFULSWLRQV JUHFTXHV GH .DODEFKDK
1XELH$QQDOHVGX6HUYLFHGHV$QWLTXLW«VGHOɛJ\SWH;Sb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
25
22 7H[WHWUDQVFULWSDU$'1RFN$9LVLRQRI0DQGXOLV$LRQ+DUYDUG7KHRORJLFDO5HYLHZ
Sb
23 7H[WHWUDQVFULWSDU(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVP«WULTXHVGHOɛJ\SWHJU«FRURPDLQH3DULV
Sb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
26
b
Traduction
24 6HLJQHXUTXLGDUGHVWHVUD\RQV0DQGRXOLV7LWDQ0DNDUHXVD\DQWYXFHUWDLQVVLJQHV
«FODWDQWVYHQDQWGHWRLMɛDLU«IO«FKLHWMɛ«WDLVSU«RFFXS«G«VLUHX[GHVDYRLUGHID©RQ
V½UHVLWX«WDLVOHVROHLO-HPHVXLVUHQGX«WUDQJHU¢WRXWYLFHHW¢WRXWHLPSL«W«MHVXLV
UHVW«SXUSHQGDQWXQHORQJXHS«ULRGHb>FHWWHQXLWO¢b"@HQUDLVRQGHPDSL«W«HQYHUVOHV
GLHX[>MHPHVXLVHQGRUPLb"@MɛDLHXXQHYLVLRQHW>MɛDLFRPSULVb"@&DUWXPɛDVGRQQ«XQ
VLJQHHWWXWɛHVPRQWU«¢PRLGDQVOH>b@GRU«WUDYHUVDQWGDQVWDEDUTXH>ODYR½WHb"@
F«OHVWHHW>b@GDQVODWHUULEOHFRXUVHQRFWXUQH>b@(WDSUªVWɛ¬WUHEDLJQ«GDQVOɛHDXVDLQWH
GHOɛLPPRUWDOLW«WXPɛHVDSSDUX>FRPPHXQHQIDQWb"@7XHVYHQXHIIHFWXDQWWRQOHYHU
HQWHPSVYRXOXGDQVWRQWHPSOHDSSRUWDQW¢WDVWDWXHHW¢VRQKDELWDFOHOHVRXIIOHGH
YLHHWXQJUDQGSRXYRLU$ORUVMHWɛDLFRQQX0DQGRXOLVVROHLOVHLJQHXUTXLYRLWWRXWURL
GHOɛXQLYHUV$L¶QWRXWSXLVVDQW%LHQKHXUHX[OHVKRPPHVTXLKDELWHQWODYLOOHTXɛDLPH
OHVROHLO0DQGRXOLVODVDLQWH7DOPLVVRXVOHVFHSWUHGɛ,VLVDX[EHDX[FKHYHX[DX[GL[
PLOOHQRPV
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. ,OLDGH;;b$FKLOOHGLW+«UDULVTXHGHSUHQGUHSHXUmbTXDQGLOVHWURXYHUDIDFH¢IDFH
DYHFXQGLHXGDQVODP¬O«Hb}
2. +\PQHKRP«ULTXH¢$SKURGLWH,YVT
3. +«URGRWH+LVWRLUHV9,
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
27
4. +«URGRWH+LVWRLUHV9,
5. +LSSRFUDWH6XUOHVPDODGLHVLQWHUQHV
6. (Q UHYDQFKH OH YHUEH SKDLQRPDL HVW G«M¢ HPSOR\« FKH] +RPªUH SRXU G«VLJQHU OHV
PDQLIHVWDWLRQVYLVLEOHVGHVGLHX[bFI3ILVWHU(SLSKDQHLD GDQV 3: 6XSSO 'ɛDXWUHV WHUPHV
FRPPH SDURXVLD SKDVPD HSLGªPLD SHXYHQW «JDOHPHQW G«VLJQHU XQH DSSDULWLRQ GLYLQHb XQH
GLVWLQFWLRQLQW«UHVVDQWHHVWDSSRUW«HSDUXQWH[WHGH'LRGRUH,9bOɛDSSDULWLRQSDURXVLDDX
FLHOGHGHX[«WRLOHVU«YªOHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQHSLSKDQHLDGHV'LRVFXUHV
7. &I&K%OLQNHQEHUJ/DFKURQLTXHGXWHPSOHOLQGLHQ&RSHQKDJXH
8. 6,*G«FUHWGH&RVFRPP«PRUDQWFHWWHLQWHUYHQWLRQ
9. 35RXVVHO/HPLUDFOHGH=HXV3DQDPDURV%&+Sb
10. 6,*b 6,*b)6RNRORZVNL/RLVVDFU«HVGɛ$VLH0LQHXUHQRb
11. 2*,6,9HQWUHHWD&
12. 2*,6,HUbVLªFOHD&
13. 6,* 6,*b)6RNRORZVNL/RLVVDFU«HVGɛ$VLH0LQHXUHQRb/HWHUPHHQDUJªVG«VLJQH
XQ IDLW TXL VH SURGXLW mbRXYHUWHPHQWb} mbHQ SOHLQH OXPLªUHb}b LO VɛDJLW GRQF ELHQ GH
PDQLIHVWDWLRQVYLVLEOHVGHODG«HVVH'«M¢GDQV2G\VV«H,,,1HVWRU«YRTXHODYHQXHGɛ$WK«QD
mbYLVLEOHb}HQDUJªVDXIHVWLQTXɛLODGRQQ«HQOɛKRQQHXUGH3RVHLGRQ
14. '9DQ'HU3ODVmb9RLUb}'LHX4XHOTXHVREVHUYDWLRQVDXVXMHWGHODIRQFWLRQGHVVHQVGDQVOH
FXOWHHWODG«YRWLRQGHOɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQH%6)(Sb
15. '9DQ'HU3ODVSHQVHFHSHQGDQWDSUªV(UPDQTXHOHWDEHUQDFOH«WDLWRXYHUWHWODVWDWXH
YLVLEOHPDLVFɛHVWLQG«PRQWUDEOHmb9RLUOHGLHXIDFH¢IDFHb}HVWXQSULYLOªJHGXJUDQGSU¬WUHRX
GXSUHPLHUSURSKªWHGDQVFKDTXHVDQFWXDLUHbLOSDUD°WFRQWUDGLFWRLUHTXHFHP¬PHGLHXDLWSX
¬WUHYLVLEOHSDUWRXVP¬PHVɛDJLVVDQWGɛRFFDVLRQVH[FHSWLRQQHOOHV
16. -HGRLVFHVU«I«UHQFHV¢-HDQ/XF)LVRORTXLDSDUWLFLS«¢QRWUHV«PLQDLUHHWTXHMHUHPHUFLH
17. 7UDGXFWLRQGHFHWH[WHGDQV&/DORXHWWH7H[WHVVDFU«VHWWH[WHVSURIDQHVGHOɛDQFLHQQHJ\SWH
3DULV,Sb
18. &/DORXHWWH7H[WHVVDFU«Vɣ,Sb
19. &I66DXQHURQ/HVVRQJHVHWOHXULQWHUSU«WDWLRQGDQVOɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQH6RXUFHV2ULHQWDOHV
3DULVSb
20. 6XU OHV FXUHV RS«U«HV SDU 6DUDSLV GDQV VRQ WHPSOH GH &DQRSH SDU OɛLQWHUP«GLDLUH
GɛDSSDULWLRQVHQVRQJHFI6WUDERQ;9,,bFIDXVVL'LRGRUH,VXUOHVDSSDULWLRQVGɛ,VLV
¢GHVPDODGHVWH[WHFRQILUP«SDUXQSDS\UXVSURYHQDQWGH.HUN«RVLULVHW«PDQDQWGɛXQIHUPLHU
+DU\RWªVTXLVHGLWmbHQWUDLWHPHQWGDQVOHWHPSOHGɛ,VLVb}:LOFNHQ&KUHVWRPDWKLH,QRbb
D&$SSDULWLRQGɛ,PKRWHSDXJUDQGSU¬WUHGH3WDK¢0HPSKLV3DVKHULQSWDKOXLSURPHWWDQWOD
QDLVVDQFHGɛXQJDU©RQFIOɛLQVFULSWLRQIXQ«UDLUHGHOɛ«SRXVHGXJUDQGSU¬WUH7DLPKRWHSVWªOH
%0WUDGXFWLRQGDQV(2WWR'LH%LRJUDSKLVFKH,QVFKULIWHQGHUJ\SWLVFKHQ6S¦W]HLW/H\GH
QRbSb
21. -'5D\7KH$UFKLYHRI+RU/RQGUHV(J\SW([SORU6RFLHW\
22. $-)HVWXJLªUH/ɛH[S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVHGXP«GHFLQ7KHVVDORVGDQV+HUP«WLVPHHWP\VWLTXH
SD±HQQH3DULVSb
23. $XFRXUVGHVRS«UDWLRQVGHVDXYHWDJHGHVWHPSOHVGH1XELHFRQV«FXWLYHV¢ODFRQVWUXFWLRQ
GX+DXW%DUUDJHOHWHPSOHD«W«UHPRQW«¢6KHOODOWRXWSUªVGɛ$VVRXDQ
24. 8QHVWDWXHGH7KRXWPRVLV,,,DXUDLWHQFRUH«W«YLVLEOH¢.DODEVFKDDXG«EXWGX;;HbVLªFOHbFI
$(3:HLJDOO$5HSRUWRQWKH$QWLTXLWLHVRI/RZHU1XELD2[IRUG8QLY3UHVVSb5HOLHI
UHSU«VHQWDQW$PHQKRWHS,,IDLVDQWOɛRIIUDQGH¢0LQHW¢0DQGRXOLV+*%RQQHW5HDOOH[LNRQVY
7DOPLV
25. 6DQVGRXWHDYDLWRQSULVOɛKDELWXGHGHOHVODLVVHUGLYDJXHUGDQVOɛHQFHLQWHGXWHPSOHb+
*DXWKLHU/HWHPSOHGH.DODEFKDK,Sb
26. &IOɛLQVFULSWLRQTXLUHODWHFHWWHFRQTX¬WH+*DXWKLHU.DODEFKDKSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
28
27. &RPPHLOHVWQRUPDObOHWHPSOH«WDQWHQDFWLYLW«LO«WDLWH[FOXTXHOHVYLVLWHXUVS«QªWUHQW
GDQVODSDUWLHIHUP«H
28. 2QVDLWTXH¢FHWWH«SRTXHODG«VLJQDWLRQGHVFRKRUWHVQHFRUUHVSRQGSOXV ¢OɛRULJLQH
J«RJUDSKLTXHGHOHXUVPHPEUHVbOHUHFUXWHPHQWGHVDX[LOLDLUHVGHYDLWVHIDLUHSRXUXQHERQQH
SDUWORFDOHPHQW
29. +*DXWKLHU.DODEFKDKSbbFIDXVVLSb/ɛLQVFULSWLRQGH6DQVQRVD«W«UHSULVHGDQV
:LOFNHQ&KUHVWRPDWKLHQRb
30. +*DXWKLHU.DODEFKDKSb
31. ,OHVWDVVRFL«GDQVVRQSURVF\QªPH¢XQFDYDOLHUmbGHOD,UHFRKRUWHGHV7K«EDLQVb}LESb
32. (VFDGURQGHFDYDOLHUV
33. &IGHVOHWWUHVSULY«HVGRQWOHVDXWHXUVGHPDQGHQW¢OHXUFRUUHVSRQGDQWGHVQRXYHOOHVGHVRQ
FKHYDOYRLUHOHSULHQWGHOXLWUDQVPHWWUHGHVVDOXWDWLRQV
34. 3XEOL«VSDU+*DXWKLHU&LQTLQVFULSWLRQVJUHFTXHVGH.DODEFKDK1XELH$6$(;;
SbFHVWH[WHVRQWIDLWOɛREMHWGHQRPEUHXVHVWHQWDWLYHVGHUHOHFWXUHHWGɛLQWHUS«WDWLRQ,OV
RQW«W«UHSULVDYHFWUDGXFWLRQHWFRPPHQWDLUHVSDU(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVP«WULTXHVGHOɛJ\SWH
JU«FRURPDLQHQRbSbTXLQɛDSXFHSHQGDQWIDLUHDXFXQHY«ULILFDWLRQLQVLWXOHV
FDUDFWªUHV«WDQWTXDVLFRPSOªWHPHQWHIIDF«V
35. +*DXWKLHU$6$(QRb,,, .DODEFKDKSbb(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVQRb
36. +*DXWKLHU$6$(QRb,, .DODEFKDKSbb(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVQRb
37. +*DXWKLHU$6$(QRb9 .DODEFKDKSbb(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVQRb
38. +*DXWKLHU$6$(QRb, .DODEFKDKSbb(%HUQDQG,QVFULSWLRQVQRb
39. + *DXWKLHU $6$( Q Rb,9 .DODEFKDK S b b ( %HUQDQG ,QVFULSWLRQV Q Rb &HWWH
LQVFULSWLRQDYDLW«W«UHOHY«HGªVSDU/HSVLXV3DUPLOHVFRPPHQWDLUHVTXɛHOOHDVXVFLW«VRQ
UHWLHQGUDHQSDUWLFXOLHUFHX[Gɛ$'1RFN$YLVLRQRI0DQGXOLV$LRQ+DUYDUG7KHRRJLFDO5HYLHZ
SbHWGɛ$-)HVWXJLªUHGDQV/DU«Y«ODWLRQGɛ+HUPªV7ULVP«JLVWH,3DULVSb
40. +\PQHbmb7LWDQ¢Oɛ«FODWGRU«b}2USKHL+\PQL«G4XDQGW%HUOLQbWUDGXFWLRQGH3
&KDUYHW/DSULªUHOHVK\PQHVG2USK«H3DULV
41. (PS«GRFOH)UJWbmb7LWDQTXL«WUHLQWGHVHVEUDVWRXWOɛXQLYHUVb}&KH]+«VLRGHFHSHQGDQW
+«OLRVQɛHVWSDVOXLP¬PH7LWDQPDLVLOHVWILOVGX7LWDQ+\S«ULRQHWGHOD7LWDQLGH7KHLDHQIDQWV
Gɛ2XUDQRVHWGH*DLD
42. .3UHLVHQGDQ]3DS\UL*UDHFDH0DJLFDH3*0,,,
43. 6ªPHLRQ HVW FRQVWDPPHQW HPSOR\« DX VHQV GH mbPLUDFOHb} GDQV OD OLWW«UDWXUH Q«R
WHVWDPHQWDLUH
44. &I OD PLVH HQ FRQGLWLRQ ¢ ODTXHOOH VH SU¬WH OH P«GHFLQ 7KHVVDORV $-)HVWXJLªUH
/ɛH[S«ULHQFHɣSb
45. +/HZ\$GUHDPRI0DQGXOLV$6$(SbbVRQLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGXWH[WHHVW
VXLYLHSDU(%HUQDQG
46. &ɛHVWOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGɛ$-)HVWXJLªUH5«Y«ODWLRQɣSb
47. 6LRQDGRSWHODUHVWLWXWLRQGH/HZ\άνεδάηνRXFHOOHGɛ(%HUQDQGἀνέγνώνb1RFNSURSRVDLW
ἀνεűάηνDXVHQVGHmbMɛDLWURXY«OHUHSRVODSDL[GHOɛ¤PHb}
48. 6XUOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGHVRUDFOHV¢OɛDLGHGɛXQVLJQHGRQQ«SDUODVWDWXHGXGLHXSRUW«HHQ
SURFHVVLRQHWTXLmbFRQWUDLQWb}VHVSRUWHXUV¢DYDQFHURX¢UHFXOHUFI66DXQHURQ/HVSU¬WUHVGH
ODQFLHQQH J\SWH 3DULV Sbb OH UDSSURFKHPHQW HQWUH FHWWH SUDWLTXH HW OH mbVLJQHb}
TXɛ«YRTXHQRWUHWH[WHDG«M¢«W«HQYLVDJ«SDU1RFN$9LVLRQɣSb
49. +*DXWKLHU$6$(QRb,,Sbbűίνευσον
50. &ɛHVW OɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ SURSRV«H SDU + /HZ\ DUW FLW Sbb PDLV OD SOXSDUW GHV
FRPPHQWDWHXUV VH UHIXVHQW ¢ WUDGXLUH FH SDVVDJH WUªV ODFXQDLUH HW OH WH[WH SDUD°W HQ
FRQWUDGLFWLRQDYHFOɛLG«HTXHOHYLVLRQQDLUHDXUDLWVXLYLɘRXSHQV«VXLYUHɘODFRXUVHQRFWXUQHGX
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
29
VROHLO 3DU DLOOHXUV OɛDGMHFWLI GHLQRQ SRXUUDLW «YRTXHU XQH YLVLRQ mbHIIUD\DQWHb}b DOOXVLRQ DX
FRPEDWPHQ«SDU5¬OHVROHLOFKDTXHQXLWFRQWUHOHVIRUFHVGXFKDRVb"
51. &IWH[WHVFLW«VSDU66DXQHURQ/DQDLVVDQFHGXPRQGHVHORQOɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQH6RXUFHV
2ULHQWDOHV3DULVSb8QHDGUHVVHDXVROHLOGDQVXQSDS\UXVPDJLTXHJUHF
OɛLQYRTXHFRPPHFHOXLTXLHVWmbMHXQHDXPDWLQYLHX[OHVRLUb}.3UHLVHQGDQ]3DS\UL*UDHFDH
0DJLFDH3*0,WUDGXFWLRQGDQV+'%HW]7KH*UHHN0DJLFDO3DS\ULLQWUDQVODWLRQ&KLFDJRH
«GSb
52. 7H[WHFLW«SDU1RFN$9LVLRQɣSb
53. )'XQDQGHW&=LYLH&RFKH'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWH3DULVSb
54. 6 6DXQHURQ /HV I¬WHV UHOLJLHXVHV Gɛ(VQD DX[ GHUQLHUV VLªFOHV GX SDJDQLVPH /H &DLUH
Sb
55. 1RFN$9LVLRQɣSbUDSSHOOHSRXUH[SOLTXHUODmbYHQXHb}GH0DQGRXOLVGDQVVRQWHPSOH
ODFRXWXPHDVVH]VRXYHQWREVHUYDEOHGɛRULHQWHUOHWHPSOHGHID©RQWHOOHTXHOHVUD\RQVGXVROHLO
OHYDQWYLHQQHQW«FODLUHUOHVVDOOHVMXVTXɛDORUVREVFXUHVbPDLVODPHQWLRQGHODVWDWXH¢TXLVRQW
GRQQ«VmbVRXIIOHb}HWmbSXLVVDQFHb}PHSDUD°WDYRLUXQHU«I«UHQFHEHDXFRXSSOXVSU«FLVH
56. 6XUFHWWHG«VLJQDWLRQGH0DQGRXOLVFRPPH$L¶QFIOHFRPPHQWDLUHGH1RFN$9LVLRQɣ
Sb
57. SLSKDQH3DQDULRQ/,bLOSRXUUDLWVɛDJLUVHORQ1RFNGɛXQHI¬WHVRODLUHF«O«EU«H¢XQH
GDWHTXLGHYDLW¬WUHFHOOHGXVROVWLFHGɛKLYHU&IDXVVLOH5RPDQGɛ$OH[DQGUHGX3VHXGR&DOOLVWKªQH
,b XQRUDFOHDXUDLWHQMRLQW ¢ $OH[DQGUHGHIRQGHU$OH[DQGULH mbO¢ R»$L¶QWU¶QH HQ
PD°WUHɣb}
58. /HG«EXWGɛXQHQRXYHOOHªUHVHORQOHFDOHQGULHU«J\SWLHQGDQVOHTXHOOɛDQQ«HGHbMRXUV
UHWDUGHGɛXQMRXUWRXVOHVTXDWUHDQVVXUOɛDQQ«HVRODLUHbODmbJUDQGHDQQ«Hb}HVWFHOOHR»OH
SUHPLHUMRXUGHOɛDQHU7\ELFR±QFLGHDYHFOHOHYHUK«OLDTXHGHOɛ«WRLOH6RWKLV 6LULXV
59. &IHQWUHDXWUHV3*0,%HW]Sbb,9%HW]Sb 0DLV+«OLRVSHXWDXVVL¬WUH
GLVWLQJX«Gɛ$L¶QbFI3*09,,%HW]SbR»LOHVWDSSHO«mbSªUHGɛ$L¶QFHOXLTXLHVWQ«¢
QRXYHDXb}1RFN$9LVLRQɣSbIDLWUHPDUTXHUTXɛ$L¶QVHPEOHELHQ¬WUHmbDWHUPRIIOXLG
VHQVHb}SOXW¶WTXɛXQQRPYRLUHXQHHQWLW«GLYLQHVS«FLILTXH
60. ([HPSOHVFLW«VSDU1RFN$9LVLRQɣSb
61. 0DULQXV9LHGH3URFOXV
62. 0DFUREH6DWXUQDOHV,
63. /XFLHQ$OH[DQGUHRXOHIDX[SURSKªWH
64. &RUSXV+HUPHWLFXP,«G$'1RFNHW$-)HVWXJLªUH%HOOHV/HWWUHV3DULV
65. 3OXWDUTXH'HKLGHHW2VLULGH«GHWFRPP-*Z\Q*ULIILWKV8QLYRI:DOHV3UHVV
66. 0DNDULRQKUHPLDVWRSRQ+ *DXWKLHU$6$(, 2QQRWHUDTXHOHG«VLUGHVROLWXGHVL
IU«TXHPPHQWH[SULP«GDQVOHVWH[WHVFKU«WLHQVQɛHVWSDVVDQVH[HPSOHHQPLOLHXSD±HQ&IFKH]
3OXWDUTXH'HGHIHFWRUDFOɛKLVWRLUHGXSKLORVRSKHSUREDEOHPHQWQ«RSODWRQLFLHQTXL
DYDLWFKRLVLGHYLYUHHQHUPLWHDXERUGGHOD0HU5RXJHbFIVXUWRXW3RUSK\UH TXLGɛDSUªV
&KDHU«PRQDWWULEXHDX[SU¬WUHV«J\SWLHQVODSUDWLTXHGHOɛHU«PLWLVPH'HDEVW,b,9
67. -ɛHPSORLHFHWHUPHVDQVOXLGRQQHUVDVLJQLILFDWLRQOLWW«UDOHbLOHVWFODLUTXHODSOXSDUWGHV
YLVLWHXUVGH.DODEVFKDQɛ«WDLHQWSDVYHQXVO¢HQmbSªOHULQDJHb}PDLVSDUFHTXHOHXUVIRQFWLRQV
HVVHQWLHOOHPHQWPLOLWDLUHVOHVDSSHODLHQW¢V«MRXUQHUGDQVODU«JLRQ
68. 2QUHOªYHUDTXHOHVGHUQLªUHVOLJQHVGHOɛLQVFULSWLRQ«YRTXHQWOɛDPRXUDJDSDGH0DQGRXOLV
SRXUVDYLOOHTXDOLIL«HGHmbVDLQWHb}LHUDQbOɛ«YRFDWLRQDSSX\«HGXGLHXSULQFLSDOGXWHPSOHDLQVL
TXHGɛXQHG«HVVHWUªVSU«VHQWHGDQVOHVWHPSOHVGH1XELH,VLVFISO,,,bDSSDUD°WFRPPHXQ
DUJXPHQWGHSOXVHQIDYHXUGɛXQHU«GDFWLRQVDFHUGRWDOHGXWH[WH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
30
AUTEUR
)UDQ©RLVH'XQDQG
3URIHVVHXU¢Oɛ8)5GHV6FLHQFHV+LVWRULTXHVHWGLUHFWHXUGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGɛ+LVWRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJHVWVS«FLDOLVWHGHOɛJ\SWHWDUGLYH
3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWHDYHF&=LYLH&RFKHb
/HVPRPLHVHWODPRUWHQJ\SWHDYHF5/LFKWHQEHUJb,VLV0ªUHGHVGLHX[3DULV
GLWLRQV(UUDQFH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
31
/HVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHVGDQVOHV
URPDQVJUHFVb/HFDVGX5RPDQGH
/HXFLSSHHW&OLWRSKRQGɛ$FKLOOH
7DWLXV
Pascaline Mangin
S
17URSORQJWHPSVP«FRQQXVHWP«VHVWLP«VOHVURPDQVJUHFVDQWLTXHVRQW«W«UHPLV¢
OɛKRQQHXU SDU OD FULWLTXH DFWXHOOH &HWWH PLVH ¢ Oɛ«FDUW VɛH[SOLTXH ¢ OD IRLV SDU
OɛLQG«WHUPLQDWLRQ WK«RULTXH HW KLVWRULTXH TXL HQWRXUH OH URPDQ HW SDU OɛDSSDUHQFH
WURPSHXVHGHQD±YHW«GHFHVüXYUHV8QUDSLGHWDEOHDXGHFHVURPDQVVɛLPSRVHGRQF
PDOJU«WRXWHVOHV]RQHVGɛRPEUHVHWOHVFRQWURYHUVHVTXLVXEVLVWHQW
2/HVRULJLQHVGHFHJHQUHUHVWHQWSUREO«PDWLTXHVbRULHQWDOHV«J\SWLHQQHVDUDEHSHUVH
WRXWHVOHVK\SRWKªVHVRQW«W«DYDQF«HV1«DQPRLQVRQDORQJWHPSVFRQVLG«U«OHURPDQ
FRPPHOHU«VXOWDWGHODG«VDJU«JDWLRQGHVJHQUHVQREOHVGHOD*UªFH$QWLTXH/¢HQFRUH
LOVɛDJLWDXFRQWUDLUHGHPRQWUHU¢OɛLQVWDUGH3LHUUH*ULPDOTXHmbVLWRXVOHVJHQUHV
OLWW«UDLUHVGHOD*UªFHFODVVLTXHVRQWWHLQW«VGHURPDQOHɝURPDQJUHFɞOXLP¬PH¢VRQ
WRXUOHXUHPSUXQWH¢WRXVXQ«O«PHQWFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHb}
3&HIORXWLHQWDXVVLDXSUREOªPHGXJHQUH/HJUHFQHSRVVªGHSDVGHWHUPHTXLG«VLJQH
FODLUHPHQWOHURPDQbDX,9HbVLªFOHOɛ(PSHUHXU-XOLHQSDUOHGHmbSODVPDWDKLVWRULDHQ
KLVWRULDVHLGHLb}ILFWLRQVHQIRUPHGɛKLVWRLUH3KRWLXVDX;,HbVLªFOHSDUOHGHmbGUDPDb}
RXGHmbWDHURWLNDb}ɣPDLVDXFXQWHUPHQɛH[SULPHOɛXQLW«GXJHQUHURPDQHVTXH,OIDXW
DMRXWHU¢FHODTXHOHURPDQQHWURXYHSODFHGDQVDXFXQHGHVW\SRORJLHVGHVJHQUHVGH
Oɛ«SRTXHHWTXɛDXFXQ$UWSR«WLTXHGHVURPDQFLHUVQHQRXVHVWSDUYHQX/DFRK«UHQFHHW
ODSHUWLQHQFHGɛXQUHJURXSHPHQWGHFHVüXYUHVHQmbJHQUHURPDQHVTXHb}U«VLGHQWGDQV
XQVFK«PDQDUUDWLI VWDEOHbXQHILFWLRQ QDUUDWLYHHQSURVH ¢LQWULJXHVLPSOHb GHX[
MHXQHVJHQVGɛXQHEHDXW«ULYDOLVDQWDYHFFHOOHGHVGLHX[Vɛ«SUHQQHQWOɛXQGHOɛDXWUHVRQW
V«SDU«VSDUXQFRXSGXVRUWHWDIIURQWHQWGHVREVWDFOHVHWGHVGDQJHUVLQQRPEUDEOHV
GDQVGHVFRQWU«HV«WUDQJªUHVDYDQWGHSRXYRLUFRQFU«WLVHUOHXUDPRXU&HFDQHYDV
U«FXUUHQW GHV LQWULJXHV URPDQHVTXH WHQG ¢ FRQVWLWXHU XQ JURXSH GɛüXYUHV DVVH]
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
32
KRPRJªQHSRXU¬WUHUDVVHPEO«VRXVOHWHUPHGHmbJHQUHb}7RXWHIRLVGHVU«VHUYHVVRQW
¢«PHWWUHHQSDUWLFXOLHU¢SURSRVGHV3KRHQLFLFDGH/ROODQLXVTXLSU«VHQWHQWGHV«FDUWV
IODJUDQWV GɛDXWDQW TXH QRXV VRPPHV ORLQ GH FRQQD°WUH OɛHQVHPEOH GX FRUSXV
URPDQHVTXH GH Oɛ«SRTXH (Q HIIHW VHXOHPHQW FLQT URPDQV FRPSOHWV QRXV VRQW
SDUYHQXV
4/DTXHVWLRQGXSXEOLFD«W«HOOHDXVVLOɛREMHWGHQRPEUHX[G«EDWV/RQJWHPSVRQD
DWWULEX«DXURPDQFRQVLG«U«FRPPHJHQUHPLQHXUHWQD±IXQSXEOLFSRSXODLUHMHXQH
RXI«PLQLQ2UHQU««YDOXDQWOHGHJU«Gɛ«ODERUDWLRQGHVURPDQVRQD«W«REOLJ«GH
UHFRQQD°WUHTXɛLOVGHYDLHQW¬WUHOXVDXVVLSDUXQSXEOLFULFKHHWFXOWLY«TXLmbJR½WDLHQW
DXVHFRQGGHJU«OɛLURQLHHWOHOXGLVPHb}GHFHVWH[WHV2QVXLYUDGRQFOɛDYLVGH5HDUGRQ
TXLMXJHmbDEVXUGHGHYRXORLUGUHVVHUXQSRUWUDLWFRK«UHQWHWPRQROLWKLTXHGXOHFWRUDW
GXURPDQDQFLHQb}
5'ɛXQSRLQWGHYXHJ«Q«UDOOHURPDQJUHFFRPPHWRXWURPDQSHXW¬WUHG«ILQLDLQVLb
mbXQHIRUPHURPDQHVTXHHVWODUHQFRQWUH¢XQPRPHQWKLVWRULTXHHWFXOWXUHOGRQQ«
GɛXQHIRUPHRXHQVHPEOHGHWUDLWVGLVWLQFWLIVTXɛRQSHXWQRPPHUVWUXFWXUHDYHFXQH
PDWLªUHTXɛRQSHXWDXVVLQRPPHUWK«PDWLTXHRXLPDJLQDLUH/ɛKLVWRLUHGXURPDQɣ
HVWGRQF XQH VXLWHGH UHQFRQWUHV HQWUH XQHVWUXFWXUH HW XQH LPDJLQDLUHGDQV XQH
FRQMRQFWXUHSU«FLVHb}'DQVFHFDGUHOHURPDQFRQVWLWXHXQHVRXUFHKLVWRULTXH¢SDUW
HQWLªUH LQW«UHVVDQWH SRXU Oɛ«WXGH GHV PHQWDOLW«V HW SOXV SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW GHV
PHQWDOLW«VUHOLJLHXVHV/ɛREMHFWLIHVWGRQFGHG«WHUPLQHUODSODFHGXUHOLJLHX[HWSOXV
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW GHV DSSDULWLRQV GLYLQHV GDQV OHV URPDQV JUHFV 8QH «WXGH
FRPSDUDWLVWH VXU OHV GLII«UHQWHV PRGDOLW«V GH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GLYLQHV GDQV OHV FLQT
URPDQVJUHFVFODVVLTXHVVHUDLWLQVWUXFWLYHPDLVRQDSU«I«U«VHSHQFKHULFLVXUOHFDV
WUªVVS«FLILTXHHWLQVWUXFWLIGɛ$FKLOOH7DWLXV
6'ªV OHV SUHPLªUHV OLJQHV GHV $YHQWXUHV GH /HXFLSS« HW &OLWRSKRQ OɛRULJLQDOLW« HW OD
PRGHUQLW«Gɛ$FKLOOH7DWLXVDXVHLQGHVURPDQFLHUVJUHFVVɛLPSRVHQW(QHIIHW7DWLXV
DIILUPHGªVOɛDERUGVDYRORQW«GHVHPHWWUH¢OɛDUULªUHSODQYRLUHP¬PHGHGLVVLPXOHU
WRXW LQGLFH GH VD SU«VHQFH HW FHFL SDU GHX[ WHFKQLTXHV QDUUDWLYHV 'ɛXQH SDUW
FRQWUDLUHPHQW ¢ OɛKDELWXGH GDQV OHV URPDQV JUHFV OH U«FLW G«EXWH VDQV DXFXQH
SU«VHQWDWLRQQLGHOɛDXWHXUQLGX FRQWH[WHGHQDUUDWLRQ'ɛDXWUH SDUWOHPRGHGH
QDUUDWLRQVHG«PDUTXHIRUWHPHQWGHFHOXLGHVDXWUHVURPDQVbDSUªVTXHOTXHVOLJQHV¢OD
WURLVLªPHSHUVRQQHDSSDUD°WXQMHLQFRQQXODYRL[GH7DWLXVTXLHQWDQWTXɛDXGLWHXU
GXU«FLW¢ODSUHPLªUHSHUVRQQHIDLWSDUOHK«URV&OLWRSKRQYDFRQVWLWXHUHQFRXOLVVH
OH Y«ULWDEOH QDUUDWHXU GX URPDQ 6L OɛRQ DMRXWH ¢ FHWWH DEVHQFH GH SU«VHQWDWLRQ
OLPLQDLUHODUDUHW«GHVLQIRUPDWLRQVELRJUDSKLTXHVLOHVWGLIILFLOHGHGUHVVHUXQSRUWUDLW
SU«FLVGɛ$FKLOOH7DWLXV8QHGHVSUHPLªUHVDOOXVLRQV¢7DWLXVQRXVHVWGRQQ«HGDQVOD
%LEOLRWKHFDGH3KRWLXVOH3DWULDFKHTXLMXJHOHURPDQGH7DWLXVLQG«FHQWPDLVTXLOXL
UHFRQQD°WGHVTXDOLW«VOLWW«UDLUHVHWVW\OLVWLTXHV8QHQRWLFHGHOD6RXGDQRXVOLYUHSOXV
GɛLQIRUPDWLRQVb mb$FKLOOH 7DWLXV Gɛ$OH[DQGULH «FULYLW OɛKLVWRLUH GH /HXFLSS« HW
&OLWRSKRQHWGɛDXWUHVKLVWRLUHVDPRXUHXVHVHQKXLWOLYUHVb¢ODILQGHVDYLHLOGHYLQW
FKU«WLHQ HW «Y¬TXH ,O «FULYLW DXVVL VXU OD VSKªUH HW Oɛ«W\PRORJLH HW XQH ɝKLVWRLUHɞ
P«ODQJ«HTXLWUDLWHGHQRPEUHX[SHUVRQQDJHVLPSRUWDQWVHWDGPLUDEOHV6RQVW\OHHVW
SDUWRXWVHPEODEOH¢FHTXɛLOHVWGDQVVHVKLVWRLUHVDPRXUHXVHVb}&HSHQGDQWGHP¬PH
TXHOɛDWWULEXWLRQ GH Oɛ«SLVFRSDW GH 7ULNND ¢ +«OLRGRUH ODFRQYHUVLRQ HW OD SU¬WULVH
Gɛ$FKLOOH 7DWLXV UHOªYHQW SUREDEOHPHQW GH OD O«JHQGH 6HXOH OɛRULJLQH DOH[DQGULQH
VHPEOH¬WUHXQUHQVHLJQHPHQWELRJUDSKLTXHV½U
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
33
7/D GDWDWLRQ GHV $YHQWXUHV GH /HXFLSS« HW &OLWRSKRQ HVW HOOH DXVVL SUREO«PDWLTXH
3HQGDQWORQJWHPSVFHURPDQD«W«GDW«GX9HbVLªFOHDSUªV-&HWFRQVLG«U«GHIDLW
FRPPHXQHS¤OHFRSLHGHV(WKLRSLTXHVGɛ+«OLRGRUH/DG«FRXYHUWHGHGHX[QRXYHDX[
SDS\ULDSHUPLVGHUHFRQVLG«UHUFHWWHGDWDWLRQWDUGLYHHWGHVLWXHUOɛüXYUHGH7DWLXVDX
,,HbVLªFOHDSUªV-&VRLWSHXDSUªV;«QRSKRQGɛ(SKªVHPDLVDYDQW+«OLRGRUH
8&HWWH G«FRXYHUWH D SHUPLV ¢ OD FULWLTXH DFWXHOOH GH UHFRQVLG«UHU VRQ DSSU«FLDWLRQ
OLWW«UDLUHGHV$YHQWXUHVGH/HXFLSS« HW&OLWRSKRQ-XJ« XQSHXK¤WLYHPHQWFRPPHXQ
URPDQ QD±I FH WH[WH UHFªOH DX FRQWUDLUH GH QRPEUHX[ «O«PHQWV TXL VRXOLJQHQW VD
FRPSOH[LW«HWVRQKDXWGHJU«Gɛ«ODERUDWLRQ7DWLXVP«ULWHXQHSODFH¢SDUWGXIDLWTXɛLO
EULVH GH QRPEUHXVHV FRQYHQWLRQV QDUUDWLYHVb HQ W«PRLQV OH SULQFLSH GX K«URV
QDUUDWHXUODFRPSOH[LW«GHVSHUVRQQDJHVOHWRQLURQLTXHYRLUHSDURGLTXHHWODSODFH
LPSRUWDQWHRFWUR\«H¢ODVHQVXDOLW«
91«DQPRLQVOɛLQWULJXHHWVHVUHERQGLVVHPHQWVPXOWLSOHVFRUUHVSRQGHQWSDUIDLWHPHQWDX
FDQHYDVGHVURPDQVJUHFV&OLWRSKRQSURPLVHQPDULDJH¢VDGHPLVüXU&DOOLJRQ«
Vɛ«SUHQGGHVDFRXVLQH/HXFLSS«/HXUUHODWLRQG«FRXYHUWHSDU3DQWK«LDODPªUHGH
/HXFLSS«OHVREOLJH¢VɛH[LOHUHQJ\SWH,OV\VXELVVHQWOHVPDOKHXUVKDELWXHOVGXJHQUH
ɘQDXIUDJHVV«SDUDWLRQVHQOªYHPHQWVSDUGHVSLUDWHVPRUWVDSSDUHQWHVDFFXVDWLRQV
HPSULVRQQHPHQWVMDORXVLHHWWUDKLVRQVɘDYDQWGHSRXYRLUVHUHWURXYHUUHWRXUQHUVXU
OHXUVWHUUHVVHPDULHUHWFRQFU«WLVHUDLQVLOHXUDPRXU
10 'HQRPEUHXVHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHVSRQFWXHQWFHWWHDYHQWXUH'ªVORUVLOLPSRUWHGH
VɛLQW«UHVVHUDX[PRGDOLW«VGHFHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQV¢ODYLVLRQHQWDQWTXHFRQFU«WLVDWLRQ
GXUDSSRUWGHVSHUVRQQDJHVDXPRQGHGLYLQHWDXVVL¢VDIRQFWLRQQDUUDWLYHFɛHVW¢
GLUH¢VRQXWLOLVDWLRQFRPPHUHVVRUWURPDQHVTXH
b
Modalités de manifestation des Dieux
11 /HVSXLVVDQFHVGLYLQHVSU«VHQWHVGDQVFHURPDQVRQWWUªVGLYHUVHV/HVDYHQWXUHVGH
/HXFLSS« HW &OLWRSKRQ VRQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW VWUXFWXU«HV DXWRXU GH GHX[ SXLVVDQFHV
VXUQDWXUHOOHVURVIRUFHFHQWULSªWHGHU«XQLRQ TXLUªJQHVXUOHSD\VGɛRULJLQH HW
7\FKªIRUFHFHQWULIXJHGHV«SDUDWLRQTXLUªJQHVXUOɛDLOOHXUV0DLVGHQRPEUHX[
GLHX[GXSDQWK«RQWUDGLWLRQQHOLQWHUYLHQQHQW«JDOHPHQWbGHX[G«HVVHVWRXWGɛDERUG
$UW«PLVHW$SKURGLWHTXLV\PEROLVHQWGHX[S¶OHVGHODIHPPHHWGHOɛDPRXU=HXV
HQVXLWHSXLVHQDUULªUHSODQ+«UDFOªVHWTXHOTXHVGLHX[«J\SWLHQV
12 'HX[PRGDOLW«VGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGLYLQHVRQWSU«VHQWHVGDQVOHWH[WHGH7DWLXVbOɛXQH
GLUHFWHR»OHGLHXDSSDUD°WHWG«OLYUHXQPHVVDJHFRQFUHWDXYLVLRQQDLUHHWOɛDXWUH
LQGLUHFWHR»OHK«URVUH©RLWGHVVLJQHVRXSU«VDJHV«PDQDQWGHODVSKªUHGLYLQHVDQV
LQWHUYHQWLRQFRQFUªWHGXGLHX&HVGHUQLHUVVHSU«VHQWHQWVRLWVRXVODIRUPHGHVRQJHV¢
IRUW FRQWHQX V\PEROLTXH VRLW VRXV OD IRUPH GH SHLQWXUHV UHSU«VHQWDQW GHV VFªQHV
P\WKLTXHVHQOLHQGLUHFWDYHFODVLWXDWLRQGHVSHUVRQQDJHV'DQVOHVGHX[FDVOHK«URV
GRLWLGHQWLILHUFHSK«QRPªQHFRPPHVLJQHGLYLQDYDQWGHSRXYRLUOɛLQWHUSU«WHU
13 4XDWUHPRGHVGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVRQWXWLOLV«VSDUOHVGLYLQLW«VbOHVRUDFOHVOHVRUGDOLHV
PDLVVXUWRXWOHVVRQJHVDYHFYLVLRQGLUHFWHRXLQGLUHFWHHWOHVSHLQWXUHV
14 /HV RUDFOHV QɛRQW TXɛXQH LPSRUWDQFH OLPLW«H FKH] 7DWLXV 2Q DGPHW VRXYHQW TXɛDX
,,HbVLªFOHDSUªV-&OɛLQVWLWXWLRQGHOɛRUDFOHSHUGVDVXSU«PDWLHDXSURILWGHVVRQJHVHQ
PDWLªUH GH GLDORJXH DYHF OHV GLHX[b OHV DXWHXUV WDUGLIV XWLOLVHQW OH U¬YH SRXU
DXWKHQWLILHU RX UHQIRUFHU OHV PHVVDJHV GHV RUDFOHV DORUV TXH MXVTXH O¢ Fɛ«WDLW OH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
34
SULQFLSHLQYHUVHTXL«WDLWGHPLVH/ɛXWLOLVDWLRQU«GXLWHGHVRUDFOHVHWOHXULPSRUWDQFH
PLQHXUHFKH]$FKLOOH7DWLXVVRQWVLJQLILFDWLYHVGHFHWWH«YROXWLRQ(QHIIHWGHX[RUDFOHV
VHXOHPHQWLQWHUYLHQQHQWGDQV/HVDYHQWXUHVGH/HXFLSS«HW&OLWRSKRQb
mb,O\DYDLWHQHIIHWFKH]OHV%\]DQWLQVXQRUDFOHTXLGLWbɝ,OHVWXQHYLOOHGDQVXQH
°OHHWOHVDQJTXLOɛKDELWH¢VRQQRPGɛXQHSODQWHbHOOHHVWHQP¬PHWHPSVXQ
LVWKPHHWXQG«WURLWVXUODWHUUHIHUPHbO¢+«SKD±VWRVHVWMR\HX[GHSRVV«GHU¢
MDPDLV $WK«QD DX[ \HX[ SHUV &ɛHVW O¢ TXH MH WɛLQYLWH ¢ DSSRUWHU ¢ +«UDFOªV
OɛKRPPDJHGHWRQVDFULILFHɞ/HVJHQVGH%\]DQFHQHVDYDLHQWSDVTXHO«WDLWOHVHQV
GHFHWRUDFOH$ORUV6RVWUDWRVTXL«WDLWFRPPHMHOɛDLGLWOɛXQGHVVWUDWªJHVFKDUJ«V
GHOD JXHUUH OHXU GLWb ɝ/H PRPHQW HVW YHQX SRXU QRXV GɛHQYR\HU ¢ 7\U XQH
DPEDVVDGHVDFULILHU¢+«UDFOªVbFɛHVWOɛHQGURLWTXHVɛDFFRUGHQW¢G«VLJQHUWRXVOHV
G«WDLOVGHOɛRUDFOHɞb},,&HWRUDFOHHVWUHODWLYHPHQWVLPSOHFRPPHOɛH[SOLFLWH
HQVXLWH6RVWUDWRVHW QHQ«FHVVLWH SDVEHDXFRXS GHWUDYDLO GɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ6D
FRQV«TXHQFH GLUHFWH HVW GɛDPHQHU ¢ 7\U GDQV OD G«O«JDWLRQ GHV %\]DQWLQV
&DOOLVWKªQHVTXLSURMHWWHGɛHQOHYHU/HXFLSS«,OHQOªYHUDSDUP«SULVH&DOOLJRQ«
G«OLYUDQWSDUO¢P¬PH&OLWRSKRQGXPDULDJH/ɛLPSRUWDQFHGHFHWRUDFOHHVWGRQF
PRLQV GDQV VRQ VHQV UHOLJLHX[ TXH GDQV OD VLPSOLILFDWLRQ GH OɛLQWULJXH TXɛLO
O«JLWLPHbODIRQFWLRQGXPHVVDJHGLYLQHVWLFLDYDQWWRXWQDUUDWLYH/ɛRUDFOHVHUWGH
SLYRWQDUUDWLISXLVTXɛHQOLE«UDQW&OLWRSKRQLOSHUPHW¢OɛDYHQWXUHGHSURJUHVVHU
3«OXVH&OLWRSKRQHW/HXFLSS«UHVFDS«VGɛXQQDXIUDJHGHPDQGHQWXQRUDFOH¢
=HXVGX&DVLRQDXVXMHWGHOHXUV DPLV&OLQLDVHW6DW\URV,OV QɛREWLHQQHQWSDV
GɛRUDFOH¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUPDLVLOVG«FRXYUHQWHQIDLVDQWOHWRXUGXWHPSOHXQ
WDEOHDXGɛ$QGURPªGHHWGH3URP«WK«HTXLGDQVOHFDGUHGHOHXUDYHQWXUHHVWWUªV
VLJQLILFDWLIDX[\HX[GXOHFWHXUPDLVTXɛHX[P¬PHVQɛLQWHUSUªWHQWSDVFRPPHXQ
PHVVDJHGLYLQ
15 6ɛLOVUHVWHQWFKDUJ«VGHVHQVOHVRUDFOHVRFFXSHQWWRXWHIRLVXQHSODFHPLQHXUHWDQWDX
QLYHDXGHOɛLQWULJXHTXɛDXQLYHDXGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHV
16 (Q UHYDQFKH OHV RUGDOLHV VL HOOHV QH FRQVWLWXHQW SDV XQH DSSDULWLRQ GHV GLHX[ ¢
SURSUHPHQWSDUOHURQWQ«DQPRLQVXQHIRQFWLRQG«WHUPLQDQWHWDQWGDQVODU«VROXWLRQ
FRQFUªWHGHVS«ULS«WLHVGHVK«URVTXHGDQVOHG«QRXHPHQWQDUUDWLI/HVGLHX[3DQHW
$UW«PLV mbVɛH[SULPHQWb} ¢ WUDYHUV FHV RUGDOLHV /HXUV YRL[ VRQW GDQV FH FDGUH
G«WHUPLQDQWHVSXLVTXɛHOOHVO«JLWLPHQWOHGLVFRXUVGHVK«URVHWGDQVOHP¬PHWHPSV
UHQGHQWSRVVLEOHXQG«QRXHPHQWKHXUHX[/ɛKLVWRLUHGHOɛHDXGX6W\[DSSHO«HDXVVL
OɛKLVWRLUHGɛ$UW«PLVHWGH5KRGRSLVSHUPHWGHGLVFXOSHU0HOLWW«GXVRXS©RQGɛDGXOWªUH
ELHQTXH7DWLXVLQGLTXHH[SOLFLWHPHQW9mbHWLODUULYDWRXWFHTXHYRXOXWOɛ$PRXU
ɣb}/DJURWWHGHODIO½WHGH3DQRIIUH¢/HXFLSS«OɛRFFDVLRQGHSURXYHUTXɛDXWUDYHUV
GHFHVS«ULS«WLHVHOOHDFRQVHUY«VDYLUJLQLW«/HVLQWHUYHQWLRQVLQGLUHFWHVGH3DQHW
Gɛ$UW«PLVSHUPHWWHQWGHFRQIRQGUH7KHUVDQGUHHWGHFRQFOXUHOHSURFªVHQIDYHXUGH
QRVK«URV
17 (QFHVHQVP¬PHVɛLOQɛ\DSDVGɛDSSDULWLRQGLYLQHDXVHQVVWULFWGXWHUPHOHVGLHX[
ODLVVHQWOHXUHPSUHLQWHGDQVOHU«FLW
18 &H VRQW DYDQW WRXW OHV U¬YHV HW SDU H[WHQVLRQ OHV WDEOHDX[ TXL VRQW OH Y«KLFXOH
SULYLO«JL« GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DYHF OHV GLYLQLW«V 'DQV OɛüXYUH GH 7DWLXV OH VLªJH
SULQFLSDOGHVVLJQHVGLYLQVFRPPHGHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHVGLUHFWHVHVWVDQVFRQWHVWHOH
VRQJH
19 /DOLWW«UDWXUHDQWLTXHDYDLWG«M¢ODUJHPHQWXWLOLV«OHVRQJHHQWDQWTXɛLQVWUXPHQWGH
GLYLQDWLRQFRPPHmbDJHQWGXGLYLQb}/ɛ«SRTXHKHOO«QLVWLTXHTXLFRQVDFUHXQUHWRXUHQ
ɢ
ɢ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
35
IRUFH GH OɛLUUDWLRQQHO GDQV OHV PHQWDOLW«V G«QRWH XQ Y«ULWDEOH HQJRXHPHQW SRXU
OɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGHVU¬YHVFRQVLG«U«VFRPPHSRUWHXUVGHY«ULW«VHWGHPHVVDJHVHQ
SURYHQDQFHGLUHFWHGHVGLHX[,OVXIILWGHUDSSHOHUOHUHWHQWLVVHPHQWGH/ɛ2QHLURNULWLNRQ
Gɛ$UW«PLGRUHGH'DOGLV
20 $FKLOOH7DWLXVXVH«JDOHPHQWGHODIRQFWLRQDQWLFLSDWULFHGXU¬YHHWGHVSHLQWXUHV
H[SULPDQW DLQVL XQH VWULFWH «TXLYDOHQFH GH FHV GHX[ FDGUHV FRPPH OLHX[ GH
FULVWDOOLVDWLRQGHODYRORQW«GLYLQH
21 'ªVOɛRXYHUWXUHGXURPDQ7DWLXVDQQRQFHOHSRXYRLUHWODIRQFWLRQGHFHVGHX[PRGHV
GɛDSSDULWLRQb
mb/DGLYLQLW«VHSOD°WVRXYHQW¢U«Y«OHUHQVRQJHOHIXWXUDX[KRPPHVɘQRQSDV
TXɛLOV«YLWHQWDLQVLOHPDOKHXUFDUSHUVRQQHQHSHXW¬WUHSOXVIRUWTXHOH'HVWLQ
PDLVSRXUTXɛLOVVXSSRUWHQWSOXVDLV«PHQWOHXUVVRXIIUDQFHV&DUFHTXLVXUYLHQW
WRXW¢ODIRLVEUXVTXHPHQWHWVDQVTXɛRQVɛ\DWWHQGHERXOHYHUVHOɛHVSULWVRXVOD
EUXWDOLW«GXFRXSHWOHVXEPHUJHbWDQGLVTXHFH¢TXRLOɛRQVɛHVWDWWHQGXDYDQWGHOH
VXELUDSXSDUOɛDFFRXWXPDQFHJUDGXHOOH«PRXVVHUOHFKDJULQb},
mb0«Q«ODVGLWDORUVb-HVXLVGɛDYLVGHUHPHWWUHQRWUHYR\DJH¢3KDURV7XYRLVbYRLFL
GHX[PDXYDLVSU«VDJHVOɛDLOHGHOɛRLVHDXTXLQRXVDWRXFK«VHWODPHQDFHFRQWHQXH
GDQVFHWDEOHDX/HVLQWHUSUªWHVGHSU«VDJHVFRQVHLOOHQWGHIDLUHDWWHQWLRQDXVXMHW
GHVWDEOHDX[TXHOɛRQSHXWUHQFRQWUHUORUVTXɛRQVRUWSRXUTXHOTXH DIIDLUHbLOV
DIILUPHQWTXHOɛLVVXHGHFHOOHFLVHUDVHPEODEOH¢FHOOHGHOɛKLVWRLUHFRQW«HSDUOH
WDEOHDXb}9
22 &HODVRXOªYHXQHV«ULHGHTXHVWLRQVUHODWLYHVDX[PRGDOLW«VGHVDSSDULWLRQVbVRXVTXHOOH
IRUPHVHSU«VHQWHOHGLHXbTXHOVVRQWOHV«O«PHQWVTXLSHUPHWWHQWDXYLVLRQQDLUHGH
UHFRQQD°WUH VRQ LQWHUORFXWHXUb TXHOOHV VRQW OHV U«DFWLRQV GX YLVLRQQDLUH HW OHV
FRQV«TXHQFHVGHVYLVLRQV
23 'DQVFHURPDQOHVYLVLRQVVRQWLQGLYLGXHOOHVFɛHVW¢GLUHTXHOOHVQHVRQWY«FXHVTXHSDU
OHSHUVRQQDJHFRQFHUQ«SDUOHPHVVDJH3DUDLOOHXUVVLSDUIRLVOHVK«URVVRQWLQWHUSHOO«V
SDUOHFRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQRX«JDU«VGDQVOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQTXɛLOVHQIRQWMDPDLVLOVQH
GRXWHQWYUDLPHQWGHOɛDXWKHQWLFLW«GXSK«QRPªQHGXPHVVDJHG«OLYU«RXGHOɛLGHQWLW«
GHODGLYLQLW«'DQV/HVDYHQWXUHVGH/HXFLSS«HW&OLWRSKRQTXDWUHPRPHQWVSDUWLFXOLHUVGH
YLVLRQV GLYLQHV VRQW G«WHUPLQDQWVb ¢ OD IRLV GHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GLUHFWHV R» OH
YLVLRQQDLUHRXSOXW¶WOɛDXGLWHXUHQWHQGOHGLHXHWGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVLQGLUHFWHVRX
VLJQHVH[W«ULHXUV
b
L’annonce de l’exil
24 /HSUHPLHUU¬YHGLYLQDWRLUHHVWIRQGDPHQWDOFDULOHVWOLVLEOH¢SOXVLHXUVQLYHDX[HW
FRQWLHQWWRXWHOɛLQWULJXHGXURPDQ&OLWRSKRQHVWOHmbE«Q«ILFLDLUHb}GHFHWWHSUHPLªUH
YLVLRQWHUULILDQWHbmb,OPHVHPEODHQU¬YHTXHPDVüXU&DOOLJRQ«HWPRLQRXVQɛDYLRQV
SOXVTXɛXQFRUSV¢SDUWLUGXQRPEULOMXVTXɛHQEDVWDQGLVTXHYHUVOHKDXWQRXVHQ
IRUPLRQVGHX[bHWYRLFLTXɛDXGHVVXVGHPRLVHGUHVVHXQHIHPPHWHUULILDQWHLPPHQVH
XQHH[SUHVVLRQGHYLVDJHI«URFH6HV\HX[«WDLHQWLQMHFW«VGHVDQJVDILJXUHHIIUD\DQWH
GHVVHUSHQWVIRUPDLHQWVDFKHYHOXUHbHOOHDYDLWXQFLPHWHUUHGDQVODPDLQGURLWHXQH
WRUFKHGDQVODJDXFKHbHOOHVHSU«FLSLWDVXUPRLGɛXQDLUIXULHX[HQEUDQGLVVDQWVRQ
FLPHWHUUHPHSRUWDXQFRXS¢ODKDXWHXUGHVKDQFKHV¢OɛHQGURLWR»OHVGHX[FRUSV
QɛHQIRUPDLHQWSOXVTXɛXQHWV«SDUDGHPRLODMHXQHILOOH(SRXYDQW«MHPɛ«YHLOODLHQ
ɢ
ɢ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
36
VXUVDXWGHWHUUHXUbHWMHQHUDFRQWDLVULHQ¢SHUVRQQHPDLVMHQRXUULVVDLV¢SDUWPRLGH
WULVWHVVHQWLPHQWVb},
25 /H YLVLRQQDLUH HVW GRQF WHUULIL« SDU FH PHVVDJH PDLV QH FKHUFKH DXFXQHPHQW ¢
OɛLQWHUSU«WHU/DYLVLRQHVWSDUFRQWUHFODLUHSRXUOHOHFWHXUTXLFRPSUHQGFDUSHX
DXSDUDYDQW&OLWRSKRQGLWmbɣPDLVOHV0RLUHVSOXVSXLVVDQWHVTXHOHVKXPDLQVPH
U«VHUYDLHQWXQHDXWUHIHPPHb},SU«ILJXUDQWDLQVLOɛDUULY«HGH/HXFLSS«HWOɛLG\OOH¢
YHQLU&HWWHLQWHUSU«WDWLRQSU«GLFWLYHGXU¬YHHVWFRQILUP«HSDUOHVU¬YHVIXQHVWHVTXH
OHSªUHGH&OLWRSKRQIDLWDXVXMHWGXPDULDJHGHVRQILOVLOF«OªEUHOHPDULDJHGHVRQILOV
HWDXVVLW¶WDSUªVTXHOHVWRUFKHVGHOɛK\P«Q«HDLHQW«W«DOOXP«HVOHIHXVɛ«WHLQWHWSDU
OHPDXYDLVSU«VDJHGHOɛDLJOHTXLYROHOɛRIIUDQGHIDLWHSRXUOHPDULDJH'HYDQWFHVVLJQHV
Q«IDVWHVOHSªUHFRQVXOWHGHYLQVHWLQWHUSUªWHVTXLOXLFRQVHLOOHQWGHIDLUHXQVDFULILFH¢
=HXV+RVSLWDOLHUDXERUGGHODPHU&ɛHVW¢FHWWHRFFDVLRQTXH&DOOLVWKªQHVHQOªYHSDU
P«SULVH&DOOLJRQ«DQQXODQWDLQVLOHPDULDJHHWOLE«UDQW&OLWRSKRQGHWRXWHREOLJDWLRQ
/ɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ¢XQSUHPLHUQLYHDXIDLWHSDUOHOHFWHXUHWQRQSDU&OLWRSKRQTXLQH
VHPEOHSDVUHOLHUVDYLVLRQ¢ODVXLWHGHV«Y«QHPHQWVHVWGRQFFRQILUP«H7RXWHIRLV¢
XQGHX[LªPHQLYHDXGHOHFWXUHRQSHXWYRLUGDQVFHVRQJHOɛDQQRQFHGHOɛLUUXSWLRQGH
ODPªUHGH/HXFLSS«3DQWK«LDGDQVODFKDPEUHGHVDPDQWVOɛH[LOFRQV«TXHQWYRLUH
OɛLPPRODWLRQGH/HXFLSS«SDUOHVEULJDQGV
26 (QHIIHWOHVRQJHGH&OLWRSKRQIRQFWLRQQHHQGLSW\TXHDYHFOHVRQJHGH3DQWK«LD&HOOH
FLOHVRLUR»/HXFLSS«HW&OLWRSKRQRQWDUUDQJ«XQUHQGH]YRXVJDODQWU¬YHTXɛXQ
EULJDQGDUP«VDLVLWVDILOOHHWDSUªVOɛDYRLUUHQYHUV«HVXUOHGRVOɛRXYUHGHVRQVDEUHSDU
OHPLOLHXGHSXLVOHEDVHQSDUWDQWGXVH[H,&RQYDLQFXHGXELHQIRQG«GHVRQU¬YH
3DQWK«LDVHSU«FLSLWHGDQVODFKDPEUHGHVDILOOHHWHQYR\DQWXQKRPPHHQVRUWLUYRLW
O¢ODU«DOLVDWLRQGXSU«VDJHHWOHVLJQHPDQLIHVWHGHODG«IORUDWLRQGHVDILOOH
27 &HWWHPDQLIHVWDWLRQ GLYLQH HVW LQW«UHVVDQWH FDU HOOH DJLW FRPPH DJHQW SURYRFDWHXU
Gɛ«Y«QHPHQWb GHYDQW OɛLQFU«GXOLW« GH VD PªUH /HXFLSS« VH U«VRXW ¢ IXLU DYHF VRQ
VRXSLUDQW$LQVLFɛHVWOHU¬YHTXLVHWURXYH¬WUHOɛRULJLQHGXG«SDUWGHVDPDQWVHWGHV
S«ULS«WLHV TXL VɛHQVXLYHQW 3DU DLOOHXUV FH U¬YH SU«ILJXUH «JDOHPHQW XQ «SLVRGH
SRVW«ULHXUGDQVOHU«FLWTXLHVWOɛLPPRODWLRQGH/HXFLSS«SDUOHVEULJDQGVbmb3XLVLOOH
EULJDQGSULWVRQ«S«HHWOɛHQIRQ©DGDQVOHFüXUGHODMHXQHILOOHbHWOɛD\DQWUHWLU«HLOOD
SORQJHDGDQVOHEDVYHQWUHHWILWXQHORQJXHRXYHUWXUHb},,,7DWLXVSDUFHSURF«G«
VRXOLJQH WRXWH OɛLURQLH GH OD VLWXDWLRQ GH FHWWH PªUH TXL SDU XQH PDXYDLVH
LQWHUSU«WDWLRQGXU¬YHDPªQHODU«DOLVDWLRQGXSU«VDJH(QSRXVVDQWVDILOOH¢OɛH[LO
HOOHODMHWWHLQGLUHFWHPHQWGDQVOHVEUDVGHVEULJDQGV«YHQWUHXUV
28 /DGHVFULSWLRQGɛXQWDEOHDXGH3«OXVHUHSU«VHQWDQW$QGURPªGHHW3URP«WK«HGRQWOH
IRLHHVWRIIHUWHQS¤WXUHDX[RLVHDX[YLHQWOXLDXVVLDQQRQFHUOHWHUULEOHVDFULILFH0DLV
OHVK«URVQHSHU©RLYHQWSDVOɛHQMHXGXPHVVDJH2UFHWDEOHDXFRQVWLWXHXQHDQQRQFH
VXSSO«PHQWDLUHGHOɛHQOªYHPHQWGHVGHX[K«URVHWGXVDFULILFHGH/HXFLSS«VHORQFHTXL
D«W«SUHVFULWSDUOɛRUDFOHUH©XSDUOHVEULJDQGVFɛHVW¢GLUHOɛRXYHUWXUHGXFRUSVGɛXQH
YLHUJHHWOɛLQJHVWLRQGHVRQIRLH¢OɛLPDJHGH3URP«WK«H
b
L’apparition d’Artémis et d’Aphrodite
29 &HW«SLVRGHPHWHQVFªQHODVHXOHY«ULWDEOHYLVLRQGXURPDQR»LO\DLWSU«VHQFHGLUHFWH
$SUªVOHVSUHPLªUHVUHWURXYDLOOHVGHVK«URVHWOHU«FLWGXVXEWHUIXJHTXLDSHUPLVGH
VDXYHU /HXFLSS« GX VDFULILFH OHV GHX[ MHXQHV JHQV E«Q«ILFLHQW GɛXQH QXLW GH U«SLW
SHQGDQW ODTXHOOH &OLWRSKRQ WRXMRXUV VHQVXHO WHQWH GH FRQYDLQFUH /HXFLSS« GH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
37
VɛDGRQQHUDX[SODLVLUVGɛ$SKURGLWH&ɛHVW¢FHWWHRFFDVLRQTXH/HXFLSS«OXLIDLWSDUWGH
VDYLVLRQGɛ$UW«PLVHWTXH&OLWRSKRQVHVRXYLHQWGɛDYRLUHXOXLDXVVLXQHYLVLRQGLYLQH
30 mb-ɛDLYXKLHUODG«HVVH$UW«PLVTXLPɛHVWDSSDUXHHQVRQJHWDQGLVTXHMHSOHXUDLV
SDUFHTXɛRQDOODLWPHWXHUɝ1HSOHXUHSDVPHGLWHOOHFDUWXQHYDVSDVPRXULUbMHYDLV
YHQLU¢WRQVHFRXUVbPDLVWXUHVWHUDVYLHUJHMXVTXɛ¢FHTXHMHWHUHY¬WHPRLP¬PHGHV
RUQHPHQWVGHPDULDJHHWSHUVRQQHGɛDXWUHQHWɛ«SRXVHUDTXH&OLWRSKRQɞ(WPRLMɛ«WDLV
WULVWHGHFHG«ODLPDLVKHXUHXVHGHFHWHVSRLUSRXUOHIXWXUb},9
31 /ɛK«UR±QHQHQRXVOLYUHDXFXQG«WDLOVXUOɛDSSDUHQFHYLVXHOOHGɛ$UW«PLVQLVXUFHTXLOXL
SHUPHWGHVDYRLUTXɛHOOHHVWHQSU«VHQFHGɛ$UW«PLV1«DQPRLQVFHSU«VDJHUDVVXUHOHV
K«URVHWOHVFRQILUPHGDQVODFUR\DQFHDXELHQIRQG«GHVU¬YHVSXLVTXHFRPPHSURPLV
SDU$UW«PLV/HXFLSS«DVXUY«FXDXVDFULILFH
32 &OLWRSKRQDHXXQHYLVLRQDQDORJXHELHQTXHSOXVIORXHHWGRQWODVLJQLILFDWLRQHVWSOXV
DPELJX mbɣ LO PɛDYDLW VHPEO« OD QXLW SU«F«GHQWH TXH MH YR\DLV XQ WHPSOH
Gɛ$SKURGLWHDYHFODG«HVVH¢OɛLQW«ULHXUbPDLVORUVTXHMHPɛDSSURFKDLGDQVOɛLQWHQWLRQ
GHSULHUOHVSRUWHVVHIHUPªUHQW(WFRPPHMHPHG«VRODLVXQHIHPPHWRXWHSDUHLOOH¢
ODVWDWXHPɛDSSDUXWHWPHGLWɝ0DLQWHQDQWLOQHWɛHVWSDVSHUPLVGɛHQWUHUGDQVOH
WHPSOHPDLVVLWXDWWHQGVTXHOTXHWHPSVQRQVHXOHPHQWMHWɛRXYULUDLPDLVMHIHUDLGH
WRLXQSU¬WUHGHODG«HVVHɞ-HUDFRQWHPRQU¬YH¢/HXFLSS«HWMHQHWHQWHSOXVGHOD
IRUFHU¢VHGRQQHU¢PRLPDLVORUVTXHMHUDSSURFKDLVGXPLHQOHU¬YHGH/HXFLSS«
Mɛ«WDLVSORQJ«GDQVXQJUDQGWURXEOHb},9O
33 'DQV FHW «FDUW HQWUH OHV GHX[ U¬YHV VH MRXH FRPPH SHXW OH G«FRXYULU OH OHFWHXU
OɛRSSRVLWLRQ¢ODIRLVHQWUHGHX[G«HVVHV$UW«PLVHW$SKURGLWHHQWUHGHX[IHPPHV
/HXFLSS«HW0«OLWW«HWHQWUHGHX[UDSSRUWV¢ODVH[XDOLW«FKDVWHW«HWVHQVXDOLW«/H
SDUDOOªOHDPRUF«GDQVFHVYLVLRQVHQWUHFHVGHX[IHPPHVHWOHVG«HVVHVTXLOHXUVRQW
DWWDFK«HVHVWFRQILUP«¢ODILQGXURPDQSDUOHVGHX[WHVWVGHSXUHW«TXLOHXUVRQW
LPSRV«VHWGRQWQRXVDYRQVG«M¢WUDLW«SOXVKDXW'DQVODVXLWHGHVS«ULS«WLHVOHOHFWHXU
YDGRQF¬WUHDPHQ«¢FRPSUHQGUHOHPDODLVHHWOɛLQFRPSU«KHQVLRQGH&OLWRSKRQIDFH¢
FHWWHGLYHUJHQFHHQWUHOHVGHX[YLVLRQV
b
L’annonce du rapt de Leucippé par Chaeréas
34 8Q«SHUYLHUSRXUVXLYDQWXQHKLURQGHOOHIUDSSHGHVRQDLOH/HXFLSS«¢ODW¬WH)DFH¢
OɛLQFRPSU«KHQVLRQGH&OLWRSKRQ0«Q«ODVH[SOLFLWHFHSK«QRPªQHFRPPHXQHPLVHHQ
JDUGHGLYLQH&OLWRSKRQLQYRTXH=HXVHQUHTX«UDQWXQSU«VDJHSOXV«YLGHQWODVXLWH
GHTXRLLOVG«FRXYUHQWXQHSHLQWXUHUHSU«VHQWDQWOHUDSWGH3KLORPªOH&RPSUHQDQWOH
PHVVDJHGLYLQ0«Q«ODVLQYLWHOHVDPDQWV¢UHSRXVVHUOHXUYLVLWH¢&KDHU«DV/DYLVLRQ
HVWLFLFRQ©XHFRPPHSU«YHQWLYH
b
L’intervention d’Artémis et le dénouement
35 1RQVHXOHPHQW/HXFLSS«HVWDFFXHLOOLHGDQVOHVDQFWXDLUHGɛ$UW«PLVHWPLVHVRXVOD
SURWHFWLRQGXSU¬WUHPDLVHQFRUH$UW«PLVSU«YLHQWHQVRQJHOHSªUHGH/HXFLSS«TXH
FHOOHFLHVWHQYLHHQJ\SWH&HWWHYLVLRQDPªQHOHSªUHVXUOHVOLHX[HWSHUPHWOD
U«VROXWLRQGHVSUREOªPHVGHVDPDQWVDLQVLTXHOHXUUHWRXU¢7\UHWOHXUPDULDJHTXL
FO¶WOHXUS«ULSOHHWOHURPDQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
38
36 7RXWHIRLVDYDQWFHODHWSRXUOɛXQLTXHIRLVGDQVFHURPDQXQSHUVRQQDJHGRXWHGHOD
Y«UDFLW«GXPHVVDJHG«OLYU«SDUODYLVLRQ/HSªUHGH/HXFLSS«¢TXLOɛRQDSSUHQGOD
PRUWSUREDEOHGHVDILOOHVɛ«FULHHQHIIHWbmb&ɛHVWGRQFSRXUFHODUHLQHTXHWXPɛDV
DPHQ«LFLb"&ɛHVWDLQVLTXHVHU«DOLVHQWOHVSURSK«WLHVGHVU¬YHVTXHWXHQYRLHVb"2XL
MɛDYDLVFRQILDQFHGDQVFHWWHYLVLRQYHQXHGHWRLHWMHPɛDWWHQGDLV¢WURXYHUPDILOOH
DXSUªVGHWRL$KWXPɛDVIDLWXQEHDXSU«VHQWb-ɛDLWURXY«VRQDVVDVVLQGDQVWDYLOOHb}
9,,,
37 /RUVTXH OD YLVLRQ HVW FRQFUªWH HW GLUHFWH RQ QɛD SRXU DLQVL GLUH DXFXQH Y«ULWDEOH
GHVFULSWLRQGHODIRUPHSULVHSDUOHGLHXQLGHVVLJQHVVS«FLILTXHVTXLSHUPHWWHQWVRQ
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ'ɛDLOOHXUVODYLVLRQVHPEOH¬WUHDYDQWWRXWDXGLWLRQbOHPHVVDJHDGUHVV«
QRPP«PHQW¢XQHSHUVRQQHHVWPRLQVV\ELOOLQTXHOHVSU«VDJHVHWDXWUHVWDEOHDX[
VLJQLILDQWV/DU«DFWLRQGHVSHUVRQQDJHVHVWIRQFWLRQGXFRQWHQXP¬PHGHODYLVLRQ
ERQKHXUWHUUHXULQFRPSU«KHQVLRQPDLVMDPDLVOHVSHUVRQQDJHVQHVɛ«WRQQHQWGɛHQ
¬WUHOHV E«Q«ILFLDLUHV FH TXL GRQQH XQH LG«H DVVH] SU«FLVHGH FH TXH OH SXEOLF GH
Oɛ«SRTXHSRXYDLWFRQVLG«UHUFRPPHFU«GLEOHHWYUDLVHPEODEOHHQPDWLªUHGɛDSSDULWLRQ
b
La vision comme reet du rapport des hommes aux
Dieux
38 /HVRQJHGDQVOHURPDQJUHFHVWSU«VHQW«FRPPHOLHXGHODSU«VHQFHGHODGLYLQLW«'ªV
ORUVOHVIRQFWLRQVGLUHFWHVTXLLQFRPEHQW¢FHVYLVLRQVVRQWGLYHUVHV
39 /HU¬YHHQWDQWTXɛLOHVWFRQ©XFRPPHSRUWHXUGɛXQPHVVDJHGLYLQFRQVWLWXHDX[\HX[
GHVSHUVRQQDJHVXQSURQRVWLFVLJQLILDQWSRXUOHIXWXU/DSUHPLªUHIRQFWLRQGHODYLVLRQ
GDQV OH URPDQ Gɛ$FKLOOH 7DWLXV HVW HQ HIIHW OD SU«PRQLWLRQ (Q OLYUDQW GHV
UHQVHLJQHPHQWVVXUOHV«Y«QHPHQWV¢YHQLUOHVGLHX[SU«SDUHQWOHVSHUVRQQDJHVDX[
«SUHXYHVTXɛLOVYRQWVXELUmb6XELUb}FDULOHVWUDUHTXHOHVSHUVRQQDJHV¢SDUWLUGHOD
SU«GLFWLRQ PRGLILHQW DVVH] OHXUV DFWHV SRXU «FKDSSHU ¢ OHXU 'HVWLQ /D SUHPLªUH
IRQFWLRQGXU¬YHHVWGRQFDQWLFLSDWULFH
40 3RXUWDQWLO\DXQHIRQFWLRQVRXVMDFHQWHSOXVVSLULWXHOOHYRLUHP«WDSK\VLTXH/DYLVLRQ
HVWSU«VHQW«HFRPPHSULQFLSHH[SOLFDWHXU'DQVXQPRQGHKRVWLOHR»OHVK«URVVRQW
EDOORWW«VSDUOD)RUWXQHGɛXQWRXUPHQW¢XQDXWUHODYLVLRQHVWFHTXLGRQQHFRK«UHQFH
DXPRQGH&ɛHVWFHTXHPRQWUH60DF$OLVWHUTXLFRQVLGªUHOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHV
FRPPH XQ RXWLO GH FRPSU«KHQVLRQ GH OɛDUELWUDLUH GH OD )RUWXQH SRXU OHV K«URV
G«PXQLV3DUH[WHQVLRQODYLVLRQSRVVªGH«JDOHPHQWXQHIRQFWLRQVRFLDOHHWSROLWLTXH
/HURPDQJUHFSHXW¬WUHYXFRPPHOHU«FLWGɛXQHLQLWLDWLRQGDQVOHTXHOOHVK«URVVRQW
DXWDQWHQTX¬WHGHOɛ$PRXUɘHWGHOHXUDPRXUɘTXHGHOHXULGHQWLW«SURSUH0ROLQL«
GDQVVRQ«WXGHFRPSDU«HGXURPDQJUHFHWGXURPDQEDURTXHFRQVLGªUHTXHOHURPDQ
JUHFFRPPHOHURPDQEDURTXHUHIOªWHXQPRPHQWGHmbFULVHGHUHSU«VHQWDWLRQGH
OɛXQLYHUVb} (Q HIIHW Oɛ«PHUJHQFH GX JHQUH URPDQHVTXH DQWLTXH FR±QFLGH DYHF OH
mbSDVVDJHGɛXQPRQGHILQLFORVVRFLDOHPHQWIL[«HWKL«UDUFKLV«¢XQPRGHLQILQLRX
LQG«ILQLHWRXYHUWb} 3RXUOXL mbFHSDVVDJHVH VLWXHHQWUHXQ RUGUHVRFLRSROLWLTXH
UHODWLIHWPRPHQWDQ«OHVG\QDVWLHVDOH[DQGULQHVOD5HQDLVVDQFHHWVHVWDWVXQLIL«V
FRQV«FXWLIV¢ODGHVWUXFWLRQGɛXQRUGUHSOXVDQFLHQODFLW«OHVJURXSHPHQWVGX0R\HQ
$JHWRXMRXUVYLYDFHGDQVOHVPHQWDOLW«VHWOɛLQVWDXUDWLRQGɛXQQRXYHORUGUHLPSRV«OD
SDL[URPDLQHOɛ«WDWLVDWLRQFODVVLTXHb}&HVFRQGLWLRQVVRQWIDYRUDEOHV¢mbXQJHQUH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
39
HVWK«WLTXH QRXYHDX ILJXUH DJU«DEOH HW LOOXVWUDWLRQ SLWWRUHVTXH GH OɛLQGLYLGXDOLVPH
SU«FDLUHGɛDPHUWXPHGRXFHHWGHWUDQTXLOOLW«VXSHUILFLHOOHbOHURPDQJUHFb}
41 'DQVFH FDGUHOD YLVLRQ GHYLHQWIRQGDPHQWDOH SRXU G«P\VWLILHUOHV LQFHUWLWXGHVHW
OɛREVFXULW«GHOD)RUWXQH'ªVORUVOHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHVSDUWLFLSHQWGɛXQHOXWWHFRQWUH
OɛLQFHUWLWXGHGɛXQPRQGHFKDRWLTXHR»OɛLQGLYLGXG«SRVV«G«GHVRQLGHQWLW«HWGHVD
SODFHVRFLDOHTX¬WHSRXUODYDOLGDWLRQGHVRL
42 2QFRQFOXUDFRPPH0DF$OLVWHUHQLQVLVWDQWVXUODPXOWLIRQFWLRQQDOLW«GXU¬YHTXL
HQWHUPHGɛHVSRLUHWGHG«VHVSRLUHVWOHUHIOHWGHVSU«RFFXSDWLRQVHWDQ[L«W«VGHV
SHUVRQQDJHV
HQWDQWTXHGLVSRVLWLIGHU«Y«ODWLRQLQYLWH¢OɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ
HQWHUPHGɛDQWLFLSDWLRQDUWLFXOHOHV«Y«QHPHQWV¢YHQLU
43 ,OHVWDORUVSRVVLEOHGɛ«ODUJLUOHFKDPSGɛ«WXGHHWGɛHQYLVDJHUODYLVLRQGDQVOHFDGUH
URPDQHVTXHFRPPHXQUHIOHWLQW«UHVVDQWPDOJU«OHFRHIILFLHQWGHG«IRUPDWLRQGX
UDSSRUWGHVKRPPHVDX[GLHX[
44 (QFKDTXHRFFDVLRQOHVSHUVRQQDJHVU«DIILUPHQWODWRXWHSXLVVDQFHGHVGLHX[HWSOXV
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWGHOD)RUWXQHVXUODPDUFKHGHV«Y«QHPHQWV(QHIIHWmbOɛH[SDQVLRQ
GXFXOWHGHOD)RUWXQHHVWFRQFRPPLWDQWHGɛXQG«FOLQGHODUHOLJLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHHW
GɛXQHDFFHQWXDWLRQGXIRUPDOLVPHUHOLJLHX[FDUDFW«ULVWLTXHVGXG«EXWGHODS«ULRGH
KHOO«QLVWLTXHb} 'DQV /HV DYHQWXUHV GH /HXFLSS« HW &OLWRSKRQ OD )RUWXQH ELHQ TXH
UHVVHQWLH FRPPH DUELWUDLUH SDU OHV SHUVRQQDJHV HVW SRV«H FRPPH mbSULQFLSH
GɛH[SOLFDWLRQb}GHWRXW FHTXL VHPEOHLQFRPSU«KHQVLEOH'H IDLWOHV U«DFWLRQVGHV
SHUVRQQDJHV¢Oɛ«JDUGGHOD)RUWXQHVRQWGLYHUVHVbUDUHVVRQWFHX[TXLUHQGHQWJU¤FH¢
ODGLYLQLW«7KHUVDQGUH¢ODG«FRXYHUWHGH/HXFLSS«bVL/HXFLSS«UHIXVHSRXUVDSDUWGH
VɛDEDQGRQQHU¢OD)RUWXQHHW¢OɛDEDWWHPHQWODU«DFWLRQSULQFLSDOHUHVWHQ«DQPRLQVOD
SURWHVWDWLRQHWODG«SORUDWLRQb
mb&ɛHVW GRQF SRXU FHOD TXH OD )RUWXQH WɛD VDXY«H GHV EULJDQGV SRXU TXH WX
GHYLHQQHVOHMRXHWGHOD)ROLHb"LQIRUWXQ«VTXHQRXVVRPPHVP¬PHORUVTXHOD
FKDQFHSDUD°WQRXVVRXULUHbɣ(WPRLP¬PHVLWXUHFRXYUHVODUDLVRQ¶PD
FK«ULHMHUHGRXWHTXHOHGLHXQHUHYLHQQHHWQHWHIDVVHGXPDOɣHWTXHOD
)RUWXQHUHFRPPHQFH¢VHMRXHUGHQRXVb},9
mbGLHX[HWG«PRQVGLVMHVLYRXVH[LVWH]YUDLPHQWHWVLYRXVPɛHQWHQGH]TXHOVVL
JUDQGVFULPHVDYRQVQRXVGRQFFRPPLVSRXUTXɛHQTXHOTXHVMRXUVQRXVD\RQV«W«
SORQJ«VGDQVXQDXVVLJUDQGQRPEUHGHPDX[bb},,,
45 &HGHUQLHUH[HPSOHHVWVLJQLILFDWLIGɛXQHFHUWDLQHG«VDFUDOLVDWLRQGHVGLHX[2QSHXW
UDSSHOHU GDQV FH FDGUH Oɛ«SLVRGH R» 0«Q«ODV SRXU UDFRQWHU OH VXEWHUIXJH GH
OɛLPPRODWLRQGH/HXFLSS«HWP\VWLILHUXQSHX&OLWRSKRQIDLWXQHIDXVVHLQFDQWDWLRQ¢
+«FDWH8QHFHUWDLQHLURQLHYRLUHXQWRQFDUU«PHQWSDURGLTXHHVWGLVFHUQDEOHGDQV
FHWWHLPLWDWLRQGHVU«VXUUHFWLRQVPLUDFXOHXVHVRS«U«HVSDUOHVGLHX[&OLWRSKRQILQLW
SDUVHSURVWHUQHUGHYDQW0«Q«ODVFRPPHGHYDQWXQGLHX
46 1«DQPRLQVFRPPHOɛ«QRQFH%LOODXOWmbOHV«Y«QHPHQWVPDOKHXUHX[FRPSWHQWPRLQV
SDUHX[P¬PHVTXHSDUOHXU«FKRGDQVOɛKRPPHTXL\H[SULPHXQHFRQFHSWLRQGH
OɛDWWLWXGHGLYLQH¢VRQ«JDUGHW¢Oɛ«JDUGGHVKXPDLQVHQJ«Q«UDOb}
b
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
40
Les visions comme ressort romanesque
47 /HV DSSDULWLRQV GLYLQHV UHY¬WHQW LQGLVFXWDEOHPHQW GHV IRQFWLRQV SOXV VS«FLILTXHV
UHODWLYHV ¢ OD QDWXUH URPDQHVTXH GX WH[WH GH 7DWLXV /D YLVLRQ HVW FRQ©XH SDU OH
URPDQFLHU FRPPH Y«KLFXOH GɛDQWLFLSDWLRQ FRPPH SLYRW GH OD QDUUDWLRQ RX HQFRUH
FRPPHDJHQWSURYRFDWHXUGɛDFWLRQ
48 /HWH[WH RIIUH GHX[W\SHV GɛDQWLFLSDWLRQ WRXV GHX[SU«VHQW«V FRPPH «PDQDQWGHV
GLHX[bODGHVFULSWLRQTXLHVWOHW\SHGɛDQWLFLSDWLRQHVWK«WLTXHSDUH[FHOOHQFHHWOHVU¬YHV
SU«PRQLWRLUHVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWGHVDQWLFLSDWLRQVWHPSRUHOOHVVXUOHG«URXOHPHQWGHV
S«ULS«WLHVɣ'HFHIDLWOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHVDJLVVHQWFRPPHGHVVWUXFWXUDQWVGHOD
WUDPHQDUUDWLYHHWGHVRUJDQLVDWHXUVGHODSHUFHSWLRQTXHOHOHFWHXUDGHOɛLQWULJXH
(QVXLWHELHQTXɛ¢ODGLII«UHQFHGHODWUDJ«GLHOHGLHXGDQVOHURPDQJUHFQHIRQFWLRQQH
SDVFRPPHXQGHXVH[PDFKLQD¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUOHVYLVLRQVSHXYHQWSDUIRLVUHOHYHU
GɛXQEHVRLQSURSUHPHQWOLWW«UDLUH$LQVLOɛDSSDULWLRQGɛ$UW«PLVTXHUHODWH/HXFLSS«
VHUW¢MXVWLILHUODVDXYHJDUGHGHODFKDVWHW«GHVDPDQWVQ«FHVVDLUH¢ODSRXUVXLWHGH
OHXUV WULEXODWLRQV &HWWH YLVLRQ O«JLWLPH HW FU«GLELOLVH SDU UDSSRUW ¢ VHV DEDQGRQV
SUHPLHUV OD U«VLVWDQFH GH /HXFLSS« DX[ DYDQFHV GH &OLWRSKRQ 2U OD YLUJLQLW« GH
/HXFLSS«HVWQ«FHVVDLUHSXLVTXɛHOOHVHUWODmbPDFKLQDWLRQOLWW«UDLUHb}GH7DWLXVTXDQWDX
WHVWGHYLUJLQLW«GXG«QRXHPHQW$LQVLODYLVLRQDSSDUD°WFRPPHXQPR\HQWHFKQLTXH
XWLOLV«SDUOHVURPDQFLHUVSRXUUHODQFHUHWG\QDPLVHUXQHVLWXDWLRQEORTX«H)RUFHHVW
GHFRQVWDWHUTXHWRXWHVFHVYLVLRQVIRQFWLRQQHQWFRPPHGHVDJHQWVSURYRFDWHXUV(Q
HIIHW HOOHV LQIOXHQW GLUHFWHPHQW VXU OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GHV K«URV HW GH IDLW VXU OD
SRXUVXLWHGHVLQWULJXHV$LQVLIDFHDXSU«VDJHGHOɛ«SHUYLHUHWGXWDEOHDXOHVDPDQWV
UHSRUWHQWGɛXQMRXUOHXUYLVLWH¢&KDHU«DVFHTXLSHUPHW¢0«Q«ODVGɛDJLUbOɛLUUXSWLRQ
GHODPªUHGH3DQWK«LDVXLWH¢XQVRQJHSU«FLSLWHOHVMHXQHVDPDQWVGDQVOɛH[LOHW
OɛDYHQWXUHɣ/HVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGLYLQHVRQWGRQFXQHIIHWQDUUDWLILPP«GLDWTXLU«SRQG
¢GHVEHVRLQVVS«FLILTXHPHQWOLWW«UDLUHVGHOɛDXWHXU
49 /DYLVLRQFKH]7DWLXVHVWLQYHVWLHGɛXQHDXWUHIRQFWLRQFHOOHGHOLHQDYHFOHOHFWHXU/¢
HQFRUHVHMRXHODPRGHUQLW«GH7DWLXV(QHIIHW¢ODGLII«UHQFHGHVDXWUHVURPDQFLHUV
JUHFVOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQQɛHVWSDVOLYU«HSDUOɛDXWHXU7DWLXV¢WUDYHUVODYLVLRQVROOLFLWH
XQY«ULWDEOHWUDYDLOGɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGHODSDUWGXOHFWHXU(QFHVHQVLOHVWO«JLWLPHGH
YRLUGDQVOɛXWLOLVDWLRQOLWW«UDLUHGHVYLVLRQVIDLWHSDU7DWLXVXQDSSHO¢ODSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
GXOHFWHXUWDQWGRQQ«TXHOHVSHUVRQQDJHVFRPSUHQQHQWUDUHPHQWOHVYLVLRQVHOOHV
VHPEOHQWGRQFVXUWRXWVHUYLU¢ODFRPSU«KHQVLRQDQWLFLS«HGHOɛLQWULJXHSDUOHOHFWHXU
3DUDLOOHXUVFHW«FDUWGHFRPSU«KHQVLRQTXLVHIDLWMRXUGDQVOHFDGUHGHVDSSDULWLRQV
SHXWDYRLUSRXUEXWOɛLURQLHHWODG«ULVLRQ(QHIIHWOHOHFWHXUHVWHQFOLQ¢WURXYHU
FRPLTXHFHVSHUVRQQDJHVTXLELHQTXHSU«YHQXVGHVGDQJHUVSDUXQHYLVLRQSRXUOH
PRLQVFODLUHVHMHWWHQWGDQVODJXHXOHGXORXS$LQVLOHVYLVLRQVHWOɛ«FDUWSURGXLW
SDUWLFLSHQW¢OɛDVSHFWLQG«QLDEOHPHQWLURQLTXHHWSDURGLTXHGHOɛüXYUHGH7DWLXV
50 (Q GHUQLªUH DQDO\VH RQ SHXW DOOHU MXVTXɛ¢ YRLU GDQV OHV GLYLQLW«V XQ mbPDVTXH GX
URPDQFLHUb}7DWLXV/HU«FLWVɛRUJDQLVHDXWRXUGHFHWWHSKUDVHOLPLQDLUHGH&OLWRSKRQb
mb%UHIMɛDYDLVGL[QHXIDQVHWPRQSªUHVHSU«SDUDLW¢F«O«EUHUPRQPDULDJHOɛDQQ«H
VXLYDQWHORUVTXHOD)RUWXQHFRPPHQ©DWRXWHOɛDYHQWXUHb},&ɛHVWGRQFODGLYLQLW«TXL
HVWSU«VHQW«HFRPPHRULJLQHGHWRXWHOɛKLVWRLUHGH&OLWRSKRQHWGH/HXFLSS«2UHQIDLW
OD)RUWXQHHWOHVGLHX[SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWURVVRQWUHQGXVUHVSRQVDEOHGHV«Y«QHPHQWV
O¢R»OHVHXOUHVSRQVDEOHHVWOHURPDQFLHUSXLVTXHFHWH[WHHVWXQHILFWLRQ7DWLXVHQ
WDQW TXɛDXWHXU GɛXQH üXYUH GH ILFWLRQ HVW OH VHXO G«PLXUJH GH FHWWH KLVWRLUH /HV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
41
GLYLQLW«VQHVRQWTXHGHVPDVTXHVTXHOHURPDQFLHUXWLOLVHSRXUPLHX[PDQLSXOHUOHV
SHUVRQQDJHVTXɛLODFU««V*U¤FH¢FHVSRUWHSDUROH7DWLXVSHXWH[SULPHUGɛXQP¬PH
JHVWH OɛDUELWUDLUH GX PRQGH HW OɛDUELWUDLUH GH OD ILFWLRQ $X WUDYHUV GH OD GLVWDQFH
LURQLTXHTXɛLODGRSWHIDFHDXG«URXOHPHQWGHOɛKLVWRLUH7DWLXVQRXVODLVVHHQWHQGUHTXH
OHPRQGHFRPPHOHURPDQHVWOHOLHXGHODFRQWLQJHQFHHWGHOɛDUELWUDLUH/RLQGHOD
QD±YHW«TXɛRQOXLSU¬WDLWMXVTXɛDORUVOHURPDQGH7DWLXVHVWVL«ODERU«TXɛLOFRQWLHQWXQH
PLVHHQDE\PHGXGLVFRXUVURPDQHVTXHbHQPRQWUDQWXQPRQGHOLYU«DXKDVDUGLO
QRXVPRQWUHTXHOHPRQGHURPDQHVTXHHVWOXLODLVV«¢ODYRORQW«WRXWHSXLVVDQWHGX
URPDQFLHUFU«DWHXU 2Q SHXW P¬PH UHMRLQGUH OɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ P«WDSK\VLTXH GH
%LOODXOWbOɛDYHQWXUHFRUUHVSRQG¢ODPLVHHQüXYUHGɛXQRUGUHGXPRQGHYRXOXSDUOHV
GLHX[bHQOHUHSU«VHQWDQWOHVURPDQFLHUVVHIRQWOHVVHFU«WDLUHVGHODFU«DWLRQ(Q
U«DOLW«FHVRQWOHVURPDQFLHUVTXLDSSDUDLVVHQWHQILOLJUDQHFRPPHOHVFU«DWHXUVHW
P¬PHFRPPHGHY«ULWDEOHVGLHX[
51 1RPEUHX[VRQWDORUVOHVSDUDOOªOHVTXLDSSDUDLVVHQWHQWUHOHVDSSDULWLRQVGLYLQHVGDQV
OHURPDQJUHFHWGɛDXWUHV«SLSKDQLHV,OVHUDLWLQW«UHVVDQWPDLVFHQɛ«WDLWSDVLFLQRWUH
SURSRV Gɛ«WXGLHU DX WUDYHUV GHV URPDQV JUHFV OHV LQWHUDFWLRQV HQWUH OD UHOLJLRQ
JUHFTXHHWOHFKULVWLDQLVPHSULPLWLI,OVXIILWGHQRWHUFRPPHOɛDG«YHORSS«0DF$OLVWHU
TXHmbOHFKULVWLDQLVPHORLQGHFHQVXUHUOHVURPDQVGXIDLWGHOHXUFRQWHQXSD±HQHW
«URWLTXH OHV LQFRUSRUDLW GDQV OH QRXYHDX V\VWªPH GH FUR\DQFHb} &ɛHVW DLQVL TXH
0«WDSKUDVWHU«XWLOLVHOHVSHUVRQQDJHVGH7DWLXVGDQVXQVHUPRQR»/HXFLSS«VW«ULOH
HVWUHMHW«HSDU&OLWRSKRQHWVDXY«HJU¤FH¢XQEDSW¬PHFKU«WLHQTXLOɛDUHQGHQFHLQWH
6RQILOV*DODNWLRQTXɛHOOHFRQVDFUH¢-«VXVFRQYHUWLWSLVW«Pª,OVSDUWHQWWRXWGHX[
SU¬FKHUHWPHXUHQWHQPDUW\UV
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 3*5,0$/,QWURGXFWLRQLQ5RPDQVJUHFVHWODWLQV*DOOLPDUG/D3O«LDGH3DULVSb;
2. 65$%$8mb/HURPDQJUHFDQFLHQb}LQ-%(66,(5(HW'+3$*($8;GLU)RUPHVHWLPDJLQDLUH
GXURPDQb3HUVSHFWLYHVVXUOHURPDQDQWLTXHP«GL«YDOFODVVLTXHPRGHUQHHWFRQWHPSRUDLQ+RQRU«
&KDPSLRQ (GLWHXU 3DULV Sb 9RLU DXVVL %3 5($5'21 7KH )RUP RI *UHHN 5RPDQFH
3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3ULQFHWRQ2[IRUGSbbmb6HYHUDOWHUPVDUHLQGHHGHPSOR\HG
VXFK DV SODVPD ILFWLWLRXV FUHDWLRQ GLHJHPD QDUUDWLYH KLVWRULD DFFRXQW RI ZKDW RQH KDV
GLFRYHUHGDQGGUDPDVWRU\RIDFWLRQbDOOUHODWHWRRQHRUDQRWKHUDVSHFWRI SURVHILFWLRQ
DGHTXDWHO\RUHYHQLQDGHTXDWHO\DVGRɝURPDQFHɞDQGɝQRYHOɞb}
3. -5025*$156721(0$1GLU*UHHN)LFWLRQb7KH*UHHN1RYHOLQ&RQWH[W5RXWOHGJH/RQGUHV
1HZ<RUNSb
4. /HVDYHQWXUHVGH&K«U«DVHW&DOOLUKR«GH&KDULWRQGɛ$SKURGLVH$EURFRPHVHW$QWK«HGH;«QRSKRQ
Gɛ(SKªVH/HV$YHQWXUHVGH/HXFLSS«HW&OLWRSKRQGɛ$FKLOOH7DWLXV/HV(WKLRSLTXHVGɛ+«OLRGRUH'DSKQLV
HW&KOR«GH/RQJXV/DGDWDWLRQGHFHVURPDQVHVWFRQWURYHUV«HWRXWHIRLVRQVɛDFFRUGH¢OHVVLWXHU
HQWUHOH,HUHWOH,9HbVLªFOHDSUªV-&
5. 6 5$%$8 mb/H URPDQ JUHF DQFLHQb} LQ - %(66,(5( HW '+ 3$*($8; GLU )RUPHV HW
LPDJLQDLUHVGXURPDQSb9RLUDXVVLOHVDQDO\VHVGH-5025*$1
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
42
6. %35($5'21&ROOHFWHG$QFLHQWJUHHN1RYHOV%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
Sb
7. -%(66,(5(HW'+3$*($8;GLU)RUPHVHWLPDJLQDLUHGXURPDQb3HUVSHFWLYHVVXUOHURPDQ
DQWLTXHP«GL«YDOFODVVLTXHPRGHUQHHWFRQWHPSRUDLQ+RQRU«&KDPSLRQGLWHXU3DULVSb
8. /ɛ«WXGH VɛDSSXLH VXU GHX[ WUDGXFWLRQV FRQWHPSRUDLQHV GH OɛüXYUH GH 7DWLXVb $7$7,86
Gɛ$/(;$1'5,( /H URPDQ GH /HXFLSS« HW &OLWRSKRQ /HV %HOOHV /HWWUHV 3DULV $ 7$7,86
/HXFLSS«HW&OLWRSKRQLQ5RPDQVJUHFVHWODWLQV*DOOLPDUG/D3O«LDGH3DULV
9. mb0RL&KDULWRQGɛ$SKURGLVHVHFU«WDLUHGXUK«WHXU$WK«QDJRUHMHYDLVFRQWHUXQHKLVWRLUH
GɛDPRXU TXL HVW DUULY«H ¢ 6\UDFXVHb} /HV DYHQWXUHV GH &K«U«DV HW GH &DOOLUKR« GH &KDULWRQ
Gɛ$SKURGLVHLQ5RPDQVJUHFVHWODWLQV*DOOLPDUG/D3O«LDGH3DULVSb
10. %LEOLRWKHFD,Sb«G%HNNHU
11. 3RXUSOXVGɛLQIRUPDWLRQVYRLU%(3(55<7KH$QFLHQW5RPDQFHV%HUNHOH\
12. 3 *5,0$/ 5RPDQV JUHFV HW ODWLQV ,QWURGXFWLRQ Sb;9,,,b mb$X WHPSV GH OɛKHOO«QLVPH
DOH[DQGULQOHVKRPPHVDYDLHQWWHQGDQFH¢LQYRTXHUVRXYHQWODG«HVVH)RUWXQH7\FKªGRQWOHV
FDSULFHVOHXUVHPEODLHQWJRXYHUQHUOHPRQGH7\FKªQɛHVWSDVXQHGLYLQLW«ELHQYHLOODQWHbHOOHQH
WLHQWFRPSWHGɛDXFXQP«ULWHU«FRPSHQVHOɛLPSLHSHUV«FXWHOHMXVWHSURWªJHOHW\UDQHWSORQJHOH
VDJHGDQVGHVDE°PHVGHPLVªUHb}
13. 6 5$%$8 mb/H URPDQ JUHF DQFLHQb} LQ - %(66,(5( HW '+ 3$*($8; GLU )RUPHV HW
LPDJLQDLUHGXURPDQSb
14. 60$&$/,67(5'UHDPVDQG6XLFLGHVbWKH*UHHN1RYHOIURP$QWLTXLW\WRWKH%\]DQWLQH(PSLUH
5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ3DULVSbbmb,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHRIWKLVODWH+HOOHQLVWLFSHULRGVHYHUDO
ZULWHUVXVHWKHGUHDPWRDXWKHQWLFDWHRUUHLQIRUFHWKHPHVVDJHRIDQRUDFOHbZKHUHDVHDUOLHU
*UHHNOLWHUDWXUHPRVWO\VDZWKHRUDFOHRURPHQDXWKHQWLFDWLQJRUFRQILUPLQJWKHGUHDPE\WKLV
SHULRGZHVHHDVIUHTXHQWO\WKHGUHDPDXWKHQWLFDWLQJWKHRUDFOHRURPHQb}
15. 6%$576&+'HFRGLQJWKH$QFLHQW1RYHO3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3ULQFHWRQSb
16. ,GHPSb
17. 60$&$/,67(5'UHDPVDQG6XLFLGHVSb
18. ,GHPSb
19. *02/,1,('XURPDQJUHFDXURPDQEDURTXH3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGX0LUDLO7RXORXVH
Sb
20. 2QDWWHQGUDLWSOXW¶WOHWHUPHmbG\QDVWLHVKHOO«QLVWLTXHVb}
21. $%,//$8/7/DFU«DWLRQURPDQHVTXHGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUHJUHFTXH¢Oɛ«SRTXHLPS«ULDOH38)3DULV
Sb
22. ,GHPSbbmb'DQVOHVURPDQVHOOHOD)RUWXQHDSSDUD°WFRPPHXQSULQFLSHGɛH[SOLFDWLRQ
TXLQHGRQQHSDVFHSHQGDQWXQVHQVPDQLIHVWHDX[IDLWVSDUWLFXOLHUVɣP¬PHVLVRQDFWLRQHVW
KRQQLHOD)RUWXQHHPS¬FKHTXHOHFRXUVGHVFKRVHVVRLWFRQWLQJHQW(OOHHVWOHGHUQLHUDYDWDUGX
VHQVTXHOHVSHUVRQQDJHVQHWURXYHQWSDVHQGHKRUVGɛHOOH&UXHOOH¢OHXUUHJDUGHOOHOHXUIDLW
FHSHQGDQWSU«VHQWGɛXQHUDLVRQ¢ WRXW /H KDVDUG DYHXJOH VLJQLILHUDLW OɛDWRPLVDWLRQ DEVROXH
OɛDQ«DQWLVVHPHQWGHOɛDYHQWXUHKXPDLQHDXOLHXTXɛXQSRXYRLUPDOIDLVDQWVXSSRVHXQRUGUHb}
23. ,GHPSb
24. 6%$576&+'HFRGLQJWKH$QFLHQW1RYHO3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3ULQFHWRQSb
25. ,GHPSb
26. %DUWVFK FLWH 3 +$021 mb5KHWRULFDO 6WDWXV RI WKH 'HVFULSWLYHb} LQ 7RZDUGV D 7KHRU\
RIGHVFULSWLRQ<DOH)UHQFK6WXGLHVSbbmb2QHLURJUDSK\OLNHSLFWRULDOGHVFULSWLRQ
SURYLGHVERWKUHDGHUVDQGFKDUDFWHUVZLWKDYLVXDOLPDJHWKDWUHTXHVWVDɝWUDQVODWLRQɞDVWRLWV
PHDQLQJ LWV IXQFWLRQ LQ WKH ZRUOG DQG FDOOV XSRQ DQG LQWHUURJDWHV WKH UHDGHU ZKRP LW
WUDQVIRUPVLQWRDQLQWHUSUHWHUb}
27. mb/H URPDQ JUHF QH FHVVH GH MRXHUb MHX H[WUDJ«Q«ULTXH DYHF OD WUDGLWLRQ HW OH PRGªOH
UK«WRULTXH MHX LQWUDJ«Q«ULTXH DYHF OH PRGªOH URPDQHVTXH MHX LQWDWH[WXHO HQILQ DYHF OD
UK«WRULTXHQDUUDWLYHɣ6XUWRXW(URVHW7XFKªQHVRQWSDVVHXOHPHQWGHVWKªPHVVWUXFWXUDQW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
43
OɛLQWULJXHLOVVRQWDXVVLFODLUHPHQWOHVPDVTXHVLURQLTXHVGXURPDQFLHU&KH]&KDULWRQFɛHVW(URV
ɝIDLVHXUGHURPDQɞTXLQRXHOHVILOVGHOɛLQWULJXHb$FKLOOH7DWLXVYDSOXVORLQHQ«FULYDQWTXHɝ/D
)RUWXQHFRPPHQ©DWRXWHOɛDYHQWXUHɞ$XPRPHQWR»OHQDUUDWHXUFRPPHQFHWRXWVRQU«FLWLOVH
GLVVLPXOHWRXWHQH[KLEDQWOɛ$PRXURXOD)RUWXQHUHQGXVVRXGDLQUHVSRQVDEOHVGɛXQHRXYHUWXUH
TXLQɛDGɛDXWUHRULJLQHTXHODYRORQW«GXURPDQFLHUb}65$%$8LQ-%(66,(5(HW'+3$*($8;
GLU)RUPHVHWLPDJLQDLUHVGXURPDQSb
28. $%,//$8/7/DFU«DWLRQURPDQHVTXHSb
29. 60$&$/,67(5 'UHDPV DQG 6XLFLGHVSbbmb:H PLJKW FRQFOXGH WKHQ WKDWIDUIURP
GLVPLVVLQJWKHQRYHOVIRUWKHLUSDJDQDQGHURWLFFRQWHQWDFWXDOO\WKH\LQFRUSRUDWHGWKHPLQWR
WKHLURZQEHOLHIV\VWHPb}
30. ,Q/LIHDQG0DUW\UGRPRI6DLQWV*DODNWLRQDQG(SLVWHPHFLW«SDU60$&$/,67(5Sb
31. mb,QWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWVRI3KRHQLFLDO\LQJDPRQJVWWKHPDQ\WRZQVSUHVVHGXSDJDLQVW
0RXQW/HEDQRQWRWKHVRXWKDQGWKHQRUWKZDVDWRZQZKLFKVWRRGDSDUWIURPWKHUHVWb(PHVD
7KHUHERUQDQGEUHGOLYHGDPDQFDOOHG.OHLWRSKRQGLVWLQJXLVKHGIRWKLVIDPLO\ZHDOWKVHFRQG
WRQRQHDPRQJVWKLVIHOORZFLWL]HQVDQGLQLQWHOOLJHQFHVKDUSHUE\IDUWKDQRWKHUV+HKDG
PRUHRYHUDZLIHFDOOHG/HXNLSSHZKRZKDVLQDOOHOVHDZRPDQEHILWWLQJVXFKDKXVEDQG
XSULJKWLQFKDUDFWHUDQGXQVXUSDVVHGLQWKHH[FHSWLRQDOEHDXW\RIKHUDSSHDUHQFHH[FHSWIRURQH
WKLQJDORQHbVKHZDVLQIRUWXQDWHO\VWHULOH%HFDXVHRIWKLVPVKHZDVEHLQJFRQVWDQWO\VXEMHFWHG
WRUHSURDFKHVIURPKHUKXVEDQGDQGVROLYHGLQDVWDWHRIPLVHU\FDUHZRUQDQGZLVKLQJDOO
PDQQHUDQGPHDQVRIGHOLYUDQFHIURPWKHVHERQGVb}60$&$/,67(5Sb
AUTEUR
3DVFDOLQH0DQJLQ
WXGLDQWH¢OɛXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKDVRXWHQXXQP«PRLUHGHPD°WULVHHQKLVWRLUHVXU
ODYLUJLQLW«GDQVOHVURPDQVJUHFVHWSU«SDUHXQDXWUHP«PRLUHHQOHWWUHVFODVVLTXHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
44
Deuxième partie. Antiquité judéo-
chrétienne
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
45
/DWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±([ɘ
8QHDSSURFKHQDUUDWLYH
André Wénin
S
1SUHPLªUHYXHLO\DTXHOTXHFKRVHGɛLQFRQJUX¢SDUOHUGHYLVLR'HLGDQVOHSUHPLHU
7HVWDPHQW(QHIIHWRQ\OLWHQWRXWHVOHWWUHVTXɛDXFXQ¬WUHKXPDLQQHSHXWYRLU'LHXHW
UHVWHUHQYLH([3RXUWDQWTXHOTXHVSDJHVDYDQWFHWDSKRULVPHDXWHUPHGX
SURFHVVXVGɛDOOLDQFHOHQDUUDWHXUUDFRQWHFRPPHQW0R±VH$DURQHWVRL[DQWHGRX]H
DQFLHQVGɛ,VUDOFRQWHPSOHQW'LHXDXVRPPHWGHODPRQWDJQHGX6LQD±,O\D
O¢ XQ VLJQH GH FH TXH OɛDOOLDQFH GRQQH GH YRLU 'LHX ELHQ TXH FHWWH YLVLRQ VRLW
LQGHVFULSWLEOH
2(QU«DOLW«FHTXHOHQDUUDWHXUUDSSRUWHGDQVFHWWHVFªQHFɛHVWOHWHUPHGɛXQSURFHVVXV
GHU«Y«ODWLRQGH'LHXTXHOɛDOOLDQFHUHQGSRVVLEOH&ɛHVWFHSURFHVVXVTXHMHYRXGUDLV
WHQWHUGɛ«WXGLHULFLHQOLVDQWOHU«FLWGHODWK«RSKDQLHGɛDOOLDQFHHQ([0RQ
DSSURFKHVHUDVXUWRXWQDUUDWLYHFHTXLPªQHUDDXVVLRQOHYHUUD¢GHVFRQVLG«UDWLRQV
SOXVWK«RORJLTXHV0DLVDYDQWGɛHQWUHSUHQGUHFHWWHG«PDUFKHMHYRXGUDLVGLUHTXHOTXHV
PRWVGHOɛKLVWRLUHGHFHWH[WH
b
Un peu d’histoire
3SURSRVGɛ([HWGɛDXWUHVWH[WHVGXP¬PHOLYUH0DUWLQ1RWK«FULYDLWTXHmbOHXU
«WDW DFWXHO HVW WHO TXH Oɛ«QLJPH GH OHXU IRUPDWLRQ OLWW«UDLUH QH SRXUUD
YUDLVHPEODEOHPHQW MDPDLV ¬WUH Y«ULWDEOHPHQW U«VROXHb} 2U «FODLUHU OɛKLVWRLUH GɛXQ
WH[WHHVWXQSDVVDJHREOLJ«SRXUTXLHQWHQGG«WHUPLQHUOɛKLVWRULFLW«GHVRQFRQWHQX
$XWDQW GLUH GªV ¢ SU«VHQW TXɛXQH WHOOH HQWUHSULVH HVW VDQV GRXWH YRX«H ¢ Oɛ«FKHF
3RXUWDQWOHVWHQWDWLYHVGHPHWWUHHQOXPLªUHOɛKLVWRLUHGHODIRUPDWLRQGHFHWH[WHQɛRQW
SDVPDQTX«GDQVODUHFKHUFKHU«FHQWH
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
46
Le problème littéraire
4OLUHOHU«FLW OHOHFWHXUHVWIUDSS« SDUOHVSUREOªPHVGH ORJLTXHHWGHFRK«UHQFH
QDUUDWLYHVF¶W«GHOɛDOWHUQDQFHGHVQRPVGLYLQV<+:+HQ
HWORK°PQbOHVGRXEOHWVHWDXWUHVWHQVLRQVVRQWQRPEUHX[b
0R±VHPRQWHVXUODPRQWDJQHHWHQGHVFHQGVRXYHQWHWbb
HWbVDQVSDUIRLVTXHOɛRQVDFKHSRXUTXRLPXOWLSOLHUDLQVLFHVDOOHUHW
UHWRXU
$SHXU«OHSHXSOHVHWLHQW¢GLVWDQFHGHODPRQWDJQHb3RXUTXRL
GªVORUVFHVLQVWUXFWLRQVU«S«W«HVSRXUTXHQXOQɛDSSURFKHRXQHIUDQFKLVVHOD
OLPLWHDYHFXQGRXEOHWHQHWb"
3OXVODUJHPHQWGDQVOHFRQWH[WHQDUUDWLI'LHXVHPEOHWDQW¶WU«VLGHUHQKDXWGHOD
PRQWDJQHbWDQW¶W\GHVFHQGUHSRXUUHQFRQWUHU0R±VHRX,VUDO
QRWHUDXVVLODU«S«WLWLRQbb
/DWK«RSKDQLHHVWG«FULWH¢OɛDLGHGHGHX[LPDJHULHVGLII«UHQWHVbLFLFɛHVWXQH
«UXSWLRQ YROFDQLTXH b O¢ XQH QX«H GɛRUDJH DYHF «FODLUV HW WRQQHUUH
b
$XFK0R±VHVHPEOHG«M¢MRXHUOHU¶OHGɛXQP«GLDWHXUHQWUH'LHXHWOHSHXSOH
HWFHQɛHVWTXɛHQTXHOHSHXSOHOXLGHPDQGHGɛ¬WUHFHWLQWHUP«GLDLUH
(QILQ XQH LQFRQV«TXHQFH FULDQWH V«SDUH OD ILQ GX FK OɛLQWURGXFWLRQ GɛXQ
GLVFRXUVGH0R±VHTXLQɛHVWSDVUDSSRUW«HWOHG«EXWGXFKR»'LHXSURFODPHOHV
GL[3DUROHV
5(QSDUWDQW GHFHV FRQVWDWDWLRQVHW HQDQDO\VDQW GHSUªV OH WH[WHOHV H[«JªWHVRQW
SURSRV«GLII«UHQWHVK\SRWKªVHVH[SOLFDWLYHV
b
L’hypothèse classique: critique littéraire et histoire de la tradition
6/RQJWHPSVODFULWLTXHDFRQVLG«U«FHWH[WHFRPPHOHU«VXOWDWGHODFRPELQDLVRQGH
GHX[U«FLWVDQW«ULHXUV/HSUHPLHU«WDLWRUGLQDLUHPHQWVLWX«¢Oɛ«SRTXHGH6DORPRQ
PLOLHXGX;HbVLªFOH6HORQOXLXQHIRLVOHSHXSOHSU«SDU«$GRQD±<+:+GHVFHQGDLW
VXU OD PRQWDJQH \ G«FOHQFKDQW XQH «UXSWLRQ YROFDQLTXH DFFRPSDJQ«H GɛXQ
WUHPEOHPHQWGHWHUUHDYDQWGɛLPSRVHUDXSHXSOHGHUHVWHU¢GLVWDQFH0R±VHVHXO«WDQW
DXWRULV«¢PRQWHU'DQVOHVHFRQGU«FLWSRVW«ULHXUGHGHX[VLªFOHV'LHX(ORK°P«WDLW
FHQV«KDELWHUVXUODPRQWDJQH8QHIRLVSXULIL«OHSHXSOHYLHQWDXEDVGHODPRQWDJQH
6HG«FKD°QHDORUVXQRUDJHGXVHLQGXTXHO'LHXVɛHQWUHWLHQWDYHF0R±VH'DQVVDFUDLQWH
GHPRXULUOHSHXSOHGHPDQGH¢FHGHUQLHUGɛ¬WUHVRQP«GLDWHXU
75HPRQWDQW SOXV KDXW GDQV OɛKLVWRLUH GX U«FLW FHUWDLQV IDLVDLHQW OɛK\SRWKªVH GɛXQH
DQWLTXHWUDGLWLRQDQW«ULHXUH¢ODPRQDUFKLHDYDQWOɛDQb(OOHDXUDLWUH©XGDQVGHV
PLOLHX[GLII«UHQWVGHX[H[SUHVVLRQVGLYHUJHQWHV,OIDXWDMRXWHUTXHFHVSURSRVLWLRQV
GHUHFRQVWLWXWLRQGHOɛKLVWRLUHGXWH[WHQɛRQWMDPDLVIDLWOɛXQDQLPLW«GHVFKHUFKHXUVb¢
SHLQHXQFRQVHQVXVVɛ«EDXFKDLWLOTXɛLOVHWURXYDLWDXVVLW¶WPLVHQTXHVWLRQ$XVVLFH
SDVVDJHF«OªEUHDVRXYHQWIDLWILJXUHGHFDVVHW¬WHKLVWRULTXH
b
La recherche récente
8'HSXLVYLQJWFLQTDQVOHVK\SRWKªVHVFODVVLTXHVFRQFHUQDQWOɛKLVWRLUHGHODFRPSRVLWLRQ
GX3HQWDWHXTXHRQWYRO«HQ«FODWVDSUªVDYRLU«W«G«IHQGXHVGXUDQWSUªVGɛXQVLªFOH
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
47
0DLVLOHVWGLIILFLOHGHUHQGUHFRPSWHEULªYHPHQWGHOɛ«WDWDFWXHOGHODUHFKHUFKHYX
TXɛDXFXQ FRQVHQVXV QH VH IDLW MRXU HQWUH OHV FKHUFKHXUV (Q SDUWLFXOLHU OɛKLVWRLUH
DQFLHQQHGHFHWH[WHDSSDUD°WFRPPH«WDQWGHSOXVHQSOXVGLIILFLOH¢FHUQHUHWELHQGHV
K\SRWKªVHVVɛHQWLHQQHQWDXMRXUGɛKXLDX[U«GDFWLRQVHWUHOHFWXUHVVXFFHVVLYHVTXHOH
U«FLW D G½ FRQQD°WUH ,QXWLOH GH GLUH TXH GDQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV Oɛ«Y«QHPHQW ɘ VL
«Y«QHPHQWLO\DHXɘ«FKDSSHSOXVTXHMDPDLVDX[SULVHVGHOɛKLVWRULHQ
9 WLWUH GɛH[HPSOH RQ SHXW SURSRVHU OD ID©RQ GRQW %HUQDUG 5HQDXG VH UHSU«VHQWH
Oɛ«PHUJHQFHSURJUHVVLYHGHFHWH[WH'ɛDSUªVOXLOHQR\DXDQFLHQGXU«FLWGX6LQD±D«W«
UHWUDYDLOO« GHX[ IRLV SDU GHV DXWHXUV GHXW«URQRPLVWHV DYDQW GH UHFHYRLU VD IRUPH
G«ILQLWLYHGHOɛLQWHUYHQWLRQGɛXQ«FULYDLQVDFHUGRWDO9R\RQVFHODHQUHPRQWDQWGDQVOH
WHPSV
10 7RXWGɛDERUGOHYRFDEXODLUHW\SLTXHHW OHVSU«RFFXSDWLRQVGHFHUWDLQVSDVVDJHV
SHUPHWWHQWGHOHVLGHQWLILHUFRPPHVDFHUGRWDX[/HXUDXWHXUTXLHVWVDQVGRXWHOH
U«GDFWHXUILQDOGX3HQWDWHXTXH5SDODLVV«VDWUDFHGDQVOHU«FLWGHODWK«RSKDQLH
&ɛHVW¢OXLTXHOɛRQGRLWOHVRUGUHVSRXUG«OLPLWHUODPRQWDJQHHQDHW
PDLV LO VɛDJLW O¢ GH UHWRXFKHV DSSRUW«HV ¢ XQ U«FLW DQW«ULHXU (OOHV IRQW GH OD
VDQFWLILFDWLRQGXSHXSOHXQHV«SDUDWLRQHWHOOHVDFFHQWXHQWOHU¶OHGH0R±VHFRPPH
P«GLDWHXU GX GRQ GH OD ORL (OOHV LQWURGXLVHQW HQFRUH XQH FHUWDLQH KL«UDUFKLH
VDFHUGRWDOH GDQV OH SHXSOH &HWWH U«GDFWLRQ UHPRQWH VDQV GRXWH DX
PRXYHPHQWGɛ(VGUDVDX,9HbVLªFOH
11 8QHIRLV¶W«VOHVFRPSO«PHQWVGXV¢Oɛ«FROHVDFHUGRWDOHRQREWLHQWXQU«FLWFRK«UHQW
HWELHQVWUXFWXU«FHQWU«VXUODWK«RSKDQLHHWDYHFVDSU«SDUDWLRQ
EHWVHVVXLWHV&HU«FLWVɛDYªUH¬WUHSDUDOOªOH¢FHOXLGH'W
$XVVL HVWLO SHUPLV GH SHQVHU TXɛLO HVW OH IUXLW GɛXQH FRPSRVLWLRQ GHXW«URQRPLVWH
GɛDXWDQWTXHOHYRFDEXODLUHHWODWK«RORJLHGHFHUWDLQVGHFHVSDVVDJHVUHOªYHQWGHFH
PRXYHPHQW
12 SDUWLUGHFRQWUDGLFWLRQVLQWHUQHV5HQDXGFRQFOXWTXHGHX[PDLQVGHXW«URQRPLVWHV
RQWG½VHVXFF«GHU/DSOXVU«FHQWHLQWHUYLHQWLFLHWO¢SRXUVRXOLJQHUODSODFHXQLTXHGH
0R±VHP«GLDWHXUDGPLVGDQVOɛLQWLPLW«GH'LHXHWGRQWODSDUROHP«ULWHODIRLGXSHXSOH
bDHW4XDQW¢ODSOXVDQFLHQQHHOOH «ODERUH¢QRXYHDXXQU«FLW
H[LVWDQW¢TXLHOOHGRQQHVDVWUXFWXUHDFWXHOOH&ɛHVWHOOHTXLIDLWGXG«FDORJXHXQHORL
U«Y«O«HHWTXLDUWLFXOHODWK«RSKDQLH¢GHX[VFªQHVTXLOHQFDGUHQWEbDQQRQFH
GɛDOOLDQFHbHWbULWHVHWOXLDVVLJQHQWFRPPHYLV«HXOWLPHOɛDOOLDQFHHQWUH$GRQD±
HW,VUDO&HWWHSUHPLªUHU«GDFWLRQGHXW«URQRPLVWHSRXUUDLWUHPRQWHU¢ODILQGHOɛH[LO
VHFRQGHPRLWL«GX9,HbVLªFOHODVHFRQGHOXL«WDQWGHSHXSRVW«ULHXUH
13 '«JDJ«GHVHV«O«PHQWVU«GDFWLRQQHOVOHWH[WHSULPLWLIHVWXQSHWLWU«FLWFRK«UHQW
,VUDOFDPSHIDFH¢ODPRQWDJQHWDQGLVTXH0R±VHPRQWHYHUV'LHXEDTXLOXL
GRQQH GHV LQVWUXFWLRQV SRXU OD SXULILFDWLRQ GX SHXSOH LQYLW« ¢ PRQWHU OXL DXVVL
YbDE0R±VHH[«FXWHOɛRUGUHGH'LHXHWSU«SDUHOHSHXSOH/HWURLVLªPHMRXU
'LHXVHPDQLIHVWHSDUXQHWHPS¬WHGɛRUDJHWDQGLVTXH0R±VHHPPªQHOHSHXSOH¢VD
UHQFRQWUHYb6XLWXQGLDORJXHHQWUH'LHXHW0R±VHYb(WWDQGLVTXHOHSHXSOH
SUHQG SHXU 0R±VH OH UDVVXUH E ,O QɛHVW SDV LPSRVVLEOH TXɛRQ WURXYDLW
«JDOHPHQWLFLODSURFODPDWLRQGɛXQHORL
14 &H U«FLW DSSHO« mbORKLVWHb} ¢ FDXVH GH OD G«QRPLQDWLRQ GH 'LHX ORK°P UDFRQWH
FRPPHQWOHSHXSOHSDVVHGHOɛHIIURL¢ODFUDLQWHGH'LHXIDLWHGHUHVSHFW«PHUYHLOO«HWGH
FRQILDQFH/DWK«RSKDQLHSHUPHWGRQFXQDXWUHW\SHGHUHODWLRQ¢'LHX/HSHXSOH\
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
48
SDVVHmbGHODSHUFHSWLRQGɛXQVDFU«LPSHUVRQQHOSHU©XFRPPHSOXVRXPRLQVDUELWUDLUH
FDSULFLHX[¢ODG«FRXYHUWHGɛXQH3U«VHQFHSHUVRQQHOOHWUDQVFHQGDQWHFHUWHVPDLVTXL
HQJDJHXQGLDORJXHFɛHVWXQ'LHXTXLSDUOHHWTXLH[LJHODVDLQWHW«b}Sb'DQVFH
U«FLWODILJXUHGH0R±VHDG«M¢XQFHUWDLQUHOLHIFRPPHOHDGHUGXSHXSOHLQWHUORFXWHXU
GH'LHXHWLQWHUSUªWHDXWRULV«GHVIDLWV'HVFRQWDFWVDYHFGHV WH[WHVSURSK«WLTXHV
DQFLHQVSRXVVHQW5HQDXG¢GDWHUFHSUHPLHUU«FLWGX9,,,HbVLªFOH
b
Approche narrative
15 8QH«WXGHGHODVWUXFWXUHOLWW«UDLUHPHWHQ«YLGHQFHOHVSDUDOO«OLVPHVHQWUHOHVGHX[
VHFWLRQVGHFHU«FLWTXLRQWFKDFXQHXQHSKDVHGHSU«SDUDWLRQHW
XQHDXWUHGHWK«RSKDQLHDYHFVHVVXLWHV/DOHFWXUHVHGHYUDGH
SUHQGUHHQFRPSWHFHVFRQVWDWDWLRQV1«DQPRLQVHOOHVXLYUDOHILOGXU«FLWGHID©RQ¢
SRXYRLUPHWWUHHQOXPLªUHVDORJLTXHQDUUDWLYH
b
Préparation à la rencontre (19,10-15)
16 'DQV FHV OLJQHV $GRQD± DQQRQFH ¢ 0R±VH Oɛ«Y«QHPHQW TXL YD VH SURGXLUHb XQH
UHQFRQWUH HQWUH OXL HW OH SHXSOH YbE HW E /ɛ«Y«QHPHQW HVW WRXW VDXI EDQDO
GɛDXWDQWTXɛLOHVWSU«FLV«DLOOHXUVTXɛLOVɛDJLWGHVFHOOHUXQHDOOLDQFH8QHSU«SDUDWLRQ
VɛDYªUHGRQFLQGLVSHQVDEOHbSU«SDUDWLRQGXSHXSOHGɛXQHSDUWYbODHWHWGH
OɛHVSDFHGHUHQFRQWUHGɛDXWUHSDUWYbD
b
Annonce de la rencontre (v.11b-13b)
17 (QSDUODQW¢0R±VH$GRQD±«YRTXHGHX[PRXYHPHQWVFRPSO«PHQWDLUHVTXLGRLYHQW
SHUPHWWUHXQHUHQFRQWUH/HVSDUWHQDLUHVGHOɛDOOLDQFHYRQWHQHIIHWVɛDSSURFKHUOɛXQGH
OɛDXWUHb
$GRQD±GHVFHQGUD DX[\HX[GHWRXWOHSHXSOH VXUODPRQWDJQH᾿DOKDU
FHX[O¢PRQWHURQW bHQODPRQWDJQHEFKDU
18 FHVWDGHGXU«FLWOHOHFWHXULJQRUHTXLVRQWmbFHX[O¢b}HWLOFRPSUHQGVSRQWDQ«PHQW
TXɛLOVɛDJLWGXSHXSOHFHX[TXLDXURQW«W«VDQFWLIL«VYbSRXUSRXYRLU¬WUHDGPLVHQ
SU«VHQFHGɛ$GRQD±3DUDLOOHXUVFHOXLFLSU«FLVHTXHVDmbGHVFHQWHb}VXUODPRQWDJQHVH
IHUDmbDX[\HX[GHWRXWOHSHXSOHb}OFɛ¬QHNDOKDɛDPbLOTXDOLILHGRQFGɛHPEO«HVDYHQXH
FRPPHXQSK«QRPªQH¢YRLUXQHWK«RSKDQLHFHQV«HUHQGUHSRVVLEOHODUHQFRQWUHHQWUH
$GRQD±HWOHSHXSOHVXUODPRQWDJQHYbEHWE
b
Préparation du peuple (v.10-11a et 14-15)
19 $YDQWWRXW$GRQD±SUHVFULW¢0R±VHGHVULWHVGHmbVDQFWLILFDWLRQb}GHVWLQ«V¢SU«SDUHUOH
SHXSOH¢OHUHQFRQWUHUHW¢IDLUHDOOLDQFHDYHFOXLFI,FLODVDQFWLILFDWLRQHVW
G«FULWHSULQFLSDOHPHQWHQWHUPHVGHUXSWXUH,VUDOGRLWHQTXHOTXHVRUWH¬WUHVRXVWUDLW
¢ODVSKªUHSURIDQHSRXU¬WUH¢P¬PHGɛHQWUHUHQUHODWLRQDYHF'LHX$XIRQGFHTXL
VɛH[SULPH O¢ HVW XQH FRQVWDQWH GH WRXWH UHODWLRQ DXWKHQWLTXH (Q HIIHW SRXU ¬WUH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
49
FDSDEOHHQY«ULW«GHUHQFRQWUHUXQDXWUHGDQVVDGLII«UHQFHLOIDXW¬WUHSU¬W¢URPSUH
DYHFFHTXHOɛRQHVWHW¢VHODLVVHUWUDQVIRUPHUSDUODUHODWLRQ
20 /HVULWHVSUHVFULWVSDU$GRQD±¢0R±VHVRQWGXUHVWHVLJQLILFDWLIVGɛXQHUXSWXUH/DYHU
VHVY¬WHPHQWVYbHWHVWVDQVGRXWHXQJHVWHGHSXULILFDWLRQGHODSHUVRQQHHOOH
P¬PHYXODV\PEROLTXHELEOLTXHGXY¬WHPHQW'HSOXVHQ*QFHJHVWHPDQLIHVWHOH
UHQRQFHPHQWGH-DFREDX[LGROHV'DQVOHFDVGɛ,VUDODX6LQD±LOVɛDJLWVDQVGRXWHGH
PDUTXHUXQHUXSWXUHYLV¢YLVGXSDVV«GɛHVFODYDJHODSRXVVLªUHGHVPDQWHDX[«WDQW
FHOOHGHOɛJ\SWHHWGXORQJFKHPLQYHUVODOLEHUW«
21 /RUV GH OD SXULILFDWLRQ GX SHXSOH VHORQ OHV RUGUHV GLYLQV 0R±VH DMRXWH XQH
UHFRPPDQGDWLRQbmb1ɛDSSURFKH] SDVGɛXQH IHPPHb}Yb /DUHODWLRQ VH[XHOOH HQ
HIIHWHVWFHQV«HUHQGUHmbLPSXUb}FɛHVW¢GLUHLPSURSUH¢SRVHUXQJHVWHUHOHYDQWGX
VDFU«YRLU/Ybb6&KLOGVFRPPHQWHDYHFMXVWHVVHb0R±VHmbGHPDQGH
FRPPHSU«SDUDWLRQXQHV«SDUDWLRQSDUUDSSRUW¢FHVFKRVHVTXLVRQWQRUPDOHPHQW
SHUPLVHV HW ERQQHV HQ HOOHVP¬PHV &DU OH GRQ GH OɛDOOLDQFH HVW GLII«UHQW GɛXQ
«Y«QHPHQWRUGLQDLUHGHODYLHGHWRXVOHVMRXUVb}/DUXSWXUHTXH0R±VHUHFRPPDQGH
DLQVLVHVLWXHGRQFSDUUDSSRUWDXTXRWLGLHQGHVUHODWLRQVYLV¢YLVGXTXHOLOVɛDJLWGH
SUHQGUHGLVWDQFH
22 &HWWHV«SDUDWLRQULWXHOOHGɛDYHFOHSDVV«HWGɛDYHFODYLHRUGLQDLUHHVWWRXW¢IDLWGDQVOD
OLJQHGHODPLVH¢SDUWGɛ,VUDODQQRQF«HSDU$GRQD±¢0R±VHHWG«M¢DFFHSW«HSDUOH
SHXSOHmb9RXVVHUH]SRXUPRLXQHSDUWU«VHUY«H>ɣ@XQUR\DXPHGHSU¬WUHVHWXQH
QDWLRQVDLQWHb}bHW$LQVLHQVHSU¬WDQWDX[ULWHVSUHVFULWV,VUDOFRQFU«WLVH
GDQVOHVIDLWVOɛDFFRUGGHSULQFLSHTXɛLODGRQQ«SOXVKDXWVXLWH¢OɛRIIUHGɛDOOLDQFH,OVH
PRQWUHSU¬W¢HQWUHUGDQVODGLII«UHQFHGDQVODmbVDLQWHW«b}TXHUHTXLHUWOɛDOOLDQFHDYHF
'LHX
23 ,OIDXWUHPDUTXHUGɛDLOOHXUVTXHFHWWHV«SDUDWLRQVXSSRVHDXVVLXQHGLVWDQFHWHPSRUHOOH
&ɛHVWOHWURLVLªPHMRXUVHXOHPHQWTXHOHSHXSOHVHUDSU¬W¢ODUHQFRQWUHbmbDXMRXUGɛKXL
HWGHPDLQɣOHWURLVLªPHMRXUb}Yb&RPPHOHQRWH5HQDXGFHWWHV\PEROLTXH
WHPSRUHOOHVHPEOHYHQLUGHWUDGLWLRQVFXOWXHOOHVDQFLHQQHV2QODWURXYHFKH]$PRV
HW2V«HGHX[SURSKªWHVTXLXWLOLVHQWGHVVFKªPHVOLWXUJLTXHVDXVHUYLFHGH
OHXUPHVVDJHSURSK«WLTXH'DQVFHFRQWH[WHOH WURLVLªPHMRXUDSSDUD°WFRPPHOH
PRPHQWFDSLWDOGHOɛDFWLRQULWXHOOH&RPPHWHOLOSRVHXQFHUWDLQG«ODLSRXUODSULVHGH
GLVWDQFHYLV¢YLV GXTXRWLGLHQ HWFRUU«ODWLYHPHQW SRXUOD SULVH GHFRQVFLHQFH GH
OɛLPSRUWDQFHGHOɛ«Y«QHPHQWTXLYDDYRLUOLHX
b
Préparation de l’espace par délimitation (v.12-13a)
24 3RXUODUHQFRQWUHLOQHVXIILWSDVGHSU«SDUHUOHVSHUVRQQHV,OIDXWHQFRUHDP«QDJHU
OɛHVSDFH0R±VHUH©RLWOɛLQVWUXFWLRQGHIL[HUDXSHXSOHXQHOLPLWHHQOXLFRPPXQLTXDQW
XQRUGUHIRUPHODVVRUWLGɛXQHSHLQHGHPRUWSRXUOHV«YHQWXHOVWUDQVJUHVVHXUV/ɛRUGUH
SU«FLVHP¬PHOHPRGHGɛH[«FXWLRQGHVFRXSDEOHVbLOVVHURQWWX«V¢GLVWDQFHSDUWLU¢
OɛDUFRXSDUODSLGDWLRQ
25 'H VRL XQ WHO RUGUH UHIOªWH XQH DQWLTXH FRQFHSWLRQ GX VDFU« VHORQ ODTXHOOH LO HVW
LQGLVSHQVDEOH SRXU OD YLH TXɛXQH V«SDUDWLRQ UDGLFDOH HQWUH VDFU« HW SURIDQH VRLW
PDLQWHQXH7RXWFRQWDFWLQGXDYHFOHVDFU«SURYRTXHODPRUWWLWUHGɛH[HPSOHRQ
SHXWOLUHOHVYLHLOOHVKLVWRLUHVGHOɛDUFKHGɛDOOLDQFHbDSUªVVɛ¬WUHHPSDU«VGHOɛDUFKHGX
'LHXGɛ,VUDOOHV3KLOLVWLQVVRQWYLFWLPHVGHSODLHVHWFHUWDLQVPHXUHQW6bGHV
,VUD«OLWHVTXLDFFXHLOOHQWOɛDUFKH¢VRQUHWRXUVRQW«JDOHPHQWIUDSS«V¢PRUWSRXU
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
50
DYRLUVHPEOHWLOPDQTX«GHG«I«UHQFH¢VRQ«JDUG6bHQILQOɛXQGHV
FRQGXFWHXUVGXFKDULRWTXLHPPªQHOɛDUFKH¢-«UXVDOHPHVWIRXGUR\«SRXUDYRLUUHWHQX
GHODPDLQOɛREMHWVDFU«TXLPHQD©DLWGHWRPEHU6'HP¬PHFHOXLTXLIUDQFKLW
ODOLPLWHV«SDUDQWVDFU«HWSURIDQHGHYLHQWLPSXUHWWRXWTXLOHWRXFKHHQFRXUWODP¬PH
LPSXUHW«$LQVLVɛH[SOLTXHTXɛLOIDLOOHH[«FXWHUOHVFRXSDEOHVVDQVOHVWRXFKHU
26 2QSHXWSRXUWDQWH[SORUHUXQHDXWUHGLPHQVLRQGHFHWWHLQVWUXFWLRQGLYLQH(QWDQW
TXɛmbRUGUHb}FɛHVWXQHSDUROHTXLmbRUGRQQHb}OɛHQGURLWR»YDDYRLUOLHXODUHQFRQWUH
SRXUTXHFHOOHFLVRLWSRVVLEOH6HORQFHWRUGUHODUHQFRQWUHLPSOLTXHXQHGLVWDQFHHW
OɛDOOLDQFHQHSHXWSDV¬WUHXQSURFHVVXVIXVLRQQHOR»OɛDOW«ULW«GHVSDUWHQDLUHVVHUDLW
DEROLH(QG«ILQLVVDQWODSODFHGHOɛDXWUHODOLPLWHGLVSRVHOɛHVSDFHGHVRUWHTXɛ\VRLW
VLJQLIL«HODQ«FHVVLW«GHGHX[S¶OHVGLVWLQFWV7HOOHHVWODFRQGLWLRQSRXUTXHOɛDOOLDQFH
LQDXJXU«HSDUODUHQFRQWUHVRLWU«HOOHPHQWUHODWLRQbTXHODGLII«UHQFHGHOɛDXWUHHWVD
SODFHVRLHQWSRVLWLYHPHQWUHVSHFW«HV
27 7RXWHWUDQVJUHVVLRQVHUDSXQLHGHPRUWSU«FLVHHQFRUHOɛRUGUHGLYLQ/DGXUHW«GɛXQH
WHOOHVHQWHQFHHVW¢ELHQFRPSUHQGUH&RPPHELHQVRXYHQWGDQVOHSUHPLHU7HVWDPHQW
ODIRUPXOHGHFRQGDPQDWLRQ¢PRUWPRW\½PDWmbLOVHUDPLV¢PRUWb}LQGLTXHTXH
OɛHQMHXIRQGDPHQWDOGHODORL«QRQF«HQɛHVWDXWUHTXHODYLHHWODPRUW'DQVOHFDV
SU«VHQWHOOHVLJQLILHVDQV«TXLYRTXHTXHGDQVODUHODWLRQTXLYDVHQRXHUOHQRQ
UHVSHFWGHODOLPLWHHWGRQFGHOɛDOW«ULW«GXSDUWHQDLUHHVWPRUWLIªUH$XGHPHXUDQW
FHWWHDWWLWXGHUHQGLPSXUFɛHVW¢GLUHLQDSWH¢ ODUHQFRQWUHGɛ$GRQD±HOOHLQWHUGLW
OɛDOOLDQFHDYHFOXLHWSULYHDLQVLOHSDUWHQDLUHKXPDLQGHODYLHTXɛLOSHXWHQUHFHYRLU
28 %UHISRXUTXHOɛDOOLDQFHSXLVVHVHQRXHUQRQVHXOHPHQWLOIDXW¬WUHSU¬W¢GHYHQLU
DXWUHFHTXHGLVDLHQWOHVULWHV,OHVWHQFRUHLPS«UDWLITXHOHSDUWHQDLUHVRLWUHVSHFW«¢
SDUWHQWLªUH&ɛHVWFHODTXHVLJQLILHDXIRQGOHFRPPDQGHPHQWLPSRVDQWXQHOLPLWHTXL
VɛDYªUHYLWDOH/DUHQFRQWUHQHVHUDQLIXVLRQQLDQQH[LRQ$XFRQWUDLUHODSODFHGH
FKDFXQ\HVWG«WHUPLQ«HSRXUUHQGUHSRVVLEOHXQHUHODWLRQUHVSHFWXHXVHGHFKDFXQ
b
Théophanie et rencontre (19,16-20)
29 $XVHQVVWULFWGXWHUPHmbWK«RSKDQLHb}HVWXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQXQHDSSDULWLRQGH'LHX
θεόςφαίνεσται,OQHIDXGUDLWGRQFSDVSDUOHULFLGHWK«RSKDQLHFDUFHGRQWLOHVW
TXHVWLRQGDQVOHU«FLWFɛHVWGHSK«QRPªQHVQDWXUHOVLQWHUSU«W«VFRPPHVLJQHVGHOD
SU«VHQFHGH'LHX/H'HXW«URQRPH\LQVLVWHbmb/DPRQWDJQH«WDLWHQIHXHPEUDV«H
MXVTXɛHQSOHLQFLHOGDQVOHVW«QªEUHVGHVQXDJHVHWGHODQXLW«SDLVVH(W$GRQD±YRXVD
SDUO«GXPLOLHXGXIHXbXQHYRL[SDUODLWHWYRXVOɛHQWHQGLH]PDLVYRXVQHYR\LH]DXFXQH
IRUPHVHXOHPHQWXQHYRL[b}'WbYRLUDXVVLYb
30 3DU DLOOHXUV OHV VLJQHV WK«RSKDQLTXHV G«YHORSS«V SDU OH U«FLW VHPEOHQW ¬WUH GHV
SK«QRPªQHVGɛRUDJHHWGɛ«UXSWLRQYROFDQLTXH,OVUHOªYHQWGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHGXOXPLQHX[
HWVRQWDVVH]FRXUDQWVGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV/D%LEOHOHVDVVXPHWRXVGHX[HW
RQOHVUHWURXYHDLOOHXUVTXHGDQVOHU«FLWGX6LQD±YRLU3VHWb3Vb+D
0RQ LQWHQWLRQ GDQVOHV OLJQHV TXL VXLYHQWHVW GH PRQWUHU OɛRULJLQDOLW«GX
WUDLWHPHQWGHFHPRWLIGDQVODQDUUDWLRQHWGHWHQWHUGɛHQG«FRGHUOHV\PEROLVPH
b
Signes de la présence d’Adonaï
31 &HVVLJQHVVRQWGRQFGHGHX[W\SHV$X[YHUVHWVHWFHVRQWGHVSK«QRPªQHV
GRUDJHbOHWRQQHUUHHQK«EUHXOHVmbYRL[b}T¶O¶WOHV«FODLUVEFUDT°PHWXQHORXUGH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
51
QX«HɚDQDQNDE«G'HP¬PHODmbYRL[GHODWURPSHb}IDLWSHQVHUDXJURQGHPHQWGH
OɛRUDJHLQWHUSU«W«LFLFRPPHXQDSSHODXUDVVHPEOHPHQWFXOWXHOODmbWURPSHb}RXOH
mbFRUb}GRQWLOHVWTXHVWLRQVKRIDU«WDQWXQLQVWUXPHQW¢XVDJHOLWXUJLTXH$XYHUVHW
SDUFRQWUHRQG«FULWXQHVRUWHG«UXSWLRQYROFDQLTXHDYHFODIXP«HɚDVKDQOHIHX
ɛ«VKODIRXUQDLVHNLEVEDQHWOHWUHPEOHPHQWGHWHUUHYHUEHKDUDG2QQRWHUDGHV
SRLQWVFRPPXQVGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQGHFHVGHX[SK«QRPªQHVbLFLHWO¢LO\DXQQXDJH
QX«HRXIXP«HHWGXIHX«FODLUVRXIRXUQDLVH/DSRUW«HGHFHVGHX[LPDJHVHVW¢
«OXFLGHUbTXɛ«YRTXHQWHOOHVGX'LHXTXLVHPRQWUHDLQVLb"
b
La nuée d’orage
32 /DQX«HGɛRUDJHHWOɛ«FUDQGHIXP«H«YRTXHQWXQ'LHXTXLVHPRQWUHHWVHFDFKHHQ
P¬PHWHPSV&RPPHOHGLWOHSVDOPLVWHbmb,OILWGHVW«QªEUHVVDFDFKHWWHHWGHOHXUV
UHSOLVVRQDEULbW«QªEUHVGLOXYLHQQHVQX«HVVXUQX«HVb}3V6L'LHXQɛ«WDLWSDV
VXUODPRQWDJQHLOQɛ\DXUDLWQLQX«HQLRUDJHQLIXP«HbPDLVFHWWHQX«HVLJQHGHVD
SU«VHQFHHVWDXVVLFHTXLODYRLOHDX[\HX[GXSHXSOH
33 2QWRXFKHLFL¢XQHFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHHVVHQWLHOOHGHODU«Y«ODWLRQGH'LHXGDQVOHSUHPLHU
7HVWDPHQWbTXDQGLOVHPDQLIHVWHLOVHFDFKHHQP¬PHWHPSVmb9UDLPHQWWXHVXQ'LHX
TXLVHFDFKHɛ«OPLVWDWW«U'LHXGɛ,VUDOVDXYHXUbb}VɛH[FODPHOHVHFRQG,VD±H,V
&ɛHVW XQH H[S«ULHQFH GH P¬PH QDWXUH TXH 0R±VH IHUD XQ SHX SOXV WDUG ORUVTXɛLO
mbYHUUDb}ODJORLUHGH'LHXPDLVVHXOHPHQWGHGRVDSUªVVRQSDVVDJH([HW
$LQVL 'LHX HVW SU«VHQWDEVHQW G«YRLO«YRLO« GDQV XQH GLDOHFWLTXH FUXFLDOH
TXDQWDX UHVSHFWGH ODOLEHUW« GXSDUWHQDLUH LQYLW« ¢OLUH OHVVLJQHV KRUVGH WRXWH
«YLGHQFH¢SUHQGUHOHULVTXHGHOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ
b
Le feu de fournaise
34 $X 3V DSUªV DYRLU VRXOLJQ« TXH mbW«QªEUHV HW QX«HV HQWRXUHQWb} $GRQD± OH
SVDOPLVWHDMRXWHbmbXQIHXPDUFKHGHYDQWOXLb}&HIHXGHIRXUQDLVHTXHG«FULW([
YDXWOXLDXVVLVRQSHVDQWGHU«Y«ODWLRQ)RQGDPHQWDOHPHQWOHIHXSURFXUHFKDOHXUHW
OXPLªUH3RXUSURILWHUGHVHVELHQIDLWVLOIDXWHQ¬WUHSURFKHPDLVSDVWURSVDQVTXRL
RQVHEU½OH&RPPHOɛ«YRTXH¢PHUYHLOOHOHQDUUDWHXUGHODWK«RSKDQLHGXEXLVVRQOH
IHXUHTXLHUWXQHSUR[LPLW«DVVRUWLHGHGLVWDQFH([
35 ,FLDXVVLOɛLPDJHGXIHX«YRTXHDG«TXDWHPHQWODUHQFRQWUHGH'LHXWHOOHTXHOHSUHPLHU
7HVWDPHQWOɛ«YRTXH'LHXHVWUHFRQQXSDUOHVFUR\DQWVFRPPHSU«VHQFHOXPLQHXVHHW
FKDOHXUHXVHSHUPHWWDQWOɛ«SDQRXLVVHPHQWGHODYLH0DLVFRPPHWRXWHUHODWLRQMXVWHOD
UHODWLRQDYHFOXLUHTXLHUW¢ODIRLVSUR[LPLW«HWGLVWDQFH&ɛHVWFHTXHILJXUHQWGDQVOH
U«FLW OHV OLPLWHV PLVHV DX SHXSOH HW ¢ OD PRQWDJQH Yb HW GHV OLPLWHV
LQGLVSHQVDEOHVSRXUJDUDQWLUODYLHGXSDUWHQDLUHHWODSRVVLELOLW«GHODUHQFRQWUH'DQV
OHP¬PHVHQVOHQDUUDWHXUSU«FLVHUDSOXVORLQTXHOHSHXSOHHVWDXEDVGHODPRQWDJQH
HW$GRQD±DXVRPPHWRXHQFRUHTXHODmb7HQWHGHODUHQFRQWUHb}OLHXGHOD3U«VHQFH
HVWVLWX«HKRUVGXFDPS¢Oɛ«FDUW([5HQFRQWUHU'LHXVXSSRVHTXHOɛRQWURXYH
XQHMXVWHGLVWDQFHDILQGHVɛDMXVWHU¢FHWWHSU«VHQFHGHIHX
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
52
Nuée et feu, lieux d’identication de Dieu
36 $XQLYHDXGXOLYUHGHOɛ([RGHODQX«HHWOHIHXDYHFOHXUVV\PEROLTXHVSURSUHVHW
FRPSO«PHQWDLUHVVHUYHQWHQRXWUH¢LGHQWLILHUODSU«VHQFHGɛ$GRQD±¢GHVPRPHQWVFO«V
GHOɛKLVWRLUHUDFRQW«H
37 /DSUHPLªUHIRLVTXHFHOXLFLVHPDQLIHVWHFɛHVWGDQVmbXQHIODPPHGHIHXDXPLOLHX
GɛXQEXLVVRQb}FHIHXQHFRQVXPDQWSDVFHTXɛLOEU½OH([/DYLVLRQLQWULJXH0R±VH
SDUVRQ «WUDQJHW«b HOOHOɛDWWLUH WRXW HQ OXLSRVDQW TXHVWLRQ ɘ UHIOHWVDQV GRXWH GX
P\VWªUHGX'LHXGHYLHTXLFKRLVLWGHVHU«Y«OHUGDQVXQIHXKHXUHXVHPHQWSULY«GHVHV
HIIHWVGHVWUXFWHXUV'DQVODVXLWHFH'LHXVHG«VLJQHUDGɛXQQRPDXVVLLQVDLVLVVDEOHHW
P\VW«ULHX[TXHOHIHXbɛªK\ªK᾿DVKªUɛªK\ªKmb-HVXLVTXLMHVHUDLb}mb-HVXLVTXLMHVXLVb}
mb-HVHUDLTXLMHVXLVb}&HQRPLPSURQRQ©DEOH<+:+UHQG$GRQD±SURFKHHWDFFHVVLEOH
WRXWHQPDLQWHQDQWOɛ«FDUWTXLHPS¬FKHODPDLQPLVHHWOHVDYRLU&DUVRQQRPLQWULJXH
HWDWWLUHPDLVDXVVLUHQGLPSRVVLEOHWRXWHWHQWDWLYHGɛHQIL[HUOHVLJQLILDQW&RPPHOH
IHXTXLQHG«YRUHSDVFHQRPDWWLUHSDUVRQSDUDGR[HWRXWHQIDLVDQW«FKR¢ODYRL[TXL
GLWbmb1ɛDSSURFKHSDVGɛLFL¶WHWHVVDQGDOHVGHWHVSLHGVb}Yb
38 $XPRPHQWFUXFLDOGHODOLE«UDWLRQGɛ,VUDOFɛHVWSDUOHVVLJQHVGHODQX«HHWGXIHX
TXɛ$GRQD±VHUHQG SU«VHQW$XPRPHQW GXG«SDUW QRXVGLWOH QDUUDWHXUmb$GRQD±
PDUFKDLWGHYDQWHX[bGHMRXUGDQVODFRORQQHGHQX«HSRXUOHVJXLGHUVXUODURXWHHWOD
QXLWGDQVODFRORQQHGHIHXSRXUOHV«FODLUHUSRXUTXɛLOVPDUFKHQWMRXUHWQXLW(WOD
FRORQQHGHQX«HGHMRXUQHTXLWWDLWSDVOHGHYDQWGXSHXSOHQLODFRORQQHGHIHXODQXLWb}
([(QVXLWHGDQVODVFªQHGUDPDWLTXHGHOD0HUGHV-RQFVFɛHVWGXKDXWGHOD
P¬PHFRORQQHGHQX«HHWGHIHXTXɛ$GRQD±DJLW&ɛHVWO¢TXɛLOFRPEDWFRQWUHOɛJ\SWH
SRXUPHWWUHXQWHUPHDXSRXYRLUGHPRUWGH3KDUDRQHWSRXUIDLUHHQWUHUOHVILOV
Gɛ,VUDOGDQVODYLHHWODOLEHUW«HW$LQVLPDQLIHVWHWLOVDJORLUHYbHWb
NDE¶G'ªVORUVODQX«HGHYLHQWOɛLPDJHGɛ$GRQD±¢OɛüXYUHHQIDYHXUGɛ,VUDObQRQ
VHXOHPHQWHOOHJXLGHOHSHXSOHPDLVHOOHOHSURWªJHHWOɛ«FODLUHGDQVODQXLWOHUDVVXUDQW
SDUOHIDLWP¬PH3OXVORLQHOOHHVWOHOLHXR»$GRQD±YLHQWHQJORLUHDQQRQFHUTXɛLOYD
QRXUULUVRQSHXSOH%UHIHQHOOH'LHXVHPRQWUHEHUJHUGHVRQSHXSOHbLOOH
JXLGHHWOHQRXUULWHWVDSU«VHQFHOHSURWªJHHWOXLGRQQHFRQILDQFH
39 $SUªVODWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±ODQX«HHWOHIHXGHODPRQWDJQHGHYLHQQHQWOHOLHXGHOD
PDQLIHVWDWLRQGHODmbJORLUHb}Gɛ$GRQD±$XVVLORUVTXɛ¢ODILQGXOLYUHFHWWH
JORLUHYLHQGUD GHPHXUHUGDQVOD WHQWHTXH OHVILOV Gɛ,VUDOOXL RQWE¤WLH FɛHVWWRXW
QDWXUHOOHPHQWVRXVOHVVLJQHVGHODQX«HHWGXIHXTXHOOHHQSUHQGUDSRVVHVVLRQbmb/D
QX«HGɛ$GRQD±«WDLWVXUODGHPHXUHOHMRXUbPDLVODQXLWLO\DYDLWHQHOOHXQIHXDX[
\HX[GHWRXW,VUDO¢WRXWHVOHXUV«WDSHVb}$XVVLQɛHVWLOSDV«WRQQDQWGHYRLU
ODQX«HHWOHIHXSU«VHQWVORUVTXH,VUDOTXLWWHUDOH6LQD±1E
40 %UHIVLGDQVOHSURFHVVXVGHFRQFOXVLRQGHOɛDOOLDQFH$GRQD±VHGRQQH¢mbYRLUb}GDQVOD
QX«HHWOH IHXFH QɛHVWSDV XQKDVDUG &ɛHVWOH VLJQHTXH OH'LHXTXL YLHQWVXU OD
PRQWDJQHSRXUHQWUHUHQDOOLDQFHHVWELHQOHP¬PHTXHFHOXLTXLDWLU«OHSHXSOH
GɛJ\SWHHWTXLYHXWSRXUOXLYLHHWOLEHUW«8QHWHOOHLGHQWLILFDWLRQQɛHVW«YLGHPPHQW
SDVVDQVLQFLGHQFHVXUOHVHQVGHOɛDOOLDQFHHWGHODORLTXLYDODVWUXFWXUHU0DLVLO\D
SOXV&DUFRPPHOHG«YHORSSHUDOH'HXW«URQRPHHQVHYRLODQWGDQVODQX«HHWOHIHX
'LHXOLEªUHVRQSHXSOHGɛXQHQQHPLPRUWHOFRPPHORUVGXSDVVDJHGHODPHU0DLV
FHWWHIRLVOɛHQQHPLHVWLQW«ULHXU&ɛHVWODWHQWDWLRQLGRO¤WUHGHILJHU$GRQD±GDQVXQH
LPDJH WHQWDWLRQ ¢ ODTXHOOH LO HVW SOXV GLIILFLOH GH VXFFRPEHU GªV ORUV TXɛDXFXQH
mbIRUPHb}QɛHVWGRQQ«H¢YRLU'W(QILQVL¢ODILQGXOLYUHGHOɛ([RGHFHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
53
P¬PHVVLJQHVVRQWOL«V¢ODWHQWHGHUHQFRQWUHFɛHVWVDQVGRXWHSRXUVLJQLILHUTXH
OɛDOOLDQFHSHUPHWODFRKDELWDWLRQHQWUHOH'LHXGX6LQD±HWOHSHXSOHGHYHQXVLHQ
b
La rencontre entre Israël et Adonaï en 19,16-20
41 9RLO¢FHTXHMHSXLVGLUHGHVVLJQHVGHODSU«VHQFHGɛ$GRQD±0DLVVɛLOVHUHQGSU«VHQW
FɛHVWHQYXHGɛXQHUHQFRQWUHDYHF,VUDO8QH«WXGHSU«FLVHGHODVWUXFWXUHGHFHWWH
VFªQHPHWHQ«YLGHQFHXQSDUDOOªOHHQWUHGHX[WUHPEOHPHQWVbFHOXLGHWRXWOHSHXSOH
GɛXQHSDUWYbFHOXLGHWRXWHODPRQWDJQHGɛDXWUHSDUWYb7RXWVHSDVVHFRPPH
VLOHQDUUDWHXUHQWHQGDLWVRXOLJQHUOɛ«PRWLRQJUDYHTXLHQWRXUHODUHQFRQWUH/HVGHX[
SDUWHQDLUHVWUHPEOHQWFRPPHORUVGɛXQHHQWUHYXHERXOHYHUVDQWH-ɛ\YHUUDLVYRORQWLHUV
OHVLJQHGHFHTXHODUHQFRQWUHGɛDOOLDQFHG«VWDELOLVHOHVSDUWHQDLUHVOHVREOLJHDQW¢XQ
G«SODFHPHQW¢XQHPLVHHQFDXVHmbIRQGDPHQWDOHb}
42 (Q WRXW FDV FH GRXEOH WUHPEOHPHQW VHPEOH IRQFWLRQ GH OD UHQFRQWUH SXLVTXɛLO HVW
GLUHFWHPHQWOL«DX[PRXYHPHQWVV\P«WULTXHVGXSHXSOHHWGɛ$GRQD±VɛDSSURFKDQWOɛXQ
GHOɛDXWUH/ɛRSSRVLWLRQHQWUHOHEDVGHODPRQWDJQHR»OHSHXSOHYLHQWVHSRVWHUYb
HWVRQVRPPHWR»$GRQD±GHVFHQGYbHWVXUWRXWYbPDUTXHELHQODGLVWDQFHHQWUH
OHVGHX[SDUWHQDLUHVDXOLHXP¬PHGHOHXUUHQFRQWUHODPRQWDJQH
43 &RPPH FHOD DYDLW «W« DQQRQF« Yb OD YHQXH GH 'LHX YLVH HQWUH DXWUHV FKRVHV
ODFFU«GLWDWLRQGH0R±VH'LHXSDUOHDYHFOXLHQSU«VHQFHGXSHXSOHbmb0R±VHSDUODLWHW
'LHX OXL U«SRQGDLW GDQV XQH YRL[b} YbE $LQVL SUHQG SODFH OH GHUQLHU «O«PHQW
HVVHQWLHO¢ODUHQFRQWUHbOHP«GLDWHXU&DUODOLPLWHHQWUH'LHXHWOHSHXSOHDLQVLTXHOD
Q«FHVVDLUHGLVWDQFHLPSRV«HSDUODQX«HHWOHIHXQHYLVHQWSDV¢V«SDUHU¢LVROHU/D
OLPLWHSRV«HQɛHVWSDV«WDQFKHFDU0R±VHVɛ\WLHQWbHQPRQWDQWYHUVOHVRPPHWGHOD
PRQWDJQHYbEHWHQGHVFHQGDQWYHUVOHSHXSOHHQEDVYbHWLOPRQWUHTXHVL
FHWWHOLPLWHV«SDUHOHVSDUWHQDLUHVHOOHHVWDXVVLOHOLHXR»U«VRQQHODSDUROHTXɛLOVVH
GRQQHQWOɛXQ¢OɛDXWUH'HODVRUWHOHU«FLWVLJQLILHFODLUHPHQWTXHODOLPLWHHWODGLVWDQFH
VRQWIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWRUGRQQ«HV¢ODUHODWLRQHW¢ODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
44 /HVYHUEHVXWLOLV«VSRXUSDUOHUGXSHXSOHGDQVFHWWHVFªQHVRQWHX[DXVVLVLJQLILFDWLIV
mb0R±VHILWVRUWLUOHSHXSOH¢ODUHQFRQWUHGX'LHXKRUVGXFDPSHWLOVVHSRVWªUHQWGHERXW
DX EDV GH OD PRQWDJQHb} Yb /ɛH[SUHVVLRQ mbIDLUH VRUWLU OH SHXSOH KRUV GHɣb}
ZD\\¶F«ɛªWKDɚDPPLQUHQYRLHLQ«YLWDEOHPHQW¢OɛH[RGHGRQWHOOHHVWSUHVTXHXQWHUPH
WHFKQLTXH0DLVHQDMRXWDQWOɛLQGLFDWLRQGXWHUPHGHFHWWHVRUWLHɘmb¢ODUHQFRQWUHGH
'LHXb}OLTUDɛWɛªORK°PɘOHQDUUDWHXUVXJJªUHTXɛRQHVWDXWHUPHHWP¬PH¢OɛDSRJ«HGH
WRXWOHSURFHVVXVGHOLE«UDWLRQGXSHXSOH«YRTX«SOXVKDXWbmbYRXVDYH]YXYRXVP¬PHV
FHTXHMɛDLIDLW¢OɛJ\SWHHWMHYRXVDLSRUW«VVXUGHVDLOHVGɛDLJOHVHWYRXVDLIDLWYHQLU
YHUVPRLb}4XDQW¢OɛDXWUHYHUEHmbVHWHQLUGHERXWb}ZD\\LW\©FE½LOHVWFRXUDQW
GDQVOHVVFªQHVWK«RSKDQLTXHVR»LOG«FULWOɛDWWLWXGHGHFHOXLTXLHVWmbSU¬W¢SDUWLFLSHU
DFWLYHPHQW¢FHTXLYDVHSURGXLUHb}$LQVLDXSLHGGHODPRQWDJQH,VUDOVHWLHQW
GHERXWGDQVVDOLEHUW«QRXYHOOHSU¬W¢VɛHQJDJHUGDQVOɛDOOLDQFHSRXUODTXHOOH$GRQD±VH
PDQLIHVWH¢OXL
b
Nouvelles recommandations (19,21-25)
45 SUHPLªUHOHFWXUHFHSDVVDJHSHUWXUEHOHFRXUVGXU«FLWHQU«S«WDQWLQXWLOHPHQWOH
FRQWHQX GHV YHUVHWV /ɛ«WXGH GH OD VWUXFWXUH PHW HQ «YLGHQFH GH QRPEUHX[
UDSSRUWVHQWUHFHVGHX[VHFWLRQVH[SOLFLWHPHQWUDSSURFK«HVSDU0R±VHmbWRLWXQRXVDV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
54
DYHUWLV HQ GLVDQWɣb} Yb 0DLV OD P¬PH DQDO\VH VRXOªYH XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH
GLII«UHQFHVTXɛLOIDXWHQYLVDJHU
b
La logique narrative
46 'XILOGHODQDUUDWLRQXQHORJLTXHVHPEOHVHG«JDJHU$X[YHUVHWVHQHIIHWOH
QDUUDWHXUDRPLVGHUDSSRUWHUTXH0R±VHWUDQVPHWDXSHXSOHOHVLQVWUXFWLRQVGLYLQHV
FRQFHUQDQWODG«OLPLWDWLRQGHODPRQWDJQH'ªVORUVHQOLVDQWOHYHUVHWRQSHXW
FRPSUHQGUHTXɛ$GRQD±GHPDQGH¢0R±VHGHGHVFHQGUHIDLUHFHTXɛLOQɛDSDVIDLW0DLVDX
YHUVHWFHWWHSUHPLªUHLQWHUSU«WDWLRQVHYRLWG«PHQWLHORUVTXH0R±VHSU«FLVHTXɛLOD
ELHQWUDQVPLVDXSHXSOHOHVRUGUHVUH©XV
47 0DOJU«FHOD DX YHUVHW $GRQD± LQVLVWH FRPPH SRXU PRQWUHUTXH OHV SUHPLªUHV
UHFRPPDQGDWLRQVG«M¢U«S«W«HVQHVXIILVHQWSDVbQXOQHSHXWVɛDSSURFKHUSDVP¬PH
VɛLOHVWSU¬WUHGHSHXUGHVHSU«FLSLWHUGDQVODPRUW&RPPHQWFRPSUHQGUHXQHWHOOH
LQVLVWDQFHb"&HUWHVFRPPHOHGLW5HQDXGHOOHHVWIRQFWLRQGHODVROHQQLW«GXPRPHQWb
FHVPRWVSU«OXGHQW¢ODSURFODPDWLRQGHOD/RLGRQWRQHQWHQGVRXOLJQHUOɛLPSRUWDQFH
0DLVFɛHVWHQFRQVLG«UDQWOHVGLII«UHQFHVLQWURGXLWHVGDQVOHVU«S«WLWLRQVTXHOɛRQSHXW
HQWUHU YUDLPHQW MH FURLV GDQV OD FRPSU«KHQVLRQ GH FH SDVVDJH SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW
U«S«WLWLI
b
Différences signicatives entre les discours divins
48 /DSUHPLªUHGLII«UHQFHVHVLWXHDXSODQGXFRQWHQX/DVHFRQGHIRLV$GRQD±SU«FLVHTXH
P¬PHVL,VUDOGHYLHQWXQUR\DXPHGHSU¬WUHVHWHVWGRQF¢FHWLWUHKDELOLW«¢
mbVɛDSSURFKHUb}GH'LHXLOGRLWVHVDQFWLILHUYb'XUHVWH$GRQD±UDSSHOOHSOXVORLQ
TXHOHSHXSOHQHSHXWPRQWHUYHUVOXLPDOJU«VRQVDFHUGRFH6HXOV0R±VHHW$DURQVRQW
DXWRULV«V¢OHIDLUHYb&HWWHPHVXUHGɛH[FHSWLRQVRXOLJQH¢QRXYHDXOHFDUDFWªUH
LQGLVSHQVDEOHGHODOLPLWHGRQWOHUHVSHFWVɛDYªUHFDSLWDOSRXUODUHQFRQWUHGɛDOOLDQFHHW
FHODP¬PHDXPRPHQWR»,VUDOUH©RLWGɛ$GRQD±XQVWDWXWVDFHUGRWDO
49 0DLVODGLII«UHQFHODSOXVVHQVLEOHGDQVOHVSDUROHVGLYLQHVHVWOHFKDQJHPHQWGHWRQ$ORUV
TXɛHQOHFRPPDQGHPHQWHVWSU«FLVIRUPXO«MXULGLTXHPHQWHWDVVRUWLGɛXQH
VDQFWLRQGHPRUWSRXUOHVWUDQVJUHVVHXUVDX[YHUVHWVFɛHVWXQHUHFRPPDQGDWLRQ
LQTXLªWHTXHOɛRQHQWHQG2QGLUDLWTXɛ$GRQD±DSHXUGHYRLUPRXULUGHVJHQVHQ,VUDO
GXIDLWGHVDSU«VHQFHbSDUWURLVIRLVLOGLWSªQmbGHSHXUTXHb}Yb&ɛHVWFH
TXɛLOVHPEOHYRXORLU¢WRXWSUL[«YLWHUVLJQHTXHVDYHQXHDSRXUEXWODYLHGɛ,VUDO
50 (QU«DOLW«FHTXLVHIDLWMRXULFLFɛHVWOɛLQWHQWLRQTXLSU«VLGHDXGRQGHODORLSDU$GRQD±
6ɛLODSRV«XQHOLPLWHFHQɛHVWSDVTXɛLOHQWHQGHJDUGHUMDORXVHPHQWVDVXS«ULRULW«OXL
TXLHVWHQKDXWGHODPRQWDJQHRXTXɛLOFUDLJQHGɛ¬WUHG«UDQJ«FKH]OXL1RQ6ɛLOGRQQH
XQHORLFɛHVWTXɛLODVRXFLGHODYLHGXSHXSOHGRQWLOQHYHXWSDVYRLUODPRUW$XVVLOH
PHWLOHQJDUGHFRQWUHWRXWHYRORQW«RXELHQGHYRXORLUSUHQGUHODSODFHGH'LHXFɛHVW
¢GLUHGHVHWRWDOLVHURXELHQGHVHIRQGUHHQOXLFɛHVW¢GLUHGHVHQ«DQWLVHU'DQVOHV
GHX[FDVFHVHUDLWODPRUW$LQVLODOLPLWHDSSDUD°WHOOHFRPPH OD FRQGLWLRQGɛXQH
UHQFRQWUHTXLVRLWSRXUODYLH
51 PRQDYLVFHTXLHVWHQFRG«GDQVOHU«FLWFɛHVWODFRQVFLHQFHDLJXTXɛ¢,VUDOGHFH
TXHOD/RLHVWVRXUFHGHYLH0¬PHVLHOOHIL[HGHVOLPLWHVRXSOXW¶WSDUFHTXɛHOOHHQIL[H
ɘHWTXHIRQWOHVGL[3DUROHVTXDQGHOOHVGLVHQWmb7XQHIHUDVSDVFHFLWXQHIHUDVSDV
FHODb}VLQRQSRVHUGHV OLPLWHVb"ɘOD/RL HVWFKHPLQGHYLH SRXUOHSHXSOHHW HOOH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
55
W«PRLJQHGXYRXORLUFRQVWDQWGH'LHXGHYRLUOɛKRPPH«FKDSSHU¢ODPRUWHW«SDQRXLU
VRQH[LVWHQFHGDQVOɛDOOLDQFH&ɛHVWXQHFO«GHOHFWXUHPDMHXUHTXLHVWGRQQ«HLFLSRXU
OɛLQWHOOLJHQFHGHOD/RLTXLYD¬WUHSURFODP«HVROHQQHOOHPHQW
b
La réciprocité soulignée par Moïse
52 'ɛDXWUHVGLII«UHQFHVQRWRLUHVDSSDUDLVVHQWHQFRUHGDQVODU«SRQVHGH0R±VH¢$GRQD±
Yb/HP«GLDWHXUHQHIIHWU«SªWH¢$GRQD±OɛRUGUHTXɛLOOXLDGRQQ«DXSDUDYDQWPDLV
LOOHWUDQVIRUPHVXUGHX[SRLQWV'ɛXQHSDUWO¢R»'LHXDYDLWGLWbmbWXPHWWUDVGHV
OLPLWHVDXSHXSOHb}Yb0R±VHGLWbmbPHWVGHVOLPLWHV¢ODPRQWDJQHb}'ɛDXWUHSDUW
DORUVTXɛ$GRQD±DYDLWGHPDQG«bmbVDQFWLILHOHVb}HQSDUODQWGXSHXSOHYb0R±VH
VHPEOHUHFWLILHUHQG«VLJQDQWODPRQWDJQHbmbVDQFWLILHODb}
53 %UHIO¢R»$GRQD±SDUOHGXSHXSOH0R±VHSDUOHGHODPRQWDJQHTXLHVWOHOLHXGH'LHX
4XDQG$GRQD±IDLWVDQFWLILHUOHSHXSOHSRXUOHSU«SDUHU¢ODUHQFRQWUH0R±VH«YRTXHOD
VDQFWLILFDWLRQGHODPRQWDJQHTXLGRLWUHFHYRLUODSU«VHQFHGH'LHX(WVLFHWWHSU«VHQFH
LPSRVHXQHOLPLWHDXSHXSOHGHID©RQV\P«WULTXHODSU«VHQFHGɛ,VUDOVLJQLILHXQH
OLPLWHSRXU$GRQD±SRXUOHOLHXTXɛLOLQYHVWLW$LQVLGRQFFKDTXHSDUWHQDLUHHVWSRXU
OɛDXWUHH[LJHQFHGHmbVDLQWHW«b}HWOLPLWH¢DVVXPHU7HOOHVVRQWOHVFRQGLWLRQVGɛXQH
U«HOOHU«FLSURFLW«TXLFDUDFW«ULVHWRXWHDOOLDQFH
b
Conclusion
54 2QSHU©RLWPLHX[¢SU«VHQWODIRQFWLRQGXmbGRXEOHWb}HQbVɛDJLWGHSU«SDUHU
ODSURFODPDWLRQGHVGL[3DUROHV(QSOXVGXUHWDUGQDUUDWLITXLFRQWULEXH¢PHWWUHOD
SDUROHGLYLQHHQH[HUJXHHQODIDLVDQWDWWHQGUHFHGLDORJXHHQWUH$GRQD±HW0R±VH
SU«SDUHODSURPXOJDWLRQGHOD/RL&DUHOOHIRXUQLW¢OɛDYDQFHXQHFO«GHOHFWXUHTXL
LQVLVWHVXUODYRORQW«GHYLHTXHFDFKHQWOHVLQWHUGLWVGɛ$GRQD±'HSOXVHVWVRXOLJQ«H¢
QRXYHDXODU«FLSURFLW«GHODUHQFRQWUHHWGHOɛDOOLDQFHTXLHQSURFªGHHWTXHOD/RLHVW
GHVWLQ«H¢VWUXFWXUHU
b
Proclamation de la Loi et réaction du peuple (20,1-21)
55 /DSURFODPDWLRQGHOD/RLDXQF¶W«WK«RSKDQLTXH/HQDUUDWHXUOXLP¬PHVXJJªUHFHWWH
FO«GHOHFWXUHGDQVXQSDVVDJHFXULHX[,PP«GLDWHPHQWDSUªVODSURFODPDWLRQGHVGL[
3DUROHVLODMRXWHbmb(WWRXWOHSHXSOHYR\DLWOHVYRL[b}ZNROKDɚDPURɛ°P᾿ªWKDTT¶ORW
Yb'HODVRUWHLOGRQQH¢SHQVHUTXHOɛRQSHXWmbYRLUb}'LHXGDQVODYRL[GHVSDUROHV
SURFODP«HV DX[ RUHLOOHV GX SHXSOH TXH FHV YRL[ RQW HQ TXHOTXH VRUWH XQ F¶W«
WK«RSKDQLTXH0DLVHQTXRLb"7HOHVWXQGHVG«ILVTXHOɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQQHSHXW«YLWHU
b
La question du double locuteur (20,1)
56 /ɛLQWURGXFWLRQGHFHWWHSDUWLHHVW«WUDQJHHQUDLVRQGXFKRFTXHOOHSURGXLWDYHFODILQGH
ODVHFWLRQSU«F«GHQWHbmb(W0R±VHGHVFHQGLWYHUVOHSHXSOHHWOHXUGLWbHW$GRQD±SDUOD
WRXWHV FHV SDUROHV HQ GLVDQWɣb} /H QDUUDWHXU DVVLJQH DLQVL XQ GRXEOH
ORFXWHXUDX[GL[3DUROHVb0R±VHGɛXQHSDUWHW'LHXGHOɛDXWUH&HODSRXUUDLW¬WUHYRXOX
FDUOɛLQWURGXFWLRQQDUUDWLYHGHODVHFRQGHYHUVLRQGHVGL[3DUROHVHQ'WHVWGH
P¬PHIDFWXUHbmb&ɛHVWIDFH¢IDFHTXɛ$GRQD±DSDUO«DYHFYRXVVXUODPRQWDJQHGX
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
56
PLOLHXGXIHXbPRLMHPHWHQDLVHQWUH$GRQD±HWYRXVHQFHPRPHQWO¢SRXUYRXVIDLUH
UDSSRUWGHODSDUROHGɛ$GRQD±ɣb}
57 7RXWVHSDVVHFRPPHVLGDQVODFRQVFLHQFHGXQDUUDWHXUHWGɛ,VUDOTXLUH©RLWVRQU«FLW
OD/RL«WDLWSURQRQF«HHQP¬PHWHPSVSDU'LHXHWVRQP«GLDWHXU(QH[DPLQDQWOH
G«FDORJXHRQFRQVWDWHTXHOɛXVDJHGHVSURQRPVSHUVRQQHOVLQGLTXHXQFKDQJHPHQWGH
ORFXWHXUSXLVTXHMXVTXɛDXYHUVHWFɛHVW$GRQD±TXLSDUOHWDQGLVTXɛ¢SDUWLUGXYHUVHW
VXLYDQWRQSDUOHGHOXL¢ODWURLVLªPHSHUVRQQH0DLVDXGHO¢GHFHG«WDLOIRUPHOLOUHVWH
TXɛXQVHQVWK«RORJLTXHVɛH[SULPH¢WUDYHUVFHWWH«QLJPHGXGRXEOHORFXWHXUFKDTXH
J«Q«UDWLRQ,VUDOUH©RLWOHVGL[3DUROHVGHFHX[TXLOHVWUDQVPHWWHQWHWLOUHFRQQD°W
SRXUWDQWGDQVFHWWHSDUROHWUDQVPLVHOHY«ULWDEOHFüXUGHODSDUROHGLYLQHXQHSDUROH
TXLU«DOLVHFHTXH'LHXIDLW(QFHODG«M¢OHVPRWVKXPDLQVGHOD/RLVRQWWK«RSKDQLTXHV
b
Venue de Dieu et crainte du peuple (20,18-21)
58 (Q0R±VHU«SRQGDXSHXSOHHIIUD\«bmb&ɛHVWSRXUYRXVPHWWUHDXWHVWTXHOH'LHX
HVWYHQXb}/DSURFODPDWLRQGHVGL[3DUROHVHVWDLQVLSU«VHQW«HFRPPHXQHmbYHQXHb}GH
'LHXSU«VHQWQRQVHXOHPHQWGDQVOHVVLJQHVTXHOHSHXSOHSHU©RLWYbPDLVDXVVL
GDQVODSDUROHHQWHQGXH&HWWHSU«VHQFHFRQVWLWXHSRXU,VUDOXQWHVWYHUEHQDVDKDX
3LHO(QHIIHWWRXW«Y«QHPHQWLPSRUWDQWɘLFLFɛHVWODSU«VHQFHGH'LHXɘHQSDUWLFXOLHU
WRXWGRQɘLFLFɛHVWOD/RLHWOɛDOOLDQFHɘQHSHXWPDQTXHUGHSURYRTXHUXQHU«DFWLRQ
FKH]OHE«Q«ILFLDLUH(WFHOOHFLHVWU«Y«ODWULFHGHFHTXɛLOHVWHWGHODPDQLªUHGRQWLOYLW
Oɛ«Y«QHPHQWHWUH©RLWOHGRQ&RPPHQWGRQFOHSHXSOHYDWLOU«DJLU¢ODYHQXHGH'LHX
GDQVOHGRQGHOD/RLSRXUOɛDOOLDQFHb"
59 /DU«DFWLRQGXSHXSOHHVWGHVHWHQLUDXORLQGɛDVVXPHUODOLPLWHGHODUHQIRUFHUP¬PH
SXLVTXH OH SHXSOH SUHQG VHV GLVWDQFHV (Q FHOD LO UHVSHFWH MXVTXɛ¢ OɛH[FªV OHV
SU«RFFXSDWLRQVHWOHVRUGUHVGH'LHXFHTXHFRQILUPHVDGHPDQGH¢0R±VHGHSDUOHU
VHXOG«VRUPDLVbmb3DUOHWRLDYHFQRXVTXHQRXV«FRXWLRQVPDLVTXH'LHXQHSDUOHSDV
DYHFQRXVb}YbɘXQHUHTX¬WHPXHSDUODFUDLQWHGHODPRUWTXLVHPDQLIHVWHGDQV
XQIU«PLVVHPHQWXQYDFLOOHPHQWYb
60 'DQVVDU«SRQVHYb0R±VHG«FODUHTXHFHWWHSHXUHVW¢FRQYHUWLU6LODFUDLQWHGX
SHXSOHIDFHDX[VLJQHVWK«RSKDQLTXHVHQJHQGUHFKH]OXLXQUHFXOXQHSULVHGHGLVWDQFH
LOQHGRLWSDVHQUHVWHUO¢&DULODYXTXH'LHXYLHQWSRXUVDYLH4XɛLORXEOLHGRQFVD
SHXUSRXUHQWUHUGDQVODmbFUDLQWHb}TXLHVWUHVSHFWSRVLWLIGHODGLII«UHQFHGHOɛDXWUH
DFFHSWDWLRQYRORQWDLUHHWOLEUHGHODOLPLWHTXLSHUPHWODUHQFRQWUHHWOɛDOOLDQFHmb1H
FUDLJQH]SDVɣb}GLW0R±VHDYDQWGɛDMRXWHUbFɛHVWmbSRXUTXHVDFUDLQWHVRLWVXUYRVIDFHV
HWTXHYRXVQHS«FKLH]SDVb}&ɛHVWFHTXHOHSHXSOHIDLWORUVTXHVDQVTXɛRQSDUOH
HQFRUHGHSHXULOVHWLHQW¢GLVWDQFHWDQGLVTXH0R±VHPRQWHYHUVODQX«HSRXU\
UHFHYRLUGɛDXWUHV SDUROHV GH'LHX ɘ VLJQH TXHSDV SOXV TXɛDYDQWOD GLVWDQFH QɛHVW
V«SDUDWLRQ
61 6XU FH SRLQW OɛH[S«ULHQFH GX 6LQD± UHMRLQW FHOOH GH OD OLE«UDWLRQ GɛJ\SWH $X 6LQD±
FRPPHORUVGXSDVVDJHGHOD0HU([LOVɛDJLWSRXU0R±VHGɛLQYLWHU,VUDO¢
TXLWWHUODSHXUJ«Q«ULTXHTXLOHWLHQWSRXUHQWUHUGDQVODmbFUDLQWHb}SRVLWLYHGH'LHX
&RPPHOɛ«FULW6ND¢SURSRVGHFHOOHFLHVWmbXQVHQWLPHQWQ«GɛXQDFWHOLEUH
Gɛ,VUDO$ORUVTXHODFUDLQWHVHUYLOHɣSURYLHQWGɛXQHPHQDFHGHPRUWODFUDLQWHGH
<+:+VHVLWXHO¢R»ODPRUWQɛDSOXVGɛHPSLUHɣGDQVOɛXQLYHUVGHODYLHHWGHOD
OLEHUW«b}&ɛHVWELHQXQWHOXQLYHUVTXɛRXYUHOɛDOOLDQFH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
57
62 /ɛHQMHXGHFHWWHFUDLQWHFɛHVWGHQHSDVmbS«FKHUb}KDWDɛDXWUHPHQWGLWGɛ«YLWHUOɛ«FKHF
GHODUHODWLRQTXH'LHXLQDXJXUH3RXUFHODLOVɛDJLWGHWURXYHUODERQQHGLVWDQFHɘQL
WURSSUªVQLWURSORLQɘHQDFFHSWDQWODQRQLPP«GLDWHW«GH'LHXFHTXLHVWXQHDXWUH
PDQLªUH GH G«FULUH OD mbFUDLQWHb} 0DLV FRQFUªWHPHQW FHOD VLJQLILH DOOHU ¢ FRQWUH
FRXUDQWGXPRXYHPHQWVSRQWDQ«GHOɛKXPDLQTXLFURLWGɛHPEO«HTXHOɛDXWUHHVWWHOTXɛLO
OHSHU©RLWFHTXLORUVTXɛLOVɛDJLWGH'LHXHVWSXUHLGRO¤WULH$LQVLOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQV
WK«RSKDQLTXHVGDQVODQX«H HWOHIHXSURYRTXHQWFKH]OHSHXSOHXQHU«DFWLRQ TXL
FRUULJ«HSDUODU«SRQVHGH0R±VHFRUUHVSRQGDG«TXDWHPHQWDX[SUHPLªUHVGHVGL[
SDUROHVFHOOHVTXLLQYLWHQW,VUDO¢UHQRQFHU¢WRXWHLGRO¤WULH
63 (QILQHWFɛHVW¢VRXOLJQHUGDQVFHWWHP¬PHVFªQHOHSHXSOHFRQILUPHOHFKRL[GX
P«GLDWHXU0R±VHG«M¢O«JLWLP«SDU'LHXTXLSDUOHDYHFOXLDX[RUHLOOHVGXSHXSOH
YRLUYbHVW¢SU«VHQWDFFU«GLW«SDUOɛDXWUHSDUWHQDLUHGHOɛDOOLDQFH,VUDO(WLOHVW¢
QRWHUTXHFHOXLFLVHPEOHFRQVLG«UHUOHU¶OHGXP«GLDWHXUFRPPHYLWDOSXLVTXHFɛHVW
SRXUQHSDVPRXULUTXɛLOGHPDQGH¢0R±VHGHSDUOHUVHXOG«VRUPDLV9RLO¢TXLFRQILUPH
OH FDUDFWªUH LQGLVSHQVDEOH GX P«GLDWHXU GDQV OD UHODWLRQ GɛDOOLDQFH WHOOH TXH OH
QDUUDWHXUODFRQ©RLW
b
Loi, théophanie et limites
64 6LOD/RLDTXHOTXHFKRVHGHWK«RSKDQLTXHLOQɛHVWSDVLQXWLOHGHGLUHXQPRWGHV
UHODWLRQVHQWUH/RLHWWK«RSKDQLHPRQDYLVOHVGHX[VLJQHVWK«RSKDQLTXHVHVVHQWLHOV
ODQX«HHWOHIHXSHXYHQW¬WUHOXVFRPPHXQHP«WDSKRUHGHOD/RLHQWDQWTXHOOHHVW
SU«VHQFHGH'LHX
65 'HVRLRQOɛDYXOD/RLSRVHGHVOLPLWHVSRXUSHUPHWWUH¢OɛDOOLDQFHHW¢ODYLHGH
Vɛ«SDQRXLU&HTXLHVWYUDLGHOɛLQWHUGLWGɛDSSURFKHUHQDYHFVRQLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ
DX[YHUVHWVGRLWOɛ¬WUHDXVVLGHVSU«FHSWHVQ«JDWLIVGXG«FDORJXHbLOVVLJQDOHQWGHV
LPSDVVHVSRXUODYLHGHVFKHPLQVTXH'LHXLQGLTXH¢,VUDOSRXUTXɛLOQɛDLOOHSDVVH
SU«FLSLWHUGDQVODPRUWRXOɛHVFODYDJH0DLVVLOD/RLHVWDLQVLXQPDVTXHSXGLTXHTXH
'LHXMHWWHVXUVRQG«VLUGHYLHSRXUOHSHXSOHHQFUHX[HOOHHQUHVWHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQ
66 $LQVLGRQFFRPPHGDQVODQX«H'LHXVHU«YªOHHWVHFDFKHGDQVOD/RL&DUFHOOHFLGLW
'LHXHQPDQLIHVWDQWVRQYRXORLUTXLHVWODYLHSRXU,VUDO0DLVHOOHOHFDFKHDXVVL
GHUULªUHXQHPXOWLWXGHGHSU«FHSWHVHWGɛLQWHUGLWVTXLQHSDUOHQWSDVGɛHPEO«HGɛXQ
'LHXGHYLHHWGHFRPPXQLRQ'HSOXVDSUªVDYRLUG«IHQGXOHSHXSOHFRQWUH3KDUDRQ
XQHQQHPLH[W«ULHXUTXLPHQD©DLWVDYLHHWVDOLEHUW«DX6LQD±ODQX«HFDFKHOH'LHXTXL
VHPRQWUHSRXUSURW«JHU,VUDOGHODWHQWDWLRQPRUWLIªUHGHVɛHQIDLUHXQHLPDJH'H
P¬PH¢SU«VHQWDSUªVDYRLUUDSSHO«ODVRUWLHGɛJ\SWHOD/RLFRPPHQFHSDUPHWWUHHQ
JDUGH,VUDOFRQWUHFHWHQQHPLLQW«ULHXUPHQDFHSRXUVDOLEHUW«HWVDYLH
67 &RPPHGDQVOHIHXHQFRUH'LHXVHIDLWSURFKHGDQVOD/RLSXLVTXHFɛHVWVDSDUROHTXɛLO
FRPPXQLTXH¢WUDYHUVHOOH0DLVFɛHVWXQHSDUROHTXLH[LJHODGLVWDQFHFDUFɛHVWXQ
mbMHb}TXLSRVHXQmbWXb}HQIDFHGHOXLHQYXHGHODUHODWLRQ(WODmbFUDLQWHb}TXH
SURYRTXHODYHQXHGH'LHXGDQVOD/RLSHXW¬WUHFRPSDU«HVDQVGRXWH¢FHOOHTXHOɛRQ
«SURXYHGHYDQWXQIHX9HQDQW¢SUR[LPLW«SRXUE«Q«ILFLHUGHFHTXɛLORIIUHLOHVWERQ
GHJDUGHUOHVGLVWDQFHVGHFUDLQWHTXHOHIHXELHQIDLVDQWVHIDVVHG«YRUDQW
68 %UHIGDQVOD/RLFRPPHGDQVOHIHX'LHXVHPRQWUHSURFKHPDLV¢GLVWDQFH'DQVOD/RL
FRPPHGDQVODQX«HLOVHWLHQWSU«VHQWPDLVUHVWHYRLO«0DUTXDQWXQHOLPLWHLO
DVVLJQHOHXU SODFHDX[ SDUWHQDLUHV DXmbMHb} HW DXmbWXb} TXHOH P«GLDWHXU PHWHQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
58
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ&ɛHVWDLQVLTXHSDUOD/RL'LHXVWUXFWXUHOɛDOOLDQFHFRPPH¢WUDYHUVOHV
VLJQHVGXIHXHWGHODQX«HLOVWUXFWXUDLWODUHQFRQWUHHQWUHOHSHXSOHHWOXL
b
Ouverture
69 /ɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQTXLOLWGDQVODQX«HHWOHIHXGHVVLJQHVGH'LHXmbHQQ«JDWLIb}VHYRLWHQ
TXHOTXHVRUWHFRQILUP«HSDUOD%LEOHHOOHP¬PH(QHIIHWHQ5RLVORUVGHOD
WK«RSKDQLH ¢ OLH OH QDUUDWHXU QLH H[SOLFLWHPHQW TXɛ$GRQD± KDELWH OHV VLJQHV GH
SXLVVDQFHTXHVRQWOɛRXUDJDQOHWUHPEOHPHQWGHWHUUHHWOHIHX)DFHDXSURSKªWHSRXU
TXL'LHX«WDLWFHQV«VɛH[SULPHUGDQVOHIHXGXFLHOHWOɛRUDJH5$GRQD±PDQLIHVWH
TXɛLOQHVHWLHQWSDVOXLP¬PHGDQVFHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVJUDQGLRVHVHWWHUULILDQWHV,OVH
FDFKHGHUULªUHHOOHVGDQVmbXQHYRL[GHILQVLOHQFHb}VHORQODWUDGXFWLRQGɛ(PPDQXHO
/«YLQDVT¶OGFPDP¤GDTT¤5
70 $LQVLGRQFGHOɛDYLVGXQDUUDWHXUGXOLYUHGHV5RLVLOVHIRXUYRLHFHOXLTXLOLWOHVVLJQHV
WK«RSKDQLTXHVGX6LQD±FRPPHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGLUHFWHGɛXQ'LHXGHSXLVVDQFHTXLIDLW
SHXU ¢ ,VUDO SRXU PLHX[ OXL SURXYHU VD VRXYHUDLQHW« HW OH PDLQWHQLU GDQV VRQ
LQI«ULRULW«GHYDVVDO&HVVLJQHVFHUWHVDPELJXVSDUOHQWGHVRQPRGHGHSU«VHQFHHW
QRQGHFHTXɛLOHVWSXLVTXɛLOIDXWQLHUFHVVLJQHVSRXU¬WUH¢P¬PHGHWURXYHUGHUULªUH
HX[ODWUDFHGHFHOXLTXɛLOVYRLOHQW
71 'DQVOHU«FLWGHODWUDQVILJXUDWLRQGH-«VXVGDQVOɛ«YDQJLOHVHORQ/XFRQ
UHWURXYHVXUODPRQWDJQH0R±VHHWOLHSDUODQWDYHF-«VXVGɛXQmbH[RGHb}8QHQX«H
VXVFLWHODFUDLQWHHWXQHYRL[HQVRUWG«VLJQDQWXQ«OX¢«FRXWHUɣ7RXVFHVWUDLWV
FRQYHUJHQWSRXUUDSSURFKHUFHU«FLWGHOɛ«Y«QHPHQWGX6LQD±0DLVTXHO\HVWOHVLJQH
GHODSU«VHQFHGH'LHXb"1RQSOXVOHIHXRXODQX«HbQLP¬PHOHPXUPXUHGXVLOHQFH
&ɛHVWOH)LOVOɛOXFHOXLTXLYDYLYUHVRQH[RGH¢-«UXVDOHP$LQVLSRXU/XFOHVLJQH
DXWKHQWLTXHGH'LHXFɛHVWXQFRQWUHVLJQHbXQ&UXFLIL«HQTXL'LHXVHPDQLIHVWHɣHWVH
YRLOHWRXW¢ODIRLV&DUFRPPHQWUHFRQQD°WUH'LHXHQXQFUXFLIL«b"7HOOHHVWSRXUWDQW
DX[GLUHVGHOɛYDQJ«OLVWHODY«ULWDEOHU«Y«ODWLRQGH'LHXFHOOHTXɛLOLPSRUWHGɛ«FRXWHUb
mb&HOXLFLHVWPRQILOVOɛ«OXb«FRXWH]OHb}Yb
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. (Q([OHQDUUDWHXUVHFRQWHQWHGHG«FULUHFHTXLHVWVRXVOHVSLHGVGH'LHX9RLUGDQVOH
P¬PHVHQV(]HW$S$XVXMHWGHFHWWHmbYLVLRQb}YRLU-HDQ/RXLV6NDmb/HUHSDVGH([
b}GDQV%LEOLFDSb
2. 3RXUODSRVLWLRQGXSUREOªPHHWODVROXWLRQFODVVLTXHYRLUOɛH[FHOOHQWSRLQWGHODTXHVWLRQSDU
%UHYDUG6&KLOGV([RGXV$&RPPHQWDU\FROO2OG7HVWDPHQW/LEUDU\/RQGUHV6&03UHVV
Sb
3. 9RLUbU«FLWGLW-DKYLVWH
4. 9RLUEbbU«FLWGLWORKLVWH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
59
5. $LQVL 'HQQLV-0F&DUWK\ 7UHDW\DQG &RYHQDQW$6WXG\ LQ)RUP LQWKH$QFLHQW 2ULHQWDO
'RFXPHQWVDQGLQWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWFROO$QDOHFWD%LEOLFD$5RPH%LEOLFDO,QVWLWXWH3UHVV
Sb
6. FHVXMHWYRLUOHSRLQWGHODTXHVWLRQSURSRV«SDU(ULFK=HQJHUmb:LHXQGZR]XGLH7RUD]XP
6LQDLNDP/LWHUDULVFKHXQGWKHRORJLVFKH%HREDFKWXQJHQ]X([RGXVb}GDQV09HUYHQQH
HG6WXGLHVLQWKH%RRNRI([RGXVFROO%LEOLRWKHFD(SKHPHULGXP7KHRORJLFDUXP/RYDQLHQVLXP
/HXYHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3HHWHUVSbYRLUSb9RLUVDELEOLRJUDSKLHDX[
QHW
7. 9RLU S H[ OɛHVVDL GH (UKDUG %OXP mb,VUDO ¢ OD PRQWDJQH GH 'LHX 5HPDUTXHV VXU ([
HWVXUOHFRQWH[WHOLWW«UDLUHHWKLVWRULTXHGHVDFRPSRVLWLRQb}GDQV$OEHUWGH3XU\
«G/H3HQWDWHXTXHHQTXHVWLRQFROO/HPRQGHGHOD%LEOH*HQªYH/DERUHW)LGHV
Sbb XQ U«FLW QRQVDFHUGRWDO GX 6LQD± UHOªYH GH OD PRXYDQFH GHXW«URQRPLVWH HW VD
FRPSRVLWLRQSHXW¬WUHVLWX«HSHXDSUªVOɛH[LO/HVU«GDFWHXUVUHSUHQQHQWGHVWUDGLWLRQVDQFLHQQHV
GRQW LOV GLVSRVHQW PDLV OHXU WUDYDLO GH FRPSRVLWLRQ HVW ODUJHPHQW RULJLQDO 9RLU DXVVL OHV
K\SRWKªVHVGH-RKQ9DQ6HWHUV7KH/LIHRI0RVHV7KH<DKZLVWDV+LVWRULDQLQ([RGXV1XPEHUV
FROO&RQWULEXWLRQVWR%LEOLFDO([HJHVLVDQG7KHRORJ\.DPSHQ.RN3KDURVVXUWRXW
Sb9DQ6HWHUVGLVWLQJXHXQHVRXUFH\DKYLVWHüXYUHGɛXQKLVWRULHQGHOɛH[LOHWTXɛLOVLWXH
HQG«SHQGDQFHFULWLTXHYLV¢YLVGX'HXW«URQRPHHWGHVGHXW«URQRPLVWHV
8. %HUQDUG5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±([bH[«JªVHHWWK«RORJLHFROO&DKLHUVGHOD
5HYXHELEOLTXH3DULV*DEDOGD
9. 'DQVOHP¬PHVHQVYRLUSH[-DFTXHV9HUPH\OHQ0R±VH3URPDQXVFULSWR%UX[HOOHV&(7(3
TXLSUHQGVHVGLVWDQFHV¢SURSRVGXUDSSRUWHQWUHHWGDQVmb7K«RSKDQLH
SXULILFDWLRQHWOLWXUJLHSURSRVGH([b}GDQV&ROOHFWLI&H'LHXTXLYLHQW0«ODQJHVRIIHUWV¢
%HUQDUG5HQDXGFROO/HFWLR'LYLQD3DULV&HUISbb7KRPDV%'R]HPDQ*RGRQ
WKH0RXQWDLQ$6WXG\RI5HGDFWLRQ7KHRORJ\DQG&DQRQLQ([RGXVFROO6%/0RQRJUDSK
6HULHV$WODQWD
10. $LQVLLOHQYLVDJHGHVUHWRXFKHVVDFHUGRWDOHV¢ODORLGXVDEEDWGDQVOHG«FDORJXH
11. -ɛDLPHQ«FHWWH«WXGHGHVWUXFWXUHGDQVXQHDXWUHSXEOLFDWLRQb$QGU«:«QLQmb/DWK«RSKDQLH
GX6LQD±6WUXFWXUHVOLWW«UDLUHVHWQDUUDWLRQHQ([RGHb}GDQV9HUYHQQH«G6WXGLHVLQ
WKH%RRNRI([RGXVSb
12. &HQɛHVWTXɛDXFKTXHOHQDUUDWHXUSU«FLVHUDTXHVHXOVGHVUHSU«VHQWDQWVGXSHXSOH
PRQWHURQWYHUV'LHXSRXU¬WUHUH©XVHQVDSU«VHQFHYbHW
13. 9RLU$QGU«%RXGDUGmb3XUHW«LPSXUHW«b} GDQV '(% Sb RX 5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLH
SbHW9HUPH\OHQmb7K«RSKDQLHSXULILFDWLRQHWOLWXUJLHb}Sb'ɛDSUªV-XOHVGH
9DXO[mb6DLQWb}GDQV97%FODUDFLQH©GTVLJQLILHUDLW¢ODEDVHmbFRXSHUb}mbV«SDUHUb}
FPDLVLOVHPEOHSOXW¶WTXHFHVHQVQHVRLWSDVRULJLQHObYRLU+DQV3HWHU0¾OOHUmbTGV
KHLOLJb}GDQV7+$7,,FF
14. 'HP¬PHGDQVOH/«YLWLTXHOɛRUGUHGHODYHUOHVY¬WHPHQWVHVWGRQQ«¢FHX[HWFHOOHVTXL
GRLYHQWURPSUHDYHFFHTXLOHVHPS¬FKHGɛHQWUHUHQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHF'LHXFRPPHOHFRQWDFW
DYHFXQFDGDYUH
15. &KLOGV([RGXVSb
16. 5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLHSbHWOɛDSSXLGHODYDOHXUFXOWXHOOHGXWURLVLªPHMRXULOFLWH
«JDOHPHQWGHVWH[WHVFRPPH*QMRXUGXVDFULILFHGɛ,VDDFRX-RVHWSDVVDJHGX
-RXUGDLQ
17. (QOHVJHQVVɛ«FULHQWbmb4XLSHXWVHWHQLUHQSU«VHQFHGH<KZKFH'LHXVDLQWb"b}
18. 9RLU/Yb1Emb'DQVODPHQWDOLW«DQFLHQQHOɛLPSXUHWOHVDFU«VRQWGHV
QRWLRQVFRQQH[HV,OVFRQWLHQQHQWOɛXQHWOɛDXWUHXQHIRUFHP\VW«ULHXVHHWHIIUD\DQWHTXLDJLWSDU
FRQWDFWHWTXLPHWHQ«WDLWGɛLQWHUGLW/ɛLPSXUHWOHVDFU«VRQW«JDOHPHQWɝLQWRXFKDEOHVɞHWFHOXL
TXɛLOVDWWHLJQHQWGHYLHQWɝLQWRXFKDEOHɞOXLP¬PHb}5RODQGGH9DX[/HVLQVWLWXWLRQVGHOɛ$QFLHQ
7HVWDPHQW,,>3DULV&HUI@Sb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
60
19. /HYHUEHJDEDOHPSOR\«HQFRQQRWHOɛLPDJHGɛXQHIURQWLªUHG«OLPLWDQWGHX[HQWLW«V
GLVWLQFWHV 'X UHVWH OD OLPLWH DLQVL PDUTX«H G«ILQLW SRXU OH SHXSOH XQ HVSDFH mbVDFU«b}b OD
PRQWDJQHR»'LHXGHPHXUHRXGHVFHQGHWTXLIDLWILJXUHGHWHPSOH
20. FHVXMHWYRLU3LHWUR%RYDWL5LVWDELOLUHODJLXVWL]LD3URFHGXUHYRFDERODULRRULHQWDPHQWL
FROO$QDOHFWD%LEOLFD5RPH%LEOLFDO,QVWLWXWH3UHVVSb
21. 6XUFHSRLQWYRLU9DQ6HWHUV7KH/LIHRI0RVHVSb0«VRSRWDPLHHW&DQDDQDYHF
ELEOLRJUDSKLHRX=HQJHUmb:LHXQGZR]XGLH7RUD]XP6LQDLNDPb}Sb
22. 9RLUSH[b6b/Yb-OHW3V/ɛLQVWUXPHQWHVW«JDOHPHQWXWLOLV«SRXUOD
JXHUUHHWOHVF«U«PRQLHVUR\DOHV9RLU$QGU«/HPDLUHmb&RUb}GDQV'(%Sb
23. /DTXHVWLRQUHVWHSHUWLQHQWHP¬PHVLFHVSK«QRPªQHVVRQWFRXUDQWVGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQVSRXUG«FULUHODYHQXHGɛXQHGLYLQLW«
24. 9RLUSH[<YHV6DR½W/HJUDQGVRXIIOHGHOɛ([RGH3DULV)D\DUG0DPHSbHW
VXUWRXW 0DUF *LUDUG /HV V\PEROHV GDQV OD %LEOH FROO 5HFKHUFKHV 16 0RQWU«DO3DULV
%HOODUPLQ&HUISb
25. (QXQVHQVGLII«UHQWYRLU*LUDUG/HVV\PEROHVSb
26. 9RLUDXVVL1E'DQVODFRQFHSWLRQVDFHUGRWDOHOD'HPHXUHVHWURXYHDXFHQWUHGX
FDPSGɛ,VUDO1EbOɛLQVLVWDQFHHVWPLVHLFLVXUODSUR[LPLW«Gɛ$GRQD±DXFüXUGHODYLHGHVRQ
SHXSOH0DLVLOHVWUHPDUTXDEOHTXHFHP¬PHWH[WHVDFHUGRWDOVHPEOHLPSOLTXHUTXɛXQHFHUWDLQH
GLVWDQFHV«SDUHOHSHXSOHGHOD7HQWHPLQQªJG
27. 'DQV FH U«FLW OD FRORQQH VHPEOH ¬WUH GH IHX HW GH QX«H HQ P¬PH WHPSVb VHORQ
OɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGH6JGX7DUJXPHWGH6\PPDTXHYRLU72%$7>@SbQRWHPOD
FRORQQHHVWQX«HW«Q«EUHXVHSRXUOHVDJUHVVHXUVPDLVHOOHLOOXPLQHODQXLWSRXUOHV,VUD«OLWHV
0DUF9HUYHQQHmb([RGXV70/;;7H[WXDORU/LWHUDU\9DULDWLRQb"b}GDQV-0$XZHUV$
:«QLQ«GV/HFWXUHVHWUHOHFWXUHVGHOD%LEOH)V30%RJDHUWFROO%LEOLRWKHFD(SKHPHULGXP
7KHRORJLFDUXP /RYDQLHQVLXP /HXYHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV3HHWHUV Sb VXUWRXW
SbYDHQFHVHQVSRXUOH70-HDQ/RXLV6ND/HSDVVDJHGHODPHUWXGHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQ
GXVW\OHHWGHODV\PEROLTXHGɛ([FROO$QDOHFWD%LEOLFD5RPH%LEOLFDO,QVWLWXWH
3UHVVSbHQYLVDJHXQHDXWUHVROXWLRQbOHWH[WHK«EUHXGɛ([DG«FULWXQHQX«H
RSDTXHTXLV«SDUHOHVFDPSVHQQHPLVWRXWHQOHVLOOXPLQDQWOɛXQHWOɛDXWUHSRXUSHUPHWWUHOD
SRXUVXLWH
28. 6XUFHWULSOHU¶OHYRLU6ND/HSDVVDJHGHODPHUSbTXLU«VXPHFHWKªPHSRXUWRXWOH
OLYUH&RQFHUQDQW OɛRULJLQHGXPRWLI YRLU7:0DQQ mb7KH3LOODU RI&ORXGLQ WKH5HHG6HD
1DUUDWLYHb}GDQV-RXUQDORI%LEOLFDO/LWHUDWXUHSb
29. 9RLUHQFRUH,V¢SURSRVGH-«UXVDOHPHWVRQWHPSOHbmb$GRQD±FU«HUDVXUWRXWHOɛDVVLVHGX
PRQW6LRQHWVXUVRQDVVHPEO«HXQHQX«HOHMRXUHWXQHIXP«HHWOɛ«FODWGɛXQIHXGHIODPPHOD
QXLWɣb}
30. 'XUHVWHOHORFXWHXUGLYLQGHVGL[3DUROHVVHSU«VHQWHFRPPHWHObYRLU$QGU«:«QLQ
mb/HG«FDORJXH$SSURFKHFRQWH[WXHOOHWK«RORJLHHWDQWKURSRORJLHb}GDQV&)RFDQW«G/D/RL
GDQVOɛXQHWOɛDXWUH7HVWDPHQWFROO/HFWLR'LYLQD&HUI3DULVSbVXUWRXWSbHW
31. 9RLU:«QLQmb/DWK«RSKDQLHDX6LQD±b}Sb
32. %LHQGHVDXWHXUVYRLHQWGDQVOHWUHPEOHPHQWGXSHXSOHXQVLJQHGHVDSHXUbDLQVL&KLOGV
([RGXV Sb RX 9HUPH\OHQ 0R±VH Sb 0DLV SRXUTXRL OH QDUUDWHXU SU«FLVHWLO TXH OD
PRQWDJQHOHOLHXGH'LHXYDFLOOHHOOHDXVVLb"(WSRXUTXRLHPSORLHWLOOHYHUEHKDUDGWUHPEOHU
YDFLOOHUTXLQɛHVWXVLW«TXHSRXUGHVSHUVRQQHVFI3DXO+HLQLVFK'DV%XFK([RGXV%RQQ3HWHU
+DQVWHLQSbb"
33. 7RXVFHV«O«PHQWVGRQQHQW¢ODUHQFRQWUHHQWUH,VUDOHW$GRQD±XQWRXUSDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW
FRPSOH[HHWSDUDGR[DO0DLVGRLWRQ\YRLUDXWUHFKRVHTXɛXQUHIOHWGHODFRQVFLHQFHYLYHGHFH
TXHODUHQFRQWUHDXWKHQWLTXHHWODFRPPXQLFDWLRQYUDLHDYHF'LHXVRQWGLIILFLOHVG«OLFDWHVb"&H
TXLHVWYUDLSRXUWRXWHUHQFRQWUHVHY«ULILHDXVVLSRXUODUHODWLRQHQWUH'LHXHWVRQSHXSOH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
61
34. 6ND/HSDVVDJHSb3DUPLOHVWK«RSKDQLHVR»OHSHXSOHmbVHWLHQWGHERXWb}LOFLWH([b
1Eb'W7RXMRXUVVHORQ6NDGDQVOHFDGUHGɛmbDVVHPEO«HVHQSU«VHQFHGH'LHXb}OH
YHUEHVHUW¢G«FULUHOHVDVVLVWDQWVmbFRQVLG«U«VFRPPHGHVPHPEUHVDFWLIVFDSDEOHVGHSUHQGUH
GHVHQJDJHPHQWVb}
35. 9RLUFLGHVVXVSb7UDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWODFULWLTXHDWWULEXH¢-OHVYHUVHWVHW¢XQ
U«GDFWHXU«ORKLVWHRXVDFHUGRWDOOHSDVVDJHSDUDOOªOH3RXU5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLHSbLOV
VRQWWRXVGHX[GHODP¬PHPDLQVDFHUGRWDOH'DQVOHP¬PHVHQV9DQ6HWHUV7KH/LIHRI0RVHV
Sb
36. 'DQVOHU«FLWOHVYHUVHWVLQWURGXLVHQWXQUHWDUGDVVH]ORQJDYDQWODSURPXOJDWLRQGX
G«FDORJXHFRPPHVLmbXQɝSOXVɞGHVDLQWHW«>«WDLW@H[LJ«GHVDFWHXUVKXPDLQVb}DYDQWOɛLQVWDQW
VROHQQHOHQWUHWRXV5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLHSb
37. FHSURSRVXQSUREOªPHVHSRVHTXDQW¢ODORJLTXHQDUUDWLYHGHODSU«VHQFHGHVSU¬WUHV(Q
HIIHWOHVDFHUGRFH,VUD«OLWHQɛHVWLQDXJXU«TXHSOXVWDUGGDQVOHU«FLW([/ɛLVVXHSURSRV«H
HVWGHFRQVLG«UHUTXHOHVmbSU¬WUHVb}KDNNRKDQ°PG«VLJQHQWLFLOHVJHQVGXSHXSOHTXLVRQW
FRQVWLWX«VSU¬WUHVSRXU$GRQD±FRPPHFHOXLFLOHSU«FLVHHQ-HWUDGXLUDLVDORUVbmb0¬PH
>VɛLOVVRQW@OHVSU¬WUHVTXLVɛDSSURFKHQWGɛ$GRQD±TXɛLOVVHVDQFWLILHQWɣb}YbDHWmbPDLVOHV
SU¬WUHVFɛHVW¢GLUHOHSHXSOHTXɛLOVQHVHSU«FLSLWHQWSDVɣb}ɘODFRQMRQFWLRQ«WDQWLFLXQZDZ
GɛH[SOLFDWLRQRX«SH[«J«WLTXHYbE
38. &HWWHYLVLRQGHOD/RLHVWRPQLSU«VHQWHGDQVOHVSDUWLHVKRPLO«WLTXHVGX'HXW«URQRPH'W
bbbRXHQFRUH3V'ªV*QOHSU«FHSWHGLYLQHVWO¢SRXUTXHOɛKRPPHQH
PHXUHSDV/HWKªPHHVWUHSULVIU«TXHPPHQWGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUHMXLYHSRVWELEOLTXHYRLUSH[
3LUT«$E¶W9,
39. 5HQDXG/DWK«RSKDQLHSbSURSRVHXQHLQWHUSU«WDWLRQGHOɛDUWLFXODWLRQDFWXHOOHHQWUHOHV
FKHW,OWUDGXLWbmb0R±VHGHVFHQGLWYHUVOHSHXSOHHWOHXUGLWb'LHXDSURQRQF«WRXWHVFHV
SDUROHVɣb}0R±VHUDSSRUWHUDLWDXSHXSOHGHVSDUROHVTXH'LHXOXLDGLWHV&HWWHWUDGXFWLRQPH
VHPEOHLQFRUUHFWHFDUHOOHQHUHQGSDVMXVWLFH¢ODIRUPHYHUEDOHGHDXQZD\\LTWROTXL
H[SULPHODFRQWLQXLW«QDUUDWLYHGDQVOHSDVV«FHVXMHWYRLU:«QLQmb/HG«FDORJXHb}Sb
40. &RPPHGLW&KLOGV([RGXVSbbmb&RPPHQWU«SRQGHQWLOVDX'LHXTXLVHU«YªOHOXLP¬PH¢
ODIRLVHQSDUROHHWHQDFWHb"b}6XUOHWHVWFRPPHSURFHVVXVGHU«Y«ODWLRQYRLUSH[*QHW
VXLWHDXGRQGɛ,VDDF([GRQGHODPDQQHRX'WGRQGHODOLEHUW«
41. /HWH[WHMRXHLFLVXUOHYHUEH \DU«ɛmbFUDLQGUHb}TXLSHXWDYRLUGHX[VHQVbDYRLUSHXURX
UHVSHFWHU«SURXYHUXQHFUDLQWHU«Y«UHQFLHXVH6XUFHWWHGRXEOHQRWLRQGHFUDLQWHYRLU63ODWK
)XUFKW&RWWHV'HU%HJULIIMUɛLP$OWHQ7HVWDPHQW$UEHLWHQ]XU7KHRORJLH,,6WXWWJDUWb
/RXLV'HURXVVHDX[/DFUDLQWHGH'LHXGDQVOɛ$QFLHQ7HVWDPHQW/HFWLR'LYLQD&HUI3DULVRX
HQFRUH+DQV36W¦KOLmbMUɛI¾UFKWHQb}GDQV7+$7,F
42. 6ND/HSDVVDJHSbFLWDWLRQSbFLWHHWDQDO\VHGHQRPEUHX[WH[WHVR»OHP¬PH
SDVVDJHVɛHIIHFWXH/HVFK«PDOLWW«UDLUHHVWLGHQWLTXHHQ([HWbSHXULQLWLDOHDSSHODX
G«SDVVHPHQW GH OD SHXU mbQH FUDLJQH] SDVb} DWWLWXGH QHXYH GH mbFUDLQWHb} UHVSHFWXHXVH 'W
G«YHORSSHODP¬PHWK«RORJLH¢SURSRVGHODWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±
43. 6HORQOHVHQVFRQFUHWGXYHUEHKDWDɛTXLVLJQLILHmbPDQTXHUUDWHUb}OɛLPDJH«WDQWFHOOHGɛXQH
FLEOHTXHOɛRQPDQTXHYRLU-Jb-Eb3U
44. 'WmbWXFKRLVLUDVODYLHDILQGHYLYUHWRLHWWDGHVFHQGDQFH>ɣ@2XLLOHVWWDYLHHWOD
ORQJXHXUGHWHVMRXUVb}YbRX3VOªYHQWXQSHXFHPDVTXH,OIDXWQRWHU¢FHVXMHWTXHOH
VHXOEXWDVVLJQ«¢ODSUDWLTXHGHVSU«FHSWHVGDQVODYHUVLRQH[RGLHQQHGHVGL[SDUROHVFɛHVWOD
YLHbmbDILQTXHVHSURORQJHQWWHVMRXUVb}
45. mb/D/RLLPSOLTXHXQHSU«VHQFHGX6HLJQHXUɣPDLVOD/RLQɛHVWSDVODSU«VHQFH/ɛ«QRQF«GH
OD/RLɣFDFKHHWVLJQLILH¢ODIRLVb}«FULW3DXO%HDXFKDPS/ɛXQHWOɛDXWUH7HVWDPHQW(VVDLGHOHFWXUH
FROO3DUROHGH'LHX6HXLO3DULVSb
46. FHVXMHW-DFTXHV%ULHQG'LHXGDQVOɛFULWXUHFROO/HFWLR'LYLQD3DULV&HUI
VXUWRXWSbOHFKDSLWUHSUHPLHUHVWFRQVDFU«¢5
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
62
AUTEUR
$QGU«:«QLQ
3URIHVVHXUGɛH[«JªVHGHOɛ$QFLHQ7HVWDPHQW¢OD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«
FDWKROLTXHGH/RXYDLQOD1HXYH3DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb/ɛKRPPHELEOLTXH$QWKURSRORJLH
HW«WKLTXHGDQVOH3UHPLHU7HVWDPHQW3DULVb3DVVHXOHPHQWGHSDLQɣ9LROHQFHHWDOOLDQFH
GDQVOD%LEOHb,VDDFRXOɛ«SUHXYHGɛ$EUDKDP$SSURFKHQDUUDWLYHGH*HQªVH
%UX[HOOHVb6WXGLHVLQWKH%RRNRI*HQHVLV5HGDFWLRQDQG+LVWRU\/HXYHQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
63
/HVDSSDULWLRQVGXUHVVXVFLW«b'HOD
7K«RSKDQLH¢OD&KULVWRSKDQLH
Michel Deneken
S
1/HVWK«RSKDQLHVY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHVFRPPHFHOOHGɛ([RGHDXFRXUVGHODTXHOOH
'LHX VH U«YªOH OXLP¬PH ¢ 0R±VH GDQV OH EXLVVRQ DUGHQW FRQVWLWXHQW VWULFWR VHQVX
GDYDQWDJHGHVmbDFRXSKDQLHVb}'LHX\DGYLHQW¢OD3DUROHTXLFRQYRTXH0R±VHOLH
6DPXHOHWF¢OɛKLVWRLUHGHOHXUSHXSOHHWQRQ¢ODYLVLRQɘQXOQHSRXYDQWYRLUODIDFHGH
'LHXVDQVPRXULU'DQVOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWFHW«Y«QHPHQWGHSDUROHGLYLQHH[LVWH
DXVVLbDXEDSW¬PHGH-«VXVRX¢ODWUDQVILJXUDWLRQODYRL[YLHQWGXFLHOSRXUDWWHVWHUOD
VHLJQHXULH GH -«VXV &HSHQGDQW ¢ F¶W« GH FHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GH OD YRL[ GLYLQH OH
1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWSURSRVHXQDXWUHW\SHGHU«FLWVGHU«Y«ODWLRQTXLFRQFHUQHQWSOXV
GLUHFWHPHQW OH mbYRLUb} HW TXL SHXYHQW UHVVRUWLU ¢ OD YLVLR GHLb OHV DSSDULWLRQV GX
5HVVXVFLW«
2/H5HVVXVFLW«VHPDQLIHVWHDX[GLVFLSOHVQRQVHXOHPHQWSDUODYXHPDLVDXVVLSDUOɛRX±H
0DLV FɛHVW OD SDUROH TXL FRQYDLQF FHX[ TXL GRXWHQW , &H SK«QRPªQH SURSUH DX
1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWHVWLQWURGXLWSDUXQPDUTXHXUYHUEDO¶SKWK¬FRQVWUXLW¢SDUWLUGX
YHUEHRUD¶SHUPHWWDQWGHG«VLJQHU'LHXFRPPHRULJLQHGHFHSK«QRPªQH,,3RXUOD
V«PDQWLTXH FKU«WLHQQH mbYRLU OH 6HLJQHXUb} YD GHYHQLU V\QRQ\PH GH mbLO HVW
UHVVXVFLW«b}bOɛDSSDULWLRQFRQVWLWXHGRQF XQ«Y«QHPHQWTXLHVWDXVVL«Y«QHPHQWGH
FRQQDLVVDQFH TXH OHV DXWHXUV Q«RWHVWDPHQWDLUHV VHPEOHQW YRXORLU GLVWLQJXHU GHV
SK«QRPªQHV YLVLRQQDLUHV RUGLQDLUHV ,,, %LHQ TXɛDSSDUHQW«HV DX[ U«FLWV GH
WK«RSKDQLHVOHVQDUUDWLRQVSDVFDOHVSRLQWHQWXQSDUDGR[HbVLOH5HVVXVFLW«DGUHVVHOD
3DUROHDX[VLHQVSRXUW«PRLJQHUGHOXLP¬PHOɛKLVWRLUHGXFKULVWLDQLVPH¢FRPPHQFHU
SDUOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWIHUDGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHGXmbYRLU-«VXVb}ODQRUPHGHODIRL
SDVFDOH&ɛHVWOɛRULJLQDOLW«GHFHTXɛRQSHXWDORUVDSSHOHUGHVmbFKULVWRSKDQLHVb},9
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
64
Voir et entendre
3/HV«YDQJLOHVSU«VHQWHQWOHVDSSDULWLRQVGH-«VXVHQWUH3¤TXHVHW$VFHQVLRQFRPPHXQH
FRQILUPDWLRQ GH VD U«VXUUHFWLRQ &HWWH FRQILUPDWLRQ QH UHTXLHUW SDV VHXOHPHQW OD
YLVLRQPDLVDXVVLODXGLWLRQ/H5HVVXVFLW«HVWYXHWHQWHQGX/DV«PDQWLTXHGXmbYRLUb}
HVWVHXOHGHYHQXHODQJDJHWHFKQLTXHFKU«WLHQmb/H6HLJQHXUHVWUHVVXVFLW«HWLOHVW
DSSDUXb}bFHSHQGDQWOH5HVVXVFLW«SDUOH HWOɛRQSHXWGLUH ¢ODOHFWXUHGHVU«FLWV
«YDQJ«OLTXHVTXHOɛH[SUHVVLRQmbHVWDSSDUXb}DILQLSDUDEVRUEHUOHYRLUHWOɛHQWHQGUH&H
PRWLIG«URXOHXQHVRUWHGHILOFRQGXFWHXUFRPPXQ¢WRXVOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQWRXV
UHVVRUWLVVDQWDXJHQUHOLWW«UDLUHGHVWK«RSKDQLHV/HVU«GDFWHXUVGX1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQW
RQW SX DYRLU UHFRXUV ¢ GHV «O«PHQWV ELEOLTXHV FRQVWLWXDQW GHV PDUTXHXUV GH
WK«RSKDQLHVyFHIDLVDQWLOVFRQGXLVHQWOɛDXGLWHXUGHOɛYDQJLOH¢WUDQVSRVHUFHTXL«WDLWOH
IDLWGH'LHXEXLVVRQDUGHQWU«Y«ODWLRQ¢OLH¢Oɛ+RUHEHWFVXUOH&KULVW
4/HYHUEHmbYRLUb}G«VLJQHXQ«Y«QHPHQWTXLVɛLPSRVH,OH[LVWHGHVFRQGLWLRQVGDQVOH
FüXU P¬PH GHV GLVFLSOHV SRXU TXH SXLVVH QD°WUH OD IRL SDVFDOH /D IRL MXLYH HQ OD
U«VXUUHFWLRQGHVPRUWVQɛDSDVIRUF«PHQWDLG«OHVGLVFLSOHV¢VHSU«SDUHU¢Oɛ«Y«QHPHQW
&HUWHVFRPPHWRXVOHVFUR\DQWVMXLIVLOVSDUWDJHDLHQWODFRQYLFWLRQHQUDFLQ«HGDQVOD
%LEOHTXH'LHXHVWOHPD°WUHGHODYLH0DLVOHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVGHODU«VXUUHFWLRQ«WDLHQW
GHV SOXV IORXHV /ɛLPSUHVVLRQ TXH OH -«VXV KLVWRULTXH D G½ IDLUH VXU OH JURXSH GHV
GLVFLSOHVODPDQLªUHGRQWLOVɛHVWU«I«U«DX)LOVGHOɛ+RPPHOHVH[S«ULHQFHVTXHOHV
GLVFLSOHVRQWSXYLYUHDYHFOXLRQWUHQGXSRVVLEOHOHXUYHQXH¢ODIRL0DOJU«OHWHPSV
TXH FHV GHUQLHUV RQW SDVV« DYHF OHXU PD°WUH OHV DSSDULWLRQV IXUHQW OD FRQGLWLRQ
Q«FHVVDLUHSRXUTXHQDLVVHODIRLSDVFDOH
5/HV DSSDULWLRQV QH FRQVWLWXHQW SDV XQ «Y«QHPHQW VHXOHPHQW LQW«ULHXU TXL OHV
DVVLPLOHUDLW¢XQHH[S«ULHQFHGHW\SHP\VWLTXHRXSL«WLVWH/HVU«FLWV«YDQJ«OLTXHV
LQVLVWHQWWRXVVXUOHmbYHQLUYHUVOHVGLVFLSOHVb}GH-«VXV3DUXQHVRUWHGHPD±HXWLTXHGH
ODIRLFKULVWRORJLTXHXQHLOOXPLQDWLRQSURJUHVVLYHFHWWHUHQFRQWUHTXLFRPPHQFHGDQV
OHGRXWH7KRPDVRXODP«SULVH0DULH0DGHOHLQHDERXWLW¢ODUHFRQQDLVVDQFH&HOXL
TXLDSSDUD°WQɛHVWSDVWRXMRXUVUHFRQQXLPP«GLDWHPHQW2UFHWWHUHFRQQDLVVDQFHQH
VɛRULJLQHSDVGDQVXQmbYRLUb}TXLQHVHPEOHSDVVHVXIILUH¢OXLP¬PHbLOIDXWXQHSDUROH
RXXQJHVWHTXLIDVVHU«I«UHQFHDXSDVV«GɛDYDQW3¤TXHV&RPPHVLPSOHSK«QRPªQH
FRQVLG«U«HQVRLODYLVLRQSRVHGHVTXHVWLRQVHWSURYRTXHGHVGRXWHV/DSDUROHHOOH
HVWJ«Q«UDWULFHGHIRL
6'DQVOHVFXOWXUHVVRXVLQIOXHQFHKHOO«QLVWLTXHSOXW¶WPDUTX«HVSDUOHmbYRLUb}RQVɛHVW
EHDXFRXSIRFDOLV«VXUFHTXHOHVDS¶WUHVRQWYXHWFRPPHQWOHXUH[S«ULHQFHDYDLW«W«
SRVVLEOH/HSHXSOHELEOLTXHHVWGDYDQWDJHXQSHXSOHGHOɛ«FRXWHHWOHV\HX[QHVRQWSDV
SOXVLPSRUWDQWVTXHOHVRUHLOOHV/HVWK«RSKDQLHVGHOɛ$QFLHQ7HVWDPHQWVRQWWRXMRXUV
GHV«Y«QHPHQWVDXFRXUVGHVTXHOVFHTXLDSSDUD°WQɛHVWMDPDLV'LHXFRPPHVHGRQQDQW
¢YRLUPDLVFRPPH&HOXLTXLSDUOHDXEXLVVRQDUGHQW¢Oɛ+RUHESRXUOLHSRXU6DPXHO
GDQVOH7HPSOH/ɛLQYLWDWLRQTXLHVWIDLWH¢,VUDOQɛHVWSDVGHYRLU'LHXPDLVGɛ«FRXWHUb
VKHPDK,VUDO9¸JWOHGHPDQGHb&HOXLTXLDSSDUD°WQHGRLWLOSDV¬WUHHQP¬PHWHPSV
&HOXLTXLSDUOHb"/RUVTXHOHVDS¶WUHVYRLHQWOH&KULVWUHVVXVFLW«FHQɛHVWSDVVHXOHPHQW
XQHIRUPHPXHWWHTXɛLOVYRLHQWLOVHQWHQGHQWXQHSDUROHGRQFXQHSHUVRQQHSDUODQWH
TXLSURQRQFHXQHSDUROHVXUHOOHP¬PHmb-HVXLVFHOXLTXLD«W«FUXFLIL«bUHJDUGH]b
«FRXWH]bMHVXLVYLYDQWb}HWXQHSDUROHSRXUOHVDS¶WUHVmb$OOH]W«PRLJQHUb}
7/DU«Y«ODWLRQDOLHXTXDQGOHVDS¶WUHVUHFRQQDLVVHQWGDQVWHOOHRXWHOOHDWWLWXGHGX
5HVVXVFLW«TXLOHXUDSSDUD°WODVROOLFLWXGHTXLIXWFHOOHGH-«VXVUDSSHO«HSDUXQJHVWH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
65
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWSDUODQWɘFRPPHFHOXLGHODFRPPHQVDOLW«ODIUDFWLRQGXSDLQRX
HQFRUH OD SDUROH DIIHFWLYH UDSSHODQW OH SDVV« ɘ TXL «WDEOLW XQ SRQW HQWUH OH -«VXV
KLVWRULTXHHWOH6HLJQHXUH[DOW«&HVU«FLWVGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«FKHUFKHQW¢
U«SRQGUH¢ODTXHVWLRQGHVDYRLUFRPPHQWOHVGLVFLSOHVTXLQHIXUHQWSDVW«PRLQV
RULJLQHOV GHV DSSDULWLRQV RQW SX PDOJU« WRXW DFF«GHU ¢ OD IRL SDVFDOH HQ -«VXV
UHVVXVFLW«/HVGLVFLSOHVTXLVXLYLUHQWSRXUOHVTXHOVOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQ«WDLHQWGHV
QDUUDWLRQVGHW«PRLQVTXLQHOHVPHWWDLHQWSDVGLUHFWHPHQWHQVFªQHDYDLHQWSRXU
U«I«UHQFHOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHVSUHPLHUVW«PRLQV&HQHVRQWSDVOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVVXUOH
WRPEHDXYLGHQLOHVDSSDULWLRQVLQLWLDOHVTXLOHVFRQGXLVLUHQW¢ODIRLPDLVFɛHVW¢SDUWLU
GHOɛH[S«ULHQFHGɛXQHUHQFRQWUHDYHFOH6HLJQHXUUHVVXVFLW«TXɛLOV\VRQWSDUYHQXV
b
Le marqueur de la christophanie: «ôphthê»
Dans le kérygme
8/HVU«FLWVGHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«¢VHVGLVFLSOHVU«YªOHQWTXHOɛRULJLQHGHOD
IRLSDVFDOHHVWGDQVFHWWHH[S«ULHQFHGɛDSSDULWLRQGH-«VXVTXLVHGRQQH¢YRLURXSOXV
H[DFWHPHQWmbTXLHVWGRQQ«¢YRLUb}/DIRUPHSDVVLYH¶SKWK¬GXYHUEHRUD¶GHYLHQWXQ
WHUPHWHFKQLTXHG«VLJQDQWOɛRULJLQDOLW«GHODFKULVWRSKDQLHSDVFDOH/ɛDRULVWH¶SKWK¬
LQGLTXHTXHOH&KULVWVɛHVWGRQQ«¢YRLU/ɛH[SUHVVLRQLPSOLTXHXQHFHUWDLQHmbSDVVLYLW«b}
6ɛDJLWLO GɛXQ SDVVLYXP GLYLQXP FɛHVW¢GLUH XQ PDUTXHXU V\QWD[LTXH SHUPHWWDQW
Gɛ«YRTXHU'LHXVDQVOHQRPPHUb"3HXW¬WUH7RXMRXUVHVWLOTXHODPDQLªUHODSOXVMXVWH
GHWUDGXLUH¶SKWK¬LPSOLTXHXQHIRUPXOHSDVVLYHbmbLOD«W«GRQQ«¢YRLUb}FHTXLHQ
PLOLHXV«PLWLTXHSHXW¬WUHFRPSULVVDQV«TXLYRTXHFRPPHmb'LHXDGRQQ«¢YRLUb}
9/HVDSSDULWLRQVGX5HVVXVFLW«FRQVWLWXHQWXQHmbOHFWXUHb}TXLVɛLPSRVHDX[GLVFLSOHV6L
OɛRQFKHUFKH¢FRPSUHQGUHODQDWXUHHWODIRQFWLRQGHVDSSDULWLRQVLOIDXWVHU«I«UHUDX
WH[WHOHSOXVDQFLHQTXL\IDLWDOOXVLRQb&R/HN«U\JPHTXH3DXO\UHSURGXLW
UHSUHQGODIRUPXOH¶SKWK¬
10 &RVHU«IªUH¢XQHWUDGLWLRQDQW«ULHXUH¢3DXO(OOHIDLWPHQWLRQGHVDSSDULWLRQV
¢3LHUUHDX[2Q]H¢GɛDXWUHVGLVFLSOHV/ɛDS¶WUHDMRXWHTXɛLODOXLP¬PHE«Q«ILFL«GɛXQH
DSSDULWLRQGX&KULVWTXɛLOG«ILQLWSDUOHWHUPH¶SKWK¬(Q&R3DXO«FULWbmbHWHQ
WRXWGHUQLHUOLHXLOPɛHVWDXVVLDSSDUX¢PRLOɛDYRUWRQb}%LHQTXɛLOQɛDLWSDVFRQQXOH
-«VXVKLVWRULTXH3DXOLGHQWLILHVRQH[S«ULHQFH¢FHOOHGHVDXWUHVDS¶WUHVDX[TXHOVOH
5HVVXVFLW«HVWDSSDUX3DXOQHIDLWSDVGHGLII«UHQFHHQWUHVRQH[S«ULHQFHHWFHOOHGHV
DXWUHV DS¶WUHVb LO FKHUFKH SDU O¢ ¢ O«JLWLPHU VD FRQGLWLRQ DSRVWROLTXH 3RXU OXL
OɛDSSDULWLRQHVWLGHQWLTXH¢FHOOHGRQWOHVSUHPLHUVW«PRLQVILUHQWOɛH[S«ULHQFH3RXU
/XFHQUHYDQFKHHOOHVɛHQGLVWLQJXH
11 /H W«PRLJQDJH GH 3DXO FRQFHUQDQW OHV DSSDULWLRQV VɛDSSXLH VXU OD SDUDGRVLV GHV
DSSDULWLRQVTXL OXL HVW DQW«ULHXUH &H W«PRLJQDJH QɛHVW ULHQGH SOXV TXɛXQ U«VXP«
VW«QRJUDSKLTXHXQFKLIIUH0DLVFɛHVWMXVWHPHQWGDQVFHWWHH[WU¬PHFRQFLVLRQTXHFH
WH[WHHVWXQLTXH&HWWHIRUPXOHVɛDSSXLHVXUOD6HSWDQWHHWVHPEOHGRQF¬WUHQ«HGDQVOD
FRPPXQDXW«MXG«RFKU«WLHQQHGHWUDGLWLRQKHOO«QLVWLTXH3DXOQɛDUJXPHQWHMDPDLV¢
SDUWLUGHOɛ«Y«QHPHQWGH'DPDVFRPSULVFRPPHXQHH[S«ULHQFHYLVLRQQDLUH,OYHXWVH
UDWWDFKHU¢OɛH[S«ULHQFHGHVFRPPXQDXW«VGHW«PRLQV,OGLWOXLP¬PH*DVDYRLU
«W«TXLQ]HMRXUVDYHF3LHUUHHW-DFTXHVbLOFRQQD°W«JDOHPHQW-HDQ*DbGɛDXWUHSDUW
LODWUDYDLOO«DYHF%DUQDE«HHW0DUFFI$FbbbVVbHWVH
WURXYDLWHQFRQWDFWDYHFODFRPPXQDXW«SULPLWLYH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
66
b
Prédéterminations de la formule «ôphthê»
12 /DIRUPXOH¶SKWK¬G«VLJQHSOXVTXɛXQHO«JLWLPDWLRQGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHDSRVWROLTXH(OOH
DSSDUWLHQWDX[PDUTXHXUVV«PDQWLTXHVGHODWK«RSKDQLH3ORQJHDQWSRXUSDUWLHVHV
UDFLQHVGDQVOD6HSWDQWHHOOHLQGLTXHXQHSXLVVDQFHGHU«Y«ODWLRQ3RXUFHUWDLQVLO
VHPEOH GLIILFLOH GH FRPSUHQGUH ¶SKWK¬ GDQV OH 1RXYHDX 7HVWDPHQW ¢ SDUWLU GH OD
6HSWDQWHSDUFHTXHFHWWHH[SUHVVLRQQHIDLWTXHUHSURGXLUHOHVHQVFRPPXQGHOD
NRLQ¬3RXUGɛDXWUHVDXFRQWUDLUH¶SKWK¬QHGRLWSDV¬WUHFRPSULVGLII«UHPPHQWGDQV
OH 1RXYHDX 7HVWDPHQW TXH GDQV OD 6HSWDQWH 'ɛDXWUHV HQFRUH \ YRLHQW SOXW¶W
OɛLQVLVWDQFH VXU OH FDUDFWªUH FRQFUHW GH OD YLVLRQ SDVFDOH VɛDSSX\DQW VXU OH UDɛDK
K«EUD±TXH /D IRUPH ¶SKWK¬ TXL G«VLJQDLW OHV DSSDULWLRQV GHV K«URV JUHFV HVW
«JDOHPHQWLQW«JU«HFRPPHWHOOHGDQVOD6HSWDQWHTXLOɛXWLOLVHORUVTXH'LHXVRUWGHVRQ
VHFUHWSRXUVɛDGUHVVHU¢GHVKRPPHVDILQGɛ«WDEOLUXQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHFHX[/D
6HSWDQWHDVVXPHFHVHQVGH¶SKWK¬HWQɛ\G«VLJQHSDVGHVYLVLRQVSURSK«WLTXHVPDLVOD
PDQLIHVWDWLRQVDOYLILTXHGH'LHX/ɛH[HPSOHHQHVWIRXUQLSDU*Qbmb/H6HLJQHXU
DSSDUXW ¢ $EUDKDP HW OXL DGUHVVD OD SDUROHb} mb9RLU 'LHXb} FRQVWLWXH SRXU OHV
SURSKªWHVOɛH[S«ULHQFHH[WUDRUGLQDLUHTXLG«WHUPLQHODPLVVLRQ/ɛDSSDULWLRQGH'LHX
HVWXQHJU¤FHSRXUOHSHXSOHHWORUVTXHFHOXLFLQɛHVWSOXVGLJQHGHOɛ$OOLDQFH'LHXUHVWH
FDFK«mb/H6HLJQHXUVɛLUULWDFRQWUH6DORPRQSDUFHTXHVRQFüXUVɛ«WDLWG«WRXUQ«GHOXL
OH 'LHX Gɛ,VUDO TXL OXL «WDLW DSSDUX GHX[ IRLVb} 5 6HXO XQ UHQRXYHDX GH
OɛHVS«UDQFHHVFKDWRORJLTXHSHUPHWWUDDXODQJDJHDSRFDO\SWLTXHGHGRQQHUXQHQRXYHOOH
U«DOLW«DXWHUPH¶SKWK¬TXLHVWVRXYHQWDSSOLTX«¢GHVSHUVRQQDJHVKLVWRULTXHV-XGDV
0DFFDE«HOHVSURSKªWHV
13 'DQV Oɛ$QFLHQ 7HVWDPHQW ¶SKWK¬ G«VLJQH GHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GɛXQH U«DOLW« GLYLQH
MXVTXHO¢ FDFK«H TXL GHYLHQW mbYLVLEOHb} &HV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV VRQW G«FULWHV FRPPH
LQG«SHQGDQWHVGHODYRORQW«KXPDLQHFRPPHVɛLPSRVDQW¢OHXUGHVWLQDWDLUH&HODSHXW
VHY«ULILHUGDQVGHVWH[WHVSURSK«WLTXHVWHOVTXH,Vbmb$ORUVODJORLUHGX6HLJQHXU
VHUDG«YRLO«HHWWRXVOHV¬WUHVGHFKDLUHQVHPEOHYHUURQWTXHODERXFKHGX6HLJQHXUD
SDUO«b}2XHQFRUHHQ,Vbmb/H6HLJQHXUPHW¢QXVRXVOHV\HX[GHWRXWHVOHV
QDWLRQVOHEUDVG«SOR\DQWVDVDLQWHW«HWWRXVOHVFRQILQVGHODWHUUHYHUURQWOHVDOXWGH
QRWUH'LHXb}
14 /ɛH[S«ULHQFHY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHGHODU«Y«ODWLRQGH'LHXUHFRXUW¢XQYRFDEXODLUH
SHUPHWWDQW GH IRUPXOHU XQH FHUWDLQH mbREMHFWLYDWLRQb} GX SK«QRPªQH /HV
W«PRLJQDJHVGH0R±VHGH6DPXHORXGɛOLHSORQJHQWGDQVOɛH[S«ULHQFHGH'LHXTXLIXW
FHOOHGɛ,VUDO'LHXSUHQGOɛLQLWLDWLYHGHVHPDQLIHVWHUHWGHVHIDLUHFRQQD°WUHLOHVW'HXV
UHYHODWXV/HIDLWTXH'LHXVRLWLQYLVLEOHFDFK«QɛHPS¬FKHSDVTXɛDXW«PRLJQDJHGH
OɛFULWXUHLOIDLWSDUWLHGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHIRLGHUHFRQQD°WUH'LHXFRPPH'LHXFDFK«DX
PRLQV¢FHUWDLQHVKHXUHV
b
L’expérience de Paul
15 (Q&R3DXO«YRTXHVRQH[S«ULHQFHSHUVRQQHOOHTXɛLOUDWWDFKH¢FHOOHGHVDXWUHV
GLVFLSOHVSDUOHUHFRXUVDXWHUPHWHFKQLTXH¶SKWK¬,OVDLWG«FULUHVRQH[S«ULHQFHGH
VDLVLVVHPHQWSDUOH&KULVWDXWUHPHQWTXHSDUOɛH[SUHVVLRQ¶SKWK¬3K$LOOHXUV
ORUVTXɛLOG«IHQGVDTXDOLW«GɛDS¶WUHLODUHFRXUVDXODQJDJHSURSK«WLTXHSRXUIRQGHU
VRQDSRVWRODWVXUOHmbYRLUOH6HLJQHXUb}/HVWURLVQRWLFHVDXWRELRJUDSKLTXHVGH3K
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
67
b&RVHW*DVOLYUHQWOHVVHXOVW«PRLJQDJHV¢ODSUHPLªUHSHUVRQQHGDQVOH
1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWFRQFHUQDQWOHVDSSDULWLRQV
16 3DXODYXOH5HVVXVFLW«bFHW«Y«QHPHQWVHUDWWDFKH¢ODWUDGLWLRQSURSK«WLTXHGHV
U«FLWVGHYRFDWLRQ'DQVVRQW«PRLJQDJHTXLP¬OHGRQQ«HVGHODWUDGLWLRQDQW«ULHXUH
HWH[SUHVVLRQGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHSHUVRQQHOOHOɛHPSORLGH¶SKWK¬VHUDWWDFKH¢ODSUHPLªUH
WUDGLWLRQPLVVLRQQDLUH3DXODIILUPHDYRLU«W«DSSHO«JUDWXLWHPHQWVDQVDFFHSWLRQGH
VHVP«ULWHVbOHP\VWªUHGHVRQ«OHFWLRQVɛLGHQWLILHDXP\VWªUHGHOɛ«OHFWLRQGɛ,VUDO
FKRLVL SRXU W«PRLJQHU GH 'LHX DX PLOLHX GHV QDWLRQV DORUV TXɛLO Qɛ«WDLW SDV SOXV
P«ULWDQW TXɛXQ DXWUH 2Q QH SHXW JXªUH DOOHU SOXV ORLQ GDQV OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GH
OɛH[S«ULHQFH WUDQVIRUPDQWH GH 'DPDV 3DXO OXLP¬PH GLVWLQJXH VHV H[S«ULHQFHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVXOW«ULHXUHVGHOɛ«SLVRGHGH'DPDV(QRXWUHVHSOD©DQW¢ODILQGHOD
FKD°QHGHVW«PRLQVQɛ«YRTXDQWSOXVMDPDLVDLOOHXUVGDQVVRQüXYUH«SLVWRODLUHFRQQXH
GɛDXWUHVDSSDULWLRQVTXLDXUDLHQWSXVXLYUHFHOOHGRQWLOD«W«OHE«Q«ILFLDLUHVXUODURXWH
GH'DPDVLOODLVVHHQWHQGUHTXɛLOIXWOHGHUQLHUGHVW«PRLQV
17 /ɛH[S«ULHQFHGH3DXOHVW«JDOHPHQW«YRTX«HGDQVOHV$FWHVGHV$S¶WUHV/XFQHFRQFªGH
SDV¢3DXOOHWLWUHGHmbW«PRLQb}$FFDUHOOHQHFRUUHVSRQGSDVDX[FULWªUHV
GɛDSRVWROLFLW«G«ILQLVHQ$FOHVW«PRLQVQHSHXYHQW¬WUHTXHFHX[TXLRQWY«FX
DYHF-«VXVDYDQWVDPRUW3RXUSDUOHUGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHSDXOLQLHQQH/XFDUHFRXUV¢GHV
WHUPHVHPSUXQW«VDXODQJDJHSRSXODLUHGHVU«FLWVGHFRQYHUVLRQGDQVOHVPLOLHX[MXLIV
KHOO«QLVWLTXHV «YRTXDQW OɛHIIHW GɛDYHXJOHPHQW FRQV«FXWLI ¢ OɛLOOXPLQDWLRQ /D
GLII«UHQFH TXH /XF VHPEOH YRXORLU «WDEOLU U«VLGH GDQV OH IDLW TXH VHORQ OXL 3DXO
FRQVLGªUH TXH OHV DSSDULWLRQV QH VRQW SDV VLPSOHPHQW GHV UHQFRQWUHV GɛXQH V«ULH
SULYLO«JL«HmbPDLVOHSURWRW\SHHWODPDWULFHGHVUHODWLRQVXOW«ULHXUHVGX5HVVXVFLW«
DYHFOHVFUR\DQWVb}
b
Traditions primitives
18 /DYLVLRQWHOOHTXH3DXOODUDSSRUWHDWURLVFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHVbLOVɛDJLWGɛXQHYLVLRQGDQV
ODTXHOOH OH W«PRLQ SHXW FRQWHPSOHU -«VXV GDQV VD VSOHQGHXU VHLJQHXULDOHb HOOH HVW
H[FOXVLYHHWLPSHUFHSWLEOHSRXUFHX[TXLQɛ\SUHQQHQWSDVSDUWbHOOHHVWXQHYRFDWLRQ
2UFHVFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHVVHUHWURXYHQWDXVVLGDQVOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQGHODWUDGLWLRQ
DQFLHQQH
19 /DSDUHQW«DYHFOHVWK«RSKDQLHVY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHVDXFRXUVGHVTXHOOHV'LHXQɛHVW
SDVYLVLEOHHQWDQWTXHWHOPDLVVHXOHPHQWDFFHVVLEOHSDUXQEUXLWGHYHQWRXXQIHXQH
SHUPHW GRQF SDV GɛH[SOLTXHU OH UHFRXUV ¢ ¶SKWK¬ VXLYL GX GDWLI SXLVTXH 'LHX SDU
G«ILQLWLRQQHVɛ\GRQQHSDV¢YRLU&HWHPSORLDXUDLW«W«VHORQFHUWDLQVODPDUTXHGX
G«VLUGHVXSSULPHUOɛLG«HGHYLVLRQ(Q0WOɛDSSDULWLRQSDVFDOH«TXLYDXW¢XQH
U«Y«ODWLRQ &KH] /XF HW -HDQ OɛDFFHQW PLV VXU OD FRUSRU«LW« GH -«VXV LQGLTXH XQH
LPSRUWDQFHSOXVJUDQGHGXmbYRLUb}/DPDQLªUHSULPLWLYHGHGLUHOɛH[S«ULHQFHSDVFDOH
SDUOH WUXFKHPHQW GHV U«FLWV GɛDSSDULWLRQ«WDLW GRQF OH mbYRLUb} /HYRFDEXODLUH GX
mbYRLUb}GHYLHQWOHELHQFRPPXQVHUYDQW¢G«VLJQHUOɛH[S«ULHQFHSDVFDOHGDQVODTXHOOH
VHUHFRQQD°WWRXWHOɛJOLVHSULPLWLYH7RXWHIRLVDXFXQU«FLWGɛDSSDULWLRQQɛHVWPXHWQL
VWDWLTXH/DSDUROHHVWXQHDWWHVWDWLRQmbFɛHVWPRLb}XQHQYRLHQPLVVLRQmbDOOH]GLUHb}
OHJHVWHXQHWHVVªUHSHUPHWWDQWGHUHFRQQD°WUHOH-«VXVGɛDYDQW3¤TXHVmbHWLOPDQJHDLW
GHYDQWHX[b}
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
68
Dans les traditions plus récentes
20 6L OD WUDGLWLRQ OD SOXV DQFLHQQH FRQFHUQDQW OHV DSSDULWLRQV GX 5HVVXVFLW« «WDLW
SUREDEOHPHQWFRQVWLWX«HGHOLVWHVGHVW«PRLQVGHVDSSDULWLRQVLQGLYLGXVRXJURXSHV
U«SRQGDQWVXUWRXWDXVRXFLGHJDUGHUODP«PRLUHGHVW«PRLQVOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQ
GDQV OHV WUDGLWLRQV Q«RWHVWDPHQWDLUHV SOXV U«FHQWHV VɛLQW«UHVVHQW GH SOXV SUªV ¢ OD
FRUSRU«LW«GX5HVVXVFLW«PHVXUHTXHOɛRQVɛ«ORLJQHGHVRULJLQHVODTXHVWLRQGHOD
QDWXUHGXFRUSVTXLHVWDSSDUXDX[DS¶WUHVYDHQHIIHWVHSRVHU&HWWH«YROXWLRQHVW
PDUTX«HSDUTXHOTXHVPRWLIVTXLVRQWDPSOLIL«V/H5HVVXVFLW«PDQJHDYHFOHVGLVFLSOHV
HQOHXUSURXYDQWSDUO¢TXɛLOQɛHVWSDVXQIDQW¶PH,OIDLWGHVHVSODLHVXQPR\HQGH
UHFRQQDLVVDQFHTXLSHUPHWGHIUDQFKLUOHSRQWHQWUH9HQGUHGLVDLQWHW3¤TXHV
PHVXUHTXɛRQVɛ«ORLJQHGDQVOHWHPSVFɛHVWFHTXLD«W«YXTXLSUHQGOHSDVVXUFHTXLD
«W«HQWHQGX/HYRFDEXODLUHGXmbYRLUb}GHYLHQWOHELHQFRPPXQVHUYDQW¢G«VLJQHU
OɛH[S«ULHQFHSDVFDOHGDQVODTXHOOHVHUHFRQQD°WWRXWHOɛJOLVHSULPLWLYH
21 /HFRUSVGX5HVVXVFLW«SHXW¬WUHmbWRXFK«b}6LFHWWHK\SRWKªVHHVWHQYLVDJ«HHOOHQɛHVW
MDPDLVY«ULIL«H'DQVODVFªQHDYHF7KRPDV-«VXVSURSRVH¢OɛLQFU«GXOHGHWRXFKHUbFH
GHUQLHUIDLWSURIHVVLRQGHIRLOɛ«YDQJLOHODLVVDQWFRPSUHQGUHTXHODVHXOHK\SRWKªVHGX
mbSRXYRLUWRXFKHUb}VXIILW/DYLVLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«SRUWHVXUVRQVRPD,OHQWUHDLQVLGDQV
GHVOLHX[TXLVRQWIHUP«VRXSHXWDXFRQWUDLUHGLVSDUD°WUHEUXVTXHPHQW/F
(QVXLWH¢PHVXUHTXHOɛRQDYDQFHGDQVOHWHPSVODIRQFWLRQGXWRPEHDXYLGHDYHFVRQ
FDUDFWªUHFRQFUHWYDGHYHQLUGHSOXVHQSOXVLPSRUWDQWH/DGLVWDQFHFKURQRORJLTXHTXL
V«SDUHOHVFRPPXQDXW«VGHVGHX[LªPHHWWURLVLªPHJ«Q«UDWLRQVFKU«WLHQQHVLPSOLTXH
G«M¢XQHGLIILFXOW«¢JDUGHU¢FHVDSSDULWLRQVOHXUVSRQWDQ«LW«GHVRULJLQHV2QVɛ«ORLJQH
GɛHOOHVHWOɛRQG«VLUHGRQFGHVLQGLFHVWDQJLEOHV
b
«Voir le Seigneur»: vision ou apparition?
22 mb9RLUOH5HVVXVFLW«b}G«VLJQHXQHH[S«ULHQFHRULJLQDOHDXWDQWTXɛRULJLQHOOHmb9RLUHVW
XQDFWHKXPDLQPDLVYRLUXQ¬WUHXQ¬WUHUHVVXVFLW«HVWXQGRQXQHüXYUHGLYLQH
GDQV XQH H[S«ULHQFH KXPDLQH GDQV XQ «Y«QHPHQW KXPDLQ G«WHUPLQDQW XQH
SHUVRQQHb}/DSDUWLFXODULW«GHVYLVLRQVDSRVWROLTXHVQHYLHQWSDVGXVHXOIDLWTXHFHOXL
TXLHVWYXVRLWOH&KULVWUHVVXVFLW«(OOHVVRQWDXVVLFRPSULVHVFRPPHGRQIDLWHWQRQ
P«ULWHDFFRUG«DX[W«PRLQV
23 /HUDSSURFKHPHQWTXLQHYLHQWSHXW¬WUHSDVLPP«GLDWHPHQW¢OɛHVSULWHQWUHOHVU«FLWV
GɛDSSDULWLRQHWODWK«RSKDQLHGH([VHU«YªOHIRUWVXJJHVWLI&HUWHVOHIHXQɛHVWSDV
XQFRUSVPDLVLOFLUFRQVFULWSRXUXQLQVWDQWODSU«VHQFHGXGLYLQ2UFHWWHIODPPHQɛD
GHVHQVTXHSDUXQHSDUROHFRPPHOHFRUSVGX&KULVWQɛHVWmbSDUODQWb}SRXUODIRLTXɛ¢
SDUWLUGXPRPHQWR»FɛHVWXQ FRUSVJORULHX[TXLSDUOH8QH GHVSDUWLFXODULW«VGHV
DSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHVU«VLGHGDQVOHIDLWTXɛHOOHVQHVRQWIRQG«HVTXHVXUHWSDUFHOXLTXL
VHGRQQH¢YRLUHWVHU«YªOHbOH&KULVW,OQɛ\DSDVGHJDUDQWLHHQGHKRUVGHOɛH[S«ULHQFH
GHODIRL
b
Visions «objectives» ou «subjectives»?
24 /HVU«FLWVQ«RWHVWDPHQWDLUHVGɛDSSDULWLRQGLVHQWDXWDQWVXUmbFHOXLTXLHVWYXb}-«VXV
TXLHVWUHVVXVFLW«TXHVXUmbFHOXLTXLGRQQH¢YRLUb}'LHXTXLDUHVVXVFLW«-«VXV'ªVOHV
RULJLQHVOHVGHVWLQDWDLUHVGHVYLVLRQVHWFHX[TXLSDUODVXLWHRQWPLVFHWWHH[S«ULHQFH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
69
HQU«FLWDYDLHQWOHVRXFLGHQHSDVODLVVHUSULVH¢OɛDPELJX±W«/HVDSSDULWLRQVQɛDXUDLHQW
ULHQPLVDXPRQGHVDQVODIRLGHVGLVFLSOHVW«PRLQV&HTXLHVWQ«GDQVOHVDSSDULWLRQV
FHQɛHVWSDVODIRLFRPPHWHOOH,OQɛ\DSDVGHPDO«GLFWLRQGXFLHOQLGHODPHQWDWLRQVQL
GHmbSRXUTXRLb}GɛXQ-REGDQVOHV«YDQJLOHV'HP¬PHOHVSUHPLHUVFKU«WLHQVQɛRQWSDV
SURGXLWGHP\VWLTXHGɛXQG«VLUGHUHYRLU-«VXV
25 /HV U«FLWV GɛDSSDULWLRQ RIIUHQW GHV VLPLOLWXGHV DYHF OH WUDYDLO GH GHXLO TXH WRXWH
SHUVRQQHHQWUHSUHQGSRXUFRQWLQXHUGHYLYUHORUVTXɛHOOHSHUGXQ¬WUHFKHU'HSXLV')
6WUDXVVHQbRQDVRXYHQWLQWHUSU«W«OHVDSSDULWLRQVFRPPH«WDQWVXVFLW«HVSDUOH
UHPRUGVGH3LHUUH
26 * /¾GHPDQQ FLWH GHV W«PRLJQDJHV GH SHUVRQQHV TXL D\DQW SHUGX XQ ¬WUH FKHU
DIILUPHQWOɛDYRLUUHYXHWU«HQWHQGX$LQVLGXSRLQWGHYXHSV\FKDQDO\WLTXHODSHQV«H
SHXWGDQVOHFRQWH[WHGUDPDWLTXHGHVVLWXDWLRQVGHSHUWHUHY¬WLUGHVWUDLWVDUFKD±TXHV
,OSRXUUDLWP¬PHVHSURGXLUHXQHG«FRQVWUXFWLRQGXU«HOFDUOɛLQFRQVFLHQWQHSHXWVH
IDLUH ¢ OD SHUWH GH OD SHUVRQQH DLP«H HW PHW HQ üXYUH OHV RUJDQHV TXL VRQW
SULQFLSDOHPHQWFRQFHUQ«VSDUOɛ«ODERUDWLRQGXSULQFLSHGHU«DOLW«SRXUVHSURFXUHUXQH
VDWLVIDFWLRQGɛDSSDUHQFH
27 /ɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ mbREMHFWLYHb} LQVLVWH VXU OH FDUDFWªUH H[RJªQH GHV DSSDULWLRQV
VXUSUHQDQWHV LPSU«YLVLEOHV HQ PHWWDQW HQ YDOHXU OɛLPSRVVLELOLW« GH SU«SDUDWLRQ
SV\FKRORJLTXHFXOWXUHOOHHWUHOLJLHXVHGHVDS¶WUHV¢UHFHYRLUOHN«U\JPHSDVFDO&HV
LQWHUSU«WDWLRQVIRQWGHVYLVLRQVSDVFDOHVXQSRLQWGHG«SDUWH[W«ULHXUSRXUODIRL6DQV
HOOHV OHV DS¶WUHV QɛDXUDLHQW SDV HX DFFªV ¢ OD IRL HQ -«VXV UHVVXVFLW« 0DLV FHWWH
FRQFHSWLRQH[RJªQHGHODQDLVVDQFHGXN«U\JPHVHKHXUWHHOOHDXVVL¢GHVGLIILFXOW«V
KHUP«QHXWLTXHV/HVDSSDULWLRQVQHULVTXHQWHOOHVSDVLQWHUSU«W«HVFRPPH«Y«QHPHQW
XQLTXHPHQWH[W«ULHXUGHVHWUDQVIRUPHUHQXQHVRUWHGHFRQVRODWLRQb"
b
Quelles visions?
28 /HFRQFHSWGHYLVLRQHVWG«OLFDW¢PDQLSXOHU/HVSK«QRPªQHVYLVLRQQDLUHVVRQWFKRVH
FRXUDQWHGDQVOɛH[S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVHHWDXFXQHWUDGLWLRQQHOHVLJQRUH/HVFHSWLFLVPH
HVWVRXYHQWGHPLVHGDQVOHMXG«RFKULVWLDQLVPHORUVTXɛLOVɛDJLWGHYLVLRQVD\DQWWUDLW¢
XQFRUSVSK\VLTXHPHQWYLVLEOHELHQTXɛLOVɛDJLVVHGɛXQMXJHPHQWTXHOHYLVLRQQDLUH
«PHWODSOXSDUWGXWHPSVVXUODYLVLRQTXɛLODHXHHQODGLVDQWmbU«HOOHb}FRUSRUHOOH
29 6ɛDSSX\DQWVXUGHVGLVWLQFWLRQV DULVWRW«OLFLHQQHVUHSULVHVSDU7KRPDVGɛ$TXLQ.DUO
5DKQHUVRXOLJQHTXHOɛRULJLQDOLW«GHVYLVLRQVSDVFDOHVDSSDUD°WORUVTXHOɛRQSURFªGH¢XQ
FODVVHPHQWGHOɛHQVHPEOHGHVSK«QRPªQHVG«VLJQ«VSDUmbYLVLRQb}HQWURLVFDW«JRULHV
/DSUHPLªUH FDW«JRULHHVW FHOOHGDQV ODTXHOOH OHYLVLRQQDLUH WUDGXLWVRQ H[S«ULHQFH
FRPPH«WDQWFHOOHGɛXQHYLVLRQ&RPPHQWXQHWHOOHFRQFHSWLRQGHODYLVLRQSHXWHOOH
¬WUH FRQVLG«U«H FRPPH REMHFWLYH SXLVTXH SHUVRQQH GɛDXWUH TXH OH YLVLRQQDLUH QH
E«Q«ILFLHGHFHWWHFRQWHPSODWLRQb"/DGHX[LªPHFDW«JRULHUHOHYDQWGHODP\VWLTXH
FODVVLTXH HVW PDUTX«H SDU VRQ FDUDFWªUH LPDJLQDWLI UHY¬WDQW DXVVL XQH GLPHQVLRQ
GɛLQW«ULRULW«DORUVTXHODSUHPLªUHSU«WHQG¢OɛH[W«ULRULW«6LGDQVFHGHX[LªPHFDVOH
MXJHPHQWDSSDUWLHQW«JDOHPHQWDXVHXOYLVLRQQDLUHOɛREMHWGHODYLVLRQELHQTXHSHU©X
FRPPHSU«VHQWU«VXOWHGɛXQWUDYDLOGɛLQW«ULRULVDWLRQ/DWURLVLªPHFDW«JRULHGH
YLVLRQVHQILQFRUUHVSRQG¢FHOOHVTXLUHSU«VHQWHQWGHSXUHVYLVLRQVLQWHOOHFWXHOOHV
VSLULWXHOOHV2QSHXWVHGHPDQGHUVLOHVDSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHVQHUHVVRUWLVVHQWSDV¢OD
GHX[LªPHFDW«JRULHSXLVTXHODSUHPLªUHHVWSDUWURSOL«H¢OɛDSSU«FLDWLRQVXEMHFWLYHGX
YR\DQWDORUVTXHODWURLVLªPHHVWVDQVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQFHTXLYDFRQWUHOHPHVVDJH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
70
«YDQJ«OLTXH7RXWHIRLVORUVTXHOHVDS¶WUHVDIILUPHQWDYRLUYX-«VXVLOVHQWUHQWDXVVL
GDQV OD SUHPLªUH FDW«JRULH FDU SHUVRQQH QH SHXW DWWHVWHU XQH YLVLRQ KRUPLV OH
YLVLRQQDLUHOXLP¬PH
30 'DQVODSHUVSHFWLYHGHODFKULVWRSKDQLHOHFRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQLPDJLQDWLYHFɛHVW'LHX
OXLP¬PHHQWDQWTXHPDQLIHVW«HQ&KULVW&HFRQWHQXQɛHVWG«SHQGDQWTXHGH'LHXOXL
P¬PH/HFRQWHQXLPDJLQDWLIGHODYLVLRQQɛHVWSDVVHXOHPHQWXQHmbLPDJHb} GHOD
GLYLQLW«GDQVOHFRQWDFWDYHFOɛKXPDLQPDLVIRUPHDXVVLXQHmbLPDJHb}GHOɛKRPPHTXL
OɛDFFXHLOOH3UDWLTXHPHQWOHFRQWHQXGHFHVYLVLRQVLPDJLQDWLYHVHVWLQFHUWDLQHWGRLW
¬WUHODLVV«DXMXJHPHQWVXEMHFWLIGHFHOXLTXLHQSUHQGFRQQDLVVDQFH'DQVELHQGHVFDV
OHV YLVLRQQDLUHV VRXPHWWHQW OH FRQWHQX GH OHXUV YLVLRQV TXL OHXU VHPEOH VRXYHQW
VHFRQGDLUH¢H[DPHQHWOHUHPHWWHQWVRXYHQWUDGLFDOHPHQWHQTXHVWLRQ/HFRQWHQXGH
ODYLVLRQFRPPHDSSDULWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«HVWXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQHOOHHVWGHOɛRUGUHGHOD
U«Y«ODWLRQ
b
De la théophanie à la christophanie
Du côté de la vision prophétique
31 1RXV OɛDYRQV YX mbYRLU OH 6HLJQHXUb} HVW GHYHQX V\QRQ\PH GH mbOH 6HLJQHXU HVW
UHVVXVFLW«b}/DFDW«JRULHGHYLVLRQLPDJLQDWLYHVHWURXYHGHFHIDLWWURS«WURLWHSRXU
IRXUQLUXQFDGUHDX[DSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHV(OOHQHSHUPHWSDVGHUHQGUHFRPSWHGXIDLW
TXHQRQVHXOHPHQWmbTXHOTXɛXQHVWGRQQ«¢YRLUb}PDLVDXVVLTXHmbTXHOTXɛXQGRQQH¢
YRLUb}&HTXLGLVWLQJXHOHVDSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHVGɛDXWUHVSK«QRPªQHVYLVLRQQDLUHVHVW
G«M¢SU«VHQWGɛXQHFHUWDLQHPDQLªUHGDQVODYLVLRQSURSK«WLTXHY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUH
(QHIIHWOHVYLVLRQVGHVSURSKªWHVELEOLTXHVQHILJXUHQWSDVVHXOHPHQWGDQVOHFRQWHQX
GHODIRLYLYDQWHSDUWDJ«HSDUODFRPPXQDXW«¢ODTXHOOHDSSDUWLHQQHQWOHVYLVLRQQDLUHVb
HOOHVODIRQGHQWmb(OOHVQHVRQWSDVQRQSOXVFRPPHOHVYLVLRQVGDQVGɛDXWUHVUHOLJLRQV
ODUHSURGXFWLRQGHVFUR\DQFHVSDUWDJ«HV'LHX\IDLWSHUVRQQHOOHPHQWLUUXSWLRQGDQV
OɛKLVWRLUHKXPDLQHb}
32 3RXUOHVDS¶WUHVOɛLPSRUWDQWQɛHVWSDVGHIDLUHFRUUHVSRQGUHODYLVLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«¢
WHOOHRXWHOOHFDW«JRULHGɛH[S«ULHQFHUHS«UDEOHGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVPDLVTXH
OɛRQ \ G«FRXYUH OD U«Y«ODWLRQ GH 'LHX FRPPH SHUVRQQHOOHPHQW H[S«ULPHQW«
mb/ɛLPSRUWDQWGHVYLVLRQVSURSK«WLTXHVQɛHVWGRQFSDVTXHOHVSURSKªWHVRQW«W«GHV
YLVLRQQDLUHV PDLV TXɛLOV DYDLHQW FRQVFLHQFH GH UHFHYRLU SDU FHWWH P«GLDWLRQ XQH
Y«ULWDEOH U«Y«ODWLRQ HW TXH FHOOHFL OHV DXWRULVDLW ¢ SDUOHU DX QRP GH 'LHX /D
SDUWLFXODULW«GHVYLVLRQVSURSK«WLTXHVLQYLWHOHVFUR\DQWV¢\YRLUOɛLQWHUYHQWLRQWUªV
VS«FLILTXHGHOɛ(VSULWb}'XSRLQWGHYXHWK«RORJLTXHOHVDSSDULWLRQVGH-«VXVVRQW¢
SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUGHVDSSDULWLRQVGX5HVVXVFLW«GDQVOHVTXHOOHV'LHXVɛHVWU«Y«O«
&HSHQGDQWDXSODQSV\FKRORJLTXHHOOHVUHVVRUWLVVHQW¢ODFDW«JRULHGHVYLVLRQVFDU
'LHXVɛHVWVHUYLGHODFDSDFLW«LPDJLQDWLYHGHVGLVFLSOHV/HFRQWHQXGHVYLVLRQVHVW
OɛREMHWP¬PHGHFHTXL¢3¤TXHVHVWU«Y«O«OL«¢XQH«YLGHQFHTXLQHWURPSHSDVHW¢
OɛDVVXUDQFHGHVRQRULJLQHGLYLQHGXF¶W«GHVW«PRLQVSULPLWLIV
33 5LHQQHSHUPHWGHG«FHOHUGDQVOɛH[SUHVVLRQ¶SKWK¬GHVH[S«ULHQFHVGHW\SHH[WDWLTXH
RXYRORQWDULVWH/DWUDGLWLRQFKU«WLHQQHVHPEOHDYRLUFKHUFK«¢«YLWHUOɛHPSORLGXPRW
mbYLVLRQb}SRXUSDUOHUGHVDSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHV/HWHUPHmbYLVLRQb}PHWOɛDFWLYLW«GX
F¶W«GXYLVLRQQDLUH2UOHVU«FLWVGHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«PHWWHQWHQVFªQHGHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
71
W«PRLQVTXLQHUHFKHUFKHQWSDVDFWLYHPHQWODYLVLRQ%LHQDXFRQWUDLUH/H1RXYHDX
7HVWDPHQWLQVLVWHVXUOHXUDYHXJOHPHQWOHXUWUDKLVRQOHXUIXLWH
b
Les apparitions: christophanie et expérience de foi
34 /HVRPDJORULHX[GDQVOHTXHO-«VXVHVWUHSU«VHQW«HQWDQWTXH5HVVXVFLW«PDQLIHVWHOD
SU«VHQFHGH'LHXOXLP¬PHGDQVOɛH[S«ULHQFHGɛDSSDULWLRQ/DFKULVWRSKDQLHDGRQF
XQH YDOHXU SURSUH OɛRULJLQH OH mbYRLUb} D G½ ¬WUH DXVVL IRQGDPHQWDO TXH
OɛmbHQWHQGUHb} /ɛH[S«ULHQFH mbYLVXHOOHb} GHV GLVFLSOHV QɛHVW GRQF FRPSOªWH TXH VL OH
5HVVXVFLW«DGYLHQW¢OD3DUROH6ɛLOHVWYUDLTXɛ¢SDUWLUGX¶SKWK¬VHXORQQHSHXWSDVWLUHU
GHFRQFOXVLRQVVXUODQDWXUHVS«FLILTXHGHVDSSDULWLRQVGX5HVVXVFLW«LOIDXWWRXWHIRLV
FRQVWDWHUTXHOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWQHVɛHVWSDVLQW«UHVV«DXFRPPHQWGHVDSSDULWLRQV
35 /DUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGX5HVVXVFLW«GDQVOɛDSSDULWLRQQɛHVWSDVSU«VHQW«HSDUOH1RXYHDX
7HVWDPHQWFRPPHU«VXOWDQWGɛXQHFRQWHPSODWLRQSDUOHVDS¶WUHVPDLVFRPPHXQH
DGYHQXHGH'LHXYHUVOHJURXSHDSRVWROLTXH'HODP¬PHPDQLªUHTXHOHVWK«RSKDQLHV
VRQWXQHDXWRDIILUPDWLRQGH'LHX([DXFRXUVGHVTXHOOHVODGLYLQLW«VHPRQWUHHW
VHGRQQH¢UHFRQQD°WUHOɛDSSDULWLRQSDVFDOHFRQVWLWXHOɛDIILUPDWLRQSDUOH&KULVWOXL
P¬PHGHVDSU«VHQFH,OVHGRQQHDX[W«PRLQVFRPPHSDUODQWDJLVVDQWYLYDQWHQXQ
PRWFRPPHOH9LYDQW/F&ɛHVWFHWWHFHUWLWXGHG«VRUPDLVDFTXLVHTXH-«VXVH[DOW«
HVW G«VRUPDLV SU«VHQW DX[ VLHQV TXL IRQGH OD IRL SDVFDOH GDQV OHV DSSDULWLRQV /D
U«Y«ODWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«GDQVOHVDSSDULWLRQVLQWURGXLW¢XQHmbUHODWLRQGɛ«SLSKDQLHHW
GHIRLGɛDSSDULWLRQHWGHYLVLRQGHSHUFHSWLRQHWGHFRQIHVVLRQGHIRLb}
36 7UªVW¶WRQDVVLVWHGDQVOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQW¢Oɛ«WDEOLVVHPHQWGɛXQSDUDOO«OLVPH
HQWUH-«VXVUHVVXVFLW«HWOɛ(VSULW6DLQW&HWWHLGHQWLW«HQWUH(VSULWHW&KULVWHVWUHFRQQXH
FRPPHXQIDLWGDQVFHUWDLQVDVSHFWVGHODWK«RORJLHSDXOLQLHQQH/DTXHVWLRQQɛHVWSDV
GHVDYRLUVLOHVFKULVWRSKDQLHVHWOHVH[S«ULHQFHVGHOɛ(VSULWRQW«W«FRQVLG«U«HVFRPPH
LGHQWLTXHVPDLVGHG«WHUPLQHUDX[SRLQWVGHYXHSK«QRP«QRORJLTXHHWKLVWRULTXHVL
GDQVOHFKULVWLDQLVPHSULPLWLIH[S«ULHQFHGHOɛ(VSULWHWDQLPDWLRQSDUOɛ(VSULW«WDLHQW
WUDGXLWVDXSODQFRQFHSWXHOSDUXQmb¬WUHWRXFK«SDUb}OH&KULVW2UVHORQOHV$FWHV
GHV$S¶WUHVOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHOɛ(VSULWHVWH[S«ULHQFHGɛXQHSU«VHQFH
37 /ɛH[S«ULHQFHGHODYLVLRQWHOOHTXHOOHHVWUDSSRUW«HHQWUHDXWUHVSDU3DXOSHXWGRQF
DXVVL¬WUHFRQVLG«U«HFRPPHXQHH[S«ULHQFHGH3HQWHF¶WHUHQIRUF«HSDUODPHQWLRQ
GHVFLQTFHQWVW«PRLQV2»DLOOHXUVTXHGDQVOHU«FLWGHOD3HQWHF¶WHHVWLOTXHVWLRQ
GɛXQH H[S«ULHQFH GH IRXOH FRQFHUQDQW OD FRPSU«KHQVLRQ SURIRQGH GH Oɛ«Y«QHPHQW
SDVFDOb",OVɛDJLUDLWDORUVGɛXQSK«QRPªQHGHPDVVHDXTXHORQSRXYDLWVɛDWWHQGUHDSUªV
OH9HQGUHGLVDLQW/DFRQYLFWLRQTXLDQLPHOHVDS¶WUHVHVWTXHOH-«VXVTXɛLOVRQWFRQQX
HVWYLYDQW0DLVFHWWHFRQQDLVVDQFHVHORQODFKDLUHWGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHQɛHVWSOXVVXIILVDQWH
DSUªV3¤TXHV1ɛHVWFHSDVFHTXHVXJJªUH0Wb"3LHUUHQHSHXWSDVDQWLFLSHUGX
YLYDQWGH-«VXVDYDQWOD5«VXUUHFWLRQHWOHGRQGHOɛ(VSULWXQHFRQQDLVVDQFHGRQWOD
PRGDOLW«QɛHVWSDVHQFRUHUHQGXHSRVVLEOH'ªVORUVLOHVWO«JLWLPHGɛLQWHUSU«WHUOHV
SDVVDJHV «YDQJ«OLTXHV TXL «YRTXHQW OH IDLW TXH -«VXV QH VRLW SOXV LPP«GLDWHPHQW
FRQQDLVVDEOHbUHPSOLVGHOɛ(VSULWOHVDS¶WUHVRQWmbYXb}QRQSDVGHPDQLªUHVHQVRULHOOH
PDLVDYHFOHV\HX[GHODIRLOD3HQWHF¶WHOɛªUHGHVYLVLRQVIRQGDWULFHVHVWEHOHWELHQ
FORVH/DmbYUDLHIRLFKU«WLHQQHVHFDUDFW«ULVHHWVɛHQWUHWLHQWSDUVDU«I«UHQFH¢WUDYHUV
ODWUDGLWLRQDXW«PRLJQDJHGHVDS¶WUHVb}
38 /HVDSSDULWLRQVQHVRQWSDVQ«FHVVDLUHPHQWmbPLUDFXOHXVHVb}3RLQWQɛHVWEHVRLQGHVH
UHSU«VHQWHU OHV DSSDULWLRQV GH PDQLªUH VSHFWDFXODLUH FRPPH GHV PLUDFOHV TXL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
72
UHQGUDLHQWOLWW«UDOHPHQWOHVDS¶WUHVmbJURJJ\b}(QHIIHWVɛLOVɛ«WDLWDJLGHPLUDFOHVTXL
«FUDVHQWOɛLQGLYLGXHQVɛLPSRVDQW¢OXLOHFKULVWLDQLVPHQHVHUDLWSDVIRQG«VXUODIRL6L
PLUDFOHLO\DFɛHVWGDQVODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGXUHJDUGTXHOH5HVVXVFLW«RSªUHFKH]OHV
W«PRLQVDX[TXHOVLOVHPDQLIHVWH3RXU7KRPDVGɛ$TXLQOHV\HX[GHODFKDLUVRQWOH
WUXFKHPHQWGHODIRL/HUHJDUGUHPSOLGHODYLVLRQSDVFDOHGHYLHQWUHJDUGGHIRLHQ
UDLVRQP¬PHGHOɛREMHWTXɛLOFRQWHPSOHOH5HVVXVFLW«
39 /ɛH[S«ULHQFHSDVFDOHTXLQɛDSDV«W«FRXO«HGDQVOHVPRXOHVSU«H[LVWDQWVGHVU«FLWVGH
PLUDFOHV mbQRQ SXUHPHQW VXEMHFWLYH U«S«W«H SDUWDJ«H HQWUH >OHV GLVFLSOHV@ D «W«
FRPPXQLTX«HSDUODP«GLDWLRQGXODQJDJHDPELDQWHWGHODWUDGLWLRQUHOLJLHXVHHQ
SDUWLFXOLHU¢OɛDLGHGHOHXUIRLHQODU«VXUUHFWLRQFROOHFWLYH¢ODILQGHVWHPSVb}
b
En guise de conclusion: un corps ressuscité qui parle
40 /DWK«RSKDQLHY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHUHTXLHUWXQOLHXRXXQREMHWXQHVRUWHGHFDSWDWLR
EHQHYROHQWLDHSRXUSHUPHWWUHXQHDFRXSKDQLHGHODYRL[GLYLQH/DFKULVWRSKDQLHTXDQW
¢ HOOH FRQVWLWXH XQH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ FRPSULVH SDU OH 1RXYHDX 7HVWDPHQW FRPPH OD
U«Y«ODWLRQGH'LHXOXLP¬PHTXLIDLWYRLUOH-«VXVFRPPHOH&KULVWUHVVXVFLW«TXLmbHVW
YXb}/ɛDSSDULWLRQHVWWRXMRXUVGɛLQLWLDWLYHGLYLQHHWVHVDLVLWGɛXQmbYLVLRQQDLUHb}VXUSULV
/DYLVLRQGRQWFHGHUQLHUHVWJUDWLIL«QɛHVWGRQFSDVOHIUXLWGɛXQHTX¬WHP\VWLTXHRX
GɛXQG«VLUGɛH[S«ULHQFHVSLULWXHOOH&HOXLTXLmbDYXb}OH5HVVXVFLW«QHG«VLUHSDVOHUH
YRLU'DQVODUHQFRQWUHGH0R±VHDYHF'LHXOHEXLVVRQDUGHQW«WDLWOHWRSRVYLVLEOHGɛXQ
'LHXTXɛRQQHSHXWYRLUPDLVVHXOHPHQWHQWHQGUH$XERUGGXODFGH*DOLO«HHQ-Q
XQIHXEU½OHVXUODULYH2QQHVDLWTXLOɛDDOOXP«0DLVFHIHXQɛHVWSOXVULHQ(QHIIHWOH
5HVVXVFLW«OXLP¬PHDSSDUD°WDX[GLVFLSOHV'LHXVHGRQQH¢YRLU
41 /H1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWRSªUHGHVWUDQVIHUWVGɛDWWULEXWVGLYLQVVXUODSHUVRQQHGH-«VXV
UHVVXVFLW«'LHXHVWOHYLYDQWbOHUHVVXVFLW«HVWOHYLYDQWTXɛRQQHFKHUFKHUDSOXVSDUPL
OHVPRUWV/F'LHXSURPHWGɛ¬WUHDXPLOLHXGHVRQSHXSOHb-«VXVHVWDXPLOLHXGHVVLHQV
MXVTXɛ¢ODILQGHVWHPSV0W'LHXHVW6HLJQHXUb&KULVWHVW6HLJQHXU-QHW3DXO&H
WUDQVIHUWGX'LHXY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHVXUOH5HVVXVFLW«FRQYRTXHODFDW«JRULHGHOD
WK«RSKDQLHGRQWOHVPDUTXHXUVFUDLQWHSURVWHUQDWLRQDFFRPSDJQHOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQV
GX5HVVXVFLW«DX[VLHQV
42 6LODWK«RSKDQLHGHYLHQWFKULVWRSKDQLHFɛHVWHQYHUWXGHODOHFWXUHFUR\DQWHGHFHW
«Y«QHPHQWDSSHO«mbS¤TXHVb}FRPPH«WDQWFHOXLGɛXQWUDQVIHUWGHOɛDXWRULW«GH<DZHK
VXU-«VXV&HQɛHVWGRQFTXɛHQYHUWXGHFHWWHU«TXLVLWLRQSDUOHFKULVWLDQLVPHGHOD
WK«RSKDQLHY«W«URWHVWDPHQWDLUHTXH¶SKWK¬SHXWWUDGXLUHHQFDW«JRULHVKLVWRULTXHVFH
TXHOɛ«YDQJLOHGH-HDQDIILUPHHQWHUPHVRQWRORJLTXHVbmbTXLPHYRLWYRLWOH3ªUHb}FH
TXLSDUWRXWGDQVOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWSHXWDXVVL¬WUHWUDGXLWSDUmbTXLPɛHQWHQG
HQWHQGOH3ªUHb}/ɛDSSDULWLRQGX5HVVXVFLW«QHSURYRTXHSDVXQHVLG«UDWLRQGXUHJDUG
HWHQFRUHPRLQVXQDUU¬WGXWHPSV(OOHFRQYRTXH¢OɛKLVWRLUHSDUOD3DUROHTXLHQYRLH
OHVGLVFLSOHVHQPLVVLRQ(VWFHSRXUFHWWHUDLVRQTXHOHPDFDULVPHGH-HDQɘmbKHXUHX[
FHX[TXLFURLHQWVDQVDYRLUYXb}ɘSURSRVHXQG«SDVVHPHQWGHODYLVLRQb"$SUªVWRXWOH
&KULVWQɛHVWLOSDVODPDQLIHVWDWLRQLQFDUQ«HGXORJRV«WHUQHOFHTXLHVWHQWHQGXGDQVOH
VRPDFHTXLHVWYXb"
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
73
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 3RXUOHVDVSHFWVWK«RORJLTXHVGHVDSSDULWLRQVGX5HVVXVFLW«TXHQRXVQɛDERUGHURQVSDVGDQV
OHFRQWH[WHGHFHWWHFRQWULEXWLRQRQSRXUUDVHU«I«UHU¢0'HQHNHQ/DIRLSDVFDOH5HQGUHFRPSWH
GHODU«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVDXMRXUGɛKXL3DULVGGX&HUIVXUWRXW
2. /%UXQ'LH$XIHUVWHKXQJ&KULVWLLQGHUXUFKULVWOLFKHQEHUOLHIHUXQJ2VOR*LHVVHQb+
*UDVV2VWHUJHVFKHKHQXQG2VWHUEHULFKWH*¸WWLQJHQ9DQGHQKRHFN5XSUHFKW
3. +.HVVOHU6XFKWGHQ/HEHQGHQQLFKWEHLGHQ7RWHQ'LH$XIHUVWHKXQJ-HVX&KULVWLLQELEOLVFKHU
IXQGDPHQWDOWKHRORJLVFKHU XQG V\VWHPDWLVFKHU 6LFKW 1HXDXVJDEH PLW DXVI¾KUOLFKHU (U¸UWHUXQJ GHU
DNWXHOOHQ)UDJHQ'¾VVHOGRUI3DWPRV9HUODJ
4. /Fb-QEVJHVWHb-Qb-QSDUROH
5. 0Wb/Fb-Qb$F
6. $9¸JWOHDYHF53(6&+:LHNDPHV]XP2VWHUJODXEHQb"'¾VVHOGRUI3DWPRV
7. /*RSSHOW7KHRORJLHGHV1HXHQ7HVWDPHQWV*¸WWLQJHQ9DQGHKRHFN5XSUHFKW
8. 3 +RIIPDQQ mb$XIHUVWHKXQJ -HVX &KULVWL 17b} * .UDXVH * 0¾OOHU 7KHRORJLVFKH
5HDOHQ]\NORS¦GLH,9%HUOLQ
9. +.HVVOHU
10. -'RU«mb&URLUHHQODU«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXV&KULVWb}WXGHVDYULOb
mb6LODIRLHQODU«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVHVWODOHFWXUHFUR\DQWHTXHOHVGLVFLSOHVRQWFUXSRXYRLU
GHYRLUIDLUHGHVmbDSSDULWLRQVb}FHWWHOHFWXUHDVXSSRV«FKH]HX[GHX[FKRVHVbGɛXQHSDUWOH
SDUWDJHSU«DODEOHGHODYLHWHUUHVWUHGH-«VXVHWGɛDXWUHSDUWODIRLHWOɛHVS«UDQFHSU«DODEOHVHOOHV
DXVVLHQXQ'LHXH[SUHVV«PHQWUHFRQQDLVVDEOHHWUHFRQQXGDQVFHODSU«FLV«PHQWTXɛLOU«DOLVH
SRXUHWGDQVODYLHGHVKRPPHV2QSHXWGRQFGLUHbTXHRULJLQHOOHPHQWOɛDIILUPDWLRQGHOD
U«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVUHSU«VHQWHODOHFWXUHTXHOHVGLVFLSOHVRQWIDLWHGHmbTXHOTXHFKRVHb}TXL>OHXU@
«WDLWDUULY«GDQVFHUWDLQHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVELHQSU«FLVHVSHXGHWHPSVDSUªVODPRUWGH-«VXVbHW
TXHFHWWHOHFWXUHDFRQVLVW«¢UHFRQQD°WUHFHmbTXHOTXHFKRVHb}FRPPHXQDFWHGHODSXLVVDQFHGH
'LHXbFRPPHXQDFWHPDQLIHVWDQWTXHODSXLVVDQFHGLYLQHTXɛLOVDYDLHQWG«M¢H[S«ULPHQW«HHQ
-«VXVDYDQWVDPRUWDOODLWHQOXLELHQSOXVORLQTXɛLOVQHOɛDYDLHQWDORUVSHQV«b}
11. +.HVVOHUV
12. mb/XF YHXW P¬PH HQOHYHU ¢ OɛDSSDULWLRQ GH 3DXO OH FDUDFWªUH SDVFDO TXɛRQW OHV DXWUHV
DSSDULWLRQV GDQV OHV «YDQJLOHV 6XU FH SRLQW OD FRQFLOLDWLRQ VHPEOH LPSRVVLEOH HW LO IDXW
UHFKHUFKHU DXTXHO GHV GHX[ DXWHXUV GRLW ¬WUH DWWULEX«H OD PRGLILFDWLRQb} ; /«RQ'XIRXU
5«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVHWPHVVDJHSDVFDO3DULV6HXLOmb3DUROHGH'LHXb}
13. %5LJDX['LHXOɛDUHVVXVFLW«([«JªVHHWWK«RORJLHELEOLTXH*HPEORX[%HOJLTXH'XFXORW
14. +.HVVOHUFRQWUH%5LJDX[
15. $9¸JWOHb3+RIIPDQQbVb+.HVVOHU
16. 9RLUODUHPDUTXDEOH«WXGHGH+))XFKV6HKHQXQG6FKDXHQ'LH:XU]HOmbK]Kb}LP$OWHQ2ULHQW
XQGLP$OWHQ7HVWDPHQW(LQ%HLWUDJ]XPSURSKHWLVFKHQ2IIHQEDUXQVHPSIDQJ:XU]ERXUJ
17. &I*Qbbb([bFI+.HVVOHUSbbV'DQVOD6HSWDQWHZDMHUDHO
GHYLHQW¶SKWK¬
18. %5LJDX[
19. +.HVVOHU
20. 3K 6HLGHQVWLFNHU 'LH $XIHUVWHKXQJ -HVX LQ GHU %RWVFKDIW GHU (YDQJHOLHQ (LQ
WUDGLWLRQVJHVFKLFKWOLFKHU9HUVXFK]XP3UREOHPGHU6LFKHUXQJGHU2VWHUERWVFKDIWLQGHUDSRVWROLVFKHQ=HLW
6WXWWJDUW.DWKROLVFKHV%LEHOZHUNmb6WXWWJDUWHU%LEHOVWXGLHQb}QV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
74
21. 3K6HLGHQVWLFNHU
22. &I-%ULHQG'LHXGDQVOɛFULWXUH3DULVGGX&HUImb/HFWLRGLYLQDb}Q
23. +.HVVOHUVb&I&RbYRLU,Vb-U
24. .0)LVFKHU'DV2VWHUJHVFKHKHQ*¸WWLQJHQ9DQGHQKRHFN5XSUHFKW
25. +.HVVOHU
26. &I&Rb7Kb&Rb*Db5P
27. &ɛHVWOɛDYLVGH;/«RQ'XIRXU
28. +.HVVOHU&I$FVbVbV
29. ;/«RQ'XIRXUSb
30. $9¸JWOH
31. %5LJDX[
32. &+ 'RGG mb7KH $SSHDUDQFHV RI WKH 5LVHQ &KULVWb $Q (VVD\ LQ )RUP&ULWLFLVP RI WKH
*RVSHOVb}LQ6WXGLHVLQWKH*RVSHO
33. /Fb-Qb$Fb
34. -Qb/FD
35. %5LJDX[
36. &I0Wb/Fb-Q
37. /FVb-Q
38. .0)LVFKHU
39. %5LJDX[
40. +.HVVOHU
41. * /¾GHPDQQ 'LH $XIHUVWHKXQJ -HVX +LVWRULH (UIDKUXQJHQ 7KHRORJLH 6WXWWJDUW ,P 5DGLXV
9HUODJ
42. 1ɛDWRQSDV¢WRUWWUDGXLWGDQVODOLWXUJLHFKU«WLHQQHOHmbSDUDNOªWRVb}TXLG«VLJQHOɛ(VSULW
6DLQWFKH]-HDQSDUmbFRQVRODWHXUb}DORUVTXHFHWHUPHVLJQLILHmbDYRFDWb}b"
43. .0)LVFKHU
44. .5DKQHU9LVLRQHQXQG3URIH]HLXQJHQ)OHUGHU)ULERXUJ%Jbmb4XDHVWLRQHV'LVSXWDWDHb}
QbV
45. .5DKQHUbV
46. +.HVVOHU
47. &HTXHQHPDQTXHSDVGHIDLUH+.HVVOHU¢SDUWLUGHVDOHFWXUHGH5DKQHU+.HVVOHUV
48. +.HVVOHUbmb$SSOLTX«DX[DSSDULWLRQVSDVFDOHVOHFRQWHQXTXLHVWDXVVLXQHGRQQ«H
VHQVLEOHGHODYLVLRQHVWODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGX&UXFLIL«9LYDQWSDUODSXLVVDQFHGH'LHXHWGHVD
SU«VHQFH VDOYLILTXH FRPPH «WDQW LVVXH GH FHWWH SXLVVDQFH GLYLQH &HWWH DXWRU«Y«ODWLRQ GH
OɛKXPDQLW«PLVH¢PRUWGH-«VXVOHPDQLIHVWDQWFRPPHOH9LYDQWGDQVOɛH[S«ULHQFHKLVWRULTXHHW
VHQVLEOHGHVGLVFLSOHVHVWHOOHP¬PHOHQR\DXFHQWUDOGHOɛH[S«ULHQFHSDVFDOH(OOHQɛHVWSDVSURGXLWH
SDUOHVGLVFLSOHVHWQɛHVWSDVQRQSOXVXQ«FKRLPDJLQDLUHHWVHFRQGDLUHSRXYDQWVɛDY«UHUHUURQ«
GDQVODVHQVLELOLW«GHVGLVFLSOHVb}
49. $9HUJRWHmb9LVLRQVHWDSSDULWLRQV$SSURFKHSV\FKRORJLTXHb}5HYXH7K«RORJLTXHGH/RXYDLQ
50. $9HUJRWH
51. */RKILQNmb'HU$EODXIGHU2VWHUHUHLJQLVVHXQGGLH$QI¦QJHGHU8UJHPHLQGHb}7KHRORJLVFKH
4XDUWDOVFKULIW
52. +.HVVOHU
53. +.HVVOHU
54. -/LQGEORP*HVFKLFKWHXQG2IIHQEDUXQJHQ/XQGHW7KHRORJLVFKHV:RUWHUEXFK]XP1HXHQ
7HVWDPHQW,;5%XOWPDQQHW'/¾KUPDQQVHUHIXVHQW¢HPSOR\HUODFDW«JRULHGɛ«SLSKDQLH
SRXU G«VLJQHU OHV DSSDULWLRQV GX 5HVVXVFLW« 'DQV OD PHVXUH R» XQH H[SUHVVLRQ FRPPH
mb«SLSKDQLHFKULVWLTXHb}WHOOHTXHODSURSRVH(6FKLOOHEHHFN[GDQV'LH$XIHUVWHKXQJ-HVXDOV*UDQG
GHU (UO¸VXQJ )ULERXUJ%J +HUGHU mb4DXHVWLRQHV 'LVSXWDWDHb} Q SHXW UHQGUH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
75
OɛH[SUHVVLRQ DOOHPDQGH &KULVWXV(SLSKDQLH + .HVVOHU OD UHMHWWH $X OLHX Gɛmb«SLSKDQLH
FKULVWLTXHb}RXGHmbYLVLRQFKULVWLTXHb}FHGHUQLHUSU«IªUHSDUOHUGHFKULVWRSKDQLH
55. +.HVVOHU
56. +89RQ%DOWKDVDU3¤TXHVOHP\VWªUH3DULVGGX&HUIFROOmb)RLYLYDQWHb}Q
57. */¾GHPDQQ
58. */¾GHPDQQ
59. */¾GHPDQQ
60. $9HUJRWHV
61. :.DVSHUmb'HU*ODXEHDQGLH$XIHUVWHKXQJ-HVXYRUGHP)RUXPKLVWRULVFKHU.ULWLNb}
7KHRORJLVFKH4XDUWDOVFKULIL7XELQJHQ
62. 67K,,,DTDbmb/HVDS¶WUHVRQWSXDWWHVWHUODU«VXUUHFWLRQGX&KULVWP¬PHFRPPH
W«PRLQVRFXODLUHVFDULOVRQWYXGHOHXUV\HX[FHOXLDXTXHOLOVFUR\DLHQWOH&KULVWYLYDQWDSUªVOD
U«VXUUHFWLRQDORUVTXɛLOVDYDLHQWYXVDPRUW0DLVVɛLOHVWYUDLTXHOɛRQQHSDUYLHQW¢ODYLVLRQ
ELHQKHXUHXVHTXHSDUOɛDXGLWLRQGHODIRLOHVKRPPHVQHVRQWSDUYHQXV«JDOHPHQW¢ODYLVLRQGX
&KULVWTXHSDUFHTXɛLOVHQDYDLHQWGɛDERUGHQWHQGXGHODSDUWGHVDQJHVb}/DWUDGLWLRQFDWKROLTXH
QɛDMDPDLVVXUYDORULV«OɛDVSHFWPLUDFXOHX[GHVDSSDULWLRQV6LOɛRQSHXWVRXWHQLUTXHODWK«RORJLH
SURWHVWDQWH D PLV UDGLFDOHPHQW HQ üXYUH OH VROD ILGHV GDQV OɛHQWUHSULVH EXOWPDQQLHQQH GH
G«P\WKRORJLVDWLRQHQUHQRQ©DQW¢WRXWHU«Y«ODWLRQH[WULQVªTXHRQQHSHXWSDVGLUHSRXUDXWDQW
TXHOHFDWKROLFLVPHDLWGUHVV«FRQWUHFHWWHHQWUHSULVHGHVFRQWUHIHX[SXLVVDQWV7UDGXFWLRQ0-
1LFRODV«GLWHXUGHOD6RPPH7K«RORJLTXH3DULVGGX&HUI7
63. ;/«RQ'XIRXU
AUTEUR
0LFKHO'HQHNHQ
0D°WUHGHFRQI«UHQFHVHQWK«RORJLHGRJPDWLTXHHWGR\HQGHOD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLH
FDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQV
VDWKªVHGɛKDELOLWDWLRQb/D)RLSDVFDOH5HQGUHFRPSWHGHODU«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVDXMRXUGɛKXL
3DULV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
76
/HVSHQVHXUVJQRVWLTXHVIDFH¢OD
YLVLRQ
Madeleine Scopello
S
1/HVOLWW«UDWXUHVDQFLHQQHVDX[SUHPLHUVVLªFOHVGHOɛªUHFKU«WLHQQHVRQWSDUFRXUXHVSDU
GHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQV4XHFHVRLWHQPLOLHXMXLIDYHFOHFRXUDQWGHOɛDSRFDO\SWLTXHRXHQ
FKULVWLDQLVPHODU«Y«ODWLRQF«OHVWHGHVWHPSVSUHPLHUVRXGHVILQVGHUQLªUHVVHUHY¬W
VRXYHQWGHV KDELWVGH ODYLVLRQb ODOLWW«UDWXUH FKU«WLHQQHDSRFU\SKH SDU H[HPSOH
FRQVWLWXHXQWHUUDLQGɛHQTX¬WHSULYLO«JL«VXUFHVXMHW&HVU«FLWVRQW«W««WXGL«VSDUOHV
VS«FLDOLVWHVHWODELEOLRJUDSKLHVXUFHWKªPHHVWDERQGDQWH
2/HV FRXUDQWV GH SHQV«H TXL RQW IOHXUL DX[ IURQWLªUHV GX FKULVWLDQLVPH HW RQW «W«
FRQVLG«U«VFRPPHK«U«WLTXHVSDUOD*UDQGHJOLVHDWWHVWHQW«JDOHPHQWGHVYLVLRQV
SRUWHXVHVGɛXQPHVVDJHFRQFXUUHQWLHOSDUUDSSRUW¢FHOXLGHOɛRUWKRGR[LHPHVVDJHGRQW
OɛRQUHYHQGLTXHOHFDUDFWªUHGHY«ULW«XQLTXH'DQVFHFDGUHOHJQRVWLFLVPHFRQVWLWXH
XQGRPDLQH GHUHFKHUFKH SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWULFKH &RPSWHWHQX GHOɛDERQGDQFH GHV
VRXUFHVTXLP«ULWHUDLHQWGɛ¬WUHH[DPLQ«HVQRXVQHSRXUURQVSDVGDQVOHVOLPLWHVGHFHW
DUWLFOHSU«WHQGUH¢OɛH[KDXVWLYLW«bQRWUHEXWHVWSOXVPRGHVWHPHQWGHSUHQGUHHQ
FRPSWHTXHOTXHV«FKDQWLOORQVGHODOLWW«UDWXUHJQRVWLTXHFRPSRV«HHQWUHOH,,HHWOH
,,,HbVLªFOH GH QRWUH ªUH HW GH UHOHYHU TXHOTXHV WKªPHV TXL QRXV RQW SDUX GLJQHV
GɛDWWHQWLRQ
b
Autour des sources
3/HJQRVWLFLVPHHVWFRQQXSDUOHVGRFXPHQWVSRO«PLTXHVTXHOHV3ªUHVGHOɛJOLVHOXLRQW
FRQVDFU«GDQVOHEXWGHOɛ«UDGLTXHUGXSD\VDJHGXFKULVWLDQLVPHDLQVLTXHSDUXQ
FHUWDLQQRPEUHGHVRXUFHVGHSUHPLªUHPDLQFRQVHUY«HVHQODQJXHFRSWH6LOɛRQVH
WRXUQH WRXW GɛDERUG YHUV OHV GRFXPHQWV «FULWV SDU OHV JQRVWLTXHV HX[P¬PHV RQ
UHPDUTXHTXHOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQV\VRQWUHODWLYHPHQWQRPEUHX[
4/H&RGH[GH/RQGUHVFRQWHQDQWOHYROXPLQHX[WUDLW«J«Q«UDOHPHQWDSSHO«3LVWLV6RSKLD
G«FULWXQHV«ULHGHYLVLRQVDFFRUG«HV¢0DULH0DGHOHLQHSDUOH&KULVWUHVVXVFLW«&HV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
77
YLVLRQVSRUWHQWVXUOHVP\VWªUHVF«OHVWHV/H&RGH[Gɛ2[IRUGQɛHVWSDVHQUHVWHQRQSOXV
GDQVOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVYLVLRQQDLUHVbOHVGHX[WUDLW«VTXLOHFRPSRVHQWOH/LYUHGXJUDQG
WUDLW«LQLWLDWLTXHHWOD7RSRJUDSKLHF«OHVWHIRXUQLVVHQWXQSU«FLHX[PDW«ULHOGɛHQTX¬WH¢FH
SURSRV/H&RGH[GH%HUOLQDYHFVHVTXDWUHWUDLW«VHVW«JDOHPHQWVRXUFHGHU«IOH[LRQ
VXUOHWKªPHGHODYLVLRQVXUWRXWHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOɛYDQJLOHVHORQ0DULH%HWOH
/LYUHGHVVHFUHWVGH-HDQ%&HVGHX[WH[WHVRQW«W«DQDO\V«VVRXVFHWDQJOHHWRQW
VXVFLW«GɛLPSRUWDQWHV«WXGHV
54XDQW ¢ OD ELEOLRWKªTXH FRSWH GH 1DJ +DPPDGL ERQ QRPEUH GHV FLQTXDQWHGHX[
WUDLW«V TXL OD FRPSRVHQW SU«VHQWHQW GHV H[S«ULHQFHV GH YLVLRQ OL«HV ¢ XQH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQGHVVHFUHWVF«OHVWHV&HUWDLQHVGHFHVYLVLRQVUHY¬WHQWOHVWUDLWVGRQW
HOOHV«WDLHQWSDU«HVGDQVOHV«FULWVLQWHUWHVWDPHQWDLUHVMXLIVGɛDOOXUHDSRFDO\SWLTXHHW
GDQVFHUWDLQVDSRFU\SKHVGX1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQW(OOHVVHG«URXOHQWVRXYHQWGDQVXQ
OLHX SULYLO«JL« XQH PRQWDJQH XQ OLHX VROLWDLUH HW HOOHV VRQW SRQFWX«HV SDU OH
G«FKD°QHPHQWGHV«O«PHQWV(OOHVVɛLQVªUHQWGDQVXQFDGUHOLWW«UDLUHSU«F«GHPPHQW
«ODERU« HW GHVWLQ« ¢ WUDQVPHWWUH XQ ORJRV GH U«Y«ODWLRQ &HUWDLQHV GɛHQWUH HOOHV
FRQFHUQHQWXQGLVFLSOHGH -«VXVSDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWGLJQH GHUHFHYRLUGH ODSDUWGX
UHVVXVFLW« XQ HQVHLJQHPHQW VHFUHWb FH VFK«PD VH UHWURXYH SDU H[HPSOH GDQV
Oɛ$SRFDO\SVHGH3DXO1DJ+DPPDGL1+9HWGDQVOHVGHX[$SRFDO\SVHVGH-DFTXHV
1+9HW9'ɛDXWUHVWH[WHVHQUHYDQFKHVDQV¬WUHWRWDOHPHQWPDUTX«VSDUOH
WKªPHGHODYLVLRQ\IRQWGHVDOOXVLRQVFKDUJ«HVGHVLJQLILFDWLRQbFɛHVWOHFDVSDU
H[HPSOH GH OɛYDQJLOH VHORQ 3KLOLSSH 1+ ,, WURLVLªPH WUDLW« GX FRGH[ ,, GH 1DJ
+DPPDGL
6/D ELEOLRWKªTXH GH 1DJ +DPPDGL UHFXHLO GH WH[WHV SURYHQDQW Gɛ«FROHV JQRVWLTXHV
GLII«UHQWHVQRXV D«JDOHPHQW FRQVHUY«GHV «FULWVSURIRQG«PHQW LQIOXHQF«V SDUOHV
VWUXFWXUHVGHODSHQV«HSKLORVRSKLTXHJUHFTXH'HVWUDLW«VWHOFHOXLGHOɛ$OORJªQH1+;,
RXGH=RVWULHQ1+9,,,SDUDLOOHXUVFRQQXVHWGLVFXW«VGDQVOHFHUFOHGH3ORWLQ
GRLYHQW¬WUHYHUV«VDXGRVVLHUGHODYLVLRQ/DVFªQHGHYLHQWLFLGHVSOXVDEVWUDLWHVɘ
FɛHVWOHSD\VDJHGHVLQWHOOLJLEOHVTXLLQW«UHVVHOHXUVDXWHXUVɘHWODYLVLRQVHWURXYH
G«SRXLOO«HGHVUHSªUHVTXLODFDUDFW«ULVDLHQWGDQVOHVWH[WHVGHJHQUHDSRFDO\SWLTXH
&RPPHWRXWVHMRXH¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGHOɛKRPPHLOQɛHVWQXOEHVRLQGHVɛDWWDUGHUVXUXQH
UHSU«VHQWDWLRQYLVXHOOHGXFRQWH[WHGHODYLVLRQOLHXPRGHRFFDVLRQ/ɛDFFHQWHVW
H[FOXVLYHPHQWPLVVXUOHFRQWHQXGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHTXLSDUODYLVLRQS«QªWUHOɛLQLWL«¢
ODUHFKHUFKHGHOɛ8Q
7/DG«FRXYHUWHGHVRXUFHVGLUHFWHVQRWDPPHQWOHVFRGLFHVGH1DJ+DPPDGLDMHW«VXUOH
SUREOªPHGXJQRVWLFLVPHXQHOXPLªUHLQDWWHQGXH1«DQPRLQVOHVGRFXPHQWV«ODERU«V
SDUOHV3ªUHVGH OɛJOLVHGDQVXQ EXWSRO«PLTXHUHVWHQW GɛDFWXDOLW«HWUHFªOHQW GHV
LQIRUPDWLRQVHVVHQWLHOOHVVXUOHVV\VWªPHVGHVSHQVHXUVGHODJQRVH(QFHTXLFRQFHUQH
OHWKªPHTXLQRXVLQW«UHVVHLFLRQSHXWDIILUPHUTXHOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQVRQWQHWWHPHQW
PRLQVQRPEUHX[TXHGDQVOHVVRXUFHVGLUHFWHV&HVU«FLWVVRQWWRXWHIRLVGɛXQLQW«U¬W
WRXWSDUWLFXOLHUFDULOVQHFRQFHUQHQWSDVXQLQLWL«DEVWUDLWVHFDFKDQW«YHQWXHOOHPHQW
VRXVXQSVHXGRQ\PHGɛHQYHUJXUHPDLVGHVILJXUHVKLVWRULTXHVSU«FLVHVGHVPD°WUHVGH
UHQRPGXJQRVWLFLVPH
b
Une conception pessimiste du monde
8/HVJQRVWLTXHVFRQ©RLYHQWOɛXQLYHUVFRPPHXQHLPPHQVHSULVRQPLVHHQSODFHSDUXQ
GLHXP«FKDQWHWMDORX[OH'«PLXUJHHWSDUVHVDFRO\WHVOHVDUFKRQWHVSODQ«WDLUHV'DQV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
78
FHWWHSULVRQVRXPLVHDXU\WKPHGXWHPSVHW¢OɛHQJUHQDJHGXGHVWLQOɛKRPPHVHWURXYH
HQFKD°Q«¢MDPDLV6RQFRUSVOXLHVW«JDOHPHQWXQHJH¶OHLQIHUQDOHUHSURGXLVDQWGDQV
VRQID©RQQHPHQWOHVWUDLWVSHUYHUVGXPDFURFRVPH/ɛ¤PHFRJQHEUXWDOHPHQWFRQWUH
OHVSDURLVGXFRUSVLQFDSDEOHGHWURXYHUXQHLVVXH/DPDWLªUHDYHXJOHVHV\HX[HWOD
MHWWHGDQVOɛLJQRUDQFH6HXOHXQHLQWHUYHQWLRQGXGLHXGɛHQKDXWLQILQLPHQWORLQWDLQ
Oɛ,QFRQQXSHXWU«YHLOOHUGDQVTXHOTXHV«OXVOHVRXYHQLUGXPRQGHVXS«ULHXUDXTXHO
OHXU¤PHHVWOL«HHWOHVU«YHLOOHUGHODWRUSHXUGHOɛLJQRUDQFH&HWWHLQWHUYHQWLRQSHXW
VHU«DOLVHUSDUOɛHQYRLGɛXQVDXYHXUOH/RJRVRXOH1R½VTXLUHQGOɛ¤PH¢HOOHP¬PH
*QRVWLNRV FHOXL TXL FRQQD°W HVW OɛKRPPH TXL SUHQG FRQVFLHQFH GH VD FRQGLWLRQ GH
SULVRQQLHUHWGXIDLWTXHVDQDWXUHHVWDXWUHSDUUDSSRUWDXPRQGHGDQVOHTXHOLOVH
WURXYHWHOXQ«WUDQJHU*QRVWLNRVHVWOɛKRPPHTXLGLVWLQJXHVRQDYHXJOHPHQWHWVHSRVH
OHVTXHVWLRQVHVVHQWLHOOHVTXLYRQWOXLSHUPHWWUHGɛHIIHFWXHUODUHPRQW«HYHUVFHTXLHVW
VLHQbmb4XL«WLRQVQRXVb"4XHVRPPHVQRXVGHYHQXVb"2»«WLRQVQRXVb"2»DYRQVQRXV
«W«MHW«Vb"9HUVTXHOEXWQRXVK¤WRQVQRXVb"'ɛR»VRPPHVQRXVUDFKHW«Vb"b}([WUDLWGH
7K«RGRWH
b
Pourquoi des visions?
96LODFRQQDLVVDQFHɘJQ¶VLVɘHVWXQGRQXQH«WLQFHOOHVSLQWKHUHQJUHFGHOXPLªUH
YHQXHGXPRQGHGɛHQKDXWHWU«VHUY«H¢XQHPLQRULW«VLFHWWHFRQQDLVVDQFHHVWXQH
RXYHUWXUHVXUOHGLYLQTXLG«FKLUHOHEURXLOODUGGHOɛLJQRUDQFHR»OɛKRPPHVɛHVWSHUGX
ODYLVLRQHVWXQHGHVHVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVORJLTXHV
10 /DYLVLRQIDLWLUUXSWLRQGDQVODYLHGHOɛ«OXHOOHOHPDUTXH¢MDPDLVHQWUD°QDQWHQOXLXQ
FKDQJHPHQWUDGLFDO(OOHOHUHQGHQHIIHWDXWUHSDUUDSSRUW¢OXLP¬PHOXLPDQLIHVWDQW
QRQVHXOHPHQWXQHY«ULW«LQFRQQXHPDLVDXVVLVRQ¬WUHMXVTXɛDORUVFDFK«/HFRQWHQX
GHODYLVLRQPRGLILHODSHUFHSWLRQGHVFKRVHVGHFHOXLTXLODUH©RLWWRXWFRPPHVRQPRL
OHSOXVSURIRQG/HVSDJHVOHVSOXVH[SOLFLWHVVXUFHWKªPHVRQWFHOOHVGHOɛYDQJLOHVHORQ
7KRPDV1+ ,, /HORJLRQ GH FHW DSRFU\SKHJQRVWLTXH UHODWH GHX[ H[S«ULHQFHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVbGDQVODSUHPLªUHOɛLQLWL«YRLWVDUHVVHPEODQFHVRQDSSDUHQFHVHQVLEOH
HLQHHQFRSWHHWGDQVODGHX[LªPHLOSHU©RLWVRQLPDJHVRQHLNRQ&ɛHVWOɛHLNRQTXL
UHSU«VHQWHOHVRPPHWGHODU«Y«ODWLRQFDULOPHWHQIDFHGHOɛKRPPHVRQPRLU«HOVRQ
LPDJH«WHUQHOOH&HWWHYLVLRQHIIDFHODGXDOLW«HQWUHOɛREMHWTXLHVWYXHWOHVXMHWTXLYRLW
RS«UDQWXQHWUDQVILJXUDWLRQTXLUHQGOɛLQGLYLGX¢OXLP¬PH
b
Les médiateurs de la vision
11 /DYLVLRQGDQVOHVWH[WHVJQRVWLTXHVQɛHVWSDVG«FULWHFRPPHXQIDFH¢IDFHLPP«GLDW
HQWUH'LHXHWOɛKRPPH/ɛHQWLW«VXS«ULHXUHYRLO«HGDQVOɛLQGHVFULSWLEOHQHSHXW¬WUH
DSSURFK«HTXHSDUOHELDLVGɛ¬WUHVLQWHUP«GLDLUHVTXLVHFKDUJHQWGɛDFFRPSDJQHUOɛLQLWL«
VXUOHGLIILFLOHSDUFRXUVPHQDQW¢ODFRQWHPSODWLRQGLYLQHHWTXLOXLɚRXYUHQWɛOHV\HX[¢
FHUWDLQV PRPHQWV GH FH SDUFRXUV &ɛHVW OD WK«RORJLH Q«JDWLYH GɛLQVSLUDWLRQ P«GLR
SODWRQLFLHQQH TXL VHUW GH WRLOH GH IRQG ¢ FHV VS«FXODWLRQV JQRVWLTXHV WHQGDQW ¢
PXOWLSOLHUOHVSDOLHUVTXLV«SDUHQWODFU«DWXUHGHOɛ8Q
12 &RQVLG«URQV HQ JXLVH GɛH[HPSOH GHX[ WH[WHV GH 1DJ +DPPDGL LVVXV GH PLOLHX[
GLII«UHQWV/HSUHPLHUDSSDUWLHQW ¢ODWUDGLWLRQKHUP«WLTXH GRQWODELEOLRWKªTXHD
FRQVHUY«TXHOTXHVW«PRLQV/ɛ2JGRDGHHWOɛ(QQ«DGH1+9,HVWXQGLDORJXHHQWUHXQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
79
PD°WUH HW VRQ GLVFLSOH /H SUHPLHU JXLGH OH VHFRQG ¢ OɛLQW«ULHXU GɛXQH H[S«ULHQFH
P\VWLTXHOHEXW«WDQWGHSDUYHQLU¢Oɛ2JGRDGHHW¢Oɛ(QQ«DGHOHVGHX[FLHX[VLWX«VDX
GHVVXVGHVVSKªUHVSODQ«WDLUHV/ɛLQLWLDWHXUHVW+HUPªV7ULVP«JLVWHOXLP¬PHTXLSDU
VHVH[SOLFDWLRQVHW VHVHQFRXUDJHPHQWV PªQHOH QRXYHOLQLWL« VXUOH FKHPLQGH OD
FRQQDLVVDQFH+HUPªVGHYLHQGUD¢XQPRPHQWFUXFLDOGXU«FLWOɛ,QWHOOHFWOH1R½VFDU
ODYLVLRQDXQSRXYRLUWUDQVIRUPDQWTXLDJLWQRQVHXOHPHQWVXUOHGLVFLSOHPDLVDXVVL
VXUVRQJXLGH
13 /HGHX[LªPHH[HPSOHHVWFRQVWLWX«SDUOHWUDLW«GHOɛ$OORJªQH1+;,«FULWIRUWHPHQW
LQIOXHQF« SDU OD WK«RORJLH SRVWSODWRQLFLHQQH $OORJªQH OɛLQLWL« DX QRP FKDUJ« GH
VLJQLILFDWLRQV V\PEROLTXHV ɘ DOORJ«QªV VLJQLILH Oɛ«WUDQJHU ɘ DFFRPSOLW XQ LWLQ«UDLUH
PHQWDO¢WUDYHUVOHVGLII«UHQWVQLYHDX[GHOɛ¬WUHMXVTXɛ¢VRQSRLQWOHSOXVKDXWOH'LHX
,QFRQQDLVVDEOH 7RXW DX ORQJ GH FHWWH DYHQWXUH VSLULWXHOOH $OORJªQH SURILWH GH
OɛHQVHLJQHPHQWGɛXQHHQWLW«DQJ«OLTXH<RXHOHWREWLHQW«JDOHPHQWGHVYLVLRQV<RXHO
GRQWOHQRP«YRTXHFHOXLGH<DRHODQJHELHQFRQQXGHODP\VWLTXHMXLYHDSSDUWLHQW
VHORQOHWH[WHJQRVWLTXH¢ODFDW«JRULHGHV*ORLUHVHWVHPEOHUHY¬WXGHWUDLWVI«PLQLQV
<RXHOFRPPXQLTXH¢OɛLQLWL«FLQTU«Y«ODWLRQVTXLYRQWOɛLQWURGXLUH¢XQHV«ULHGHYLVLRQV
GHV¬WUHVF«OHVWHVGDQVXQH«FKHOOHDVFHQGDQWHMXVTXɛ¢DWWHLQGUHOɛ«RQGH%DUE«OR'DQV
ODP\WKRORJLHGHFHWUDLW«FHW«RQFR±QFLGHDYHFODSXLVVDQFHLQI«ULHXUHGHVWURLVTXL
FRPSRVHQWOH7URLVIRLV3XLVVDQWOɛ¬WUHVLWX«HQGHVVRXVGHOɛLQYLVLEOH(VSULW$XVHXLOGH
OɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOH <RXHO VɛHIIDFHUD GHYDQW GɛDXWUHV U«Y«ODWHXUV OHV OXPLQDLUHV GH
%DUE«ORTXLDPªQHURQW$OORJªQHDXVRPPHWGHODFRQQDLVVDQFH&HWUDLW«FRQVHUY«¢
1DJ+DPPDGLWUDGXFWLRQFRSWHGɛXQRULJLQDOJUHFGXWDYRLUXQHFHUWDLQHGLIIXVLRQb
Oɛ«FROHURPDLQHGH3ORWLQVɛDWWDFKDHQHIIHW¢VDU«IXWDWLRQ/DGDWHGHVDU«GDFWLRQ
JUHFTXHVHVLWXHSUREDEOHPHQWGDQVODSUHPLªUHPRLWL«GX,,,HbVLªFOH/HFRPSWHUHQGX
GX YLVLRQQDLUH VH SU«VHQWH VRXV OD IRUPH GɛXQH VWUXFWXUH «SLVWRODLUH GDQV ODTXHOOH
$OORJªQHUHODWH¢VRQILOVVSLULWXHO0HVVRVVRQH[S«ULHQFHLQW«ULHXUH
b
Attitudes face à la vision
14 /D YLVLRQ HVW HQWRXU«H GɛXQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH SU«FDXWLRQV TXL WURXYHQW OHXU
MXVWLILFDWLRQGDQVOHIDLWTXHOHYLVLRQQDLUHHVWWUDQVSRUW«HQODUHFHYDQWGDQVOɛHVSDFH
GXVDFU«/HVWH[WHVJQRVWLTXHVQRXVUHQVHLJQHQWVXUOɛDWWLWXGHTXHOɛLQLWL«GRLWWHQLU
WDQWGDQVOHVDFWHVTXLSU«FªGHQWODYLVLRQTXHGDQVFHX[TXLVXLYHQWVDU«DOLVDWLRQ2Q
SHXWOHVU«VXPHUDLQVLbVLOHQFHHWUHWHQXH&HVDWWLWXGHVVRQWVXJJ«U«HVDXYLVLRQQDLUH
SDUOHPD°WUHRXSDUOɛHQWLW«F«OHVWHTXLOHJXLGH
15 3RUWHXVHGɛXQPHVVDJHFRQFHUQDQWOHVVHFUHWVF«OHVWHVODYLVLRQGRLW¬WUHDFFXHLOOLHGDQV
OɛDEVHQFHGHWRXWHPDQLIHVWDWLRQKXPDLQHbFɛHVWHQHIIHWGDQVOɛDEVHQFHGHSDUROHTXHOOH
HVWUH©XHSDUOɛLQLWL«WRXWDXWDQWTXHGDQVOɛDEVHQFHGHPRXYHPHQW
16 5HYHQRQV VXU OHV WH[WHV SU«F«GHPPHQW FLW«V 'DQV /ɛ2JGRDGH HW Oɛ(QQ«DGH XQH
LQVWUXFWLRQHWXQHSULªUHSU«FªGHQWODYLVLRQTXHPD°WUHHWGLVFLSOHYRQWREWHQLU¢
OɛXQLVVRQ&HWWHSULªUHDGUHVV«HDX'LHX,QYLVLEOH9,DILQGɛREWHQLUOD
FRQWHPSODWLRQGHOɛ2JGRDGHHWOɛ(QQ«DGHHVWVLOHQFLHXVHDLQVLTXHODSURQRQFLDWLRQ
GXQRPGH'LHXVRXVODIRUPHGɛXQHQVHPEOHGHYR\HOOHV&HTXLVɛHQVXLWVHMRXH
«JDOHPHQW¢OɛHQVHLJQHGɛXQVLOHQFHFKDUJ«GHVLJQLILFDWLRQ/DSUHPLªUHLOOXPLQDWLRQ
YLHQWGHVHU«DOLVHUbmb&DUG«M¢YHQDQWGɛHX[VFOHV¬WUHVVXS«ULHXUVODSXLVVDQFHTXL
HVWOXPLªUHDUULYHMXVTXɛ¢QRXVɘ-HYRLVRXLMHYRLVGHVSURIRQGHXUVLQGLFLEOHVbɘ
&RPPHQWWHOHGLUDLVMH¶PRQHQIDQW>QRXVDYRQVFRPPHQ@F«¢OɛLQV>WDQWGHYRLUɣ@OHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
80
OLHX[&RPPHQW>WHSDUOHUDLMHGX@WRXWb"-HVXLVOɛ,QWHOOHFW>HW@MHYRLVXQDXWUHLQWHOOHFW
TXLPHWOɛ¤PHHQPRXYHPHQWb}9,4XHOTXHVOLJQHVSOXVEDVQRXVOLVRQVɘ
FɛHVWWRXMRXUVOHPD°WUHTXLVɛH[SULPHmb-HPHYRLVPRLP¬PH-HYHX[SDUOHU8QHFUDLQWH
PHUHWLHQW-ɛDLWURXY«PRLOHSULQFLSHGHODSXLVVDQFHTXLHVWDXGHVVXVGHWRXWHVOHV
SXLVVDQFHVHWTXLOXLP¬PHQɛDSDVGHSULQFLSHb}9,/HPD°WUHHVWG«VRUPDLV
GLYLQLV«bmb-HWɛDLGLW¶PRQHQIDQWTXHMHVXLVOɛLQWHOOHFW-ɛDLFRQWHPSO«'LHXbLOHVW
LPSRVVLEOH¢ODSDUROHGHU«Y«OHUFHOD7RXWHOɛ2JGRDGH¶PRQHQIDQWDYHFOHV¤PHVHWOHV
DQJHVFKDQWHQWGHVK\PQHVHQVLOHQFH0DLV¢PRLOɛ,QWHOOHFWLOVVRQWLQWHOOLJLEOHVb}9,
17 +HUPªVGHYHQX,QWHOOHFWOHGLVFLSOHVɛDGUHVVHDLQVLbmb-HIDLVVLOHQFH¶PRQ3ªUH-H
G«VLUH WɛDGUHVVHU XQ K\PQH HQ VLOHQFHb} 9, (W 7ULVP«JLVWH GH OɛLQFLWHUb
mb5HYLHQV¢OɛDFWLRQGHJU¤FH¶PRQHQIDQWHWH[SULPHWRXWFHODHQVLOHQFH'HPDQGHFH
TXHWXYHX[HQVLOHQFHb}9,&ɛHVW¢FHPRPHQWTXHOHGLVFLSOHYRLWbmb1RXV
DYRQVUH©XFHWWHOXPLªUHHWPRLMHYRLVFHWWHP¬PHYLVLRQ¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGHWRL(WMHYRLV
Oɛ2JGRDGH DYHF OHV ¤PHV TXL VRQW HQ HOOH HW OHV DQJHV DGUHVVDQW OHXUV K\PQHV ¢
Oɛ(QQ«DGH HW ¢ VHV 3XLVVDQFHVb} 9, /D FRQVLJQH GX VLOHQFH SHUGXUH
«JDOHPHQWDXGHO¢GHODYLVLRQ9RLFLHQHIIHWFRPPHQWOHPD°WUHPHWHQJDUGHOH
GLVFLSOHbmb,OHVWERQTXHQRXVIDVVLRQVG«VRUPDLVVLOHQFH1HYDSDVSU«FLSLWDPPHQWSDUOHU
GHODYLVLRQb'«VRUPDLVLOFRQYLHQWGɛDGUHVVHUGHVK\>PQHV@DX3ªUHMXVTXɛDXMRXUGH
TXLWWHUFHFRUSVb}9,/ɛK\PQHDGUHVV«¢'LHXHVWXQHLQYRFDWLRQmbGXIRQGGX
FüXUb}GHVRQQRPP\VW«ULHX[VRXVIRUPHGɛXQHVXLWHGHYR\HOOHVK\PQHIRUPXO«HQ
XQ«WDWGLYLQ9,
18 6L OɛRQ H[DPLQH PDLQWHQDQW OH WUDLW« GH Oɛ$OORJªQH QRXV WURXYHURQV «JDOHPHQW OD
FRQVLJQHGXVLOHQFH(OOHHVWGRQQ«HSDU<RXHO¢$OORJªQHDXG«EXWGHODWURLVLªPH
U«Y«ODWLRQTXLFRQVLVWHGDQVXQHQVHLJQHPHQWVXUOH7URLVIRLV3XLVVDQWbmb3XLVTXHWRQ
LQVWUXFWLRQHVWGHYHQXHSDUIDLWHHWTXHWXDVFRQQXOHELHQTXLHVWHQWRL«FRXWHDX
VXMHWGX7URLVIRLV3XLVVDQWOHVSURSRVTXHWXJDUGHUDVGDQVXQJUDQGVLOHQFHHWXQ
JUDQGP\VWªUHb};,<RXHOIRXUQLWODUDLVRQGHFHWWHUHWHQXHDEVROXHbmb&DU
FHV SURSRV RQ QH OHV GLW ¢ SHUVRQQH VLQRQ ¢ FHX[ TXL HQ VRQW GLJQHV FHX[ TXL
SRVVªGHQWOHSRXYRLUGɛHQWHQGUHb};,6L¢ODTXDWULªPHU«Y«ODWLRQ;,
$OORJªQHU«DJLWSDUODSULªUH¢ODFLQTXLªPHHWGHUQLªUHRFWUR\«HSDU<RXHO
;,LOU«SRQGSDUXQHSU«SDUDWLRQLQW«ULHXUHGHODGXU«HGHFHQWDQV;,
,OFRQQD°WDORUVODMRLHGɛ¬WUHmbGDQVXQHJUDQGHOXPLªUHHWGDQVXQFKHPLQGH
E«DWLWXGHFDUOHVFKRVHVTXHMɛDYDLV«W«GLJQHGHYRLUHWDXVVLGɛHQWHQGUHVRQWFHOOHVTXH
VHXOHVOHVJUDQGHVSXLVVDQFHVSHXYHQWYRLUHWHQWHQGUHb};,0DLQWHQDQW
$OORJªQHHVWSU¬W¢UHFHYRLUXQHYLVLRQTXLOXLSU«VHQWHGHODPRLQV¢ODSOXV«OHY«H
WRXWHV OHV FDW«JRULHV F«OHVWHV VXU OHVTXHOOHV LO D SU«F«GHPPHQW «W« LQVWUXLWb
Oɛ$XWRHQJHQGU«Oɛ(QIDQWWURLVIRLVP¤OHOH3UHPLHU0DQLIHVW«OH&DFK«%DUE«ORHW
OɛLQYLVLEOH(VSULW7URLVIRLV3XLVVDQW;,/DVXLWHGHODYLVLRQDGYLHQWKRUVGX
FRUSVHWGDQVXQOLHXVDLQWR»$OORJªQHD«W««OHY«;,<RXHOHVWUHPSODF«H
GDQVVHVIRQFWLRQVSDUGɛDXWUHVU«Y«ODWHXUVOHV/XPLQDLUHVGH%DUE«OR&HX[FLU«LWªUHQW
ODFRQVLJQHGXVLOHQFHbmb$OORJªQHYRLVGDQVOHVLOHQFHFRPPHQWWDE«DWLWXGHH[LVWHGDQV
ODTXHOOHWXWHFRQQDLVWRLP¬PHFRPPHWXHVb};,
19 FHWWHFRQVLJQHVɛDMRXWHG«VRUPDLVFHOOHGXUHSRVbmb(WVLWXGHYLHQVSDUIDLWHQFH
OLHXO¢UHSRVHWRLb};,OɛLPDJHGHVQLYHDX[GHOɛ¬WUHTXɛLOYDS«Q«WUHU
$OORJªQH VH WLHQW GDQV OD TXL«WXGH HW OH UHSRV (W FɛHVW GDQV XQH WRWDOH DEVHQFH
GɛDFWLYLW«TXɛLOVɛDSSU¬WH¢UHFHYRLUODSUHPLªUHU«Y«ODWLRQGHOɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOHbmb1H
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
81
G«VLUHSDVQRQSOXV¬WUHDFWLIGHSHXUTXHWXQHWRPEHVWRXW¢IDLW>KRUVGH@ODQRQDFWLYLW«
TXLHVWHQWRLSURYHQDQWGHOɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOHb};,'HYDQWOɛ¬WUHVXSU¬PHOH
VHXOFRPSRUWHPHQWSRVVLEOHHVWODQRQFRQQDLVVDQFHbmb1HFKHUFKHSDV¢OHFRQQD°WUH
FDUFɛHVWLPSRVVLEOHPDLVVLSDUXQHOXPLQHXVHSHQV«HWXOHFRQQDLVVDLVQHOHFRQQDLV
SDVb};,$OORJªQHH[S«ULPHQWHDORUVXQHmbTXL«WXGHHWXQVLOHQFHb};,
SXLVLOVHFRQQD°WFRPPHLOHVWSDUXQHE«DWLWXGH;,2QSRXUUDLW
HQFRUHIRXUQLUGɛDXWUHVH[HPSOHVWLU«VGHODSDUWLHFRQFOXVLYHGHFHWUDLW«bFHTXɛLOHVW
LQW«UHVVDQWGHQRWHUHVWTXɛ$OORJªQHUHSURGXLWHQVRQIRULQW«ULHXUOɛDWWLWXGHTXLHVW
FHOOHGHVSXLVVDQFHVGRQWLOSHU©RLWODYLVLRQbFHOOHVFLHQHIIHWHWMXVTXɛ¢Oɛ8QVRQW
FDUDFW«ULV«HV SDU OH FDOPH OH UHSRV OD QRQDFWLYLW« 9RLFL OHV SDUROHV DGUHVV«HV ¢
$OORJªQHDXVRPPHWGHVDTX¬WHbmb*DUGHWRLGHFKHUFKHUGDYDQWDJHPDLVYDWHQ1RXV
QHVDYRQVSDVQRQSOXVVLOɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOHDGHVDQJHVRXGHVGLHX[QLVLFHOXLTXLVHWLHQW
DXUHSRVSRVVªGHTXHOTXHFKRVHHQOXLP¬PHVLFHQɛHVWOHUHSRVb};,
20 4XHOOHDWWLWXGHIDXWLOHQUHYDQFKHHQYLVDJHUDSUªVOɛDYªQHPHQWGHODYLVLRQb")DXWLO
JDUGHUVRQFRQWHQXGDQVOHVHFUHWGHVRQFüXUb"2XDORUVIDXWLOOHFRPPXQLTXHUb"
b
L’initié, médiateur de la vision entre Dieu et les
hommes
21 /DYLVLRQDUHQGXVRQU«FLSLHQGDLUH UHVSRQVDEOHGɛXQHP«GLDWLRQHQWUH'LHXHW OHV
KRPPHVHQOHIDLVDQWGHYHQLUSRXUXQWHPSVXQOLHQHQWUHGHX[PRQGHVGRQWOD
UHODWLRQQHSHXW¬WUHTXɛ«SLVRGLTXHFHWWHW¤FKHGHP«GLDWLRQOHYLVLRQQDLUHQHSHXW
VHVRXVWUDLUHbLOVHGRLWHQHIIHWGHFRPPXQLTXHUHQWHPSVRSSRUWXQOHFRQWHQXGHOD
YLVLRQ/HVPRGHVGHFHWWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVRQWWRXWHIRLVVWULFWHPHQWU«JOHPHQW«VbXQ
ODSVGHWHPSVSHXWVɛ«FRXOHUHQWUHODU«FHSWLRQGHODYLVLRQHWVDGLIIXVLRQ&HWHPSV
GɛDWWHQWHLQFOXWXQHSU«SDUDWLRQGHODSDUWGXU«FLSLHQGDLUHGHODYLVLRQXQHɚPLVHHQ
IRUPHɛGHVVHFUHWVTXɛLODUH©XVXQHVRUWHGHɚWUDGXFWLRQɛHQGHVPRWVFRPSU«KHQVLEOHV
SRXUOɛKRPPH&ɛHVWO¢R»OHVRXWLOVLQWHOOHFWXHOVKXPDLQVSU«F«GHPPHQWPLVHQWUH
SDUHQWKªVHVUHQWUHQW¢QRXYHDXHQMHX&HVFRQVLJQHVGHSUXGHQFHWRXWDXWDQWTXHGH
U«IOH[LRQVRQWIRXUQLHVDXYLVLRQQDLUHSDUOHU«Y«ODWHXUTXLVɛHVWPDQLIHVW«¢OXL'H
SOXVVHXOVFHX[TXLVɛHQPRQWUHURQWGLJQHVSRXUURQWSURILWHUGXFRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQ
/ɛLQLWL«GRLWHQHIIHWYHLOOHU¢ODFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRUUHFWHGHFHTXɛLODDSSULVHQYR\DQW
HWIDLUHHQVRUWHTXHVRQPHVVDJHQHWRPEHSDVHQGHVPDLQVLPSLHV
b
La mise par écrit de la vision
22 'DQVOHWUDLW«GHOɛ$OORJªQHOHGHUQLHUU«Y«ODWHXUVHORQOɛRUGUHGXWHPSVRUGRQQH¢
OɛLQLWL«GHFRPPXQLTXHUFHTXɛLODYXHWFRQQXbmbFULVOHVFKRVHVTXHMHWHGLUDLHWTXH
MHWHUHP«PRUHUDLSRXUFHX[TXLVHURQWUHFRQQXVGLJQHVDSUªVWRLb};,
/ɛHQWLW«DQJ«OLTXHVHFKDUJHDLQVLXQHIRLVODU«Y«ODWLRQWHUPLQ«HGɛDLGHU$OORJªQH¢
FRPSRVHUXQOLYUHTXLGHYUD¬WUHG«SRV«VRXVERQQHJDUGHVXUXQHPRQWDJQHbmb(WWX
ODLVVHUDVFHOLYUHVXUXQHPRQWDJQHHWWXDSSHOOHUDVOHJDUGLHQbYLHQV¶WHUULEOHbb};,
6XLWHDX[U«Y«ODWLRQVYLVLRQQDLUHVOɛLQLWL«QɛHVWGRQFSDVHQPHVXUHVDQVXQ
VRXWLHQF«OHVWHGHOHVPHWWUHSDU«FULW(VWLOG«M¢HQYDKLSDUOɛRXEOLb"2XGRLWLOGDQVOD
WUDQVPLVVLRQ TXL VɛLPSRVH ODLVVHU GH F¶W« FHUWDLQV FRQWHQXVb" 3DU DLOOHXUV OH OLYUH
TXɛ$OORJªQHYDU«GLJHUVHPEOH¬WUHG«M¢LG«DOHPHQW«FULWGDQVOHVGHX[/HVSDUROHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
82
Gɛ$OORJªQHVRQWVXUFHSRLQWVDQVDPELJX±W«bmb2UDSUªVTXɛLOHXWGLWFHVFKRVHVLOOH
U«Y«ODWHXUVHV«SDUDGHPRL-HIXVG«VRUPDLVUHPSOLGHMRLHbMɛ«FULYLVDORUVFHOLYUHTXL
«WDLWSU«SDU«SRXUPRLb};,
23 &HOLYUHHVWELHQHQWHQGXU«VHUY«VHXOHPHQWmb¢FHX[TXLVɛHQPRQWUHURQWGLJQHVDSUªV
WRLb}&HFL YLVHWRXW GɛDERUGOH GLVFLSOHGLUHFW Gɛ$OORJªQH0HVVRV HQVXLWH FHX[TXL
DXURQWIDLWOHXUVSUHXYHVGDQVOHFKHPLQGHODFRQQDLVVDQFH8QHFKD°QHLG«DOHGɛ¬WUHV
«OXVDERXWLVVDQW¢XQHFRPPXQDXW«GɛHVSULWHWGHFUR\DQFHJQRVWLTXHVVHGHVVLQHGDQV
FHWUDLW«¢WUDYHUVODWUDQVPLVVLRQGHPD°WUH¢GLVFLSOH
24 /ɛLQMRQFWLRQGHWUDQVPHWWUHODYLVLRQSDUOHELDLVGHOɛ«FULWXUHHVW«JDOHPHQWSU«VHQWH
GDQVOɛ2JGRDGHHWOɛ(QQ«DGH&HWUDLW«IRXUQLWGHQRPEUHX[G«WDLOVVXUOHVPRGHVGH
U«DOLVDWLRQGXOLYUHTXLPHWWHQWHQOXPLªUHOHFRQWH[WH«J\SWLHQGHFHW«FULWbmb&H
OLYUH¶PRQHQIDQW«FULVOHSRXUOHWHPSOHGH'LRVSROLVHQFDUDFWªUHVKL«URJO\SKLTXHV
WRXWHQDSSHODQWOHQRPGHOɛ2JGRDGHU«YªOHOɛ(QQ«DGH-HOHIHUDL¶PRQFRPPHWX
PH OH SUHVFULVb} 9, /H GLVFLSOH GHPDQGH GHV UHQVHLJQHPHQWV
VXSSO«PHQWDLUHV ¢ VRQ PD°WUHb IDXWLO «FULUH OH WH[WH GH FH OLYUH VXU GHV VWªOHV
WXUTXRLVHVb"/DU«SRQVHHVWDIILUPDWLYHFDUGLWOHPD°WUHmbFɛHVWOɛLQWHOOHFWOXLP¬PHTXL
HVW GHYHQX OHXU JDUGLHQb} 9, /H PD°WUH RUGRQQH «JDOHPHQW TXH mbFH
GLVFRXUVVRLWJUDY«VXUGHODSLHUUHHWPLV¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGHVRQVDQFWXDLUHVRXVODJDUGH
GHKXLWJDUGLHQVHWGHVQHXIGXVROHLOb}9,6XLYHQWGɛDXWUHVFRQVLJQHVOL«HV¢
GHVFRQVLG«UDWLRQVGɛRUGUHDVWURORJLTXH(QILQXQHIRUPXOHLPSU«FDWRLUHVHUD«FULWH
VXUOHOLYUHmbDILQTXHOH1RPQHVRLWSDVG«WRXUQ«¢GHVILQVPDXYDLVHVSDUFHX[TXL
OLURQWOHOLYUHb}9,
25 /ɛHQVHPEOHGHFHVSU«FDXWLRQVDERXWLW¢XQSURF«G«GɛH[FOXVLRQPLVHQSODFHSRXU
SU«VHUYHUXQHFRQQDLVVDQFHU«VHUY«H¢SHXGɛ«OXV&HWWHFRQQDLVVDQFHSDUWDJ«HHQSHWLW
QRPEUHUHQIRUFH«JDOHPHQWOHVOLHQVVRFLDX[GXJURXSHTXLVHIHUPHVXUOXLP¬PHHW
TXLWURXYHVDMXVWLILFDWLRQGDQVXQHQVHLJQHPHQWYDOLG«SDUODYLVLRQ
b
L’envers de la vision: l’aveuglement
26 8QSDVVDJHGHOɛ$OORJªQHDIILUPHTXHOɛKRPPHTXLRVHUDLWDIILUPHUTXHOɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOH
HVWmbTXHOTXHFKRVHTXLUHOªYHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHFRPPHWWUDLW8QHLPSL«W«¢VRQ«JDUG
&HWKRPPHVHUDLWSDVVLEOHGHMXJHPHQWFDULOQɛDSDVFRQQX'LHXb};,ɘGH
IDLW OD VHXOH DWWLWXGH IDFH ¢ OɛLQFRQQDLVVDEOH HVW OD QRQFRQQDLVVDQFH /H MXJHPHQW
WRXWHIRLVQHSRXUUDLWYHQLUGH'LHXFDUVHORQOHVFDQRQVGHODWK«RORJLHQ«JDWLYH
mbFHOXLFLQɛHVWFRQFHUQ«SDUULHQHWQɛDDXFXQG«VLUb};,(QUHYDQFKHmbFHW
LQGLYLGXVHMXJHUDOXLP¬PHFDULOQɛDSDVWURXY«OɛRULJLQHTXLH[LVWHY«ULWDEOHPHQW,O
HVWGHYHQXDYHXJOH«WDQW«ORLJQ«GHOɛüLOGHODU«Y«ODWLRQTXLHVWDXUHSRVOɛüLOTXLDXQH
H[LVWHQFHDFWLYHTXLG«ULYHGX7URLVIRLV3XLVVDQWGHODSUHPLªUHSHQV«HGHOɛ(VSULW
,QYLVLEOHb};,
27 &HSDVVDJH«YRTXHOɛHQYHUVGHODYLVLRQbOɛDYHXJOHPHQW$YHXJOHHVWFHOXLTXLQɛDSDV
WURXY«OHSULQFLSHXOWLPHbFHOXLTXLDIDLWIDXVVHURXWHGDQVODTX¬WHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHb
FHOXL TXL SDU DUURJDQFH HW SDU LJQRUDQFH D U«GXLW 'LHX DX[ FDW«JRULHV GX VDYRLU
KXPDLQQHWHQDQWSDVFRPSWHGHOɛDEVROXHWUDQVFHQGDQFHGHOɛ8Q8QLQGLYLGXGHFHWWH
VRUWHHVWG«ILQLSDUOɛ$OORJªQHFRPPHXQDYHXJOHFRPPHTXHOTXɛXQGRQFTXLQɛHVWQL
HQPHVXUHGHUHFHYRLUXQHYLVLRQQLGHFRPSUHQGUHOHPHVVDJHTXLHQG«FRXOH(QHIIHW
OHWH[WHSU«FLVHTXHOɛLQGLYLGXHQTXHVWLRQHVW«ORLJQ«GHOɛüLOGHODU«Y«ODWLRQ&HWWH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
83
GHUQLªUHH[SUHVVLRQG«VLJQHVHORQWRXWHYUDLVHPEODQFHODYLVLRQüLOVSLULWXHOTXLQH
VɛRXYUHTXHSRXUGHVSULYLO«JL«V
28 /H FDV GH ILJXUH GɛDOOXUH UK«WRULTXH GH OɛLQGLYLGX DYHXJOH SRXUUDLW YLVHU XQH
FRQWURYHUVHLQWHUQHHQWUHGLII«UHQWVJURXSHVJQRVWLTXHVUHYHQGLTXDQWSRXUFKDFXQ
GɛHQWUHHX[OɛH[FOXVLYLW«GHODFRQQDLVVDQFHRXDORUVLOSRXUUDLWIDLUHU«I«UHQFH¢XQ
G«EDWGHSKLORVRSKHV¢OɛH[W«ULHXUGXJQRVWLFLVPH..LQJ\DYXXQHDOOXVLRQ¢OD
VXSU«PDWLHGHODGRFWULQHJQRVWLTXHGHVV«WKLHQVGRQWOHWUDLW«GHOɛ$OORJªQHVHUDLW
LPSU«JQ«FHTXLVHMXVWLILHUDLWSDUOɛLPSRUWDQFHTXHFHX[FLDFFRUGDLHQW¢ODP«WDSKRUH
GHOɛüLO6DQVHQWUHUGDQVOɛ«SLQHX[G«EDWGHVG«QRPLQDWLRQVGHVVHFWHVJQRVWLTXHVTXL
VRXYHQWQHUHOªYHQWTXH GHOɛLPDJLQDLUHK«U«VLRORJLTXHRQSHXWDIILUPHUTXHGDQV
Oɛ$OORJªQHODYLVLRQVHUW¢GRQQHUXQHO«JLWLPLW«¢XQHQVHLJQHPHQW«VRW«ULTXHU«Y«O«b
TXHFHWHQVHLJQHPHQWHVWLQDFFHVVLEOH¢FHX[TXLQHUHVSHFWHQWSDVOHVUªJOHV«WDEOLHV
GDQV OH SURFHVVXV GH OD FRQQDLVVDQFHb TXH FH P¬PH HQVHLJQHPHQW HVW «JDOHPHQW
LQDFFHVVLEOH¢FHX[TXLQHUHQWUHQWSDVGDQVODILOLªUHGHWUDQVPLVVLRQDXWRULV«HSDUOH
JURXSHJQRVWLTXHGRQWHVWLVVXOHWUDLW«
29 6LODP«WDSKRUHGHOɛDYHXJOHPHQWYLVHGDQVOɛ$OORJªQHXQHFDW«JRULHGɛLQGLYLGXVTXL
D\DQWHQWUHSULVODUHFKHUFKHGHVRULJLQHVQHODPªQHQWSDV¢ELHQHOOHLQGLTXHSOXV
ODUJHPHQWGDQVGɛDXWUHV«FULWVJQRVWLTXHVOɛKRPPHGRQWODYXHHVWREVFXUFLHSDUOD
PDWLªUH/H/LYUHGH7KRPDVOɛ$WKOªWHG«FULWODVLWXDWLRQGHVmbKRPPHVHPSULVRQQ«V
GDQV OHV W«QªEUHV GRXFHV FDSWLY«V SDU OɛRGHXU GX SODLVLU DYHXJO«V SDU OH G«VLU
LQVDWLDEOHb}1+,,b&HVKRPPHVRQW«W«WURPS«VSDUOɛLOOXVLRQGXIHXTXɛLOV
RQWSULVSRXUOXPLªUHODOXPLªUHV\PEROHGHY«ULW«VɛRSSRVHQWDLQVLOHVIODPPHV
V\PEROH GH OɛLOOXVLRQ PHQVRQJªUH GH OɛXQLYHUV WHUUHVWUH 2Q UHWURXYH OɛLPDJH GH
OɛDYHXJOHPHQWGDQVOHWUDLW«GHOɛ$XWKHQWLNRV/RJRV,FLOɛRQUHSU«VHQWHOHVDOXWGHOɛ¤PH
VRXVODIRUPHGɛXQFROO\UHE«Q«ILTXHTXHOH/RJRVOH6DXYHXUOXLDSSRUWHHQJX«ULVVDQW
DLQVLOHV\HX[GHSV\FK«DYHXJO«VSDUODPDWLªUH1+9,
30 'ɛDXWUHVSDVVDJHVGHODOLWW«UDWXUHJQRVWLTXHSRXUUDLHQW¬WUHFLW«VTXLYRQWGDQVOH
P¬PH VHQVb HQWUH YLVLRQ HW DYHXJOHPHQW LO Qɛ\ D SDV GH PR\HQ WHUPH 0RPHQWV
H[WU¬PHV FɛHVW HQWUH HX[ TXH VH MRXH OH GHVWLQ GH OɛKRPPH VRQ VDOXW SDU OD
FRQQDLVVDQFHRXVDSHUWHSDUODFRPSURPLVVLRQDYHFOHVU«DOLW«VVHQVLEOHV
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 3DUPLOHVSULQFLSDOHVU«IXWDWLRQVRQSHXWUDSSHOHUOH&RQWUHOHVK«U«VLHV5«IXWDWLRQGHOD*QRVHDX
QRPPHQWHXUGɛ,U«Q«HGH/\RQU«GLJ«HQJUHFHQWUHHWOɛRULJLQDOJUHF«WDQWSHUGXLOUHVWH
XQHWUDGXFWLRQODWLQHGHFHWWHüXYUHHWTXHOTXHVIUDJPHQWVHQDUP«QLHQbOD5«IXWDWLRQGHWRXWHV
OHVK«U«VLHVGX3VHXGR+LSSRO\WHGH5RPHFRPSRV«HHQJUHFDXG«EXWGX,,,HbVLªFOHbVXUOHVWUHQWH
WURLVK«U«VLHVG«FULWHVWUHQWHVRQWJQRVWLTXHVbOH3DQDULRQ %R°WH ¢ UHPªGHV Gɛ(SLSKDQHGH
6DODPLQHb"4XDWUHYLQJWK«U«VLHVIRQWSDUWLHGHFHFDWDORJXHERQQRPEUHGɛHQWUHHOOHV
VRQWJQRVWLTXHV/HSD\VDJHK«U«VLRORJLTXHHVWFRPSO«W«SDUOHVGLII«UHQWVWUDLW«VGHSRO«PLTXH
GH7HUWXOOLHQb"DXTXHOVɛDMRXWH&O«PHQWGɛ$OH[DQGULHbFHGHUQLHUDWUDQVPLV
GDQVVHVRXYUDJHVGHQRPEUHXVHVSDJHVGHPD°WUHVJQRVWLTXHV9DOHQWLQ%DVLOLGH,VLGRUHHW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
84
&DUSRFUDWH2ULJªQHTXDQW¢OXLDUHFRQVWLWX«GDQVVRQ&RPPHQWDLUH¢OYDQJLOHGH-HDQOHVGLWVGH
OɛH[«JªWHJQRVWLTXH+«UDFO«RQ
2. ,OVɛDJLWGHWH[WHVWUDGXLWVHQFRSWH¢SDUWLUGɛRULJLQDX[JUHFVSHUGXV/HVWUDGXFWLRQVFRSWHV
RQW«W«HIIHFWX«HVDXFRXUVGX,9HbVLªFOH¢OɛXVDJHGɛXQHRXGHSOXVLHXUVFRPPXQDXW«VJQRVWLTXHV
LPSODQW«HVHQJ\SWH/HVRULJLQDX[JUHFVGDWHQWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWGX,,HHWGX,,,HbVLªFOHVDYHF
TXHOTXHVH[FHSWLRQVO«JªUHPHQWSOXVWDUGLYHV&RGH[GH/RQGUHVHW&RGH[Gɛ2[IRUGYRLUQRWHV
HW
3. 2QWURXYHUDOHVUHQVHLJQHPHQWVQ«FHVVDLUHVVXUOH&RGH[GH/RQGUHVGDQV07DUGLHX-'
'XERLV,QWURGXFWLRQ¢ODOLWW«UDWXUHJQRVWLTXH,&ROOHFWLRQVUHWURXY«HVDYDQW/H&HUI3DULV
Sb6HORQ07DUGLHXRSFLWSbFHWUDLW«D«W«FRPSRV«HQJUHFYHUVHWWUDGXLWHQ
FRSWHXQHGL]DLQHGɛDQQ«HVSOXVWDUG
4. 6XUOH&RGH[Gɛ2[IRUGYRLU07DUGLHX-''XERLVRSFLWSb07DUGLHXHQYLVDJH
FRPPHGDWHGHFRPSRVLWLRQGXSUHPLHUWUDLW«FDSbGXGHX[LªPHSDVDYDQWSb
5. &IWRXMRXUV07DUGLHXɘ-''XERLVRSFLWSb8QH«GLWLRQDFFRPSDJQ«HGɛXQH
LQWURGXFWLRQGɛXQHWUDGXFWLRQHWGɛXQDPSOHFRPPHQWDLUHHVWIRXUQLHSDU07DUGLHX&RGH[GH
%HUOLQFULWV*QRVWLTXHV6RXUFHVJQRVWLTXHVHWPDQLFK«HQQHV,3DULV(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOH
WURLVLªPHWUDLW«GX&RGH[GH%HUOLQVLJQDORQVOɛ«WXGHGH&%DUU\/D6DJHVVHGH-«VXV&KULVW7H[WH
«WDEOL WUDGXLW HW FRPPHQW« %LEOLRWKªTXH FRSWH GH 1DJ +DPPDGL 6HFWLRQ ɚ7H[WHVɛ 3XO
3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQ
6. 'DQVOɛRUGUHb/ɛYDQJLOHVHORQ0DULH/H/LYUHGHVVHFUHWVGH-HDQ/D6DJHVVHGH-«VXVHW(XJQRVWH
/ɛ$FWHGH3LHUUH
7. 2XWUHOɛ«WXGHGH07DUGLHXG«M¢FLW«HLOIDXWPHQWLRQQHUSRXUOYDQJLOHVHORQ0DULH$
3DVTXLHU /ɛYDQJLOH VHORQ 0DULH %* 7H[WH «WDEOL HW SU«VHQW« %LEOLRWKªTXH &RSWH GH 1DJ
+DPPDGL6HFWLRQɚ7H[WHVɛ3XO3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQ
8. 2Q DOɛKDELWXGHGɛDSSHOHUɚELEOLRWKªTXHɛOH FRUSXVGHWH[WHVGH1DJ+DPPDGLTXLIXUHQW
G«FRXYHUWV HQ +DXWH J\SWH HQb (QWUHSRV«V HQ GHV MDUUHV FDFK«HV GDQV XQH JURWWH
VXUSORPEDQW OH 1LO FHV WH[WHV DSSDUWHQDLHQW SUREDEOHPHQW ¢ XQH FRPPXQDXW« JQRVWLTXH
GɛJ\SWHTXLOHVDYDLWPLV¢OɛDEULGHVSHUV«FXWLRQV&I06FRSHOOR/HVJQRVWLTXHV&ROOHFWLRQ%UHI
/H&HUI3DULVSb8QHWUDGXFWLRQHQODQJXHDQJODLVHGHVWH[WHVGH1DJ+DPPDGLD«W«
HIIHFWX«HSDU-05RELQVRQHW56PLWKHG7KH1DJ+DPPDGL/LEUDU\LQ(QJOLVK7UDQVODWHGDQG
,QWURGXFHGE\0HPEHUVRIWKH&RSWLF*QRVWLF/LEUDU\3URMHFWRIWKH,QVWLWXWHIRU$QWLTXLW\DQG
&KULVWLDQLW\3DVDGHQD&DO+DUSHUDQG5RZ6DQ)UDQFLVFR«GLWLRQUHYXHHWFRUULJ«H
/HVWUDLW«VGH1DJ+DPPDGLRQW«W«HQJUDQGHSDUWLH«GLW«VWUDGXLWVHWFRPPHQW«VGDQVGHX[
FROOHFWLRQV«GLWRULDOHVbFHOOHGHɚ1DJ+DPPDGL6WXGLHVɛGHSXLVɚ1DJ+DPPDGLDQG0DQLFKDHDQ
6WXGLHVɛDX[«GLWLRQV-(%ULOOHWFHOOHGHODɚ%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWHGH1DJ+DPPDGLɛ3UHVVHVGH
Oɛ8QLYHUVLW« /DYDO 4X«EHFGLWLRQV 3HHWHUV /RXYDLQ /HV SDS\UXV GH 1DJ +DPPDGL RQW «W«
SXEOL«VHQSOXVLHXUVYROXPHVSDUOH'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWLTXLW\RI$UDE5HSXEOLFRI(J\SWDQG
6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWHHRI86$7KH)DFVLPLOH(GLWLRQRIWKH1DJ+DPPDGL&RGLFHV(-%ULOO/H\GH
9. FHVXMHW)7)DOORQmb7KH*QRVWLF$SRFDO\SVHVb}LQ6HPHLDSb
10. &HFDGUHHVWFRQVWLWX«SDUOHYR\DJHGHOɛ¤PHDXFLHOSHQGDQWOHTXHOGHVU«Y«ODWLRQVHWGHV
YLVLRQVOXLVRQWDFFRUG«HV&I.&ROSHmb'LH+LPPHOUHLVHGHU6HHOHDXVVHUKDOEXQGLQQHUKDOEGHU
*QRVLVb}LQ/HRULJLQLGHOORJQRVWLFLVPH&ROORTXLRGL0HVVLQDDSULOHHG8%LDQFKL(-%ULOO
/HLGHQSb
11. 9RLU +- .ODXFN mb'LH +LPPHOIDKUW GHV 3DXOXV .RU LQ GHU NRSGVFKHQ
3DXOXVDSRNDO\SVHDXV1DJ+DPPDGLb}LQ6WXGLHQ]XP1HXHQ7HVWDPHQWXQGVHLQHU8PZHOW
Sb
12. 9RLUOɛ«WXGHGH$9HLOOHX[/DSUHPLªUHDSRFDO\SVHGH-DFTXHV1+9/DVHFRQGHDSRFDO\SVHGH
-DFTXHV1+97H[WH«WDEOLHWSU«VHQW«%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWHGH1DJ+DPPDGL6HFWLRQɚ7H[WHVɛ
3XO3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
85
13. 7H[WH«GLW«HWWUDGXLWDYHFGHVQRWHVGHFRPPHQWDLUHSDU-'7XUQHUHW2:LQWHUPXWH
$OORJHQHVLQ&:+HGULFNHG1DJ+DPPDGL&RGLFHV;,;,,;,,,1DJ+DPPDGL6WXGLHV(-%ULOO
/HLGHQSb
14. 'HX[«WXGHVU«FHQWHV«FODLUHQWFHWUDLW«FRPSOH[Hb07DUGLHX5HFKHUFKHVVXUODIRUPDWLRQGH
Oɛ$SRFDO\SVHGH=RVWULHQHWOHVVRXUFHVGH0DULXV9LFWRULQXVHW3+DGRW3RUSK\UHHW9LFWRULQXV4XHVWLRQV
HWK\SRWKªVHV5HV2ULHQWDOHV,;%XUHVVXU<YHWWH&%DUU\:3)XQN3+3RLULHU-'
7XUQHU=RVWULHQ1+9,,,,%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWHGH1DJ+DPPDGL6HFWLRQɚ7H[WHVɛ4X«EHF
/RXYDLQ
15. &HUHQVHLJQHPHQWHVWGRQQ«SDU3RUSK\UH9LHGH3ORWLQFHVXMHWRQSHXWXWLOHPHQWOLUH
07DUGLHXmb/HVJQRVWLTXHVGDQV/DYLHGH3ORWLQ$QDO\VHGXFKDSLWUHb}LQ/%ULVVRQHWDOHG
3RUSK\UH/D9LHGH3ORWLQWRPHb,,+LVWRLUHGHVGRFWULQHVGHOɛ$QWLTXLW«FODVVLTXH9ULQ3DULV
Sb
16. 8QYROXPHU«FHQWRIIUHXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHU«IOH[LRQVVXUFHWWHG«FRXYHUWHb-'7XUQHUHW
$0F*XLUHHG7KH1DJ+DPPDGL/LEUDU\DIWHU)LIW\<HDUVb3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6RFLHW\RI%LEOLFDO
/LWHUDWXUH&RPPHPRUDWLRQ1DJ+DPPDGLDQG0DQLFKDHDQ6WXGLHV(-%ULOO/H\GH
17. 1RWDPPHQWODYLVLRQGH9DOHQWLQHWFHOOHGH0DUFOH0DJH
18. /HFLQTXLªPHWUDLW«GXFRGH[,,GH1DJ+DPPDGLJ«Q«UDOHPHQWG«QRPP«FULWVDQVWLWUH
G«FULWGDQVXQODQJDJHFKDUJ«GɛDQJRLVVHODVLWXDWLRQGHOɛKRPPHHQFHPRQGH,,b
/ɛHVFODYDJHGHOɛKRPPHPLVHQSODFHDXPRPHQWGHODFU«DWLRQGɛ$GDPɘVRQFRUSVHVWVWUXFWXU«
SDUOHVDUFKRQWHVHQYXHGHOɛHPSULVRQQHUGDQVXQORXUGFDUFDQɘHVWUHQGXDYHFIRUFHGDQVOH
/LYUHGHVVHFUHWVGH-HDQ,,9RLFLOHVOLJQHVFRQFOXVLYHVGHFHWWHVHFWLRQbmb9RLO¢OHOLHQb
9RLO¢OHWRPEHDXGX UHPRGHODJHGXFRUSVb9RLO¢FHTXɛLOVRQWIDLWHQGRVVHU ¢OɛKRPPHFHV
EULJDQGVbOHOLHQGHOɛRXEOLbb},,/DWUDGXFWLRQHVWGH07DUGLHX&RGH[GH%HUOLQ
Sb9RLUOHULFKHFRPPHQWDLUHSDU07DUGLHXSb
19. /ɛ+\PQHVXUOɛ¤PHGHVQDDVV«QLHQVWUDQVPLVSDUOH3VHXGR+LSSRO\WH5«IXWDWLRQ9
HVWIRQG«VXUFHWWHP«WDSKRUH
20. /DP«WDSKRUHGHOɛDYHXJOHPHQWGHOɛ¤PHVHWURXYHGDQVO$XWKHQWLNRV/RJRV1+9,
21. 6XUFHWKªPHOHVSDJHVGH+-RQDVUHVWHQWGɛDFWXDOLW«b7KH*QRVWLF5HOLJLRQ%RVWRQ
WUDGXFWLRQIUDQ©DLVH/D5HOLJLRQJQRVWLTXH3D\RW3DULV9RLU«JDOHPHQW+&K3XHFK(Q
TX¬WHGHOD*QRVH,/D*QRVHHWOHWHPSV*DOOLPDUG3DULV
22. /DP«WDSKRUHGHOɛ«WUDQJHUD«W««WXGL«HSDU+-RQDV/D5HOLJLRQJQRVWLTXHFKDSLWUH,,$X[
H[HPSOHV IRXUQLV RQ SHXW DMRXWHU FHOXL GX WLWUH DOO«JRULTXH GɛXQ WUDLW« GH 1DJ +DPPDGLb
O$OORJªQH OɛWUDQJHU&I06FRSHOORmb/HVSHQVHXUVJQRVWLTXHVIDFH¢OɛDOO«JRULHb}LQ$QWKURSRV
/D±NRV 0«ODQJHV $OH[DQGUH )DLYUH GLWLRQV XQLYHUVLWDLUHV )ULERXUJ 6XLVVH )ULERXUJ
Sb
23. 7H[WH WUDQVPLV SDU &O«PHQW Gɛ$OH[DQGULH ([WUDLWV GH 7K«RGRWH WH[WH JUHF LQWURGXFWLRQ
WUDGXFWLRQHWQRWHVSDU)6DJQDUG6RXUFHV&KU«WLHQQHVU««GLWLRQS
24. /HJQRVWLFLVPHHVWXQHGRFWULQHGɛ«OLWHXQHUHOLJLRQU«VHUY«H¢GHV«OXV&HIXWXQHGHV
UDLVRQVGHODU«DFWLRQGXFKULVWLDQLVPHUHOLJLRQSRXUWRXVFRQWUHFHPRXYHPHQWGHSHQV«H2Q
QHFKRLVLWSDVGɛ¬WUHJQRVWLTXHRQOɛHVWSDUFKRL[GLYLQGHSXLVWRXMRXUV,OQɛ\DSDVGXPRLQVHQ
WK«RULHGHFRQYHUVLRQDXJQRVWLFLVPH
25. &HWKªPHD«W«UHPDUTXDEOHPHQW«WXGL«SDU+&K3XHFK(QTX¬WHGH ODJQRVHWRPHb,,
/ɛYDQJLOHVHORQ7KRPDV*DOOLPDUG3DULVVXUWRXWSb2QOLUD«JDOHPHQWOɛ«WXGHGH)
)LORUDPR,OULVYHJOLRGHOODJQRVLRYYHURGLYHQWDUHGLR/DWHU]D5RPD%DULSbTXLDQDO\VH
SOXVLHXUV WH[WHV JQRVWLTXHV HQ UHSUHQDQW VRQ DUWLFOH mb6RJQL YLVLRQL H SURIH]LH QHOOɛDQWLFR
FULVWLDQHVLPRb}LQ$XJXVWLQLDQXPSb9RLUDXVVLGXP¬PHDXWHXUmb3QHXPDH
OXFHLQDOFXQLWHVWLJQRVWLFLb}LQ$XJXVWLQLDQXPSb
26. 1RXVXWLOLVRQVODWUDGXFWLRQGH-30DK«+HUPªVHQ+DXWHJ\SWH/HVWH[WHVKHUP«WLTXHVGH1DJ
+DPPDGLHWOHXUVSDUDOOªOHVJUHFVHWODWLQVWRPHb,%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWHGH1DJ+DPPDGL6HFWLRQ
ɚ7H[WHVɛ3XO3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
86
27. /HVSDVVDJHVGHO$OORJªQHVRQWWUDGXLWVSDUPRLP¬PHWUDGXFWLRQHWFRPPHQWDLUH¢SDUD°WUH
GDQV OD %LEOLRWKªTXH &RSWH GH 1DJ +DPPDGL 3XO3HHWHUV 4X«EHF/RXYDLQ 2Q SHXW
«JDOHPHQWFRQVXOWHUODWUDGXFWLRQGH-'7XUQHUVLJQDO«H¢ODQRWHHWOɛ«WXGHGH..LQJ
5HYHODWLRQ RIWKH 8QNQRZDEOH *RG 3ROHEULGJH 3UHVV 6DQWD 5RVD LQWURGXFWLRQ DX WUDLW«
WUDGXFWLRQQRWHV
28. WUDQJHUDXPRQGHH[LO«VXUWHUUHHVWODSUHPLªUHOHFWXUHDOO«JRULTXHGHFHWLWUH3RXU
GɛDXWUHVLQWHUSU«WDWLRQVDOO«JRULTXHVTXHFHWLWUHSRXUUDLWVRXVHQWHQGUHYRLU06FRSHOORmb/HV
SHQVHXUVJQRVWLTXHVIDFH¢OɛDOO«JRULHb}LQILQH
29. 6XUFHWWHHQWLW«DQJ«OLTXHYRLU06FRSHOORmb<RXHOHW%DUE«ORGDQVOHWUDLW«GHOɛ$OORJªQH
1+ ;, b} LQ &ROORTXH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO VXU OHV WH[WHV GH 1DJ +DPPDGL 4X«EHF DR½W
%LEOLRWKªTXH &RSWH GH 1DJ +DPPDGL 6HFWLRQ ɚWXGHVɛ , «G % %DUF 3XO3HHWHUV 4X«EHF
/RXYDLQSb
30. /HU¶OHGɛHQWLW«JXLGHGH<RXHOHVW«JDOHPHQWFRQQXSDUOHWUDLW«GH=RVWULHQ1+9,,,,FL
<RXHORX<RHOPªUHGHV*ORLUHVYLHUJHHWP¤OHHVWGDQVOɛRUGUHGɛDSSDULWLRQOHTXDWULªPH
U«Y«ODWHXU9RLU¢FHSURSRVOɛLQWURGXFWLRQGH-7XUQHU¢=RVWULHQRSFLWSbmb=RVWULDQRV
DQGWKHFHOHVWLDOUHYHOHDUVLQRUGHURIWKHLUDSSHDUDQFHb}HWFRPPHQWDLUH¢ODSbGX
WUDLW«LELGSbmb7KHDSSHDUDQFHRI<RXHOb}
31. /HPRWUHWHQXHQFRSWHHVWGɛRULJLQHJUHFTXHbWKHRULD9,HW
32. 9,9RLUOHFRPPHQWDLUHGH-30DK«RSFLWSb
33. /HYHUEHFRSWHVLJQLILDQWYRLUHVWQD\DLQVLTXHSDUODVXLWH
34. /HPRWVLOHQFHHVWUHQGXLFLSDUOHWHUPHFRSWHNDURIDLQVLTXHSDUODVXLWH
35. 6XU FHW HQVHPEOH GH YR\HOOHV OH GHX[LªPH GDQV OH WUDLW« YRLU -3 0DK« RS FLW
FRPPHQWDLUHSb
36. OD SUHPLªUH U«Y«ODWLRQ ;, $OORJªQH U«DJLW GDQV OɛHIIURL ,O D Q«DQPRLQV
FRPSULV GHV FKRVHV WRXW HQ «WDQW UHY¬WX GH FKDLU ;, OD GHX[LªPH U«Y«ODWLRQ
$OORJªQHU«DJLWGDQVOHWURXEOHbmb>0RQ¤PHGHYLQW@IDLEOHHW>MH@PɛHQIXLV>MHIXVWUªVWU@RXEO«HW
>MH@ PH UHWRXUQDL HQ PRLP¬PHb} ;, &HOD VH FRPSUHQG FDU $OORJªQH YLHQW GH
FRQWHPSOHUODOXPLªUHTXLOɛHQWRXUHHWOHELHQTXLHVWHQOXL&HFLOXLRFWURLHXQVWDWXWGLYLQbmb-H
GHYLQV'LHXb};,
37. /HWHUPHXWLOLV«HVWOHPRWJUHFVLJ«TXHOHWUDGXFWHXUFRSWHGHO$OORJªQHDGRSWHWRXWDXORQJ
GXWUDLW«
38. 'DQV OD VWUXFWXUH GX SDQWK«RQ F«OHVWH «YRTX«H SDU OɛDXWHXU GH O $OORJªQH OHV ɚJUDQGHV
SXLVVDQFHVɛMRXLVVHQW«JDOHPHQWGHODYLVLRQGHOɛ8Q
39. (QUHYDQFKHOHVSUHPLªUHVU«Y«ODWLRQVREWHQXHVSDU$OORJªQHHXUHQWOLHXɚGDQVOHFRUSVɛb
mb4XDQW¢PRLMHIXVFDSDEOHGHFRQQD°WUHFHVFKRVHVSDUXQHU«Y«ODWLRQVXS«ULHXUHELHQTXH
UHY¬WXGHFKDLUb};,
40. /HWHUPHXWLOLV«SRXUG«VLJQHUOHUHSRVHVWOHPRWFRSWHKURN«TXLYDOHQWGXJUHFDQDSDXVLV&H
GHUQLHUWHUPHHVWDWWHVW«HQSOXVLHXUVWUDLW«VJQRVWLTXHVR»OHUHSRVHVWV\PEROHGXPRQGH
VXS«ULHXU1«DQPRLQVGDQVO$OORJªQHODU«IOH[LRQVXUOHUHSRVHVWGDYDQWDJHSKLORVRSKLTXH
41. /HWUDGXFWHXUFRSWHXWLOLVHOHVWHUPHVJUHFVHQHUJHLQHWHQHUJHLD
42. /LWW«UDOHPHQWbSDUXQHSHQV«HHQQRLDTXLHVWGHOXPLªUH
43. ,OVɛDJLWGHILFWLRQVOLWW«UDLUHVW\SLTXHVGHVORJRLGHU«Y«ODWLRQbYRLU-30DK«RSFLWSb
SRXUOHVU«I«UHQFHV
44. &ɛHVW¢GLUHOɛ2JGRDGHHWOɛ(QQ«DGH
45. 9RLU-30DK«RSFLWSbSRXUOHFRPPHQWDLUH
46. /HWH[WHGHODIRUPXOHHVWGRQQ«HQ9,
47. ..LQJRSFLWSb
48. 9RLU5.XQW]PDQQ/HOLYUHGH7KRPDV1+,,7H[WH«WDEOLHWSU«VHQW«%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWH
GH1DJ+DPPDGL6HFWLRQɚ7H[WHVɛ3XO3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
87
49. 9RLU-(0«QDUG/$XWKHQWLNRV/RJRV7H[WH«WDEOLHWSU«VHQW«%LEOLRWKªTXH&RSWHGH1DJ
+DPPDGL6HFWLRQɚ7H[WHVɛ3XO3HHWHUV4X«EHF/RXYDLQ
AUTEUR
0DGHOHLQH6FRSHOOR
&KHUFKHXUDX&1563DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb/ɛH[«JªVHGHOɛ¤PH1DJ+DPDGL,,/H\GH
b/HV*QRVWLTXHV3DULVHWGHQRPEUHXVHVFRQWULEXWLRQVVFLHQWLILTXHVGDQVOHV
GRPDLQHVGHODJQRVHHWGXPDQLFK«LVPH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
88
5«FLWVGHYLVLRQFKH]OHVSªUHVGX
G«VHUW
Françoise Dunand
S
13DUPLOHVQRPEUHX[WH[WHVTXLUHODWHQWODYLHHWOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVGHVSªUHVGXG«VHUW
OHV $SRSKWHJPDWD 3DWUXP RIIUHQW VXU OHV YLVLRQV XQ PDW«ULHO GɛLQIRUPDWLRQ
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWULFKH&ɛHVWSRXUTXRLMɛDLFKRLVLGHOHVXWLOLVHUFRPPHEDVHGHFHWWH
HQTX¬WHWRXWHQD\DQWUHFRXUV¢WLWUHGHFRPSDUDLVRQ¢Oɛ+LVWRULD0RQDFKRUXPHWDX[
YLHVFRSWHVGH3DF¶PHHWGH0DFDLUH/HV$SRSKWHJPDWDRQWVRXOHY«HWVRXOªYHQWHQFRUH
GHQRPEUHX[SUREOªPHVGɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQHWGHGDWDWLRQVXUOHVTXHOVMHQHPɛDWWDUGHUDL
SDV 4XɛLO VɛDJLVVH GɛXQH FRPSLODWLRQ GH U«FLWV VDQV GRXWH U«DOLV«H YHUV OD ILQ GX
9HbVLªFOHGDQVODTXHOOHLOHVWGLIILFLOHGɛLGHQWLILHUODSHUVRQQDOLW«HWOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWV
GHWHORXWHOSªUHRQQɛHQGLVFRQYLHQGUDSDV/HVGLVFRXUVDQHFGRWHVH[KRUWDWLRQVTXL
OHXUVRQWDWWULEX«VQHVRQW«YLGHPPHQWSDVDXWKHQWLTXHVbOɛH[LVWHQFHP¬PHGHFHUWDLQV
GɛHQWUHHX[HVWVXMHWWH¢FDXWLRQ&HTXLVɛH[SULPH¢WUDYHUVFHVWH[WHVFɛHVWOɛLPDJH
SOXVRXPRLQVLG«DOLV«HTXHODWUDGLWLRQKDJLRJUDSKLTXHDWUDQVPLVHGHFHVKRPPHVHW
DXVVLGHTXHOTXHVIHPPHVɣTXLDYDLHQWIDLWFKRL[GHODYLHDVF«WLTXH(WFHWWHLPDJH
GHYDLWELHQFRQVWLWXHUSRXUOHVPRLQHVHWOHVILGªOHVSLHX[TXɛLOVɛDJLVVDLWGɛHQVHLJQHUHW
Gɛ«GLILHUXQPRGªOHVXVFHSWLEOHGɛ¬WUHDGRSW«
2'DQVTXHOOHPHVXUHOHVDXWRULW«VHFFO«VLDVWLTXHVVRQWHOOHVLQWHUYHQXHVSRXU«ODERUHUFH
PRGªOHGHYLHVDLQWHLOHVWWUªVGLIILFLOHGɛHQMXJHU'ɛXQHSDUWQRXVQHVDYRQVSDVJUDQG
FKRVHGHVFRQGLWLRQVGDQVOHVTXHOOHVRQW«W«U«GLJ«VOHV$SRSKWHJPDWDGRQWOHVDXWHXUV
VRQWWRXW¢IDLWDQRQ\PHVbGɛDXWUHSDUWOHPRXYHPHQWTXLDSRXVV«WDQWGɛKRPPHVDX
G«VHUWSUREDEOHPHQWGªVODILQGX,,,HbVLªFOHHWSHQGDQWWRXWOH,9HVHPEOHSRXUXQH
ERQQHSDUW«FKDSSHUDXFRQWU¶OHGHODKL«UDUFKLHHFFO«VLDVWLTXH2QQHSHXWH[FOXUHTXH
OHVIROOHVVXUHQFKªUHVGDQVODUHFKHUFKHGHODSHUIHFWLRQGRQWFHVWH[WHVQRXVUHQGHQW
W«PRLQVQHUHOªYHQWGDYDQWDJHGHOɛLQLWLDWLYHLQGLYLGXHOOHGɛKRPPHVmbLYUHVGH'LHXb}
TXHGHTXHOFRQTXHVGLUHFWLYHV
3&RPPH SRLQW GH G«SDUW GH FHWWH HQTX¬WH MɛDL FKRLVL GHX[ WH[WHV DSSDUHPPHQW
FRQWUDGLFWRLUHV/ɛXQHVWDWWULEX«¢$EED2O\PSLRVb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
89
4mb8QSU¬WUHGHV*UHFVGHVFHQGLWXQMRXU¢6F«W«YLQWGDQVPDFHOOXOHHW\GRUPLW$\DQW
REVHUY«ODPDQLªUHGHYLYUHGHVPRLQHVLOPHGLWb9LYDQWDLQVLQɛDYH]YRXVDXFXQH
YLVLRQGHYRWUH'LHXb"(WMHOXLGLVTXHQRQ/HSU¬WUHPHGLWb3RXUWDQWORUVTXHQRXV
IDLVRQV XQ VDFULILFH ¢ QRWUH 'LHX LO QH QRXV FDFKH ULHQ PDLV QRXV G«FRXYUH VHV
P\VWªUHVbHWYRXVTXLYRXVGRQQH]WDQWGHPDOHQYHLOOHVHQUHFXHLOOHPHQWHWHQDVFªVH
WXGLVTXHYRXVQHYR\H]ULHQb(QY«ULW«VLYRXVQHYR\H]ULHQFɛHVWTXHYRXVDYH]GDQV
OHFüXUGHVSHQV«HVLPSXUHVTXLYRXVV«SDUHQWGHYRWUH'LHXHWSRXUFHWWHUDLVRQVHV
P\VWªUHVQHYRXVVRQWSDVU«Y«O«Vb}2O\PSLRV
5/ɛDXWUHWH[WHHVWDWWULEX«¢$EED$UVªQHb
6mb$UVªQHGLWb6LQRXVFKHUFKRQV'LHXLOVHPDQLIHVWHUD¢QRXV LOQRXVDSSDUD°WUDbHW
VLQRXVOHUHWHQRQVLOUHVWHUDSUªVGHQRXVb}$UVªQH
7&H TXL VH PDQLIHVWH PH VHPEOHWLO GDQV FHWWH DSSDUHQWH FRQWUDGLFWLRQ FɛHVW XQH
RVFLOODWLRQHQWUHOHG«VLUHWODSHXUbG«VLUGHmbYRLUb}FRQILDQFHHQODERQW«GH'LHXTXL
Q«FHVVDLUHPHQWU«SRQG¢FHOXLTXLOHFKHUFKHbPDLVHQP¬PHWHPSVSHXUTXHFHG«VLU
QHVRLW SDVmbVDLQWb} TXH ODYLVLRQ QH YLHQQHSDV GH'LHX (W FHWWHRVFLOODWLRQ HVW
FDUDFW«ULVWLTXHGHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQFKH]OHVSªUHVGXG«VHUW
b
Un monde rempli de sèmeia
8/DSU«VHQFHGDQVOHPRQGHR»YLYHQWOHVPRLQHVGɛDQJHVHWGHG«PRQVVRXYHQWGRW«V
GɛXQHDSSDUHQFHSK\VLTXHVHPEOHELHQYXHGDQVFHPLOLHXFRPPHTXHOTXHFKRVHGH
WRXW¢IDLWQDWXUHO2QQHSDUOHSDVDORUVGHmbYLVLRQb}PDLVSOXW¶WGHmbUHQFRQWUHb}/H
PRLQHYRLWθεωρείXQDQJH¢ODSRUWHGHVDFHOOXOHPDLVVRXYHQWLOHVWGLWTXHOɛDQJH
YLQWήλθεν¢OXLRXHQFRUHTXɛLOVHWHQDLWεστη¢VDSRUWH8QDQJHYLHQWHQMRLQGUH¢
$EED,VDDFOH7K«EDLQGHQHSDVMXJHUVHVIUªUHV$6\V,;bXQDXWUHTXLDmbSULVOD
IRUPHGɛXQKRPPHb}YLHQWHQFRXUDJHU$EED$QWRLQHHQSURLH¢OɛDFHGLD$6\V9,,
$EED=«QRQTXLVɛHVWSHUGXGDQVOHVPDUDLVUHQFRQWUHXQSHWLWHQIDQWWHQDQWXQSDLQ
HWXQHMDUUHGɛHDXTXLOXLGRQQH¢PDQJHUHW¢ERLUHHWOHUHPHWVXUVRQFKHPLQ=«QRQ
'HVILGªOHVSLHX[SHXYHQWHX[DXVVLIDLUHGHWHOOHVUHQFRQWUHVbXQMDUGLQLHUTXɛRQ
GHYDLWDPSXWHUGɛXQSLHGYRLWVRXGDLQDXSUªVGHOXLXQDQJHTXLWRXFKHVRQSLHGHWOH
JX«ULW$6\V9,
9/ɛ¬WUHTXɛRQUHQFRQWUHSHXW¬WUHXQG«PRQbPDLVTXDQGFɛHVWOHFDVLODSUHVTXH
WRXMRXUV SULV XQH DSSDUHQFH WURPSHXVH HW OɛLGHQWLILFDWLRQ QɛHVW SDV LPP«GLDWH
/RUVTXɛRQYRLWOHG«PRQFɛHVWVRXYHQWGDQVXQHYLVLRQGRXEOHR»DQJHVHWG«PRQV
VɛDIIURQWHQW8QDQDFKRUªWHVXUOHSRLQWGHPRXULUYRLWmbOHVDQJHVTXLDWWHQGHQWSRXU
SUHQGUH VRQ ¤PHb} HW mbGH OɛDXWUH F¶W« 6DWDQ TXL OɛDVVDLOOH DYHF GHV SHQV«HV GH
IRUQLFDWLRQb}$6\V90DFDLUHXQHQXLWYRLWOHVG«PRQVVHSRVHUFRPPHGHV
PRXFKHVVXUOHYLVDJHHWODERXFKHGɛXQMHXQHKRPPHYHQXDXSUªVGHOXLSRXUIDLUH
S«QLWHQFHWDQGLVTXHOɛDQJHGX6HLJQHXUWRXUQHDXWRXUGXJDU©RQDYHFXQJODLYHGHIHX
HWOHVFKDVVH0DFDLUH$EED0R±VHHQSURLHDXG«FRXUDJHPHQWHVWLQYLW«SDU$EED
,VLGRUH¢UHJDUGHUYHUVOHFRXFKDQWbLOYRLWmbXQQRPEUHFRQVLG«UDEOHGHG«PRQVTXL
VɛDJLWHQWHWIRQWGXEUXLWb}HWVɛDSSU¬WHQW¢FRPEDWWUHbPDLVWRXUQ«YHUVOHOHYDQWLO
YRLWmbXQHPXOWLWXGHLQQRPEUDEOHGHVDLQWVDQJHVUD\RQQDQWGHJORLUHb}HWFRPPHLOV
VRQWSOXVQRPEUHX[TXHOHVG«PRQVLOUHSUHQGFRXUDJHɣ0R±VH/HG«VHUWHVWXQ
FKDPSFORVR»VɛDIIURQWHQWOHVFRKRUWHVG«PRQLDTXHVHWOHVPLOLFHVF«OHVWHVbOHVPRLQHV
VRQW¢ODIRLVHQMHXHWDFWHXUVGHFHFRPEDW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
90
10 &HVG«PRQVGRQWODSU«VHQFHHVWDXVVLmbU«HOOHb}TXHFHOOHGHVDQJHVRQOHVLGHQWLILH
SDUIRLVVDQVDPELJX±W«FRPPH«WDQWOHVGLHX[GHVmbSD±HQVb}8QYLHLOODUGTXLHQURXWH
SRXUUHQGUHYLVLWH¢XQDQDFKRUªWHSDVVHODQXLWGDQVXQmbWHPSOHGHVLGROHVb}ιερόν
ειδώλωνHQWHQGOHVmbG«PRQVb}SDUOHUHQWUHHX[$6\V98QDXWUHDXQHYLVLRQGH
mb6DWDQDVVLVHQWRXU«GHVRQDUP«Hb}$6\V9bRUILOVGɛXQSU¬WUH«WDQWHQIDQWLO
DFFRPSDJQDLWVRQSªUHDXWHPSOHHWOHUHJDUGDLWIDLUHVRQVHUYLFHmbDXSUªVGHOɛLGROHb}b
XQHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHVWVXJJ«U«HHQWUHVDYLVLRQHWOHVVSHFWDFOHVDX[TXHOVLODDVVLVW«
GDQV VRQ HQIDQFH /HV G«PRQV SHXYHQW DXVVL VɛLQFDUQHU GDQV OHV PRUWV mbSD±HQVb}
0DFDLUHDOODQWGH6F«W«¢7HUHQRXWKLVHQWUHSRXUGRUPLUGDQVXQWRPEHDXR»LO\DYDLW
mbGHYLHLOOHVPRPLHVGHV*UHFVb}σκηνώματαἙλλήνωνűαλαιάHWHQSUHQGXQHFRPPH
RUHLOOHU/DQXLWOHVmbG«PRQVb}VHPHWWHQW¢VɛLQWHUSHOOHUbOɛXQGɛHX[LQYLWH¢mbYHQLUDX
EDLQb}DYHFOHVDXWUHVODPRPLHVXUODTXHOOH0DFDLUHHVWFRXFK«PDLVHOOHVHSODLQW
TXɛHOOHQHSHXWSDVERXJHU/RUVTXH0DFDLUHODIUDSSHHQGLVDQWmb'HERXWYDV\VLWX
SHX[b}OHVG«PRQVVɛHQIXLHQWɣ$6\V9,,
11 &HPRQGHHVWXQPRQGHGHVLJQHVVªPHLDSURGLJLD8QSªUHYRLWVXUODW¬WHGHVRQ
GLVFLSOHFLQTFRXURQQHVSDUFHTXHDWWDTX«¢FLQTUHSULVHVSDUOHG«PRQLODFKDTXH
IRLVYDLQFXODWHQWDWLRQ$6\V98QIUªUHTXLVɛHVW«JDU«GDQVOHG«VHUWR»LOFKHUFKH
XQHQGURLWSRXUVHUHWLUHUYRLWVHSRVHUSUªVGHOXLXQDLJOHTXLOHFRQGXLW¢XQHQGURLW
R»LO\DmbXQHSHWLWHJURWWHXQHVRXUFHHWWURLVSDOPLHUVb}$6\V9,,8QPRLQHTXL
DUHQL«VRQHQJDJHPHQWPRQDVWLTXHHWP¬PHVRQEDSW¬PHSDUDPRXUSRXUODILOOHGɛXQ
SU¬WUH SD±HQ YRLW FRPPH XQH FRORPEH VɛHQYROHU KRUV GH VD ERXFKHb SDU OD VXLWH
ORUVTXɛLOIDLWS«QLWHQFHODFRORPEHUHYLHQWbTXDQGVDS«QLWHQFHHVWFRPSOªWHHOOHHQWUH
GHQRXYHDXGDQVVDERXFKHɣ$6\V9$EED(SKUHP«WDQWHQIDQWDHXODYLVLRQ
GɛXQSLHGGHYLJQHTXLSRXVVDLWVXUVDODQJXHFKDUJ«GHIUXLWVTXHOHVRLVHDX[YHQDLHQW
PDQJHU(SKUHP &HV SURGLJHV VRQW ELHQ GɛRULJLQHGLYLQHb SRXU HQFRXUDJHU XQ
PRLQHGDQVVDIRLSRXUDPHQHUXQS«FKHXU¢ODUHSHQWDQFH'LHXOXLmbPRQWUHXQ
VLJQHb}VªPHLRQἓδειξέντισημεῖον$ 6\V,;/RUVTXH$EED6HUDSLRQFRQIHVVHVRQ
S«FK«LODYRO«GHVJDOHWWHVɣbXQHODPSHGHIHXVRUWGHVRQFüXUHWUHPSOLWODPDLVRQ
GHVRXIUHbFɛHVWOHVLJQHGHVDOLE«UDWLRQGXS«FK«$6\V,9
b
Vision et extase
12 ,O\DXQ«WDWYLVLRQQDLUH9RLU'LHXFɛHVWXQFKDULVPH$EED0DUFOɛJ\SWLHQTXLD
SDVV« bDQV GDQV VD FHOOXOH mbD «W« MXJ« GLJQH GH FH FKDULVPHb} κατηξιώθη τού
χαρίσματοςτούτουFɛHVW¢GLUHXQHYLVLRQDQJ«OLTXHDFFRPSDJQ«HGɛXQHYRL[GLYLQH$
6\V,;2QSRXUUDLWSHQVHUGDQVFHFDVTXHOHGRQGHYLVLRQU«FRPSHQVHXQKRPPH
TXLDWRXMRXUVY«FXSLHXVHPHQWPDLVLOQɛHQHVWULHQbVL0DUFHVWJUDWLIL«GHFHGRQ
FɛHVWSDUFHTXɛLODUHIXV«GHMXJHUOHSU¬WUHTXLYHQDLWOXLGRQQHUOɛHXFKDULVWLHHWGRQW
RQOXLDYDLWGLWTXɛLO«WDLWXQS«FKHXU7RXWVHSDVVHFRPPHVLOHGRQ«WDLWDUELWUDLUH
LPSU«YLVLEOHbXQPRLQHSHXWSDVVHUVDYLHGDQVOɛDVFªVHVDQVOɛREWHQLU2UODYLVLRQHVW
VRXYHQWOɛREMHWGɛXQG«VLUWUªVDUGHQW/RUVTXH3DF¶PHVɛ«WRQQHGHYRLUSOHXUHUVRQ
MHXQHGLVFLSOH7K«RGRUHU«FHPPHQWHQWU«SDUPLOHVIUªUHVFHOXLFLOXLU«SRQGbmb-H
G«VLUHPRQSªUHTXHWXPHG«FODUHVTXHMHYHUUDL'LHXbVLQRQTXHODYDQWDJHDLMH
GɛDYRLU«W«PLVDXPRQGHb"b}/HIRUWSb
13 /DYLVLRQSDUD°WGDQVGHQRPEUHX[FDVLPSOLTXHUXQ«WDWSDUWLFXOLHUTXHOHVWH[WHV
G«QRPPHQWἓκστασις,OVɛDJLWDXVHQVOLWW«UDOGXWHUPHGɛXQmbFKDQJHPHQWb}Gɛ«WDW
GɛXQH mbSHUWXUEDWLRQb}b G«VLJQDQW GDQV OHV WH[WHV Q«RWHVWDPHQWDLUHV XQ «WDW GH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
91
mbVWXSHXUb} OH WHUPH HVW HPSOR\« SRXU OD SUHPLªUH IRLV GDQV FH FRQWH[WH DX VHQV
GɛmbH[WDVHb}SRXUTXDOLILHUODYLVLRQGH3LHUUH(QWUHUHQH[WDVHγενέσθαιένἐκστάσει
FɛHVW¬WUHKRUVGHVRLSRXUXQWHPSVSOXVRXPRLQVORQJOHWHPSVGHOɛὄρασιςbDSUªV
TXRL OH YLVLRQQDLUH mbUHYLHQW ¢ OXLb} 3HQGDQW FHWWH H[S«ULHQFH LO QɛD DXFXQH
FRQVFLHQFHGHFHTXLVHSDVVHDXWRXUGHOXLbORUVTXHOHGLVFLSOHGH6LOYDQRV=DFKDULHOH
WURXYHmbHQH[WDVHOHVPDLQVWHQGXHVYHUVOHFLHOb}LOVHSDVVHSOXVLHXUVKHXUHVDYDQW
TXH6LOYDQRVQHUHYLHQQH¢VRQ«WDWmbQRUPDOb}HWVRQGLVFLSOHSHQGDQWFHWHPSVVHUD
UHYHQXDXSUªVGHOXLWURLVIRLVGHVXLWHVDQVTXɛLOVɛHQVRLWDSHU©X6LOYDQRV6LOD
SHUVRQQH SK\VLTXH GX YLVLRQQDLUH GHPHXUH GDQV VRQ HQYLURQQHPHQW IDPLOLHU VRQ
HVSULWSHXW¬WUHWUDQVSRUW«KRUVGHVRQFRUSVGDQVXQHVSDFHHWGDQVXQWHPSVTXL
QɛRQWULHQ¢YRLUDYHFOHSU«VHQW$LQVL$EED3RHPHQWURXY«mbHQH[WDVHb}SDU$EED
,VDDFU«YªOH¢FHGHUQLHUTXɛLO«WDLWmbO¢R»«WDLWVDLQWH0DULH¢SOHXUHUDXSUªVGHOD
FURL[GX6DXYHXUb}$6\U,,,b6LOYDQRVILQLWSDUDYRXHU¢VRQGLVFLSOHTXLOɛDYXHQ
H[WDVHbmbMɛDL«W«UDYLDXFLHOHWMHYLVODJORLUHGH'LHXHWMHPHWHQDLVO¢MXVTXɛ¢FHTXH
MɛHQVRLVUHQYR\«b}6LOYDQRV
14 /DYLVLRQSHXWVHSURGXLUH¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHRXELHQSHQGDQWOHVRPPHLObGDQVFHFDVLO
DUULYHTXɛRQHPSORLHOHYHUEHφαντάζομαιTXLGHORQJXHGDWHG«VLJQHXQHYLVLRQHQ
VRQJHPDLVODmbU«DOLW«b}GHODYLVLRQQɛHVWSDVSRXUDXWDQWPLVHHQGRXWHbRQHPSORLH
«JDOHPHQWGDQVOHP¬PHFRQWH[WHOHYHUEHόράω
15 /DYLVLRQHVWOLWW«UDOHPHQWXQHmbU«Y«ODWLRQb}άűοκάλυψιςάűοκαλύűτω0DLVHOOHQH
FRPSRUWH SDV Q«FHVVDLUHPHQW XQH ὄρασιςbLO SHXW VɛDJLU GɛXQH YLVLRQ DSRSKDWLTXH
/RUVTXH$UVªQHIRQFWLRQQDLUHDXSDODLVLPS«ULDOSULH'LHXGHOHFRQGXLUHVXUODYRLHGX
VDOXWLOHQWHQGSDUGHX[IRLVXQHYRL[OXLGLUHmb)XLVOHVKRPPHVHWWXVHUDVVDXY«b}$
6\V,,'HP¬PHODSUHPLªUHmbYLVLRQb}GH3DF¶PHQɛHVWDXWUHTXɛXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQ
GHODSDUROHGLYLQHbmbOɛHVSULWGH'LHXOɛDJLWDHWOXLSDUODGLVDQWb,QVWDOOHWRLLFLb}bSOXV
WDUGDORUVTXɛLOVHWURXYH¢7DEHQQHVHXQHYRL[YHQXHGXFLHOOXLGLWbmb&RQVWUXLVLFLWD
GHPHXUHFDUXQHIRXOHGɛKRPPHVYLHQGURQW¢WRLb}/HIRUW&RGH[%R3RXUWDQW
GDQVODSOXSDUWGHVFDVLOVHPEOHELHQTXHODU«Y«ODWLRQVRLW¢ODIRLVYLVXHOOHHWDXGLWLYH
b
De l’extase à l’effroi
16 /HVYLVLRQVVDQVGRXWHOHVSOXVIU«TXHQWHVHQWRXWFDVOHVSOXVPDUTXDQWHVVRQWFHOOHV
GHOɛDXGHO¢HWGHVILQVGHUQLªUHV8QHH[S«ULHQFHWRXW¢IDLWSDUWLFXOLªUHHVWFHOOHGX
YLHLOODUGTXLDORUVTXɛLOVHPEODLWPRUWUHYLHQW¢OXLHW¢VHVIUªUHVTXLOXLGHPDQGHQW
mbFHTXɛLODYXO¢EDVb}U«SRQGbmb-ɛDLHQWHQGXODYRL[GHODODPHQWDWLRQGHFHX[TXL
GLVHQWVDQVFHVVHb0DOKHXU¢PRLPDOKHXU¢PRLούαίμοιούαίμοιb}$6\V,,,
$EED6LOYDQRVGDQVXQHYLVLRQGXMXJHPHQWYRLWGHVPRLQHVDOODQWDXFK¤WLPHQWGHV
V«FXOLHUVDOODQW DX UR\DXPH $ 6\V ,,, $EED $QRXSK YRLW OHV DQJHV HWOHV «OXV
FKDQWDQWOHVORXDQJHVGH'LHXWDQGLVTXH6DWDQHWVHVDQJHVVRQWOLYU«VDXFK¤WLPHQW
+LVWRULD6RXURXV8QIUªUHTXLVHYRLWmbHPSRUW«SRXUOHMXJHPHQWb}DSHU©RLWVD
PªUHSDUPLOHVFRQGDPQ«VHWHQUHVVHQWXQHJUDQGHGRXOHXU$6\U,,,'HID©RQSOXV
SURVD±TXH$EED0DFDLUHYRLWOHV¤PHVGHVG«IXQWVVHSU«VHQWDQWSRXUDFF«GHU¢OɛDX
GHO¢¢GHVSRVWHVGHGRXDQHτελώνιαɣ/HVYLVLRQVOHVSOXVWHUULILDQWHVVRQWFHOOHVGH
3DF¶PHb mbHQOHY« SDU RUGUH GX 6HLJQHXU SRXU FRQWHPSOHU OHV FK¤WLPHQWV HW OHV
WRXUPHQWVSDUOHVTXHOVRQWRUWXUHOHVHQIDQWVGHVKRPPHVb}LOYRLWGHVIOHXYHVHWGHV
SXLWVGHIHXGHVDQJHVWRUWLRQQDLUHVIRXHWWDQWOHVS«FKHXUVɘSDUPLOHVTXHOVGHVPRLQHV
/HIRUW&RGH[%R/DYLVLRQGXSDUDGLVSDUD°WEHDXFRXSPRLQVIU«TXHQWHTXHFHOOH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
92
GHVWRXUPHQWVGHOɛHQIHU&HSHQGDQWOHVDLQWKRPPH3DWHUPRXWKLRVHQOHY«HQYLVLRQ
DX[GHX[\DYXmbWRXWHVOHVERQQHVFKRVHVLQGLFLEOHVTXLDWWHQGHQWOHVYUDLVPRLQHVb}b
WUDQVSRUW«GDQVVRQFRUSVένσαρκίLODSXJR½WHUDX[IUXLWVGXSDUDGLVHWHQDP¬PH
UDSSRUW«XQH«QRUPHILJXHSDUIXP«HTXHVHVGLVFLSOHVGLVHQWDYRLUFRQVHUY«HSHQGDQW
GHVDQQ«HV+LVWRULD&RSUªV3OXVEUªYHSOXVWRXFKDQWHDXVVLODYLVLRQGXSDUDGLV
TXɛDHXH7K«RGRUHOHGLVFLSOHGH3DF¶PHbLODYXOHVIUªUHVFRXFK«VFRPPHGHVEUHELV
XQDQJHOHVJDUGDQW/HIRUW&RGH[%Rɣ
17 'ɛDVVH]QRPEUHXVHVYLVLRQVFRQFHUQHQWODYLHSU«VHQWHGHVPRLQHVOHXUFRPSRUWHPHQW
OHXU «WDW GɛDYDQFHPHQW VSLULWXHO $EED 0DFDLUH D GHV U«Y«ODWLRQV FRQFHUQDQW GHX[
MHXQHVIUªUHVGRQWOɛXQHVWWUªVDYDQF«VSLULWXHOOHPHQWOɛDXWUHPRLQVbLOYRLWFHOXLFL
DVVDLOOLSDUOHVG«PRQVVRXVIRUPHGHPRXFKHVWDQGLVTXHVRQDQJHOHSURWªJH0DFDLUH
3DXOOHVLPSOHTXLDUH©XOHGRQGHYRLUFHTXLHVWGDQVOɛ¤PHGHFKDFXQYRLWVHV
IUªUHVHQWUHUGDQVOɛ«JOLVHOHYLVDJHWRXWEULOODQWmbHWOɛDQJHGHFKDFXQVHU«MRXLVVDLWVXU
OXLb}bOɛXQGHVIUªUHVFHSHQGDQWHVWWRXWQRLUHWHQYLURQQ«GHG«PRQV3DXOOHVLPSOH
8QYLHLOODUGYRLWHQH[WDVHXQmbOLHXJORULHX[b}DYHFXQWU¶QHVXUOHTXHOVHWURXYHQWVHSW
FRXURQQHVbHOOHVRQW«W«GRQQ«HV¢VRQGLVFLSOHSDUFHTXɛLODU«VLVW«VHSWIRLV¢OD
WHQWDWLRQ$6\V9,,
18 2QSHXWYRLUGHVDQJHVRXGHVG«PRQVbPDLVSHXWRQYRLU'LHXb"&HW\SHGHYLVLRQ
VHPEOHUDLWSDUG«ILQLWLRQH[FOXGXPRLQV¢FHWWH«SRTXH/DSU«VHQFHGH'LHXQɛHVW
UHQGXHVHQVLEOHTXHSDUOɛLQWHUP«GLDLUHGHVHVHQYR\«VbHOOHSHXWDXVVLVHPDQLIHVWHU
SDUXQHYRL[ɘHQFRUHTXɛLOQHVRLWMDPDLVGLWFODLUHPHQWTXɛLOVɛDJLWGHODYRL[GLYLQH(Q
UHYDQFKHLOVHPEOHELHQTXHOH&KULVWSXLVVHDSSDUD°WUHbQHVɛHVWLOSDVPDQLIHVW«DSUªV
ODU«VXUUHFWLRQ¢VHVGLVFLSOHVb"3OXVLHXUVYLVLRQVFKULVWLTXHVVRQWUHODW«HVGDQVOHVYLHV
GH3DF¶PH(QH[WDVHLOYRLWmbOHVIUªUHVDVVHPEO«VHW1RWUH6HLJQHXUDVVLVVXUXQWU¶QH
«OHY«OHVHQWUHWHQDQWGHVSDUROHVGXVDLQWYDQJLOHb}bHWLOSRXUUDP¬PHUDSSRUWHU¢
VHVIUªUHVOHVSDUROHVTXɛLODHQWHQGXHVGHVDERXFKH/HIRUW&RGH[%R'HP¬PH
QRXVDSSUHQRQVTXɛXQDQJHDU«Y«O«¢0DFDLUHTXHVɛLOGHYHQDLWSDUIDLWOH6HLJQHXUOXL
DSSDUD°WUDLWmbSRXUOXLSDUOHUERXFKH¢ERXFKHb}9LHFRSWHGH0DFDLUHGH6F«W«WUDG
$PHOLQHDX0DLV GH ID©RQ WUªVVLJQLILFDWLYH FHV YLVLRQV QH VRQWMDPDLV G«WDLOO«HV
FRPPHVLOɛLPDJHGX&KULVW«WDLWDXGHO¢GHWRXWHGHVFULSWLRQ3DF¶PHHW7K«RGRUHHQ
SULªUHYRLHQWXQJUDQGWU¶QHmbVXUOHTXHO«WDLWDVVLVOH6HLJQHXUVRXVODIRUPH VRXV
ODTXHOOHLOYRXODLWVHPRQWUHU¢HX[b}/HIRUW&RGH[%RbGDQVXQDXWUHWH[WHWRXWDXVVL
«QLJPDWLTXH3DF¶PHYRLWOHG«PRQOXLDSSDUD°WUHmbG«JXLV«VRXVODIRUPHVRXVODTXHOOHOH
6HLJQHXUOXLDSSDUDLVVDLWb}/HIRUW&RGH[6DKLGLTXH6bSb$LQVLOH&KULVWDSSDUD°W¢GH
UDUHV«OXVbPDLVFHWWHYLVLRQSHXW¬WUHVRXUFHGHIUD\HXUHWGHWURXEOH/RUVTXH3DF¶PH
DODYLVLRQGɛXQHmbJUDQGHLF¶QHFRXURQQ«Hb}JDUG«HSDUGHX[DUFKDQJHVODFUDLQWHGH
'LHXIRQGVXUOXLFRPPHXQUD\RQmbPHUYHLOOHXVHPHQWHIIUD\DQWHWYHUWb}bLOWRPEHSDU
WHUUHWUHPEOHHWG«IDLOOHɘVDQVGRXWHSDUFHTXɛLODYXmbODIDFHGH'LHXb}/HIRUW&RGH[
%R6RQGLVFLSOH7K«RGRUHHVWJUDWLIL«GɛXQHYLVLRQGXP¬PHRUGUHORUVTXɛXQDQJH
OXLGLWbmb/ªYHWRLYD¢Oɛ«JOLVHOH6HLJQHXU\HVWb}/DVHXOHGHVFULSWLRQTXLQRXVVRLW
GRQQ«HGHOɛDSSDULWLRQHVWTXH¢OɛHQGURLWR»UHSRVHQWVHVSLHGVHOOHUHVVHPEOHmb¢XQ
VDSKLU«WLQFHODQWb}7K«RGRUHQHSHXWVXSSRUWHUVDOXPLªUHbLOHVWHIIUD\«HWWURXEO«b
LOSHQVH¢ODYLVLRQGH0R±VHDX6LQD±TXDQGmbODPRQWDJQH«WDLWSOHLQHGHIHXHW
Gɛ«FODLUVb}/HIRUW&RGH[%R
19 8QHYLVLRQVLQJXOLªUHHIIUD\DQWHHOOHDXVVLPDLVGɛXQHDXWUHPDQLªUHHVWFHOOHGX&KULVW
SU«VHQW GDQV OɛHXFKDULVWLH &RPPH XQ YLHLOODUG GH 6F«W« SURIHVVDLW TXH OH SDLQ
HXFKDULVWLTXHQɛHVW SDV OH FRUSV GX &KULVW PDLV VRQmbDQWLW\SHb}GHX[ IUªUHVQH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
93
SDUYHQDQWSDV¢OHFRQYDLQFUHSULªUHQW'LHXGHOXLmbU«Y«OHUFHP\VWªUHb}/HGLPDQFKH
VXLYDQWOHSDLQSODF«VXUOɛDXWHOOHXUDSSDUXW¢WRXVWURLVVRXVODIRUPHGɛXQSHWLW
HQIDQW$XPRPHQWGHODIUDFWLRQGXSDLQXQDQJHGHVFHQGLWGXFLHODUP«GɛXQH«S«H
WXDOɛHQIDQWYLGDVRQVDQJGDQVOHFDOLFHHWOHG«FRXSDHQPRUFHDX[(WOHYLHLOODUG
ORUVTXɛLO DOOD FRPPXQLHU UH©XW HQ JXLVH GH SDLQ XQ PRUFHDX GH FKDLU VDQJODQWHɣ
(IIUD\«LOVHK¤WDGHSURIHVVHUODVDLQHGRFWULQHbOHPRUFHDXGHFKDLUTXɛLODYDLWGDQVOD
PDLQDXVVLW¶WUHGHYLQWSDLQ'DQLHO
20 ,ODUULYHTXHODSU«VHQFHGLYLQHVɛLPSRVHDYHFXQHIRUFHDYHXJODQWH0DLVODYLVLRQSHXW
¬WUHDPELJXHWOHG«PRQHVVD\HUGHVHIDLUHSDVVHUSRXUOH&KULVW$LQVLGHVPRLQHV
YRQWWURXYHU$EED$QWRLQHSRXUOɛLQIRUPHUGHVYLVLRQVTXɛLOVRQWHXHVHWOXLGHPDQGHU
VLHOOHVVRQWmbYUDLHVb}RXVLHOOHVYLHQQHQWGHVG«PRQVbLOVRQWGLVHQWLOVSHXUGHVH
WURPSHU$QWRLQHOHVFRQYDLQFUDTXɛHOOHVVRQWGLDEROLTXHV$QWRLQH4XDQG=DFKDULH
¢6F«W«DXQHYLVLRQVRQSªUHVSLULWXHO$EED&DULRQOHFK¤WLHHQGLVDQWTXHFHODYLHQW
GHVG«PRQVbRUXQDXWUHYLHLOODUGOXLDVVXUHTXHFHWWHYLVLRQYLHQWGH'LHXPDLVDMRXWH
TXɛLOGRLWVHFRQIRUPHU¢FHTXHOXLDGLWVRQSªUHɣ=DFKDULH&RQIOLWGɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQV
HQSU«VHQFHGɛXQHYLVLRQGRQWODVLJQLILFDWLRQQɛHVWSDVFODLUHb",OVHPEOHVXUWRXWTXH
IDFH¢FHSK«QRPªQHOHVSªUHVPDQLIHVWHQWVRXYHQWXQHFHUWDLQHU«WLFHQFH6LQRPEUH
GɛHQWUHHX[HQVHLJQHQW¢OHXUVGLVFLSOHVTXɛLOQHIDXWSDVFKHUFKHU¢DYRLUGHVYLVLRQV
FɛHVWSHXW¬WUHGHFUDLQWHTXɛLOVQHVHODLVVHQWDOOHU¢XQHmbYDLQHJORLUHb}0DLVRQ
SRXUUDLWSHQVHUDXVVLTXHFHX[TXLRQWHXFHSULYLOªJHQHVRQWSDVWUªVG«VLUHX[GHOH
SDUWDJHUɣ
21 /HV G«PRQV SHXYHQW HQ WRXW FDV VH PDQLIHVWHU FɛHVW ELHQ FODLU HW FRPPHQW OHV
UHFRQQD°WUHb",OOHXUDUULYHHQHIIHWGHSUHQGUHXQHDSSDUHQFHWURPSHXVHSRXU«JDUHUOH
PRLQHHWOHIDLUHWRPEHU8QDSRSKWHJPHGRQWVHXOOHWH[WHODWLQD«W«FRQVHUY«GDQVOD
WUDGXFWLRQGH3«ODJH$6\V9,,UDFRQWHFRPPHQWXQMHXQHPRLQHTXLVɛHVWUHWLU«DX
G«VHUWDSUªVDYRLUmbDFFRPSOL¢ODSHUIHFWLRQWRXWFHTXɛRQIDLWDXPRQDVWªUHb}UH©RLW
XQMRXUODYLVLWHGɛmbXQYLHLODEEDDXYLVDJHWHUULEOHb}bFHQɛHVWDXWUHTXHOHGLDEOH&H
YLHLOODUGSU«WHQGTXHKDELWDQWXQPRQDVWªUHWRXWSURFKHLOHVWYHQXVɛHQWUHWHQLUDYHF
OHIUªUHGXVDOXWGHOHXU¤PHHWOHSHUVXDGHGɛDOOHUDYHFOXLGDQVXQDXWUHPRQDVWªUHR»
LO\DXQSU¬WUHDILQGHUHFHYRLUOɛHXFKDULVWLHGRQWLOVVRQWUHVW«VORQJWHPSV«ORLJQ«V
8QHIRLVDUULY«VGDQVFHPRQDVWªUHOHSVHXGRDEEDGLVSDUD°WbOHMHXQHIUªUHUHFRQQD°W
DORUVTXɛLOVɛDJLVVDLWGXG«PRQTXLYRXODLWOHIDLUHVRUWLUGHVDFHOOXOHLO\SDUYLHQGUD
GɛDLOOHXUVSRXUGHERQDXFRXUVGɛXQGHX[LªPH«SLVRGHGHWHQWDWLRQ3OXVVRXYHQW
FHSHQGDQWOHG«PRQSUHQGXQHIRUPHUHSRXVVDQWHRXV«GXLVDQWHTXHOHPRLQHQH
WDUGHSDV¢LGHQWLILHU,ODSSDUD°WDLQVLVRXVOHIRUPHGɛXQHWKLRSLHQQHmbTXLVHQWDLWVL
PDXYDLVTXɛ>RQ@QHSRXYDLWHQVXSSRUWHUOɛRGHXUb}ɘKHXUHXVHPHQWFDUHOOHQɛDXUDLW
SDUXTXHWURSDJU«DEOHJOXNHLDDXMHXQHKRPPHWHQW«$6\V93OXVGDQJHUHXVHHVW
ODmbMHXQHWKLRSLHQQHb}TXLDSSDUD°WDXVDLQW$EED3DFK¶QVHPEODEOH¢XQHMHXQHILOOH
TXɛLOVHUDSSHOOHDYRLUYXHGDQVVDMHXQHVVHHQWUDLQGHJODQHUbLOOXLVHPEOHTXɛHOOH
«WDLWmbDVVLVHVXUVHVJHQRX[b}HWLOHVWELHQSUªVGHVXFFRPEHUPDLVLOSUHQGSHXUHWOD
IUDSSHHWDXVVLW¶WODYLVLRQGLDEROLTXHVHGLVVLSH$6\V9
22 /HVG«PRQVUHY¬WHQWWRXWHVVRUWHVGHIRUPHVbGHVFDYDOLHUVDUP«VTXLODQFHQWmbGHV
EDOOHVGHIHXb}FRQWUHODJURWWHR»KDELWH0DFDLUHGHVFKLHQVTXLOɛDVVDLOOHQWVLELHQTXH
WRXW VRQ FRUSV HVW mbFRPPH GX UDLVLQ QRLUb} Vie FRSWH GH 0DFDLUH GH 6F«W« WUDG
$PHOLQHDX(QUHYDQFKHORUVTXHOHG«PRQDSSDUD°WmbFKDUQHOOHPHQWb}σωματικῶς¢
$PPD6DUUDSRXUOXLDYRXHUTXɛHOOHOɛDYDLQFXDORUVTXɛHOOHD«W«WHQW«HSHQGDQWbDQV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
94
SDUOɛHVSULWGHIRUQLFDWLRQRQQHVDXUDSDVVRXVTXHOOHIRUPHLOVHPDQLIHVWH$6\V9
23 'DQVGɛDXWUHVFDVOHG«PRQQɛDSSDUD°WSDV IRUPHOOHPHQWPDLVOHPRLQHSHXW¬WUH
YLFWLPHGɛXQHSODLVDQWHULHGLDEROLTXHbFUR\DQWYRLUXQGHVHVIUªUHVmbS«FKHUb}DYHFXQH
IHPPHXQPRLQHVHPHW¢OHXUGRQQHUGHVFRXSVGHSLHGHQFULDQWmb$UU¬WH]b}2UFɛHVW
¢GHVJHUEHVGHEO«TXɛLODYDLWDIIDLUHɣ/ɛLOOXVLRQGLDEROLTXHOɛDIDLWWRPEHUGDQVODIDXWH
TXLFRQVLVWH¢MXJHUXQIUªUHIDXWHFRQGDPQDEOHTXHOOHTXHVRLWOɛRFFDVLRQDLQVLTXH
OɛHQVHLJQHQWGHQRPEUHX[U«FLWV$6\V,;
b
Sens et enjeux de la vision
24 /DYLVLRQHVWXQFKDULVPHbHOOHHVWXQSULYLOªJHbRQQHGRLWQLODUHFKHUFKHUQLVɛHQ
YDQWHU/RUVTXH6LOYDQRVHVWYXHQH[WDVHSDUVRQGLVFLSOH=DFKDULHLOQHYHXWSDVHQ
FRQYHQLUHWFRPPHQFHSDUOXLGLUHTXɛLO«WDLWPDODGHbFHQɛHVWTXHVXUOɛLQVLVWDQFHGH
=DFKDULHTXɛLOUHFRQQD°WDYRLU«W«mbUDYLDXFLHOb}6LOYDQRV4XDQGXQIUªUHYRLW$EED
$UVªQH GDQV VD FHOOXOH mbWRXW HQWRXU« GH IHXb} LO GLUD SDU OD VXLWH ¢ $UVªQH TXL
OɛLQWHUURJHTXɛLOQɛDULHQYXbODGLVFU«WLRQHVWYLVLEOHPHQWUHFRPPDQG«H$UVªQH
3RXUWDQWLOHVWFODLUTXɛRQHQSDUOHHWTXɛRQVɛLQWHUURJHVXUOHVHQV¢GRQQHU¢ODYLVLRQ
25 (OOH HVW GɛDERUG XQ U«FRQIRUW SRXU OH PRLQH 3DUIRLV FɛHVW GɛXQ VLPSOH U«FRQIRUW
SK\VLTXHTXɛLOVɛDJLWORUVTXɛXQDVFªWH«SXLV«GHIDLPHWGHVRLISHUGXGDQVOHG«VHUW
YRLWOXLDSSDUD°WUHXQDQJHTXLOHQRXUULWHWOHUHPHWVXUVRQFKHPLQ&ɛHVW«JDOHPHQW
XQU«FRQIRUWDXVHQVR»ODYLVLRQYLHQWMXVWLILHUXQPRLQHLQMXVWHPHQWDFFXV«/RUVTXH
OHG«PRQYHXWSHUVXDGHU$EED0DUFTXHOHSU¬WUHTXLOXLDSSRUWHOɛHXFKDULVWLHHVWXQ
S«FKHXU0DUFYRLWXQDQJHSRVHUVDPDLQVXUODW¬WHGXSU¬WUHTXLGHYLHQWmbFRPPH
XQHFRORQQHGHIHXb}$6\V,;'DQVXQFDVDQDORJXHOɛDQDFKRUªWHVHODLVVHSHUVXDGHU
TXHOHSU¬WUHTXLOXLDSSRUWHOɛHXFKDULVWLHHVWLQGLJQHbPDLVGDQVXQHYLVLRQLOYRLWXQ
O«SUHX[SXLVDQWXQHHDXWUªVSXUHGDQVXQHFLWHUQHHQRUDYHFXQVHDXGɛRUWDQGLV
TXɛXQH YRL[ OXL GLWb mb4XɛLPSRUWH FHOXL TXL SXLVHb" ,O VH FRQWHQWH GH SXLVHU HW GH
WUDQVYDVHUɣb}/HYLHLOODUGFRPSUHQGHWUDSSHOOHOHSU¬WUH$6\V,;
26 /HSOXVVRXYHQWFHSHQGDQWODYLVLRQU«FRQIRUWHOHPRLQHWHQW«SDUOɛDFHGLDRXSDUOH
G«VHVSRLUbHOOHHVWXQHDUPHTXLOXLSHUPHWGHU«VLVWHUDXG«PRQGHODIRUQLFDWLRQXQ
HQFRXUDJHPHQW¢SUDWLTXHUOɛDVFªVH/RUVTXHXQHYRL[GLYLQHGLW¢$EED$UVªQHTXH
YRQWOXL¬WUHU«Y«O«HVmbOHVüXYUHVGHVKRPPHVb}LOYRLWXQ(WKLRSLHQFRXSDQWVDQV
DUU¬WGXERLVTXɛLOQHSHXWSDVSRUWHUXQKRPPHSXLVDQWGHOɛHDXGDQVXQU«FLSLHQW
SHUF«GɛDXWUHVTXLVɛHIIRUFHQWGHIDLUHHQWUHUXQHSRXWUHWURSODUJHSDUXQHSRUWH
«WURLWHbYDQLW«GHVHIIRUWVGHFHX[TXLYLYHQWGDQVOHPRQGHHWTXLVRQWLQFDSDEOHVGH
VHFRUULJHU&ɛHVWO¢XQHOH©RQSRXUOHPRLQHDSSHO«¢VHSHUIHFWLRQQHUVDQVFHVVHGDQV
ODYRLHGH'LHX$UVªQH8QHSU«RFFXSDWLRQTXLVɛH[SULPHVRXYHQWGDQVOHVWH[WHV
UHODWLIV DX[ SªUHV GX G«VHUW FRQFHUQH OɛDYDQFHPHQW VSLULWXHO DXTXHO OH PRLQH HVW
SDUYHQX/DYLVLRQSHXWDORUV¬WUHXQHU«SRQVH¢XQG«VLUHW¢XQHDQJRLVVHVS«FLILTXHV
G«VLUGXVDOXWFUDLQWHGHODGDPQDWLRQ
27 /ɛDQJRLVVHGHV ILQV GHUQLªUHV VɛH[SULPH IRUWHPHQW GDQV OHVU«FLWV GH YLVLRQV /HXUV
LPDJHVVRQWVRXYHQWLQTXL«WDQWHVTXDQGFHQɛHVWWHUULILDQWHV3DF¶PHYRLWGHVKRPPHV
ɘHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUGHVPRLQHVɘHQSURLH¢WRXWHVVRUWHVGHWRXUPHQWVbFHUWDLQVVRQW
HQWRXU«VGHIODPPHVGɛDXWUHVGɛ«SLQHVGRQWOHVSLTXDQWVVɛHQIRQFHQWGDQVOHXUFKDLUb
GɛDXWUHVVRQWDXIRQGGɛXQUDYLQTXɛLOVQHSHXYHQWHVFDODGHUHWLOVQHSHXYHQWSDVQRQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
95
SOXVVHMHWHUGDQVOHIOHXYHmb¢FDXVHGHVFURFRGLOHVTXLOHVJXHWWHQWb}/HIRUW&RGH[%R
,FLODYLVLRQSDUD°WELHQ«YRTXHUQRQVHXOHPHQWOHVWRXUPHQWVGHOɛHQIHUPDLVOHV
GDQJHUVGXPRQGHSU«VHQWFHPRQGHTXLDSRXUFHQWUHOH1LOHWVHVI«URFHVKDELWDQWV
HQFRUHWUªVUHGRXW«VGHVJ\SWLHQV¢FHWWH«SRTXHWDUGLYHbHWFHVGDQJHUVV\PEROLVHQW
SUREDEOHPHQWOHVWHQWDWLRQVDX[TXHOOHVOHVPRLQHVVRQWH[SRV«VGDQVFHWWHYLH0DLV
GDQVXQHDXWUHYLVLRQVS«FLILTXHPHQWLQIHUQDOH3DF¶PHYRLWGHVDQJHVIRXHWWDQWOHV
S«FKHXUVHWLOVɛ«WRQQHTXH'LHXDLWSXFU«HUFHV¬WUHVLPSLWR\DEOHVɣ/HIRUW&RGH[%R
8QU«FLWGHV$SRSKWHJPDWDPHWHQVFªQHXQYLHLOODUGTXLFULHHWSOHXUHWRXWHVOHV
QXLWVb¢VRQGLVFLSOHTXLVɛHQ«WRQQHLOUDFRQWHTXHDXFRXUVGɛXQHYLVLRQLOD«W«
FRQGXLWmbGDQVOɛ+DGªVb}εἰςτ´νΆίδηνHWTXHD\DQWYXGDQVTXHOOHDIIOLFWLRQθλίψις
VRQWOHVS«FKHXUVLOQHSHXWSOXVWURXYHUGHFRQVRODWLRQ$6\V,,,%LHQV½ULO\D
DXVVL OD SURPHVVH GH OD I«OLFLW« SDUDGLVLDTXH GRQW RQ SHXW DYRLU XQ DYDQWJR½Wb
3DF¶PHPDODGHHWFRQVLG«U«FRPPHPRUWIXWmbUDPHQ«¢VRQFRUSVb}VXUOɛRUGUHGLYLQ
SRXUmbVXELUHQFRUHXQSHWLWPDUW\UHGDQVOHPRQGHb}bLOVɛHQDWWULVWDmbFDULOYR\DLWTXH
ODOXPLªUHGHFHWDLUO¢«WDLWPHUYHLOOHXVHHWVL EHOOHTXɛLOQɛ\DYDLWSDVPR\HQGH
OɛH[SULPHUb}$SUªV FHOD mbELHQ GHV IRLV LO IXW HPPHQ« HQ 3DUDGLVb} /HIRUW &RGH[
6DKLGLTXHSb0DLVVLDYDQF«VRLWRQVXUODYRLHGHODSHUIHFWLRQOɛLVVXHHVWWRXMRXUV
LQFHUWDLQHbOHFRPEDWTXHVHOLYUHQWDQJHVHWG«PRQVDXWRXUGHV¤PHVVHSRXUVXLW
MXVTXɛ¢OɛKHXUHGHODPRUW8QDQDFKRUªWHVXUOHSRLQWGHPRXULUYRLWOHVDQJHVTXL
OɛDWWHQGHQWSRXUSUHQGUHVRQ¤PHHWGHOɛDXWUHF¶W«6DWDQDX[DJXHWV$6\V9/L«H
¢ODSHXUGHVFK¤WLPHQWVLQIHUQDX[ODSHXUGHVXFFRPEHU¢ODWHQWDWLRQHVWSDUWRXW
SU«VHQWHbODYLVLRQGHOɛDXGHO¢UHQIRUFHFHVSHXUVPDLVHOOHDSSRUWHDXVVLOɛHVSRLUGɛXQ
ERQKHXUSDUDGLVLDTXHGRQWOɛDWWHQWHHVWDXVVLIRUWHTXHVHVELHQIDLWVVRQWLQGLFLEOHV
/ɛHQMHXGHODYLVLRQOHU«VXOWDWTXɛRQSHXWHQDWWHQGUHFɛHVWDORUVGHSRXVVHUOHPRLQH¢
ODUHFKHUFKHGHODSHUIHFWLRQSRXUDWWHLQGUHOHVDOXW
28 /DYLVLRQDGRQFXQHIRQFWLRQS«GDJRJLTXHDXVHQVOHSOXVIRUWGXWHUPHbHOOHHVWXQ
HQVHLJQHPHQWHWXQHQVHLJQHPHQWGɛDXWDQWSOXVHIILFDFHTXɛHOOHHVWHQP¬PHWHPSV
XQHH[S«ULHQFHWRXMRXUVVHQWLHFRPPHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHHWERXOHYHUVDQWH(QUHYDQFKHLO
VHPEOH TXɛHOOH DLW UDUHPHQW SRXU REMHW GH U«SRQGUH ¢ GHV GLIILFXOW«V GɛRUGUH
WK«RORJLTXH ¢ OɛH[SUHVVLRQ GɛXQ GRXWH (OOH LQWHUYLHQW FHSHQGDQW SRXU UHFWLILHU
OɛRSLQLRQPDOYHQXHGɛXQSªUHmbVLPSOHGDQVVDIRLb}/HYLHLOODUGTXLSURIHVVDLWTXHOH
SDLQHXFKDULVWLTXHQɛHVWSDVOHFRUSVGX&KULVWYRLWFHGHUQLHUVɛLQFDUQHUGHPDQLªUH
WRXW¢IDLWPDW«ULHOOHGDQVOɛKRVWLHbXQDXWUHSU«WHQGDQWTXH0HOFKLV«GHFKHVWILOVGH
'LHXREWLHQWVXUODVXJJHVWLRQGHOɛDUFKHY¬TXH&\ULOOHXQHYLVLRQDXFRXUVGHODTXHOOH
WRXVOHVSDWULDUFKHVG«ILOHQWGHYDQWOXLGHSXLV$GDPMXVTXɛ¢0HOFKLV«GHFKbFɛHVWOD
SUHXYHTXHFHOXLFLHVWXQKRPPH'DQLHOHW
29 ,OHVWHQILQXQHIRQFWLRQQRQQ«JOLJHDEOHGHODYLVLRQbMXVWLILHUOHVDFWLYLW«VGɛXQPRLQH
HWHQSDUWLFXOLHUODIRQGDWLRQGHPRQDVWªUHV&HWKªPHLQWHUYLHQWGHID©RQU«FXUUHQWH
GDQVODYLHGH3DF¶PH3DUGHX[IRLVLOYRLWmbODURV«HGXFLHOGHVFHQGUHVXUVDW¬WHb}
SXLVGHYHQLUXQUD\RQGHPLHOGDQVVDPDLQWRPEHU¢WHUUHHWVHU«SDQGUHVXUODWHUUH
HQWLªUHbDQQRQFHGHVRQGHVWLQTXLVHUDGHYRLUVDUªJOHHPEUDVV«HSDUGHVPLOOLHUV
GɛKRPPHV/HIRUW&RGH[%R3OXVWDUGLOYRLWmbGHVFOHIVTXɛRQOXLGRQQHHQVHFUHWb}
/HIRUW&RGH[%R3OXVFODLUHPHQWHQFRUHORUVTXɛLODVDYLVLRQGH7DEHQQHVHXQH
YRL[YHQXHGXFLHOOXLGLWmb3DF¶PHLQVWDOOHWRLLFLHWFRQVWUXLVXQHGHPHXUHFDUXQH
IRXOHGɛKRPPHVYLHQGURQW¢WRLb}bSXLVOHVIUªUHVVɛ«WDQWPXOWLSOL«V¢7DEHQQHVHXQH
QRXYHOOHYLVLRQOXLHQMRLQWGɛDOOHUFRQVWUXLUHXQPRQDVWªUHDXYLOODJHGH3KE¶RX/HIRUW
&RGH[%R4XDQW¢VRQGLVFLSOH7K«RGRUHDORUVTXɛLO«WDLWGDQVVDFHOOXOHHQWUDLQ
GHWUHVVHUGHVFRUGHVGHX[DQJHVOXLDSSDUDLVVHQWmbD\DQWOɛDVSHFWGHGHX[KRPPHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
96
UHVSOHQGLVVDQWVb}GRQWOɛXQG«SRVHGHVFOHIVGDQVVDPDLQb7K«RGRUHDSHXUHWQɛRVHSDV
HQSDUOHU¢VRQPD°WUH3DF¶PHbPDLVLOHVWFODLUTXɛLOHVWDLQVLG«VLJQ«FRPPHVRQIXWXU
VXFFHVVHXU/HIRUW&RGH[%R'HWHOOHVYLVLRQVSU«PRQLWRLUHVQHVRQWSDVUDUHV
0DFDLUHHQWHQGXQH YRL[TXL OɛLQWHUSHOOHWURLVIRLV GHVXLWH HWOXLDQQRQFH TXɛmbXQ
SHXSOHGHWRXWHWULEXb}VHUDVVHPEOHUDDXWRXUGHOXL9LHFRSWHGH0DFDLUHGH6F«W«WUDG
$PHOLQHDX$ORUVTXHOɛ$EED2UYLYDLWDXG«VHUWQHPDQJHDQWTXHGHVKHUEHVHWGHV
mbUDFLQHV GRXFHVb} XQ DQJH OXL DSSDUD°W TXL OXL GLW mb7X GHYLHQGUDV XQH JUDQGH
QDWLRQb}'HIDLWLOGHYLQWSDUODVXLWHmbSªUHGɛHUPLWDJHVGɛXQPLOOLHUGHPRLQHVb}
+LVWRULDU
30 /DYLVLRQDSSDUD°WDXWRWDOGDQVOHV$SRSKWHJPDWDFRPPHXQSK«QRPªQHDPELJX(OOH
HVWVDQVGRXWHXQHPDUTXHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHGHODELHQYHLOODQFHGLYLQHTXLHQFRXUDJHHW
JXLGHOHVKRPPHVVXUODYRLHGXVDOXWPDLVHOOHSHXW¬WUHXQHRFFDVLRQGHFKXWHHQ
IDYRULVDQWOɛRUJXHLOVSLULWXHO&ODLUHPHQWLQWHOOLJLEOHORUVTXɛHOOHYLHQWGH'LHXHOOHSHXW
DXVVL«JDUHUOHPRLQHVɛLOQɛDSDVVXLGHQWLILHU¢WUDYHUVHOOHODSU«VHQFHGXG«PRQ'RQ
JUDWXLWSDUIRLVGLVSHQV«H¢GHVmbVLPSOHVb}HOOHSHXW¬WUHUHIXV«H¢GHVKRPPHVTXL
DXURQWSDVV«OHXUYLH¢ODG«VLUHUHW¢VɛHIIRUFHUGHODP«ULWHU&ɛHVWVDQVGRXWHFHWWH
DPELJX±W«TXLUHQGFRPSWHGXP«ODQJHGHFRQILDQFHHWGHFUDLQWHVLVHQVLEOHGDQVQRV
WH[WHV¢Oɛ«JDUGGHODYLVLRQ
31 4XDQW¢VRQLPSRUWDQFHGDQVODYLHGHVPRLQHVRXGXPRLQVGDQVOɛLPDJHTXLQRXVHQ
HVW GRQQ«H LO QH IDXW SDV VɛHQ «WRQQHUb OHV SUHPLªUHV FRPPXQDXW«V FKU«WLHQQHV
GɛJ\SWHRQW«W«QRXUULHVGHU«FLWVGHYLVLRQ/DELEOLRWKªTXHGH1DJ+DPPDGL¢HOOH
VHXOHQHFRQWLHQWSDVPRLQVGHFLQTDSRFDO\SVHVFHOOHVGɛ$GDPGH3DXOGH3LHUUHHW
OHVGHX[DSRFDO\SVHVGH-DFTXHV'DQVEHDXFRXSGHFHVWH[WHVOHVWKªPHVGHVILQV
GHUQLªUHV HW GX MXJHPHQW RFFXSHQW XQH SODFH HVVHQWLHOOH ɘ HW FɛHVW DXVVL XQH GHV
SU«RFFXSDWLRQVHVVHQWLHOOHVGHVPRLQHV«J\SWLHQV&HVKRPPHVRQWIXLOHPRQGHHWVHV
VROOLFLWDWLRQVbPDLVODUHWUDLWHDXG«VHUWORLQGHOHXUDSSRUWHUODSDL[OHVODLVVHVHXOVHQ
IDFHGHOHXUVG«VLUVHWGHOHXUVSHXUV/DYLVLRQGDQVODPHVXUHR»HOOHUHQGPDQLIHVWHOD
SU«VHQFHGH'LHXVLUHGRXWDEOHVRLWHOOHHVWSHXW¬WUHOHPR\HQOHSOXVHIILFDFHGɛ\
«FKDSSHU
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. +RUVGXFRQWH[WHDSRFDO\SWLTXHVXUOHTXHOODOLWW«UDWXUHHVWDERQGDQWHOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQ
GDQVOHFKULVWLDQLVPHSULPLWLIQɛRQWSDVVXVFLW«EHDXFRXSGɛ«WXGHV2QVHU«IHUHUD¢OɛRXYUDJH
G«M¢DQFLHQGH-/LQGEORP*HVLFKWHXQG2IIHQEDUXQJHQb9RUVWHOOXQJHQYRQJ¸WWOLFKHQ:HLVXQJHQXQG
¾EHUQDW¾UOLFKHQ(UVFKHLQXQJHQLP¦OWHVWHQ&KULVWHQWXP/XQGbSOXVU«FHPPHQWXQEUHIDSHU©X
VXUOHWKªPHGHODYLVLRQHQVRQJHD«W«SU«VHQW«SDU-6+DQVRQVRXVOHWLWUHmb'UHDPVDQG
9LVLRQVLQWKH*UDHFR5RPDQ:RUOGDQG(DUO\&KULVWLDQLW\b}$15:Sb6XUOH
PLOLHXVS«FLILTXHGHVPRLQHVGɛJ\SWHFIOɛDUWLFOHGɛ$*XLOODXPRQWmb/HVYLVLRQVP\VWLTXHVGDQV
OHPRQDFKLVPHRULHQWDOFKU«WLHQb}UHSULVGDQV$X[RULJLQHVGXPRQDFKLVPHFKU«WLHQ6SLULWXDOLW«
2ULHQWDOH %HOOHIRQWDLQH DXTXHO RQ DMRXWHUD TXHOTXHV SDJHV GH / 5HJQDXOW /D YLH
TXRWLGLHQQHGHVSªUHVGXG«VHUW3DULVSbHWGH)'RGHO'DV6LW]HQGHU:¾VWHQY¦WHU(LQH
8QWHUVXFKXQJDQKDQGGHU$SRSKWHJPDWD3DWUXP)ULERXUJSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
97
2. 7H[WHGHV$SRSKWHJPDWDGDQV0LJQH3*/HVWUDGXFWLRQVTXHMɛDLXWLOLV«HVVRQWFHOOHVGH-&O
*X\3DUROHVGHVDQFLHQVFROOHFWLRQDOSKDE«WLTXH3DULV6HXLOHW/HVDSRSKWHJPHVGHVSªUHV
FROOHFWLRQV\VW«PDWLTXH3DULV&HUIGRQWPDOKHXUHXVHPHQWVHXOOHSUHPLHUYROXPHDSX
¬WUHU«DOLV«SDU-&O*X\/ɛ+LVWRULD0RQDFKRUXPLQ$HJ\SWRD«W««GLW«HSDU$-)HVWXJLªUHHWVD
WUDGXFWLRQSXEOL«HVRXVOHWLWUH(QTX¬WHVXUOHVPRLQHVGɛJ\SWH3DULV3RXU3DF¶PHFI7K
/HIRUW9LHVFRSWHVGH3DF¶PH«GHWWUDG/RXYDLQbSRXUODYLHGH0DFDLUHFI($PHOLQHDX
+LVWRLUHGHVPRQDVWªUHVGH%DVVHJ\SWH$QQDOHVGX0XV«H*XLPHW;;93DULV
3. &ɛHVWOɛH[SUHVVLRQIRUWEHOOHTXH-/DFDUULªUHDHPSUXQW«H¢XQHKRP«OLHGX3VHXGR0DFDLUH
SRXUHQIDLUHOHWLWUHGHVRQOLYUH/HVKRPPHVLYUHVGH'LHX3DULV
4. ,O HVW FODLU TXH FHWWH G«VLJQDWLRQ HQJOREH LQGLII«UHPPHQW OHV ILGªOHV GHV UHOLJLRQV
WUDGLWLRQQHOOHVSUDWLTX«HVDORUVHQJ\SWH
5. /HmbGRQGHYLVLRQb}HVWODUJHPHQWDWWHVW«FKH]OHVSªUHVbGHX[H[HPSOHVSDUPLGɛDXWUHVbXQ
YLHLOODUG«WDLWJUDWLIL«GHQRPEUHXVHVYLVLRQVmbWRXWFHTXɛLOGHPDQGDLW¢'LHXLOOHOXLU«Y«ODLWb}
'DQLHO b 3LDPP¶QDV mbXQ SU¬WUH VDLQW HW GɛXQH UDUH KXPLOLW« MRXLVVDLW FRQVWDPPHQW GH
YLVLRQVb}+LVWRULDPRQDFKRUXP3LDPP¶QDV
6. &DUVRXUFHSRVVLEOHGHYDLQHJORLUH
7. -ɛHPSORLHFHWHUPHQRQSDVGDQVVRQVHQVPRGHUQHPDLVGDQVVRQVHQVRULJLQHOWHOTXɛLO
DSSDUD°WGDQVQRVU«FLWVbFɛHVW¢GLUHTXɛLOSHXWG«VLJQHUDXVVLELHQXQmbVROLWDLUHb}HUPLWHRX
DQDFKRUªWHTXɛXQKRPPHYLYDQWGDQVXQHFRPPXQDXW«PRQDVWLTXHTXHFHVRLWVRXVODIRUPH
GɛXQJURXSHGɛHUPLWDJHVRXGɛXQFRXYHQWGHW\SHSDF¶PLHQ
8. /DFHGLDDSSDUD°WFRPPHXQHGHVSOXVJUDYHVWHQWDWLRQVGHODYLHPRQDVWLTXHbRQSRXUUDLWOD
WUDGXLUHSDUOHVWHUPHVGHmbG«VHQFKDQWHPHQWb}mbPDOGHYLYUHb}bOHPRLQHQHWURXYHSOXVGH
VHQV¢ODYLHGDQVODTXHOOHLOVɛHVWHQJDJ«
9. &ɛHVW¢GLUHFHTXɛLOOXLIDXWSRXUYLYUH
10. /D P«WDSKRUH GX SLHG GH YLJQH HVW IU«TXHQWH GDQV Oɛ$QFLHQ 7HVWDPHQWb HOOH G«VLJQH
J«Q«UDOHPHQWFKH]OHVSURSKªWHVOHSHXSOHGɛ,VUDO
11. ,OIDXWQRWHUFHSHQGDQWFKH]3DF¶PHXQHFHUWDLQHU«WLFHQFH¢Oɛ«JDUGGXG«VLUGHYLVLRQbLO
GHPDQGH¢VRQGLVFLSOHVɛLOYHXWYRLU 'LHXmbHQFHbVLªFOH RXGDQVOHbVLªFOH¢ YHQLUb}HWFɛHVW
DSSDUHPPHQWmbOHbVLªFOH¢YHQLUb}TXLHVWODERQQHU«SRQVH9LHFRSWHFRGH[ERKD±ULTXH
12. $FWHV;bWRPE«HQH[WDVH3LHUUHYRLWOHFLHORXYHUW2QUHWURXYHOHWHUPHHPSOR\«GDQVFH
VHQVFKH]3ORWLQ
13. &I$6\V,;bέλθών δέ εἰς ἑαὐτ´ν ὁ ἀναχώρητήςɣ
14. ,OQHVHPEOHSDVTXɛLO\DLWGHOLHXSULYLO«JL«SRXUODYLVLRQ(OOHSHXWVHSURGXLUHGDQVOD
FHOOXOHGXPRLQHDXVVLELHQTXHGDQVOɛHQGURLWR»VHIDLWODV\QD[HGDQVOɛHVSDFHOLEUHGXG«VHUW
DXVVLELHQTXHGDQVXQHQGURLWIHUP«GDQVODVROLWXGHPDLVDXVVLDXPLOLHXGHW«PRLQVTXL
J«Q«UDOHPHQWQHmbYRLHQWb}ULHQ GHFHTXHOHYLVLRQQDLUHFRQWHPSOH(QUHYDQFKHOD YLVLRQ
LQWHUYLHQWGDQVGHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVSDUWLFXOLªUHVHQUHODWLRQDYHFODVLWXDWLRQRXOɛ«WDWGɛHVSULW
GDQVOHTXHOVHWURXYHOHPRLQHbFILQIUD
15. ,OHVWHPSOR\«SDU+«URGRWH9,,SRXU«YRTXHUXQHYLVLRQHQVRQJHGH'DULXV&I+LVWRULD
PRQDFKRUXP-HDQGH/\FRSROLVbXQPRLQHUHWLU«DXG«VHUWMRXLVVDLWGɛDSSDULWLRQVmbWDQW¶WGDQV
Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHἐγρηγορώςWDQW¶WGDQVOHVRPPHLOκαθ ὕűνονb}
16. &LW«SDU$*XLOODXPRQW$QDO%ROODQGSb
17. &HWWHYLVLRQHVW«WRQQDQWHbIDXWLOSHQVHUTXHOHVPRLQHVVRQWHQGRUPLVGDQVOɛDWWHQWHGX
5R\DXPH¢YHQLUb"2XELHQQɛ\DWLOSDVO¢WRXWVLPSOHPHQWOɛLPDJHGɛXQWURXSHDXSDLVLEOHPHQW
FRXFK«VXJJ«U«HSDUODPHQWLRQGHOɛDQJHJDUGLHQb"
18. ,O\DO¢VDQVDXFXQGRXWHXQVRXYHQLUGHODYLVLRQGɛ(]«FKLHO,bLOYRLWXQWU¶QHGRQW
OɛDVSHFW«WDLWGHVDSKLUHWVXUFHWU¶QHmbXQHIRUPHGɛKRPPHb}
19. ([RGH
20. &HYLHLOODUG«WDLWmbVLPSOHGDQVVDIRLb}GLWOHWH[WHbHIIHFWLYHPHQWODQRWLRQGɛDQWLW\SHGDQV
FHFDVQɛHVWFHUWDLQHPHQWSDVHPSOR\«H¢ERQHVFLHQW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
98
21. &ɛHVWOHWKªPHELHQFRQQXSHQGDQWWRXWOH0R\HQJHGHODPHVVHGH6DLQW*U«JRLUHbFIOD
/«JHQGHGRU«HGH-DFTXHVGH9RUDJLQH«G*DUQLHU)ODPPDULRQWb,Sb
22. &HQɛHVWSHXW¬WUHSDVOHIDLWTXHOHSVHXGRDEEDDGLVSDUXTXLIDLWFRPSUHQGUHDXMHXQHIUªUH
TXHFɛHVWHQU«DOLW«OHG«PRQPDLVSOXW¶WODFRQVWDWDWLRQTXɛLOD«W«OHVHXO¢OHYRLUbFɛHVWGRQF
ELHQGɛXQHYLVLRQTXɛLOVɛDJLWHWFɛHVWXQHYLVLRQGLDEROLTXHSXLVTXHOHSVHXGRDEEDDU«XVVL¢
FRQYDLQFUHOHIUªUHGHTXLWWHUVDFHOOXOH
23. /DYLVLRQHVWFHSHQGDQWDPELJXbOHSU¬WUHHVWSHXW¬WUHU«HOOHPHQWXQS«FKHXUɣ0DLVOD
YLVLRQUDSSHOOHTXHP¬PHVɛLODIDLOOLLOUHVWHFHOXLTXLDOHSRXYRLUGHmbF«O«EUHUOHVVDLQWV
P\VWªUHVb}
24. /HG«VLUGHYLVLRQRXGHU«Y«ODWLRQ¢WUDYHUVXQHYLVLRQTXHOɛRQYDFKHUFKHUDXG«VHUWVHUDLW
SOXVDIILUP«HQPLOLHXMXLISHQGDQWODS«ULRGHGXVHFRQG7HPSOHbFI$.HUNHVODJHUmb-HZLVK
SLOJULPDJHDQG-HZLVKLGHQWLW\LQ+HOOHQLVWLFDQGHDUO\5RPDQ(J\SWb}GDQV')UDQNIXUWHUHG
3LOJULPDJHDQG+RO\6SDFHLQ/DWH$QWLTXH(J\SW/H\GH%ULOOSb
25. &I7KH1DJ+DPPDGL/LEUDU\HGE\-05RELQVRQ1HZ<RUNɘ/RQGRQ
AUTEUR
)UDQ©RLVH'XQDQG
3URIHVVHXU¢Oɛ8)5GHV6FLHQFHV+LVWRULTXHVHWGLUHFWHXUGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGɛ+LVWRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJHVWVS«FLDOLVWHGHOɛJ\SWHWDUGLYH
3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWHDYHF&=LYLH&RFKHb
/HVPRPLHVHWODPRUWHQJ\SWHDYHF5/LFKWHQEHUJb,VLV0ªUHGHVGLHX[3DULV
GLWLRQV(UUDQFH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
99
6DYRLUFɛHVWYRLU
/HVWURLVVRUWHVGHmbYXHVb}VHORQ$XJXVWLQ
Goulven Madec
S
1/DWKªVHGɛ$XJXVWLQmbSV\FKRORJXHb}HVWFODLUHGDQVVRQHQVHPEOHGɛXQHmbVLPSOLFLW«
ELEOLTXHb}GLUDLMHP¬PH6DYRLUFɛHVWYRLUVRLWOHVU«DOLW«VVHQVLEOHVSDUOHV\HX[GX
FRUSV¢ODOXPLªUHGXVROHLOVRLWOHVU«DOLW«VLQWHOOLJLEOHVSDUOHV\HX[GHOɛHVSULW¢OD
OXPLªUHGH'LHX(QWUHGHX[LO\DGHOɛLPDJLQDWLRQGHOɛLPDJLQDLUHGHVU¬YHVHWGHV
YLVLRQV/DU«IOH[LRQGɛ$XJXVWLQVXUOHVSK«QRPªQHVGHmbYLVLRQb}VɛH[HUFHHQHIIHW
GDQVXQHWK«RULHJ«Q«UDOHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHD[«HVXUOHYRLUOHVWURLVVRUWHVGHYXHVb
mb7ULDJHQHUDXLVLRQXPbSULPXPFRUSRUDOHVHFXQGXPVSLULWDOHWHUWLXPLQWHOOHFWXDOHb}
b
Thématisation
2&HWWHWKªVHVHWURXYHmbWK«PDWLV«Hb}FRPPHRQGLWGDQVTXDWUHüXYUHVbOHGHUQLHU
FKDSLWUHGX&RQWUD$GLPDQWXPTXLGDWHGHHQYLURQbOHG«EXWGXOLYUH,,GHO$G
6LPSOLFLDQXPGDW«GHbOHVSDUDJUDSKHVGHOD/HWWUH¢&RQVHQWLXVTXL
GDWHVRLWGHVRLWGHbHWVXUWRXWOHOLYUH;,,GX'H*HQHVLDGOLWWHUDPTXLGDWH
GH
3'HX[UHPDUTXHVPDUJLQDOHVRXSU«OLPLQDLUHV
4r -H QH PɛHPEDUUDVVH SDV GH SU«FLVLRQV FKURQRORJLTXHVb FDU MH VXLV SHUVXDG«
TXɛ$XJXVWLQDDFTXLVOɛHVVHQWLHOGHVDmbWK«RULHb}ORUVGHVDFRQYHUVLRQ¢ODOHFWXUHGH
OLYUHV Q«RSODWRQLFLHQV TXɛLO D SDUWDJ«H DYHF VHV DPLV /H GRVVLHU 1HEULGLXV GH VD
FRUUHVSRQGDQFHHVWUHPSOLHQHIIHWGHTXHVWLRQVGɛRUGUHSV\FKRORJLTXHFRQFHUQDQWOD
P«PRLUHOLPDJLQDWLRQOHVLPDJHVSKDQWDVLDHHWOHVVRQJHV
52QOLWQRWDPPHQWGDQVODOHWWUHbmb2PQHVLVWDVLPDJLQHVTXDVFXPPXOWLVSKDQWDVLDV
XRFDVLQWULDJHQHUDFRPPRGLVVLPHDFXHULVVLPHGLVWULEXLXLGHRTXRUXPHVWXQXPVHQVLV
UHEXVLPSUHVVXPDOWHUXPSXWDWLVWHUWLXPUDWLVb}(VVD\RQVGHWUDGXLUHbmb7RXWHVFHV
LPDJHVTXɛDYHFELHQGɛDXWUHVWXDSSHOOHVSKDQWDVLDHMHYRLVTXɛRQOHVU«SDUWLWGHID©RQ
WUªVFRPPRGHHWWUªVYUDLHHQWURLVFODVVHVbFHVRQWOHVJUDYXUHVGHODVHQVDWLRQGH
OɛLPDJLQDWLRQGXFDOFXOPHQWDOb}
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
100
6r-HQɛDSSUHQGUDL¢SHXSUªVULHQGDQVFHTXLVXLW¢FHX[TXLRQWOXOHVbSDJHV
ELOLQJXHVGX OLYUH;,, GX'H *HQHVLDG OLWWHUDP GDQVOH YROXPHbGH OD%LEOLRWKªTXH
$XJXVWLQLHQQH DYHF OHV VDYDQWHV QRWHV FRPSO«PHQWDLUHV Gɛ$LP« 6ROLJQDF DLQVL TXH
OɛRXYUDJH UHPDUTXDEOH GH 0DUWLQH 'XODH\ VXU OH U¬YH GDQV OD YLH HW OD SHQV«H
Gɛ$XJXVWLQ-ɛHVSªUHVHXOHPHQWUHQGUHTXHOTXHVHUYLFHDX[KLVWRULHQVGHVYLVLRQVHQ
U«VXPDQWOHVWH[WHVGDQVOHVTXHOV$XJXVWLQDSU«VHQW«OɛHQVHPEOHGHVDWK«RULHGHOD
YXHHWHQPHWWDQWHQ«YLGHQFHW\SRJUDSKLTXHVLMHSXLVGLUHOHVDUWLFXODWLRQVGHVHV
DQDO\VHVHWOHVWUDLWVFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHVGHVRQYRFDEXODLUHDXWUHPHQWGLWOHVGLIILFXOW«V
DX[TXHOOHVVHKHXUWHFRQVWDPPHQWOHWUDGXFWHXU
b
Contra Adimantum, 28
7/HGLVFLSOHGH0DQLGDQVVHVmb'LVSXWDWLRQHVb}DQDORJXHVDX[$QWLWKªVHVGH0DUFLRQ
SU«WHQGDLWVDSHUOɛDXWRULW«GHOɛ$QFLHQ7HVWDPHQWHQPRQWUDQWV\VW«PDWLTXHPHQWTXH
WHOOHDIILUPDWLRQHVWLQILUP«HSDUWHOOHDXWUHGX1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQW
8/DGHUQLªUHmbGLVSXWDWLRb}TXHGLVFXWH$XJXVWLQFRQFHUQHOɛRSSRVLWLRQGUHVV«HHQWUH
,VD±HbmbMHYLVOH6HLJQHXUDVVLVVXUXQVLªJHWUªV«OHY«b}HW,7LPbmb$X5RLGHV
VLªFOHVLQYLVLEOHKRQQHXUHWORXDQJHGDQVOHVVLªFOHVb}
9$XJXVWLQREVHUYHTXɛRQWURXYHGDQVOHVVDLQWHVFULWXUHVWURLVHVSªFHVGHYXHVb
GHV\HX[GXFRUSVVHFXQGXPRFXORVFRUSRULV$EUDKDPYLWWURLVKRPPHVVRXVOH
FK¬QHGH0DPEU«*Qb0R±VHYLWOHIHXGDQVOHEXLVVRQ([bHWOHV
GLVFLSOHVYLUHQWOH6HLJQHXUWUDQVILJXU«VXUODPRQWDJQHHQWUH0R±VHHWOLH0W
bHWDXWUHVIDLWGHFHJHQUH
GHV \HX[ GH OɛLPDJLQDWLRQ VHFXQGXP TXRG LPDJLQDPXU 3LHUUH YLW XQH QDSSH
GHVFHQGUHGXFLHODYHFGLYHUVDQLPDX[$FWHV(WFɛHVWGHFHWWHVRUWHDXVVL
TXɛHVWODYLVLRQGɛ,VD±HTXHOHVLPSLHVFULWLTXHQWVDQV\ULHQFRQQD°WUH&DULOQɛ\D
SDVGHIRUPHFRUSRUHOOHTXLFLUFRQVFULYH'LHXbPDLVGHP¬PHTXɛRQGLWELHQGHV
FKRVHVDX ILJXU«QRQ DX SURSUHGH P¬PH ELHQGHV FKRVHV VRQWPRQWU«HV DX
ILJXU«ɣSDULQWHUYHQWLRQGLYLQHGLXLQLWXV
GHV\HX[GHOɛHVSULWVHFXQGXPPHQWLVLQWXLWXPRQYRLWHQLQWHOOLJHQFHODY«ULW«HWOD
VDJHVVHɣ mb,QXLVLELOD HQLP 'HL D FRQVWLWXWLRQH PXQGL SHU HD TXDH IDFWD VXQW
LQWHOOHFWDFRQVSLFLXQWXUb}5P
10 ,OQɛ\DGHG«YRLOHPHQWSDUIDLWWXQFHVWSHUIHFWDUHXHODWLRTXHSDUFHWWHYXHGHOɛHVSULW
OɛLQWHOOLJHQFHb VDQV HOOH OHV GHX[ DXWUHV VRQW LQIUXFWXHXVHVRX P¬PH LQGXLVHQW HQ
HUUHXU
11 3DUH[HPSOH'DQLHOYR\DLWGɛHVSULWPHQWHFRPSUHQDLWFHTXHOHURL%DOWKDVDU
QHYR\DLWTXHGHFRUSVFRUSRUH
b
Ad Simplicianum, II
12 9HUV$XJXVWLQU«SRQGDLW¢XQHV«ULHGHTXHVWLRQVTXHOXLDYDLWSRV«HV6LPSOLFLDQXV
VXUSOXVLHXUVSDVVDJHVGH(S°WUHDX[5RPDLQVGɛXQHSDUWHWVXUGLYHUVHVIRUPXOHVGHV
OLYUHVGHV5RLVGɛDXWUHSDUW/DSUHPLªUHGHFHOOHVFLFRQFHUQDLWOHYHUVHW5RLVb
mb(WOɛ(VSULWGX6HLJQHXUERQGLWLQVLOXLWVXU6D¾Ob}(OOHGRQQHOLHX¢XQHGLVVHUWDWLRQ
VXUOɛHVSULWGHSURSK«WLHVSLULWXVSURSKHWLDHUHODWLYHPHQWORQJXH-HQɛHQ«YRTXHTXHOH
G«EXW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
101
13 /ɛHVSULWGX6HLJQHXUOɛ(VSULWVDLQWQɛDIIHFWHSDVWRXVOHVKRPPHVGHP¬PHPDQLªUHb
PDLV
OHVXQVSDULQIRUPDWLRQGHOHXUHVSULWSHULQIRUPDWLRQHPVSLULWXV O¢R»VRQW
PRQWU«HVOHVLPDJHVGHVFKRVHV
GɛDXWUHVSDUOHIUXLWGHOɛHVSULWTXLGRQQHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFHSHUIUXFWXPPHQWLVDG
LQWHOOHJHQWLDP
GɛDXWUHVSDUFHWWHGRXEOHLQVSLUDWLRQXWUDTXHLQVSLUDWLRQH
GɛDXWUHVP¬PH¢OHXULQVX
14 /ɛLQIRUPDWLRQGHOɛHVSULWVSLULWXVSHXWVHIDLUHGHGHX[PDQLªUHVb
VRLWSDUOHVRQJHSHUVRPQLXPQRQVHXOHPHQWFKH]OHVVDLQWVPDLVDXVVLFKH]OH
3KDUDRQHW1DEXFKRGRQRVRUFI*Qb'DQHWb
VRLW SDU SU«VHQWDWLRQ GDQV OɛH[WDVH SHU GHPRQVWUDWLRQHP LQ HFVWDVLb PRW TXH
FHUWDLQVODWLQVWUDGXLVHQWSDUSDXRU,OPɛ«WRQQHUDLWGLW$XJXVWLQTXHOHWHUPHVRLW
H[DFWPDLVLOVɛHQDSSURFKHSXLVTXɛLOVɛDJLWGHODV«SDUDWLRQGHOɛHVSULWGɛDYHFOHV
VHQVGXFRUSVPHQWLVDOLHQDWLRDVHQVLEXVFRUSRULVGHVRUWHTXHOɛHVSULWGHOɛKRPPH
DVVXP«SDUOɛHVSULWGLYLQVɛDGRQQH¢ODVDLVLHHW¢ODYXHGHVLPDJHVXWVSLULWXV
KRPLQLV GLXLQR VSLULWX DVVXPSWLV FDSLHQGLV DWTXH LQWXHQGLV LPDJLQLEXV XDFHWb SDU
H[HPSOH'DQLHOHW3LHUUH'DQb$FWHV
15 /HIUXLWGHOɛHVSULWTXLGRQQHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFH
VɛDFTXLHUWORUVTXHVRQWG«YRLO«VUHXHODWXUOHVHQVHWODU«I«UHQFHGHFHTXLHVW
SU«VHQW«HQLPDJHVbHWFɛHVWODSURSK«WLHSURSUHPHQWGLWHVXLYDQWVDLQW3DXO&R
bSDUH[HPSOHFKH]-RVHSKHW'DQLHOFI*Qb'DQb
0DLVORUVTXHOɛHVSULWPHQVHVWDIIHFW«GHWHOOHVRUWHTXɛLOYRLWOHVFKRVHVHOOHV
P¬PHVFRPPHRQFRPSUHQGODVDJHVVHODMXVWLFHHWWRXWHDXWUHIRUPHLPPXDEOH
HWGLYLQHLOQHVɛDJLWSDVGHODSURSK«WLHGRQWQRXVWUDLWRQVSU«VHQWHPHQW
16 /HGRXEOHGRQGHSURSK«WLHOXLHVWGRQQ«¢FHX[TXLYRLHQWHQHVSULWLQVSLULWXOHV
LPDJHVGHVFKRVHVHWTXLHQP¬PHWHPSV FRPSUHQQHQWOHXUVLJQLILFDWLRQTXLG
XDOHDQWLQWHOOHJXQWRXGXPRLQVVRQWLQIRUP«VGDQVODSU«VHQWDWLRQHOOHP¬PHSDUGHV
H[SOLFDWLRQVFODLUHVFRPPHGDQVOɛ$SRFDO\SVHSDUH[HPSOHɣ
b
Epistula 120
17 &RQVHQWLXVHVWXQOD±FGHV°OHV%DO«DUHVTXLVɛH[HUFH¢ODWK«RORJLH,OHVWYHQX¢+LSSRQH
SRXUVɛHQWUHWHQLUDYHF$XJXVWLQbPDLVFHOXLFLVɛHVWDEVHQW«SRXUXQHFRQYDOHVFHQFH¢OD
FDPSDJQH&RQVHQWLXVOXL«FULWSRXUOXLGHPDQGHUVHVOXPLªUHVVXUOHP\VWªUHGH/D
7ULQLW«
18 3HUVRQQHOOHPHQWLOVɛHVWGRQQ«XQSULQFLSHbSHUFHYRLUODY«ULW«GHODU«DOLW«GLYLQH
FɛHVWDIIDLUHGHIRLSOXW¶WTXHGHUDLVRQbDXWUHPHQWLOQɛ\DXUDLWTXHOHVSKLORVRSKHVHW
OHVRUDWHXUV¢SRXYRLUDFF«GHU¢ODE«DWLWXGHɣ,OGHPDQGHSRXUWDQW¢$XJXVWLQGH
EUDTXHUVXUOXLODOXPLªUHGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFHDILQTXɛLOSXLVVHYRLUDYHFOHV\HX[GHVRQ
FüXU
19 $XJXVWLQOXLREMHFWHJHQWLPHQWTXHVDUHTX¬WHFRQWUHGLWVRQSULQFLSHILG«LVWH3XLVLO
H[KRUWHVDIRL¢OɛDPRXUGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFH¢ODTXHOOHPªQHODUDLVRQYUDLHHW¢ODTXHOOHOD
IRLSU«SDUHOɛHVSULW&ɛHVWOHVHXOPR\HQGHFRPEDWWUHOHVP«IDLWVGHOɛLPDJLQDWLRQTXL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
102
PªQHQW¢OɛLGRODWULH¢ODUHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHOD7ULQLW«LQYLVLEOHLQFRUSRUHOOHLPPXDEOH
VRXVODIRUPHGHWURLVPDVVHVYLYDQWHVGLVSRV«HVF¶WH¢F¶WHRXHQWULDQJOH'ªVTXHOD
UDLVRQYUDLHFRPPHQFH ¢«EUDQOHUFHWWH FRQVWUXFWLRQGH ODSHQV«HFKDUQHOOH FHWWH
ILFWLRQYDLQHLVWDPFRJLWDWLRQLVFDUQDOLVFRPSRVLWLRQHPXDQXPTXHILJPHQWXPDXVVLW¶W
DLG«VLQW«ULHXUHPHQWHWLOOXPLQ«VSDU&HOXLTXLQHYHXWSDVFRKDELWHUHQQRWUHFüXU
DYHFFHVLGROHVTXLFXPWDOLEXVLGROLVLQFRUGHQRVWURFI(]KDELWDUHQRQXXOWQRXV
QRXVK¤WRQVGHOHVFDVVHUHWGHOHVEDOD\HUHQTXHOTXHVRUWHKRUVGHQRWUHIRLDXSRLQW
TXHQRXVQHVXSSRUWRQVSDVTXɛLO\UHVWHODPRLQGUHSRXVVLªUHGHWHOVIDQWDVPHVWDOLXP
SKDQWDVPDWXP
20 ,O\DWURLVVRUWHVGHU«DOLW«VTXLVHYRLHQWb
OHVFKRVHVFRUSRUHOOHVFRUSRUDOLDFRPPHFHFLHOHWFHWWHWHUUHHWWRXWFHTXɛHQHX[
OHVHQVFRUSRUHOYRLWHWDWWHLQWb
FHTXLUHVVHPEOHDX[FKRVHVFRUSRUHOOHVVLPLOHFRUSRULEXVFRPPHVRQWFHVFKRVHV
TXHQRXVQRXVUHSU«VHQWRQVHQHVSULWVSLULWXFRJLWDWDHWTXHQRXVLPDJLQRQVVRLW
TXHQRXVQRXVHQVRXYHQLRQVVRLWTXHOOHVQRXVVRLHQWSU«VHQW«HVHWTXHQRXVOHV
YR\LRQV FRPPH GHV FRUSV VLXH UHFRUGDWD XHO REODWD TXDVL FRUSRUD b GɛR»
SURYLHQQHQWDXVVLOHVYLVLRQVTXLVRLWGDQVOHVU¬YHVVRLWHQTXHOTXHH[WDVHGH
OɛHVSULWVHP¬OHQW¢FHVTXDOLW«VTXDVLORFDOHVb
FHTXLHVWGLII«UHQWGHVGHX[TXLQɛHVWSDVFRUSVHWTXLQɛDDXFXQHUHVVHPEODQFH
DYHFOHFRUSVFRPPHODVDJHVVHTXLHVWFRPSULVHHWYXHSDUOɛHVSULWPHQWHLQWHOOHFWD
FRQVSLFLWXUHW¢ODOXPLªUHGHODTXHOOHRQMXJHY«ULWDEOHPHQWGHWRXWFHOD
21 'DQVTXHOOHVRUWHVHWURXYHFHWWH7ULQLW«TXHQRXVYRXORQVFRQQD°WUHb"$VVXU«PHQWGDQV
OɛXQHGɛHOOHVRXGDQVDXFXQH
22 6LFɛHVWGDQVOɛXQHGɛHOOHVFɛHVWELHQV½UGDQVFHOOHTXLOɛHPSRUWHVXUOHVGHX[DXWUHV
FRPPHODVDJHVVH
23 0DLVVLOD7ULQLW«QHVH WURXYHGDQVDXFXQHGH FHVVRUWHVHWTXHOOHVRLW WHOOHPHQW
LQYLVLEOHTXHP¬PHOɛHVSULWQHODYRLWSDVLOIDXWGɛDXWDQWPRLQVOɛDVVLPLOHUDX[FRUSVRX
DX[LPDJHVGHVFRUSV(OOHHVWVXS«ULHXUH¢WRXW(OOHQɛHVWSRXUWDQWSDVWRWDOHPHQW
«WUDQJªUH ¢ QRWUH LQWHOOLJHQFH /ɛ$S¶WUH HQ HVW W«PRLQb mb,QXLVLELOLD HQLP HLXV D
FRQVWLWXWLRQHPXQGLSHUHDTXDHIDFWDVXQWLQWHOOHFWDFRQVSLFLXQWXUɣ5RPb}
b
De Genesi ad litteram, XII
24 $XJXVWLQDFRQVDFU«OHVRQ]HSUHPLHUVOLYUHV¢XQmbFRPPHQWDLUHb}GH*QHQ
VXLYDQWOɛRUGUHGXWH[WHELEOLTXHYHUVHWSDUYHUVHW/HVOLYUHV,9FRXYUHQWOHSUHPLHU
U«FLW GH OD FU«DWLRQ *Q b OHV OLYUHV 9,;,, FRXYUHQW OH GHX[LªPH U«FLW *Q
0DLVOHQRPEUHGHYHUVHWVFRPPHQW«VHVWWUªVYDULDEOHGɛXQOLYUH¢OɛDXWUHb
SDUH[HPSOHOHVOLYUHV9,9,,FRPPHQWHQWOHVHXOYHUVHW*QWDQGLVTXHOHOLYUH;,
FRPPHQWH*Q¢'DQVOHOLYUH;,,$XJXVWLQVɛDIIUDQFKLWGXWH[WHELEOLTXHSRXU
VɛRFFXSHUOLEUHPHQWGXSUREOªPHGHODORFDOLVDWLRQGXSDUDGLV
25 &HSUREOªPHVHSRVH¢SDUWLUGHFHWWHFRQILGHQFHGH3DXObmb-HFRQQDLVXQKRPPHGDQV
OH&KULVWTXLYRLFLTXDWRU]HDQVɘ«WDLWFHGDQVOHFRUSVMHQHVDLVRXKRUVGXFRUSVMH
QHVDLV'LHXOHVDLWɘIXWHPSRUW«GHFHWWHPDQLªUHMXVTXɛDXWURLVLªPHFLHO(WMHVDLVTXH
GHFHWWHPDQLªUHOɛKRPPHɘ«WDLWFHGDQVOHFRUSVRXKRUVGXFRUSVMHQHVDLVSDV'LHX
OHVDLWɘIXWHPSRUW«GDQVOHSDUDGLVHWHQWHQGLWGHVSDUROHVLQGLFLEOHVTXɛLOQɛHVWSDV
SHUPLV¢OɛKRPPHGHGLUHb}&R
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
103
26 &ɛHVWXQWH[WH«QLJPDWLTXH¢VRXKDLWSXLVTXH3DXOOXLP¬PHDYRXHVRQLJQRUDQFHHW
TXH QRXV QH VDYRQV SDV H[DFWHPHQW VXU TXRL SRUWH VRQ GRXWH $XJXVWLQ OɛDQDO\VH
VXEWLOHPHQWbSXLVLOLQWHUSHOOH3DXObmb4XHVDLVWXGRQFTXHWXGLVFHUQHVGHFHTXHWXQH
VDLVSDVb"b}8QKRPPHIXWUDYLMXVTXɛDXWURLVLªPHFLHO0DLVFHFLHO«WDLWFRUSVRXHVSULW
27 6ɛLO«WDLWFRUSVHWIXWYXGHV\HX[FRUSRUHOVSRXUTXRLVDLWRQTXHFɛHVWFHFLHOHWQHVDLW
RQSDVVɛLOIXWYXFRUSRUHOOHPHQWb"
28 (WVɛLO«WDLWHVSULWRXELHQLORIIUDLWOɛLPDJHGɛXQFRUSVbHWLOHVWDXVVLLQFHUWDLQTXHFHI½W
XQFRUSVTXɛLOHVWLQFHUWDLQTXɛLOO½WYXFRUSRUHOOHPHQWbRXELHQLOIXWYXFRPPHOɛHVSULW
YRLWODVDJHVVHVDQVDXFXQHLPDJHFRUSRUHOOHbHWLOHVWDEVROXPHQWFHUWDLQTXɛLOQɛDSX
¬WUHYXSDUOHFRUSV
29 (QG«ILQLWLYHFHTXH3DXOLJQRUDLWFɛ«WDLWVLTXDQGLOIXWHQOHY«UDSWXVDXWURLVLªPH
FLHO
RXLO«WDLWGDQVOHFRUSVFRPPHOɛ¤PHHVWGDQVOHFRUSVORUVTXɛRQGLWTXHOHFRUSV
YLWVRLW¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHVRLWGDQVOHVRPPHLOVRLWGDQVOɛH[WDVHOɛ¤PH«WDQWDORUV
V«SDU«HGHVVHQVGXFRUSVVLXHLQHFVWDVLDVHQVLEXVFRUSRULVDOLHQDWDb
RXELHQLO«WDLWWRXW¢IDLWVRUWLGXFRUSVGHVRUWHTXHOHFRUSVJLVDLWPRUWMXVTXɛ¢
FHTXHFHWWHYLVLRQDFKHY«HSHUDFWDLOODGHPRQVWUDWLRQHOɛ¤PHVRLWUHQGXHDX[
PHPEUHVPRUWVQRQSDVTXɛLOVHVRLW«YHLOO«FRPPHXQGRUPHXURXTXɛLOVRLW
UHWRXUQ«GDQVVHVVHQVDSUªV\DYRLU«W««WUDQJHUGDQVOɛH[WDVHPDLVTXHWRXW¢
IDLWPRUWLODLWUHY«FX
30 3DUFRQV«TXHQWFHTXH3DXOYLWHPSRUW«GDQVOHWURLVLªPHFLHOFHTXɛLODIILUPHVDYRLU
FɛHVWTXɛLOOHYLWHQU«DOLW«HWQRQHQLPDJHSURSULHXLGLWQRQLPDJLQDOLWHU2UFHTXHOɛRQ
YRLWQRQSDVHQLPDJHPDLVHQU«DOLW«HWTXLQɛHVWSDVYXSDUOHFRUSVHVWYXGHFHWWH
YXHTXLVXUSDVVHOHVDXWUHV
31 $XJXVWLQHVWLPHGRQFGHYRLUVHOLYUHU¢XQHORQJXHGLVVHUWDWLRQVXUOHVWURLVVRUWHVGH
YXHVGRQWOɛKRPPHGLVSRVH
32 3UHQRQVOHSU«FHSWHbmb7XDLPHUDVWRQSURFKDLQFRPPHWRLP¬PHb}0W/HV\HX[
GXFRUSVOLVHQWOHWH[WHbOɛHVSULWGHOɛKRPPHVHUHSU«VHQWHOHSURFKDLQP¬PHDEVHQWbOH
UHJDUGGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFHYRLWOɛDPRXUOXLP¬PHi3RXUQHSDVSHUGUHQRWUHWHPSV
HQFLUFRQORFXWLRQVLQFHVVDQWHVLOFRQYLHQWGHG«QRPPHUFHVWURLVVRUWHVGHYXHVb
33 mb7ULDJHQHUDXLVLRQXPɣ
34 mb3ULPXPHUJRDSSHOOHPXVFRUSRUDOHTXLDSHUFRUSXVSHUFLSLWXUHWFRUSRULVVHQVLEXV
H[KLEHWXUbVHFXQGXPVSLULWDOHbTXLGTXLGHQLPFRUSXVQRQHVWHWWDPHQDOLTXLGHVWLDP
UHFWHVSLULWXVGLFLWXUbHWXWLTXHQRQHVWFRUSXVTXDPXLVFRUSRULVLPLOLVVLWLPDJR
DEVHQWLV FRUSRULV QHF LOOH LSVH REWXWXV TXR FHUQLWXUb WHUWLXP XHUR LQWHOOHFWXHOOH DE
LQWHOOHFWX TXLD PHQWDOH D PHQWH LSVD XRFDEXOL QRXLWDWH QLPLV DEVXUGXP HVW XW
GLFDPXVb}$XJXVWLQVHUHIXVH¢XQQ«RORJLVPHLQWHPSHVWLIb
35 -ɛDLGLWTXHODWKªVHGɛ$XJXVWLQHVWGɛXQHVLPSOLFLW«ELEOLTXHbVDGRFWULQHHVWELEOLTXH
SDUFHTXHOOHFRQFHUQHGHVIDLWVUDSSRUW«VSDUOHVFULWXUHVHWSDUFHTXHVDU«IOH[LRQHVW
IRQG«HVXUGHVWHVWLPRQLDELEOLTXHV
36 &HTXLH[LVWHHWQɛHVWSDVFRUSVHVWHVSULWFɛHVWFODLU0DLVODYLHGHOɛHVSULWHVWFRPSOH[H
HWODSDOHWWHGH VSLULWXVHWVSLULWDOH GDQVOHV(FULWXUHV HVW«WHQGXHmb6SLULWDOH DXWHP
SOXULEXVPRGLVGLFLWXUb}ib
OHFRUSVUHVVXVFLW«HVWVSLULWXHOVHORQOɛ$S¶WUHVXUJHWFRUSXVVSLULWDOH&Rb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
104
OɛDLUOHVRXIIOHOHYHQWVRQWVSLULWXVVSLULWXVWHPSHVWDWLV3Vb
Oɛ¤PHGHOɛDQLPDORXGHOɛKRPPHHVWHVSULWVSLULWXVILOLRUXPKRPLQLVVSLULWXVSHFRULV
(FFO«VLDVWHb
ODPHQVUDWLRQDOLVR»LO\DFRPPHXQüLOGHOɛ¤PHHVWDXVVLVSLULWXVDXW«PRLJQDJH
GHOɛ$S¶WUHbmb5HQRXDPLQLVSLULWXPHQWLVXHVWUDHb}(SKbUHGRXWDEOHIRUPXOH
SRXUOHWUDGXFWHXUb
'LHXOXLP¬PHHVWDSSHO«HVSULWVSLULWXVHVW'HXV-Q
/DGLVWLQFWLRQGXVSLULWXVHWGHODPHQVQHVHWURXYHGDQVDXFXQGHFHVWH[WHVbPDLV
ELHQGDQVOHFKDSLWUHGHOD3UHPLHUHDX[&RULQWKLHQVbmb6LHQLPRUDXHUROLQJXD
VSLULWXVPHXVRUDWbPHQVDXWHPPHDLQIUXFWXRVDHVW&Rmb2UDERVSLULWX
RUDER DXWHP HW PHQWH &R /D OLQJXD G«VLJQH LFL OHV LQGLFDWLRQV
VLJQLILFDWLRQHVTXLVRQWFRPPHOHVLPDJHVGHVFKRVHVHWOHXUVUHVVHPEODQFHVTXL
SRXU¬WUHFRPSULVHVRQWEHVRLQGXUHJDUGGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFHPHQWLVREWXWXP3DXO
GLWHQFRUHHQWUHDXWUHVbmb6LMHYHQDLV¢YRXVSDUODQWHQODQJXHVHQTXRLYRXV
VHUDLWFHXWLOHVLMHQHYRXVSDUOHSDVHQG«YRLOHPHQWRXHQUHFRQQDLVVDQFHRXHQ
SURSK«WLHRXHQHQVHLJQHPHQWQLVLORTXDUXRELVLQUHXHODWLRQHDXWLQDJQLWLRQHDXW
LQSURSKHWLDDXWLQGRFWULQDb}&R&HTXLYHXWGLUHTXɛLOQɛ\DGHY«ULWDEOH
SURSK«WLHTXHSDU LQWHUYHQWLRQGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFH &HOXLTXL LQWHUSUªWHFHTXɛXQ
DXWUHDYXHVWSOXVSURSKªWHTXHFHOXLTXLDVHXOHPHQWYXbH[HPSOHVb-RVHSKHWOH
3KDUDRQ*Q'DQLHOHW1DEXFKRGRQRVRU'DQHW
37 9RLO¢OHVWURLVVRUWHVGHFKRVHVYXHVXLVDbLOIDXWOHVFRQVLG«UHUXQH¢XQHDILQGH
PRQWHUGHEDVHQKDXWXWDELQIHULRULEXVUDWLRDGVXSHULRUDFRQVFHQGDW/DIRUPXOHSHXW
SDUD°WUHEDQDOHbHOOHQHOɛHVWSDVFDUHOOHVLJQDOHXQHP«WKRGHGHU«IOH[LRQFRQVWDQWH
FKH]$XJXVWLQ,OUHSUHQGGRQFOHSU«FHSWHbmb7XDLPHUDVWRQSURFKDLQFRPPHWRL
P¬PHb}SRXUH[SOLTXHUTXɛLO\DXQHKL«UDUFKLHGHVWURLVYXHVXQU«VHDXGHUHODWLRQV
HQWUHHOOHVGHG«SHQGDQFHYHUVOHKDXWGHSU«VLGHQFHHWGHMXGLFDWXUHYHUVOHEDV
([HPSOHVbODYLVLRQFRUSRUHOOHGH%DOWKD]DULQWHUSU«W«HHQFRUHSDU'DQLHObOD
YLVLRQVSLULWXHOOHGH3LHUUHTXɛLOFRPSULWVHXOHPHQW¢OɛDUULY«HGHVHQYR\«VGXFHQWXULRQ
&RUQHLOOH$FWHV
38 0DLVLOIDXWGLVWLQJXHUGLYHUVHVVLWXDWLRQV
Oɛ«WDW GH YHLOOH ORUVTXH QRXV VRPPHV GDQV OD YXH FRUSRUHOOH HW TXH QRWUH
LQWHOOLJHQFHQɛHVWSDVV«SDU«HGHVVHQVGXFRUSVQHTXHPHQWHDVHQVLEXVFRUSRULV
DOLHQDWD QRXV HQ GLVWLQJXRQV OD YXH VSLULWXHOOH SDU ODTXHOOH QRXV QRXV
UHSU«VHQWRQVOHVFRUSVDEVHQWVHQLPDJLWDWLRQLPDJLQDOLWHUVRLWFHX[TXHQRXV
FRQQDLVVRQVHQ QRXVOHV UDSSHODQWSDU ODP«PRLUH VRLW FHX[TXH QRXV QH
FRQQDLVVRQV SDV PDLV TXL H[LVWHQW HQ OHV IRUPDQW GH TXHOTXH ID©RQ SDU OD
UHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHOɛHVSULWLQLSVDVSLULWXVFRJLWDWLRQHXWFXPTXHIRUPDQWHVVRLW
FHX[TXLQɛH[LVWHQWDEVROXPHQWQXOOHSDUWHQOHVLPDJLQDQW¢QRWUHJU«RXSDU
VXSSXWDWLRQSURDUELWULRXHORSLQDWLRQHILQJHQWHV
'DQVXQ«WDWGHWURXEOHFDXV«SDUXQH[FªVGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQPHQWDOHQLPLD
FRJLWDWLRQLVLQWHQWLRQHRXVRXVOɛHIIHWGɛXQHPDODGLHFRPPHODILªYUHFKH]OHV
IU«Q«WLTXHVRXSDUOɛLQWHUYHQWLRQFRPPL[WLRQHGɛXQDXWUHHVSULWPDXYDLVRX
ERQLO\DFRQIXVLRQGHVFRUSVHWGHVLPDJHVGHVFRUSV
4XDQGOɛDWWHQWLRQGHOɛ¤PHHVWFRPSOªWHPHQWG«WRXUQ«HVRXVWUDLWHDX[VHQVGX
FRUSV DXHUWLWXU DWTXH DEULSLWXU DQLPL LQWHQWLR D VHQVLEXV FRUSRULV RQ SDUOH
KDELWXHOOHPHQWGɛH[WDVHbDORUVP¬PHOHV\HX[RXYHUWVRQQHYRLWDXFXQGHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
105
FRUSVTXLVRQWSU«VHQWVRQQɛHQWHQGSOXVGXWRXWDXFXQHYRL[bWRXWOHUHJDUGGH
Oɛ¤PHWRWXVDQLPLFRQWXLWXVVɛH[HUFHRXVXUOHVLPDJHVGHVFRUSVSDUODYXH
VSLULWXHOOHRXVXUOHVFKRVHVLQFRUSRUHOOHVVDQVUHSU«VHQWDWLRQLPDJ«HGHFRUSV
QXOODFRUSRULVLPDJLQHILJXUDWLVSDUODYXHLQWHOOHFWXHOOH
39 0DLVORUVTXHOɛ¤PHWRWDOHPHQWV«SDU«HGHVVHQVGXFRUSVHVWRFFXS«HSDUOHVLPDJHV
GHVFRUSVVRLWGDQVOHVU¬YHVVRLWGDQVOɛH[WDVHVLFHVLPDJHVQɛRQWSDVGHVLJQLILFDWLRQ
FHVRQWGHVLPDJLQDWLRQVLPDJLQDWLRQHVDQDORJXHV¢FHOOHVTXHOɛRQEUDVVH¢Oɛ«WDWGH
YHLOOH SDU OD UHSU«VHQWDWLRQ FRJLWDWLRQH XHUVDQW 6L HOOHV RQW XQH VLJQLILFDWLRQ HQ
UHYDQFKHFɛHVWXQSK«QRPªQH«WRQQDQWTXLSHXWVɛH[SOLTXHUSDUOɛLQWHUYHQWLRQGɛXQ
DXWUHHVSULW TXLSHXWPRQWUHURVWHQGDW FHTXɛLO VDLW¢ FHOXLDXTXHO LOVH P¬OH FXL
PLVFHWXU
40 $XJXVWLQUHYLHQGUDVXUFHWWHGLVWLQFWLRQHQGLVDQWbmb6LOɛ¤PHID©RQQHHOOHP¬PHFHV
LPDJHVFHQHVRQWTXHGHVSKDQWDVLDHbVLHOOHYRLWFHOOHVTXLOXLVRQWSU«VHQW«HVFHVRQW
GHVRVWHQVLRQHVb}&HODSRVHELHQGHVTXHVWLRQVbPDLVXQHFKRVHHVWV½UHbFɛHVWTXHOHV
LPDJHVFRUSRUHOOHVYXHVHQHVSULWVRLWGDQVODYHLOOHVRLWGDQVOHVRPPHLOVRLWGDQVOD
PDODGLH QH VRQW SDV WRXMRXUV GHV VLJQHV GɛDXWUHV FKRVHVb HQ UHYDQFKH LO VHUDLW
«WRQQDQWTXɛLOSXLVVH\DYRLUH[WDVHVDQVTXHFHVUHVVHPEODQFHVGHFKRVHVFRUSRUHOOHV
QɛDLHQWTXHOTXHVLJQLILFDWLRQ
41 &HUWDLQVSU«WHQGHQW TXH Oɛ¤PH KXPDLQH D HQ HOOHP¬PHXQ SRXYRLU GH GLYLQDWLRQ
$XJXVWLQQHOHFURLWSDVbFDUSRXUTXRLQHSRXUUDLWHOOHSDVOɛH[HUFHUWRXMRXUVDORUV
TXHOOHOHYHXWWRXMRXUVb"(VWFHSDUFHTXHOOHQɛHVWSDVWRXMRXUVDLG«HSRXUOHSRXYRLUb"
(WORUVTXɛHOOHHVWDLG«HHVWFHSDUSHUVRQQHRXSDUOHFRUSVQXPTXLGDQXOOHDXWD
FRUSRUHb"1RQbLOUHVWHGRQFTXHOOHHVWDLG«HSDUXQHVSULWɣ
42 6HORQ$6ROLJQDF$XJXVWLQVHODQFHDORUVGDQVmbXQHORQJXHGLJUHVVLRQVXUOHVYLVLRQV
GLYLQDWRLUHVOHXUVFDXVHVHWOHXUYDOHXUbHWLOHVWIRUWSRVVLEOHTXHFHViDLHQW
IDLWOɛREMHWGɛXQDMRXW¢ODSUHPLªUHU«GDFWLRQb}$MRXWSHXW¬WUHPDLVFɛHVWGRXWHX[
'LJUHVVLRQSHXW¬WUHPDLVTXLG«ERUGHODUJHPHQWODGLYLQDWLRQSXLVTXɛHOOHWUDLWHGHV
GLYHUVHVDFWLYLW«VGXVSLULWXVFRPPHHQW«PRLJQHOHU«VXP«GXiTXLG«WDLOOHHQ
SRLQWVVLXHHQODWLQOHVGLYHUVHVDFWLYLW«VGXVSLULWXV-HOHVUHJURXSHPDODGURLWHPHQWb
¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHbODIRUPDWLRQGHVLPDJHVOɛLPDJLQDWLRQUHSURGXFWULFHHWFU«DWULFH
GDQV OH VRPPHLO OHV U¬YHV QRUPDX[ HW SDWKRORJLTXHV OHV U¬YHV LQVSLU«V OHV
RVWHQVLRQHVGLVRQVOHVbSDULQWHUYHQWLRQGɛXQHVSULWPDXYDLVRXERQɣ
43 &HTXL HVW IUDSSDQW FɛHVW TXɛ$XJXVWLQ VɛDSSOLTXH ¢ U«IO«FKLU VXU OH P«FDQLVPH GHV
U¬YHVHWGHVYLVLRQVGDQVOHFDGUHGHVDWK«RULHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHbVDQVGRJPDWLVPHb
LOPXOWLSOLHOHVSRLQWVGɛLQWHUURJDWLRQHQU«SRQVHDX[TXHOVLOQHIDXWULHQDIILUPHU¢OD
O«JªUHb FH VRQW O¢ FKRVHV GLIILFLOHV ¢ WURXYHU HW ¢ H[SOLTXHUb LO G«FODUH TXH VL
TXHOTXɛXQSHXWG«SLVWHUOHVFDXVHVHWOHVPRGHVGHFHVYLVLRQVHWGLYLQDWLRQVLVWDUXP
XLVLRQXPHWGLXLQDWLRQXPFDXVDVHWPRGHVXHVWLJDUHHWOHVVDLVLUDYHFFHUWLWXGHLOYRXGUDLW
Oɛ«FRXWHUSOXW¶WTXɛRQQɛDWWHQGHGHOXLTXɛLOHQGLVVHUWHbFHTXɛLOIDLWHQKRPPHTXL
GLVFXWHHWTXLFKHUFKHSOXW¶WTXɛLOQHVDLWbLOQɛK«VLWHSDV¢DYRXHUVRQLJQRUDQFH
44 3RXUQHSDVDOORQJHUG«PHVXU«PHQWFHWH[SRV«MHUHQRQFH¢HQWUHUGDQVOHG«WDLOGH
FHWWHmbGLVVHUWDWLRQb}bMHQɛHQVXLVSDVI¤FK«FDUFHVSDJHVVRQWGɛXQHFRPSOH[LW«HW
GɛXQHGHQVLW«TXLG«ILHQWOHU«VXP«bHOOHVP«ULWHQWGɛ¬WUHOXHVDWWHQWLYHPHQWSDUWRXV
FHX[TXLVɛLQW«UHVVHQWDX[U¬YHVHWDX[YLVLRQV
45 $X[iVV$XJXVWLQUHYLHQWVXUODKL«UDUFKLHGHVWURLVYXHVSRXUH[SOLTXHUFRPPHQW
ODYXHVSLULWXHOOHHVWVXMHWWH¢OɛHUUHXUWDQGLVTXHODYXHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHQHOɛHVWSDV(Q
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
106
HIIHW RX ELHQ Oɛ¤PH FRPSUHQG HW FɛHVW YUDL RX ELHQ VL FH QɛHVW SDV YUDL HOOH QH
FRPSUHQGSDV$XWUHFKRVHHVWGɛHUUHUVXUFHTXɛRQYRLWDXWUHFKRVHGɛHUUHUSDUFH
TXɛRQQHYRLWSDV
46 6LOɛ¤PHHVWHQOHY«HQRQVHXOHPHQWKRUVGHVVHQVGXFRUSVPDLVDXVVLKRUVGHVLPDJHV
TXHYRLWOɛHVSULWVLHOOHHVWHPSRUW«HMXVTXHGDQVFHWWHU«JLRQGHVU«DOLW«VLQWHOOHFWXHOOHV
RXLQWHOOLJLEOHVHOOHYRLWODY«ULW«OLPSLGHSHUVSLFXDXHULWDVFHUQLWXU&ɛHVWODU«JLRQGHOD
E«DWLWXGH/¢RQYRLWODFODUW«GX6HLJQHXUFODULWDV'RPLQLQRQSDUXQHYXHVLJQLILDQWH
FRUSRUHOOHFRPPHFHOOHGH0R±VHDX6LQD±RXVSLULWXHOOHFRPPHFHOOHGɛ,VD±HPDLVHQ
IDFH QRQ SDU GHV «QLJPHV VHG SHU VSHFLHP QRQ SHU DHQLJPDWD SRXU DXWDQW TXH
OɛLQWHOOLJHQFHKXPDLQHSHXWODVDLVLUVHORQODJU¤FHGH'LHXTXLOɛDVVXPHSRXUSDUOHU
ERXFKH¢ERXFKHRVDGRV¢FHOXLTXɛLODXUDUHQGXGLJQHGɛXQWHOGLDORJXHbQRQ¢OD
ERXFKHGXFRUSVPDLVGHOɛ¤PHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHQRQRVFRUSRULVVHGPHQWLV
47 0R±VHDYXHWHQWHQGX'LHX¢SOXVLHXUVUHSULVHVHWGHGLYHUVHVID©RQVbGDQVOHEXLVVRQ
DUGHQW([ORUVGHOɛ$OOLDQFHDX6LQD±([SXLVHQFRUHVXUODPRQWDJQH
([$XJXVWLQDORQJXHPHQWWUDLW«GHFHVWH[WHVGDQVOHOLYUH,,GX'H7ULQLWDWH
&H VRQW GHV WK«RSKDQLHV 9LVLRQHVɣ 'HXP RVWHQGHQWHV TXL VH VRQW SURGXLWHV SDU
OɛLQWHUP«GLDLUHGɛXQHFU«DWXUHVRXPLVH¢'LHX0DLVLO\DHQRXWUHXQHSDJHGXOLYUH
GHV1RPEUHVTXLW«PRLJQHTXH0R±VHDE«Q«ILFL«DXVVLGHODYXHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHGH'LHX
6HORQFHU«FLW'LHXUªJOHOHGLII«UHQGTXLRSSRVH$DURQHW0DULH¢OHXUIUªUH0R±VHbHWLO
OHXUGLWHQWUHDXWUHVbmb6LYRXVDYH]XQSURSKªWHPRLOH6HLJQHXUMHPHIHUDLFRQQD°WUH
¢OXLHQYLVLRQLQXLVLRQHHWMHOXLSDUOHUDLHQVRQJHLQVRPQR,OQɛHQHVWSDVDLQVLSRXU
0R±VHbMHOXLSDUOHUDLERXFKH¢ERXFKHHQIDFHHWQRQSDU«QLJPHVRVDGRVORTXDUDG
LOLXPLQVSHFLHHWQRQSHUDHQLJPDWDHWLODYXODFODUW«GX6HLJQHXUb}1E&HODQHVH
SHXWHQFHWWHYLH¢PRLQVTXɛRQQHPHXUWGHTXHOTXHID©RQ¢FHWWHYLHVRLWHQVRUWDQW
FRPSOªWHPHQWGXFRUSVVRLWHQ«WDQWWHOOHPHQWG«WRXUQ«HWV«SDU«GHVVHQVFKDUQHOV
TXɛRQQHVDFKHSDVMXVWHPHQWFRPPHOHGLWOɛ$S¶WUHVLOɛRQHVWGDQVOHFRUSVRXKRUVGX
FRUSVORUVTXHOɛRQHVWVDLVLHWVRXOHY«YHUVFHWWHYLVLRQ
48 /ɛH[S«ULHQFHTXH3DXODIDLWHORUVGHVRQWUDQVSRUWDXWURLVLªPHFLHOGRLW¬WUHGHFHW
RUGUHbFDUSRXUTXRLQHSDVFURLUHTXH'LHXDLWYRXOXPRQWUHU¢FHJUDQGDS¶WUHDX
GRFWHXUGHVQDWLRQVHQOHY«MXVTXɛ¢FHWWHYXHH[FHOOHQWHHQWUHWRXWHVODYLHHQODTXHOOH
DSUªVFHWWHYLHFLRQYLYUD«WHUQHOOHPHQWb"
49 0R±VHHW3DXORQWGRQFE«Q«ILFL«GɛXQHmbYLVLRQE«DWLILTXHb}PRPHQWDQ«H6RQWLOVOHV
VHXOVb"2QOHGLW$6ROLJQDF«FULW¢FHVXMHWbmb&RPPHORQWIRUWELHQQRW«Μ(.RUJHU
HW+8 YRQ%DOWKDVDUɣ OɛLG«HTXHVH IDLW$XJXVWLQ GHODYLVLRQ GH'LHX HVWWRXWH
GLII«UHQWH GH FHOOH GH 0D°WUH (FNDUWb OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GH 'LHX QɛD MDPDLV SRXU ILQ
OɛLOOXPLQDWLRQGɛXQH¤PHLQGLYLGXHOOHPDLVXQHIRQFWLRQFKDULVPDWLTXH DXVHUYLFHGX
SHXSOHGH'LHXbFɛHVWSRXUTXRLGɛDSUªV$XJXVWLQOHVVHXOVE«Q«ILFLDLUHVGɛXQHYLVLRQ
SO«QLªUH GH 'LHX GDQV XQ «WDW GɛH[WDVH SDUIDLWH RQW «W« 0R±VH OH SURSKªWH GH
OɛDQFLHQQH $OOLDQFH HW 3DXO OɛDS¶WUH GH OD 1RXYHOOHɣ 0( .RUJHU UDSSHOOH OD
FRQWURYHUVHDXVXMHWGHODWK«RULHGX30DU«FKDOVXLYDQWODTXHOOH$XJXVWLQDXUDLW
DGPLVXQHSRVVLELOLW«GHYRLUOɛHVVHQFHGLYLQHLQVWDWXYLDHɣLOSHQVHDYHFUDLVRQTXHOD
WKªVHGH0DU«FKDOHVWYDODEOHGDQVOHFDVGH0R±VHHWGHVDLQW3DXOb},OIDXWWRXWHIRLV
SU«FLVHUTXɛ$XJXVWLQQHWUDLWHTXHGHFHVGHX[FDVHWQRQSDVGHODmbP\VWLTXHb}HQ
J«Q«UDObRQQHVDLWWURSFHTXɛLOHQSHQVDLW'LHXOHVDLWFRPPHGLVDLW3DXO
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
107
Notes complémentaires
50 -HWHUPLQHSDUTXHOTXHVREVHUYDWLRQVTXLQHVRQWSDVGHVFRQFOXVLRQVPDLVSHXW¬WUH
GHVLQFLWDWLRQV¢OLUHHW¢UHOLUHFHVSDJHVH[WUDRUGLQDLUHVbMHQHYHX[SDVGLUHJ«QLDOHV
PDLV VHXOHPHQW TXHOOHV VRQW VDQV «TXLYDOHQW FRQQX GDQV OɛKLVWRLUH DQFLHQQH GH OD
SV\FKRORJLH
b
Les dicultés du vocabulaire
51 /HVSDUHQWKªVHVGRQWMɛDLWUXII«PHVSDUDSKUDVHVDXURQWSUREDEOHPHQWDJDF«FHUWDLQV
OHFWHXUV0DLVMHOHVSULHGHELHQYRXORLUHQWUHWHQLUTXHOTXHVHQWLPHQWGHFRPSDVVLRQ¢
Oɛ«JDUGGHVWUDGXFWHXUV TXLVRXIIUHQW FRQVWDPPHQWGHOɛLQGLJHQFH GHQRWUH ODQJXH
6HORQ (WLHQQH *LOVRQ mbOD WHUPLQRORJLH Gɛ$XJXVWLQ LFL FRPPH DLOOHXUV HVW DVVH]
IORWWDQWHb}&ɛHVWDXVVLOɛDYLV Gɛ+HQUL,U«Q«H0DUURXTXL DMRXWHbmb,OQɛD SDVVXVH
IRUJHUXQHODQJXHWHFKQLTXHLOQɛ\DSDVXQHWHUPLQRORJLHDXJXVWLQLHQQHFRPPHLO\HQ
DXQHFKH]$ULVWRWHVDLQW7KRPDVRX.DQWb}0DLVDXVVLɘIDXWLOOHUDSSHOHUb"ɘLOQH
IRQFWLRQQDLWSDV GDQV XQHVDOOH GHFRXUVb (WDX YXGHV WH[WHVTXH MɛDLU«VXP«V HW
SDUDSKUDV«VLO«WDLWSDUIDLWHPHQWFDSDEOHGHV«ULHUOHVVHQVGɛXQPRWHWGHG«ILQLUOHV
WHUPHVTXDQGLOHQ«WDLWEHVRLQ
52 /HVSURF«G«V&'URPLTXHVDFWXHOVSHUPHWWUDLHQWGHUDVVHPEOHUIDFLOHPHQWOHVGRQQ«HV
GXYRFDEXODLUHSV\FKRORJLTXHGɛ$XJXVWLQ&HVHUDLWSHXW¬WUHPDWLªUH¢XQHJUDQGH
WKªVHGRQWOHVWUDGXFWHXUVWLUHUDLHQWJUDQGE«Q«ILFH/ɛRXYUDJHGH0'XODH\DERQGHHQ
SU«FLHX[ G«WDLOV GɛRUGUH WHUPLQRORJLTXHb VRQ LQGH[ OH[LFRJUDSKLTXH FRPSWH XQH
VRL[DQWDLQHGHWHUPHVbLOIDXW\DMRXWHUQRWDPPHQWDOLHQDWLRHFVWDVLVH[FHVVXVPHQWLV
53 /DOLHQDWLRHVWmbDQHVWUDQJHPHQWRIWKHPLQGIURPWKHERGLO\VHQVHVb}'RPPDJHTXH
QRXVQHGLVSRVLRQVSDVRXSOXVHQIUDQ©DLVGXVXEVWDQWLImb«WUDQJHPHQWb}b/ɛHFVWDVLVHVW
XQH[FHVVXVPHQWLVXQWUDQVSRUWXQWUDQVIHUWRXXQG«SODFHPHQWGHOɛHVSULWTXLVH
SURGXLWVRLWVRXVOɛHIIHWGXSDXRUGXVDLVLVVHPHQWGHOɛHIIURLVRLWVRXVOɛHIIHWGɛXQH
UHXHODWLRGɛXQG«YRLOHPHQWSDUV«SDUDWLRQGHOɛHVSULWGHVVHQVGXFRUSVSHUDOLTXDP
UHXHODWLRQHPDOLHQDWLRQHPHQWLVDVHQVLEXVFRUSRULV
b
La primauté de la vue
54 /DOXPLªUHHVWFHTXɛLO\DGHSOXVVXEWLOGDQVOHFRUSVHWSDUO¢GHSOXVYRLVLQGHOɛ¤PH
'DQVOHFRUSVODOXPLªUHVHGLIIXVHGɛDERUGVHXOHSDUOHV\HX[HWMDLOOLWGDQVOHVUD\RQV
YLVXHOVSRXUYRLUOHVREMHWVYLVLEOHVbSXLVHOOHVHP¬OH¢OɛDLUSXU¢OɛDLUQ«EXOHX[¢
Oɛ«O«PHQWKXPLGH¢Oɛ«SDLVVHXUGHODWHUUHHWJ«QªUHDLQVLOHVFLQTVHQV
55 2QOLWGDQVOHU«FLWGHODWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±([bmb(WWRXWOHSHXSOHYR\DLWODYRL[
HWOHVOXHXUVHWODYRL[GHODWURPSHHWODPRQWDJQHIXPDQWHb}$XJXVWLQH[SOLTXHFHOD
HQGLVDQWTXɛLOHVWFRXUDQWGHGLUHmbYRLUb}SRXUOHVHQVHQJ«Q«UDOQRQVHXOHPHQWGX
FRUSVPDLVDXVVLGHOɛ¤PHbSDUH[HPSOHGDQVFHWWHIRUPXOHbmb4XDQG-DFREYLWTXɛLO\
DYDLWGHODQRXUULWXUHHQJ\SWHb}*QDORUVTXɛLOHQ«WDLWDEVHQW0DLVFHUWDLQVRQW
HVWLP«TXHmbYRLUODYRL[b}QɛHVWULHQGɛDXWUHTXHFRPSUHQGUHFHTXLHVWODYXHGH
OɛHVSULWRXGHOɛLQWHOOLJHQFHXLVXVPHQWLV2QGLWFRXUDPPHQWbmbYRLVFHTXLU«VRQQHb}b
RQQHGLWSDVbmb«FRXWHFHTXLEULOOHb}'HP¬PHOɛH[SUHVVLRQMRKDQQLTXH-QGH
mbFRQYRLWLVHGHV\HX[b}VɛDSSOLTXH¢OɛHQVHPEOHGHVH[S«ULHQFHVVHQVRULHOOHV2QGLWQRQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
108
VHXOHPHQWbYRLVFHWWHOXPLªUHbPDLVDXVVLbYRLVREVHUYHFHVRQFHWWHVHQWHXUFHJR½W
FHWWHFRQVLVWDQFH
56 $XJXVWLQDSHXW¬WUHE«Q«ILFL«GɛXQHmbYLVLRQDXGLWLYHb}ORUVGHODIDPHXVHVFªQHGX
MDUGLQGH0LODQTXDQGLOHQWHQGLWOHmb7RLOHOHJHb}SURYHQDQWGHODPDLVRQYRLVLQHRX
VHORQODYDULDQWHTXHSU«I«UDLW3&RXUFHOOHGHODPDLVRQGLYLQH
b
Le désordre visuel
57 /HVWURLVYXHVVRQWKL«UDUFKLV«HVbODPHQVSU«VLGHQRUPDOHPHQWDXVSLULWXVTXLSU«VLGH
DX VHQVXV mb/ɛLQIDLOOLELOLW« GH OD YLVLRQ LQWHOOHFWXHOOH HVW OD UDLVRQ GH VD IRQFWLRQ
MXGLFDWULFHSDUUDSSRUWDX[DXWUHVJHQUHVGHYLVLRQbFɛHVWGRQF¢VRQQLYHDXTXHVHIDLW
OHGLVFHUQHPHQWGHVHVSULWVb}
58 0DLVLO\DDXVVLODSHUWXUEDWLRQGHOɛRUGUHTXɛ$XJXVWLQFRQQD°WELHQSRXUHQDYRLU
ORQJXHPHQWVRXIIHUWDYDQWVDFRQYHUVLRQbOɛHQFRPEUHPHQWGHOɛHVSULWSDUOHVSURGXLWV
G«ULY«V GH OɛLPDJLQDWLRQ OHV SKDQWDVPDWD /D SKDQWDVLD HVW OɛLPDJH TXH OD P«PRLUH
UHWLHQW¢ODVXLWHGHODSHUFHSWLRQVHQVLEOHbOHSKDQWDVPDHVWXQHmbLPDJHGɛLPDJHb}mb-H
PHUHSU«VHQWHFRJLWRHQHIIHWGHPDQLªUHGLII«UHQWHPRQSªUHTXHMɛDLVRXYHQWYXHW
PRQJUDQGSªUHTXHMHQɛDLMDPDLVYXbGDQVOHSUHPLHUFDVLOVɛDJLWGɛXQHSKDQWDVLDb
GDQVOHVHFRQGSKDQWDVPDb}&HOXLFLHVWOHSURGXLWGHOɛmbLPDJLQDWLRQFU«DWLYHb}GDQVOH
U¶OHGHODIROOHGXORJLVFHOOHTXLSHUPHWGHVXSHUSRVHU¢ODYUDLH&DUWKDJHXQH&DUWKDJH
LPDJLQDLUHFHOOHTXLIDLVDLWYDJDERQGHUSLFXUH¢WUDYHUVGHVPRQGHVLQQRPEUDEOHV
FHOOHGɛR»SURYLHQWOHP\WKHPDQLFK«HQ mbFHWWHWHUUHGHOXPLªUHU«SDQGXH HQGHV
HVSDFHVLQILQLVHWOHVFLQTDQWUHVGHODQDWLRQGHVW«QªEUHVDYHFVHVKDELWDQWVbLQTXLEXV
0DQLFKDHLSKDQWDVPDWDXHULWDELVVLELQRPHQDXVDVXQWXVXUSDUHb}&ɛHVWODVLWXDWLRQGH
ODQLPDOLVKRPRFI&RmbTXLQHSHXWVHUHSU«VHQWHUTXHPDVVHVHW«WHQGXHV
SHWLWHVRXJUDQGHV¢FDXVHGHVSKDQWDVPDWDTXLYROªUHQWGDQVVRQHVSULWb}&ɛHVWDXVVL
OHFDVGHVSKLORVRSKHVTXLRQWFRQIRQGXOɛHVSULWDYHFOHVDQJOHFHUYHDXOHFüXUHWFb
SULVDXSLªJHGɛXQHWURSORQJXHIDPLOLDULW«DYHFOHVREMHWVFRUSRUHOVR»LOVHFRPSOD°W¢
OɛH[FªVOɛHVSULWVɛDVVLPLOH¢HX[RX¢OHXUVLPDJHVSKDQWDVLDHHWVHIDLWLOOXVLRQVXUOXL
P¬PH
59 1RXVFUR\RQVTXHOH&KULVWHVWDVVLV¢ODGURLWHGX3ªUH&HODYHXWGLUHTXɛLOH[HUFHVD
SXLVVDQFHMXGLFLDLUH0DLVQɛDOORQVSDVLPDJLQHUTXH'LHXOH3ªUHDLWXQHGURLWHHWXQH
JDXFKHRXTXɛLOVRLWDVVLVOHVJHQRX[SOL«V&HVHUDLWWRPEHUGDQVOHVDFULOªJHH[«FU«SDU
Oɛ$S¶WUHGHFHX[TXLRQWUDEDLVV«ODJORLUHGH'LHXLQFRUUXSWLEOH¢OɛLPDJHGHOɛKRPPH
FRUUXSWLEOHFI5P3DUHLOOHUHSU«VHQWDWLRQHVWLQWHUGLWHGDQVXQWHPSOHFKU«WLHQb
¢SOXVIRUWHUDLVRQOHVWHOOHGDQVOHFüXUR»VHWURXYHYUDLPHQWOHWHPSOHGH'LHXVɛLO
HVWSXULIL«GHODFRQYRLWLVHHWGHOɛHUUHXUWHUUHVWUHV
60 ,OIDXWVHP«ILHUGHVP«IDLWVGHOɛLPDJLQDLUHbGɛR»ODV«YªUHPLVHHQJDUGHGHODOHWWUH
-HQHVDLVFRPPHQW$XJXVWLQDXUDLWFRPPHQW«OɛLF¶QHGH5RXEOHYb
b
Le problème de la vue corporelle de Dieu
61 3HXDYDQWGHU«GLJHUOHOLYUH;,,GX'H*HQHVL$XJXVWLQDYDLWG½VɛRFFXSHUGXSUREOªPH
GHODmbYXHGH'LHXb}GDQVVDFRUUHVSRQGDQFH'DQVXQHOHWWUHGHFRQVRODWLRQDGUHVV«H¢
,WDOLFD LO Vɛ«WDLW HPSRUW« YLJRXUHXVHPHQW YLROHPPHQW P¬PH FRQWUH GHV JHQV TXL
SU«WHQGDLHQWTXHGDQVOɛDXGHO¢ QRXVYHUURQV'LHXGHV \HX[GHQRWUHFRUSV8Q
«Y¬TXH VH VHQWLW YLV« HW HQ IXW SURIRQG«PHQW EOHVV« $XJXVWLQ «FULYLW GRQF ¢ VRQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
109
FROOªJXH)RUWXQDWLDQXVGH6LFFDSRXUOHSULHUGHVɛHQWUHPHWWUHSRXUREWHQLUOHSDUGRQ
GHOɛ«Y¬TXHRIIHQV«SDU ODUXGHVVHGHVDOHWWUHDQW«ULHXUH'DQVFHWWHOHWWUHLO
PDLQWHQDLWSRXUWDQWVRQSRLQWGHYXHbSU«WHQGUHTXHOɛRQSHXWYtRLU'LHXGHV\HX[GX
FRUSVFɛHVWIDLUHGH'LHXXQFRUSV,OFLWDLW¢OɛDSSXLGHVWH[WHVGɛ$PEURLVHGH-«U¶PH
Gɛ$WKDQDVHHWGH*U«JRLUH(WLOILQLVVDLWHQU«VHUYDQWODTXHVWLRQGXFRUSVVSLULWXHO
UHVVXVFLW«8QSHXSOXVWDUGLODGUHVVDLWXQHORQJXHOHWWUH¢3DXOLQDOH'HXLGHQGR'HR
R»LOWUDLWDLWFDOPHPHQWOɛHQVHPEOHGXSUREOªPH2Q\WURXYHXQHDOOXVLRQDX[WURLV
VRUWHVGHYXHV0DLV$XJXVWLQGLII«UDLWHQFRUHODTXHVWLRQGXFRUSVVSLULWXHO,OHQ
WUDLWHUDSOXVWDUGGDQVOHGHUQLHUOLYUHGX'HFLXLWDWH'HLVDQVSDUYHQLU¢XQHVROXWLRQ
WUªVQHWWH
62 2XELHQ'LHXVHUDYXSDUOHV\HX[GXFRUSVVSLULWXHObFHTXLVXSSRVHTXHFHV\HX[VRLHQW
GRW«V GɛXQH H[FHOOHQFH VHPEODEOH ¢ FHOOH GH OɛHVSULW PHQV TXL SHXW YRLU XQ ¬WUH
LQFRUSRUHOb PDLV LO HVW GLIILFLOH VLQRQ LPSRVVLEOH GH OH PRQWUHU SDU TXHOTXH
W«PRLJQDJHGHVFULWXUHVGLYLQHV2XELHQFHTXLHVWSOXVIDFLOH¢FRPSUHQGUH'LHX
QRXVVHUDFRQQXHWRIIHUW¢ODYXHGHWHOOHVRUWHTXHFKDFXQGHQRXVOHYHUUDHQHVSULW
VSLULWXbRQOHYHUUDOHVXQVGDQVOHVDXWUHVRQOHYHUUDHQOXLP¬PHRQOHYHUUDGDQVOH
FLHOQRXYHDXHWODWHUUHQRXYHOOHHWGDQVWRXWHODFU«DWLRQTXLH[LVWHUDDORUVbRQOHYHUUD
DXVVLHQWRXWFRUSVSDUOHPR\HQGXFRUSVSDUWRXWR»VHSRUWHUDOHUHJDUGGHV\HX[GX
FRUSVVSLULWXHO&HVHUDHQILQOHUR\DXPHGHODWUDQVSDUHQFHb
b
L’inuence de Porphyre
63 'ɛDSUªV(WLHQQH*LOVRQOHWHUPHVSLULWXVmbDGHX[VHQVHQWLªUHPHQWGLII«UHQWVVHORQ
TXɛ$XJXVWLQOHG«ULYHGH3RUSK\UH'HFLX'HL;RXGHOɛFULWXUH'HDQLPDHWHLXV
RULJLQH ,,b} /ɛDVVHUWLRQ HVW UHSULVH SDU 3DXO $JDVVH 0DLV QRXV DYRQV YX
TXɛ$XJXVWLQWLHQW ¢ DSSX\HUOH VHQV SRUSK\ULHQVXU OH W«PRLJQDJH SDXOLQLHQ3RXU
DXWDQWMHQHU«FXVHQXOOHPHQWOɛLQIOXHQFHGH3RUSK\UHGDQVODWK«RULHDXJXVWLQLHQQH
GHVWURLVYXHVG«FHO«HSDUGHVDYDQWVWUDYDX[GH-3«SLQGH0'XODH\Gɛ$6ROLJQDF-H
VHUDLVP¬PHWHQW«GHODVXU«YDOXHU¢WURSERQFRPSWHGHOɛDYLVGHFHUWDLQV«WDQW
GRQQ«Oɛ«WDWPLV«UDEOHGDQVOHTXHOQRXVVRQWSDUYHQXHVOHVüXYUHVGXQ«RSODWRQLFLHQ
(Q UHYDQFKH MH VXLV PDO GLVSRV« ¢ Oɛ«JDUG GɛXQH LQWHUSU«WDWLRQ V\QFU«WLVWH GH OD
U«IOH[LRQGɛ$XJXVWLQFHOOHGɛXQPL[WHGHQ«RSODWRQLVPHHWGHFKULVWLDQLVPHGɛmbXQ
P«ODQJHGHP\VWLFLVPHELEOLTXHHWGɛ«SLVW«PRORJLHQ«RSODWRQLFLHQQHb}FRPPHGLW*
9HUEHNH/DWHQWDWLRQHVWO¢GHGLUHbFHFLHVWGXQ«RSODWRQLVPHFHQɛHVWGRQFSDVGX
FKULVWLDQLVPH3RXU DXWDQWTXH MH OHFRQQDLVVH $XJXVWLQ Qɛ«WDLWSDV GHFHW DYLV ,O
HVWLPDLW TXH 3RUSK\UH FRPPH WRXW DXWUH SKLORVRSKH ORUVTXɛLO UDLVRQQDLW MXVWH OH
IDLVDLW ¢ OD OXPLªUH GH 'LHX $YHF OXL HW DYHF OHV VDLQWHV (FULWXUHV LO U«IO«FKLVVDLW
OLEUHPHQWVXUODVWUXFWXUHU«HOOHGHOɛHVSULWbLOIDLVDLWRXFUR\DLWIDLUHGHODERQQH
SV\FKRORJLH
b
La réception médiévale
64 -HQɛDLTXHTXHOTXHVLQGLFDWLRQVVSRUDGLTXHV¢IDLUH¢FHVXMHW
65 -HGRLV¢)UDQ©RLV'ROEHDXXQUHQVHLJQHPHQWGɛLPSRUWDQFHFRQFHUQDQWOɛRXYUDJHGH
:DOWHU%HUVFKLQ9LWDHVDQFWDH:LERUDGH6W*DOOTXL«GLWHHW«WXGLHGHX[YLHVGHOD
VDLQWHGDW«HVGX;HbVLªFOH/DGHX[LªPHDX[SDJHVbFRQWLHQWXQG«PDUTXDJHGX
'H*HQ;,,VVTXHOɛ«GLWHXUQɛDYDLWSDVUHPDUTX«
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
110
66 ODVXLWHGH0.RUJHU$6ROLJQDFVLJQDOHSOXVLHXUVDXWHXUVP«GL«YDX[TXLRQW
UHSULVOHWKªPHGXVSLULWXVDXJXVWLQLHQb$OFXLQ:DODIULG6WUDER$HOUHGGH5LHYDXO[
3LHUUH /RPEDUG $OH[DQGUH GH +DOªV %RQDYHQWXUH 5LFKDUG .LOZDUGE\ HW 7KRPDV
Gɛ$TXLQ,OIDXWDVVXU«PHQW\DMRXWHUOH'HVSLULWXHWDQLPDTXLIXWWUªVU«SDQGXDX[;,,
;,,,HbVLªFOHVVRXVOHQRPGɛ$XJXVWLQHWTXLD«W«DWWULEX«¢$OFKHUGH&ODLUYDX[VDQV
FHUWLWXGH/HVFKDSLWUHVU«VXPHQWODWK«RULHG«YHORSS«HGDQVOHOLYUH;,,GX'H
*HQHVLDGOLWWHUDP-DFTXHOLQH+DPHVVHHQSU«SDUHOɛ«GLWLRQFULWLTXH(QDWWHQGDQWRQOLUD
OHV U«VXOWDWV GH VRQ HQTX¬WH «UXGLWH VXU VSLULWXV FKH] OHV OH[LFRJUDSKHV HW OHV
SKLORVRSKHVWK«RORJLHQVGHV;,,HHW;,,,HbVLªFOHV
67 $6ROLJQDFHVWLPH«JDOHPHQWTXɛmbLOVHUDLWLQW«UHVVDQWGɛ«WXGLHUOɛLQIOXHQFHGHFHV
YXHVGɛ$XJXVWLQVXUOHVDXWHXUVP«GL«YDX[FRPPHVDLQW%HUQDUG+HQULGH)UHLPDUHW
'HQ\VOH&KDUWUHX[b}bHWLOIDLWU«I«UHQFH¢OɛDUWLFOHmb'LVFHUQHPHQWGHVHVSULWVb}GX
'LFWLRQQDLUH GH VSLULWXDOLW«,,, (QILQ )U %üVSIOXJ VLJQDOH TXH OHV TXLQ]H
YLVLRQVGH5XSHUWGH'HXW]UHOªYHQWGHFHTXɛ$XJXVWLQDSSHOOHODXLVLRVSLULWDOLV
68 ,O\DO¢XQEHDXFKDPSGHUHFKHUFKH
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
b
Choix bibliographique par ordre chronologique
0'&KHQXmb/Hɝ'HVSLULWXLPDJLQDWLYRɞGH5.LOZDUG\23b}5HYXHGHV
VFLHQFHVSKLORVRSKLTXHVVHWWK«RORJLTXHVSb
0'&KHQXmb6SLULWXV/HYRFDEXODLUHGHOɛ¤PHDX;,,HbVLªFOHb}5HYXHGHVVFLHQFHV
SKLORVRSKLTXHVHWWK«RORJLTXHVSb
*9HUEHNH/ɛ«YROXWLRQGHODGRFWULQHGX3QHXPDGX6WR±FLVPH¢VDLQW$XJXVWLQ3DULV
/RXYDLQ
-+7D\ORUmb7KH0HDQLQJRI6SLULWXVLQ6W$XJXVWLQHV'H*HQHVL;,,b}7KH0RGHP
6FKRROPDQSb
:$6FKXPDFKHU6SLULWXVDQG6SLULWXDOLV$6WXG\LQWKH6HUPRQVRIVDLQW$XJXVWLQH6W
0DU\RIWKH/DNH0XQGHOHLQ,OOLQRLV
*9HUEHNHmb3HQV«HHWGLVFHUQHPHQWFKH]VDLQW$XJXVWLQ4XHOTXHVU«IOH[LRQVVXUOH
VHQVGXWHUPHɝFRJLWDUHɞb}5HFKHUFKHV$XJXVWLQLHQQHVSb
*%DUG\)-7KRQQDUGmb/DYLVLRQGH'LHXb}%LEOLRWKªTXH$XJXVWLQLHQQHSb
0.RUJHU+8YRQ%DOWKDVDU$XJXVWLQXV3V\FKRORJLHXQG0\VWLN'H*HQHVLDGOLWWHUDP
(LQVLHGHOQ
0.RUJHUmb*UXQGSUREOHPHGHUDXJXVWLQLVFKHQ(UNHQQWQLVOHKUHHUO¦XWHUWDP%HLVSLHO
YRQ'H*HQHVLDGOLWWHUDP;,,b}5HFKHUFKHV$XJXVWLQLHQQHV,,+RPPDJHDX53)XOEHUW
&D\U«Sb
$6ROLJQDFmbɝ6SLULWXVɞGDQVOHOLYUH;,,GX'H*HQHVLb}ɘmb9LVLRQVSLULWXHOOHHW
GLYLQDWLRQb}ɘmb/HVWURLVJHQUHVGHYLVLRQVb}%LEOLRWKªTXH$XJXVWLQLHQQHSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
111
0'XODH\/HU¬YHGDQVODYLHHWODSHQV«HGHVDLQW$XJXVWLQ3DULVWXGHV$XJXVWLQLHQQHV
-+DPHVVHmb6SLULWXVFKH]OHVDXWHXUVSKLORVRSKLTXHVGHVHHWHbVLªFOHVb}6SLULWXV
mb/HVVLFRLQWHOOHWWXDOHHXURSHRb}5RPDJHQQDLRSb
*2ɛ'DO\$XJXVWLQHV3KLORVRSK\RI0LQG%HUNHOH\/RV$QJHOHV
&0D\HUmb$XJXVWLQV/HKUHYRQWɝ+RPRVSLULWDOLVɞb}+RPRVSLULWDOLV)HVWJDEHI¾U/XF
9HUKHLMHQ:¾U]EXUJSb
&0D\HUmb$OLHQDWLRb}$XJXVWLQXV/H[LNRQ,
*:DWVRQmb&RJLWDWLRb},ELGHP
)%RHVSIOXJmb/DYLVLRQHQU¬YHGH/D7ULQLW«GH5XSHUWGH'HXW]Y/LWXUJLH
VSLULWXDOLW«HWKLVWRLUHGH3DUWb}5HYXHGHVVFLHQFHVUHOLJLHXVHVSb
)%RHVSIOXJmb$SRSKDWLVPHWK«RORJLTXHHWDEVWLQHQFHILJXUDWLYHb}5HYXHGHVVFLHQFHV
UHOLJLHXVHVSb
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 9RLU'HPDJLVWURib%LEOLRWKªTXH$XJXVWLQLHQQH %$Sb
2. (SLVWXOD3/
3. 'H*HQDGOLWW;,,%$Sb
4. 2QSHXW\DMRXWHU'HDQLPDHWHLXVRULJLQH,9%$Sb
5. 9RLU(SLVWXODH3/
6. (S
7. -HULVTXHODIRUPXOHmbFDOFXOPHQWDOb}HQPɛDSSX\DQWVXUOɛH[SOLFDWLRQGɛ$XJXVWLQbmbGHUHEXV
TXRGDGWHUWLXPJHQXVDWWLQHWLPDJLQXPQXPHULVPD[LPHDWTXHGLPHQVLRQLEXVDJLWXUb}(S
&I*2ɛ'DO\Sbɘ9RLUOHVLQGLFDWLRQVELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV
8. $OOXVLRQ¢&RbmbPHQVDXWHPPHDLQIUXFWXRVDHVWb}
9. &RQWUD$GLPDQWXP%$Sb
10. %$Sb
11. &RQWUDLUHPHQW¢0'XODH\SbMɛHVWLPHTXHOHPRWLQIRUPDWLRUHOªYHG«M¢LFLGHOD
ODQJXHSKLORVRSKLTXHDXVHQVGHmbIRUPHUGDQVb}
12. &I&R
13. (S&6(/SbbmbTXDVLWUHVXLXHQWHVPROHVVLXHXQDHDUXPVLFLQPHGLR
FRQVWLWXWD XW GXDV VLEL H[ ODWHULEXV VLQJXOLV LXQFWDV VLXH LQ PRGXP WULJRQL GXDV FHWHUDV
XQDTXDHTXHFRQWLQJDWb}
14. ,ELGHP
15. 2EODWDHWQRQREOLWDOH©RQUHWHQXHSDUOHV0DXULVWHV
16. (S
17. -HWUDGXLVOHWH[WHODWLQWHOTXHOHFLWH$XJXVWLQHQ'H*HQ;,,/HVGHX[mbHLXVPRGLb}IRQW
MHVXSSRVHDOOXVLRQDX[mbXLVLRQHVHWUHXHODWLRQHVb}GXYHUVHWSU«F«GHQWTXɛ$XJXVWLQQHFLWHSDV
18. 'H*HQ;,,%$Sb
19. -HPHGLVSHQVHGHWUDGXLUHOHPRWJUHFbMHQRWHVHXOHPHQWTXɛLOQɛDSDVLFLGHFRQQRWDWLRQ
P\VWLTXHGLUHFWH
20. 'H*HQ;,,bSb
21. ;,,
22. 4XHGLUDLWLOGHOɛXVDJHDFWXHOGXmbPHQWDOb}b"
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
112
23. ;,,Sb9RLUDXVVL'H7ULQLWDWH;,9%$SbHW'HDQLPDHWHLXV
RULJLQH,9b%$Sb
24. ;,,bSb
25. iSb
26. 9RLU*0DGHFmb$VFHQVLRDVFHQVXVb}$XJXVWLQXV/H[LNRQ,
27. &RPPHOɛREVHUYH$6ROLJQDFmbɝSUDHVLGHUHɞQHVLJQLILHSDVVHXOHPHQWXQHVXS«ULRULW«GH
GLJQLW«PDLVHQFRUH XQH VXS«ULRULW« DFWLYH XQH SU«VHQFHDQLPDWULFHTXLGRQQH ¢ OD YLVLRQ
LQI«ULHXUHVRQHIILFDFLW«b}%$Sb
28. i%$Sb
29. iSb
30. iSb
31. iSb
32. %$Sb
33. 0'XODH\Sb
34. iSb
35. iSb
36. iSb
37. iSb
38. i9RLU$6ROLJQDFmb/ɛLQIDLOOLELOLW«GHODYLVLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOHb}%$Sb
39. 'H7ULQ,,%$Sb
40. 'H7ULQ,,Sb
41. iSbbmbVHGQLVLDEKDFXLWDTXLVTXHTXRGDPPRGRPRULDWXUVLQHRPQLQRH[LHQVGH
FRUSRUHVLXHLWDDXHUVXVHWDOLHQDWXVDFDUQDOLEXVVHQVLEXVXWPHULWRQHVFLDWVLFXWDSRVWROXVDLWXWUXP
LQFRUSRUHDQH[WUDFRUSXVVLWFXPLQLOODPUDSLWXUHWVXEXHKLWXUXLVLRQHPb}
42. iSb
43. 0DLVODIRUPXOHQHVHWURXYHSDVFKH]$XJXVWLQ
44. %$Sb
45. &I(SbmbHWQRQVLWLQFUHGLELOHVDQFWLVQRQGXPLWDGHIXQFWLVXWVHSHOLHQGDFDGDXHUD
UHPDQHUHQWHWLDPLVWDPH[FHOOHQWLDPUHXHODWLRQLVIXLVVHFRQFHVVDPb}
46. ,QWURGXFWLRQ¢Oɛ«WXGHGHVDLQW$XJXVWLQSbQ
47. 6DLQW$XJXVWLQHWODILQGHODFXOWXUHDQWLTXHSb
48. *2ɛ'DO\Sb
49. (QLQSV&I(QLQSVHQbVb&LF«URQ7XVFXODQHV,9b
mbGHILQLXQWSDXRUHPPHWXPPHQWHPORFRPRXHQWHPb}
50. iSb
51. 4XLQ+HSWDWHXFKXP,,3/
52. &RQI;b(S
53. &RQI9,,,
54. 9RLU3&RXUFHOOH/HV&RQIHVVLRQVGHVDLQW$XJXVWLQGDQVODWUDGLWLRQOLWW«UDLUH3DULVFK,;b
mbɝ0DLVRQYRLVLQHɞRXɝPDLVRQGLYLQHɞb"b}SbbFK;bmb/ɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHGX
ɝ7RLOHOHJHɞbLPDJHVHWWH[WHVb}SbbHWOɛmbLFRQRJUDSKLHGHODFRQYHUVLRQb}¢ODILQGX
YROXPH
55. iSb
56. $6ROLJQDF%$Sb
57. 'HPXVLFD9,%$Sb
58. &RQWUDHSLVWXODPIXQGDPHQWL%$Sb
59. 'H7ULQLWDWH9,,%$Sb
60. 'H7ULQLWDWH;VVbFI'H*HQHVLDGOLWWHUDP;
61. 'HILGHHWV\PEROH%$SbbYRLU)%RHVSIOXJmb$SRSKDWLVPHb}Sb
62. (S
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
113
63. (S
64. (S
65. (S
66. 'HFLXLWDWH'HL;;,,%$SbbYRLUODQRWHGH*%DUG\HW)-7KRQQDUG
67. ,QWURGXFWLRQ¢Oɛ«WXGHGHVDLQW$XJXVWLQSbQ
68. %$Sb
69. SbFLW«GDQV%$Sb
70. *UXQGSUREOHPHSb
71. %$Sb
72. 3/
73. %$Sb
74. mb/DYLVLRQHQU¬YHb}Sb
AUTEUR
*RXOYHQ0DGHF
0HPEUHGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGHV«WXGHVDXJXVWLQLHQQHVSURIHVVHXU¢OD)DFXOW«GHSKLORVRSKLH
GHOɛ,QVWLWXWFDWKROLTXHGH3DULVHVWGLUHFWHXUGHUHFKHUFKHDX&1563DUPLVHV
RXYUDJHVU«FHQWV/H'LHXG$XJXVWLQ3DULV&HUI
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
114
Troisième partie. Moyen âge chrétien
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
115
/HVYLVLRQVGHODFRXUF«OHVWHGDQVOH
/LEHU&HOHVWLXP5HYHODWLRQXPGH
%ULJLWWHGH6XªGH
Véronique Germanier
S
1'DQVOH/LYUHGHV5«Y«ODWLRQV&«OHVWHVRQGLVWLQJXHGHX[VRUWHVGHU«FLWVGHYLVLRQGH'LHX
HWGHV VDLQWVbFHUWDLQV VRQWOD UHWUDQVFULSWLRQGɛXQ HQVHLJQHPHQWSURGLJX« SDUOHV
ILJXUHV VDLQWHV WDQGLV TXH GɛDXWUHV VRQW XQH GHVFULSWLRQ GH V«TXHQFHV GɛLPDJHV
UHSU«VHQWDQWOHVOLHX[GHOɛDXGHO¢$SUªVXQHEUªYH«YRFDWLRQGHODYLHHWGHOɛüXYUH
OLWW«UDLUH GH %ULJLWWH GH 6XªGH QRXV DOORQV FRQVLG«UHU GDQV XQH SUHPLªUH SDUWLH
GɛDQDO\VHWH[WXHOOHOɛLGHQWLW«GHVLQWHUORFXWHXUVF«OHVWHVGH%ULJLWWHODWHQHXUGHOHXU
GLVFRXUVHWH[DPLQHUOHVYLVLRQVGXFLHOHWGHVHVKDELWDQWV'DQVXQHGHX[LªPHSDUWLH
QRXVQRXVDWWDFKHURQV¢Oɛ«WXGHGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQVGHVPDQXVFULWVGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVU«DOLV«V
HQ,WDOLHSHXGHWHPSVDSUªVODU«GDFWLRQG«ILQLWLYHGXWH[WH
b
Brigitte, prophétesse de son temps
2'DQVOH GRPDLQHGH OD P\VWLTXHI«PLQLQH LO HVWGLIILFLOH GHWUDFHU XQH ELRJUDSKLH
QRUPDWLYHWDQWOHVSHUVRQQDOLW«VHWOHVPRGDOLW«VGHOHXUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHF'LHXVRQW
PXOWLSOHV
3(QFHTXLFRQFHUQH%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHVDFDSDFLW«GHYLVLRQQDLUHVHU«Y«OD
WDUGLYHPHQW DSUªV OɛDFFRPSOLVVHPHQW GH VRQ U¶OH Gɛ«SRXVH HW GH PªUH GH IDPLOOH
'ɛDVFHQGDQFHQREOH%ULJLWWHIXWPDUL«H¢Oɛ¤JHGHTXDWRU]HDQV¢8OI*XGPDUVVRQTXL
FRPPHVRQSURSUHSªUHH[HU©DLWODFKDUJHGHJRXYHUQHXUODJPDQ$XUHWRXUGɛXQ
SªOHULQDJH ¢ 6DLQW-DFTXHVGH&RPSRVWHOOH HQb 8OI G«F«GD HW HOOH VH UHWLUD DX
FRXYHQWFLVWHUFLHQGɛ$OYDVWUDHQ6XªGH3HXDSUªVHOOHIRQGDOɛRUGUHGX6DLQW6DXYHXU
PRQDVWªUH GH 9DGVWHQD GRQW OHV FRQVWLWXWLRQV VHURQW DSSURXY«HV SDU 8UEDLQ 9
HQbbHOOHIXWGªVORUVJUDWLIL«HGHYLVLRQVGRQWODWHQHXUHVWGHSRUW«HXQLYHUVHOOH
FRPPHOHOXLDG«FODU«OH&KULVWORUVGɛXQHGHVHVSUHPLªUHVDSSDULWLRQVbmb6DFKHTXHMH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
116
QHSDUOHSDVSRXUWRLVHXOHPDLVSRXUOHVDOXWGHWRXVOHVFKU«WLHQVb}/HG«VLUGɛHQWUHU
HQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHFOHVGLULJHDQWVOD±TXHVHWHFFO«VLDVWLTXHVOɛLQFLWD¢TXLWWHUOD
6XªGHb GªV HOOH «WDEOLW VD U«VLGHQFH ¢ 5RPH HW HIIHFWXD GH QRPEUHX[
G«SODFHPHQWVGDQVOHVFRXUVSULQFLªUHVHWVXUOHVOLHX[GHSªOHULQDJH'XUDQWFHVDQQ«HV
GɛH[LOYRORQWDLUHHOOHIXWVHFRQG«HSDUVDILOOHOD%LHQKHXUHXVH&DWKHULQHTXLUDPªQHUD
HQ6XªGHOHFRUSVGHVDPªUHG«F«G«HHQb(OOHVHUDFDQRQLV«HHQbSDU%RQLIDFH
,;PRLQVGHYLQJWDQVDSUªVVDPRUWFDQRQLVDWLRQTXLVHUDFRQILUP«HHQbORUVGX
FRQFLOHGH&RQVWDQFH
4(QWDQWTXHIHPPHOD±TXHHWYLVLRQQDLUH%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHHVWUHSU«VHQWDWLYHGɛXQH
QRXYHOOHFDW«JRULHGHVDLQWHW««PHUJHDQW¢ODILQGX0R\HQJH6RQP\VWLFLVPHHVW
WRXWHIRLVGHQDWXUHGLII«UHQWHGHFHOXLGHODVSLULWXDOLW«I«PLQLQHGHOɛ«SRTXH,OHVW
G«QX«GɛXQHIRUWHFRQQRWDWLRQDIIHFWLYHRXVHQVXHOOHIL[«HVXUODSHUVRQQHGX&KULVWHQ
G«SLWGHODG«VLJQDWLRQGH%ULJLWWHFRPPH«SRXVHVSRQVD6RQUDSSRUW¢'LHXFRQFHUQH
VRXYHQWOD7ULQLW«HQWLªUH&RPPHQRXVDOORQVW¤FKHUGHOHPHWWUHHQ«YLGHQFH'LHX
GDQVVDFRPSOH[LW«WULQLWDLUHDSSDUD°WDXVRPPHWGɛXQHKL«UDUFKLHF«OHVWHFRQVWLWX«H
GɛDQJHVHWGHVDLQWVbFHUWDLQVGɛHQWUHHX[OD9LHUJHQRWDPPHQWSHXYHQWGHYHQLUOHV
LQWHUORFXWHXUV SDUWLFXOLHUV GH OD YLVLRQQDLUH /D VRXPLVVLRQ OD Y«Q«UDWLRQ HW
OɛRE«LVVDQFHFDUDFW«ULVHQWOɛDWWLWXGHGH%ULJLWWHYLV¢YLVGHVPHVVDJHVTXɛHOOHUH©RLW(Q
UHYDQFKHHOOHIDLWSUHXYHGɛXQHJUDQGHFRPEDWLYLW«GDQVVRQHQJDJHPHQWUHOLJLHX[HW
SROLWLTXH'HVQRPEUHXVHVFDXVHVG«IHQGXHVUHWHQRQVOHUHWRXUGHODSDSDXW«¢5RPH
SRXUOHTXHOD«JDOHPHQWüXYU«&DWKHULQHGH6LHQQHɠ%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHSHXW
¬WUHDLQVLFRQVLG«U«HFRPPHSURSK«WHVVHFDUHOOHVɛHIIRU©DGHWUDQVPHWWUHODSDUROH
GLYLQH¢VHVFRQWHPSRUDLQVGDQVXQVRXFLGXELHQFROOHFWLI
b
Genèse et genre littéraire des Révélations
57UªVW¶W%ULJLWWHIXWDVVLVW«HSDUGHX[GLUHFWHXUVVSLULWXHOVVX«GRLVTXLIXUHQWDXVVLVHV
VHFU«WDLUHVb3LHUUHGH6N¦QQLQJHSU¬WUHV«FXOLHUHW3LHUUH2ODIVVRQSULHXUFLVWHUFLHQ
6DFRQQDLVVDQFHGHOD%LEOHOXLIXWDSSRUW«HSDU0D°WUH0DWWKLDVGH/LQN¸SLQJDXWHXU
GɛXQFRPPHQWDLUHVXUOɛ$SRFDO\SVHGH-HDQWH[WHGRQWQRXVUHWURXYRQVGHV«O«PHQWV
GDQVOHV5«Y«ODWLRQV5RPHHOOHUH©XWGH'LHXOɛRUGUHGɛDSSUHQGUHOHODWLQPDLVIXW
FHUWDLQHPHQWWUªVG«SHQGDQWHGHFHVFOHUFVSRXUODUHWUDQVFULSWLRQGHVHVYLVLRQVGRQW
OHFRUSXVIXWUDVVHPEO«GªVSDU$OIRQVR3HFKDGH9DGDWHUUDXQ«Y¬TXHGɛRULJLQH
HVSDJQROH/DU«GDFWLRQG«ILQLWLYH VRXVOHWLWUH /LEHU&HOHVWLXP5HYHODWLRQXP SDUIRLV
DEU«J« 5HYHODWLRQHV IXW DFKHY«H HQb /H WH[WH HVW GLYLV« HQ VHSW OLYUHV G«QX«V
GɛLQGLFDWLRQVFKURQRORJLTXHVHWGRQWOHG«FRXSDJHWK«PDWLTXH QɛHVWSDVFODLUHPHQW
DUWLFXO« VXLYLV SDU XQ KXLWLªPH OH /LEHU FHOHVWLV LPSHUDWRULV DG UHJHV 8Q UHFXHLO
FRPSO«PHQWDLUH OHV 5HYHODWLRQHV ([WUDYDJDQWHV ¢ OD WHQHXU GDYDQWDJH DQHFGRWLTXH
VHUDLWDWWULEXDEOH¢3LHUUH2ODIVVRQb LOHVWQ«DQPRLQVLQFOXV GDQVODSOXVDQFLHQQH
«GLWLRQLPSULP«HSDUXH¢/¾EHFNHQb/DG«QRPLQDWLRQ5HYHODWLRQHVVɛLQVFULWGDQV
ODWUDGLWLRQGHODOLWW«UDWXUHYLVLRQQDLUHP«GL«YDOH&HWLWUHTXDOLILHHQHIIHWXQHGL]DLQH
Gɛ«FULWV VLWX«V HQWUH OH ,;H VLªFOH OH /LEHU 5HYHODWLRQXP Gɛ$QGUDFXV GH 6HQV HW OH
;9HbVLªFOHOH&RPSHQGLXP5HYHODWLRQXPGH-«U¶PH6DYRQDUROH
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
117
Modalités de la vision et de la communication avec
Dieu
6/ɛDQDO\VHGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVQRXVLQFLWH¢GLVWLQJXHUGHX[W\SHVGHYLVLRQTXH%ULJLWWH
UH©RLWVHORQGHVPRGDOLW«VGLII«UHQWHV
7,8QSUHPLHUW\SHGHYLVLRQVHFDUDFW«ULVHSDUODWUDQVPLVVLRQGɛXQPHVVDJHYHUEDO
/ɛDSSDULWLRQGHOɛLQWHUORFXWHXUSU«FªGHOHGLVFRXUVTXɛLODGUHVVH¢ODYLVLRQQDLUH/HV
EUHIVSURORJXHVDX[FKDSLWUHVGXVDXU«GDFWHXU$OIRQVR3HFKDSU«FLVHQWOɛLGHQWLW«GHV
SHUVRQQDJHVHQSU«VHQFH%ULJLWWH\HVWSUHVTXHV\VW«PDWLTXHPHQWTXDOLIL«HGH6SRQVDb
&ROORFXWLR 9HUED &KULVWL DG VSRQVDP 9HUED PHOOLIOXD &KULVWL DG VSRQVDP )LOLXV ORTXLWXU
/RTXHEDWXU&KULVWXVRXHQFRUH5HVSRQVLR'HLSDWULVRX-HVX&KULVWLDGSUHFHPVSRQVH/HV
FKDSLWUHVVRQWHQIDLWGHVPRQRORJXHVbFHX[GHV3HUVRQQHVGLYLQHVHWGHOD9LHUJHVRQW
QXP«ULTXHPHQWSOXVQRPEUHX[,OQɛ\DSDVY«ULWDEOHPHQWGɛ«FKDQJHHQWUH%ULJLWWHHW
VHVLQWHUORFXWHXUV/HSOXVVRXYHQWHOOH«FRXWHOHXUGLVFRXUVVDQVLQWHUYHQLUbTXDQGHOOH
VɛH[SULPHHOOHOHIDLWVRXVIRUPHGHSULªUHGHORXDQJHRXGɛH[SRV«VXUXQHTXHVWLRQ
SDUWLFXOLªUHbFHVSDVVDJHVIRQWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWOɛREMHWGɛXQFKDSLWUHHQVRLb/DXVVSRQVHDG
YLUJLQHP5«Y,,,b9HUED6SRQVHQRWDQGDGHXUEH5RPDQD5«Y,9'HSUHFDWLR6SRQVH
DGGRPLQXPSUR5RPD5«Y,,,
8&RQVLG«URQVFRPPHQW'LHXVɛDGUHVVH¢ODYLVLRQQDLUHHWTXHOVVRQWOHVTXDOLILFDWLIVTXL
VɛDSSOLTXHQW¢FKDFXQHGHVWURLVSHUVRQQHVGHOD7ULQLW«
9/H3ªUHHVWOɛLQWHUORFXWHXUOHSOXVGLVFUHW6REUHPHQWTXDOLIL«GH3DWHURXGH'HXV3DWHULO
SDUOHUDUHPHQW¢%ULJLWWHbTXDQGLOOHIDLWFɛHVWFRQMRLQWHPHQWDYHFOHVGHX[DXWUHV
SHUVRQQHVGHOD7ULQLW«$LQVLGDQV5«Y,OH3ªUHOH)LOVHWOɛ(VSULWVHIRQWHQWHQGUH
VXFFHVVLYHPHQW9R[SDWULVYR[ILOLLYR[VSLULWXVPDLVFRPPHmbGDQVXQHVHXOHYRL[b}
10 /H&KULVWVHG«ILQLWFRPPHOHFU«DWHXUbmb-HVXLVOHFU«DWHXUGXFLHOHWGHODWHUUHXQ
GDQVODGLYLQLW«DYHFOH3ªUHHWOɛ(VSULW6DLQWb}5«Y,b,b,,bmb-HVXLVOHFU«DWHXU
GXFLHOHWGHODWHUUHGHODPHUHWGHWRXWHVOHVFU«DWXUHVTXLVɛ\WURXYHQWb}5«Y,,,O
HVWOH9HUEH5«Y9,,,FHTXLSHXWMXVWLILHUTXɛLODSSDUDLVVHFRPPHOɛLQWHUORFXWHXU
PDMHXU0DLVLOHVWDYDQWWRXWTXDOLIL«SDUGHX[SU«URJDWLYHVWRXW¢IDLWFRQIRUPHV¢
OɛH[«JªVHHW¢ODWUDGLWLRQVFULSWXUDLUHP«GL«YDOHVbLOHVWURLHWMXJHbmb-HVXLVOHURL
FRXURQQ«b}5«Y,,¢Oɛ«SRXVHbmb-HVXLVOHYUDLURLSDUFHTXHWRXWKRQQHXUHWWRXWH
SXLVVDQFH PH UHYLHQQHQWb} 5«Y ,, /D 9LHUJH VɛDGUHVVH VRXYHQW ¢ OXL GDQV FHV
WHUPHVbmb7XHVURLGHJORLUHPRQILOVb}/HUDQJGɛHPSHUHXUOXLHVWFRQI«U«GDQVOHWLWUH
GX9,,,HOLYUHOH/LEHUFHOHVWLVLPSHUDWRULVDGUHJHVHWGDQVOHFRUSVGHFHWH[WHLOVHG«VLJQH
OXLP¬PHDLQVL&HWLWUHHVWVDQVGRXWHLFLMXVWLIL«SDUODQ«FHVVLW«GHSODFHUOH&KULVW
GDQV XQ UDSSRUW KL«UDUFKLTXH DYHF OHV VRXYHUDLQV WHUUHVWUHV DX[TXHOV OH OLYUH HVW
DGUHVV«1RXVYHUURQVTXHOɛLPDJHGXIURQWLVSLFH¢FHOLYUHQHOHUHSU«VHQWHSDVHQ
HPSHUHXULFRQRJUDSKLHTXLVHPEOHDSSDUD°WUHGDQVOɛHQOXPLQXUHVHXOHPHQWDXG«EXW
GX;9HVLªFOHGDQVOHVGRPDLQHVIUDQ©DLVHWJHUPDQLTXH6DTXDOLW«GHMXJHUHFRXYUH
OɛHQVHPEOHGXWHPSVGHOɛJOLVHGXG«EXWGHOɛKXPDQLW«bmb-HVXLVFHOXLTXLDMXJ«OH
SUHPLHUDQJH$GDPHW&D±QHWOHPRQGHHQWLHUb}5«Y,,U«LW«U«HQ9,,,¢ODILQGHV
WHPSVHWG«WHUPLQHOHVRUWGHOɛ¤PHDSUªVODPRUW(OOHVɛDSSOLTXHVXUWRXW¢ODU«IRUPH
GHODVRFL«W«FRQWHPSRUDLQHbDLQVLSRXUQHUHWHQLUTXɛXQH[HPSOHGDQV5«Y,OH
&KULVWDSSDUD°W¢%ULJLWWHDILQTXɛHOOHLQFLWHFOHUFVHWOD±FV¢ODS«QLWHQFHHW¢ODU«IRUPH
GHVPüXUV/DFRXUF«OHVWHSHXWDFFU«GLWHUODFDSDFLW«MXGLFLDLUHGX)LOVbmb7RXVOHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
118
VDLQWVSURFODPHQWGɛXQHVHXOHYRL[bFHFLHVWODMXVWLFHGLYLQHTXɛHOOHVRLWWRXMRXUVSDU
WRQUªJQHHWSDUWDMRLHb}
11 /ɛ(VSULW6DLQWDSSDUD°WFRPPHXQJXLGHLQW«ULHXUDJLVVDQWFRQIRUP«PHQW¢ODYRORQW«
GX&KULVWbmb7XVHQVPRQ(VSULWVHPRXYRLUGDQVWRQFüXUb}GLWOH&KULVW¢%ULJLWWH5«Y
,,bmb-HVXLVWRQ'LHX0RQ(VSULWWHIHUDHQWHQGUHYRLUHWVHQWLUb}5«Y,,9HUED
&KULVWLDGVSRQVDP(OOHHVW«JDOHPHQWDSSHO«HOHFRQGXLWGHOɛ(VSULW6DLQWIOH[LEOH¢VD
YRORQW«LQVXIIO«HHQHOOH5«Y,,
12 /D9LHUJHHVWODSULQFLSDOHLQWHUORFXWULFHGH%ULJLWWH(OOHHVWOD5HJLQDFRHOL0DWHU'HL
FRPPH Oɛ«QRQFH -HDQ%DSWLVWH 5«Y , 2Q UHWURXYH FHV TXDOLILFDWLIV GH ID©RQ
U«FXUUHQWHGDQVOHV5«Y«ODWLRQV'DQVOHVHQW¬WHVDX[FKDSLWUHVHOOHHVWJ«Q«UDOHPHQW
G«VLJQ«HFRPPH0DWHURX9LUJR9HUED0DWULVRX9HUED9LUJLQLVDG6SRQVDP'DQV5«Y,9
HOOHVLªJHFRXURQQ«H¢F¶W«GX&KULVWG«VLJQ«FRPPH6RO/HOLHQGH%ULJLWWHDYHFOH
&KULVWHWDYHFOD9LHUJHUHOªYHGHODSDUHQW«VSLULWXHOOH$LQVL%ULJLWWHHVWDSSHO«HEHOOH
ILOOHSDUOD9LHUJH5«Y9,b,,ILOOHHW«SRXVHSDUOH&KULVWTXLSODFHOHXUUHODWLRQ
DXGHVVXVGHWRXWOLHQWHUUHVWUHbmb0DLVWRLPDILOOHTXHMɛDLFKRLVLHSRXUPRLHW¢TXLMH
SDUOHHQHVSULWDLPHPRLGHWRXWWRQFüXUQRQSDVFRPPHXQILOVRXXQHILOOHDLPHVHV
SDUHQWVPDLVSOXVTXHWRXWDXPRQGHb}/HUDSSRUW6SRQVXV6SRQVDHVW«WDEOLSDUOH
&KULVWDYHFODYLVLRQQDLUHGªVVHVSUHPLªUHVDSSDULWLRQV$OYDVWUDDORUVTXɛHOOH«WDLW
HQSULªUH%ULJLWWHOɛHQWHQGLWVɛDGUHVVHUGLUHFWHPHQW¢HOOHbLOOXLGHPDQGDGHGHYHQLU
VRQ«SRXVHHWGHOXLVXERUGRQQHUVDYRORQW«bmb(QWHQGVGRQFFHTXHMHGLVbDVVXU«PHQW
WXVHUDVPRQ«SRXVHHWOHFDQDOGHPDYRL[b}([WUDYDJDQWHV;/9,,bmbOɛ«SRXVHGRLWDJLU
VHORQODYRORQW«GHOɛ«SRX[b}5«Y&HOLHQPDWULPRQLDOQɛHVWSDVFRUU«ODWLI¢XQH
WUDQVSRVLWLRQ«URWLTXHVXUODSHUVRQQHGX&KULVWGDQVOHV5«Y«ODWLRQVTXLVHGLVWLQJXHQW
HQFHODGHQRPEUHX[«FULWVGHODP\VWLTXHI«PLQLQH'DQVOHVUDUHVSDVVDJHVTXLIRQW
«WDWGHVVHQVDWLRQVSK\VLTXHV«SURXY«HVORUVGHVH[WDVHVRQSHXWFRQVWDWHUTXHOD
UHODWLRQPHWHQSU«VHQFHPRLQVOH&KULVWTXH'LHXFRPPHQRXVOɛLQGLTXHQWOHVHQW¬WHV
DX[FKDSLWUHV/DSHUFHSWLRQGXPHVVDJHGLYLQHVWDLQVLUHQGXHSRVVLEOHSDUXQHSULVH
GHSRVVHVVLRQGHODYLVLRQQDLUHbFHOOHFLVHU«YªOHWUªVFRQVFLHQWHGXSK«QRPªQHbmb,O
PHVHPEOHTXHWXHVDLQVLDQFU«GDQVPDSHUVRQQHFRPPHVLWX«WDLVYUDLPHQWFüXU
PRHOOHHWLQWHVWLQV (WDLQVLWX PɛHVSOXVFKHUTXH PDSURSUH¤PH HWPRQSURSUH
FRUSVb}
13 /DFRXUF«OHVWHG«ILQLHFRPPHODU«XQLRQGHVGLII«UHQWHVFDW«JRULHVGHVDLQWVDXWRXUGH
'LHXQHFRQVWLWXHSDVXQHHQWLW«TXLGLDORJXHDYHFODYLVLRQQDLUH&HOOHFLDVVLVWHGH
ID©RQH[W«ULHXUHDX[UDUHV«FKDQJHVHQWUH'LHXHWFHVFDW«JRULHV«QRQF«HVFRPPHOHV
DS¶WUHVOHVSDWULDUFKHVOHVSURSKªWHV5«Y,OHVPDUW\UVRXXQHFROOHFWLYLW«RPQHV
VDQFWL&HSHQGDQWFHUWDLQVVDLQWVSHXQRPEUHX[DXGHPHXUDQWSHXYHQWGHYHQLUGHV
LQWHUORFXWHXUVSDUWLFXOLHUVGH%ULJLWWHbLOVRQWSRXUIRQFWLRQGHOXLFRPPHQWHUXQH
YLVLRQɘ-HDQ%DSWLVWH\H[FHOOHɘRXGHVDWLVIDLUHVRQG«VLUGHFRQQDLVVDQFHVXUXQSRLQW
SU«FLVbGDQVFHGHX[LªPHFDVLOVOXLDSSDUDLVVHQWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWVXUOHOLHXGHOHXU
WRPEHDXRXGDQVXQH«JOLVHTXLOHXUHVWFRQVDFU«H$LQVL1LFRODVGH%DUL5«Y9,
OXLH[SOLTXHODVLJQLILFDWLRQGXOLTXLGHKXLOHX[TXL«PDQHGHVRQVDUFRSKDJH)UDQ©RLV
OXLDSSDUD°WOHMRXUGHVDI¬WHGDQVOɛ«JOLVHURPDLQHGH6DQ)UDQFHVFRD5LSDHWOXL
HQMRLQWGHmbYHQLUGDQVVDFKDPEUHDILQGHPDQJHUHWERLUHDYHFOXLb}5«Y9,,
%ULJLWWHLQWHUSUªWHFHPHVVDJHFRPPHODQ«FHVVLW«GHVHUHQGUH¢$VVLVHYR\DJHTXɛHOOH
HQWUHSUHQGHQb$JQªVVDILGªOHFRQVHLOOªUHOɛDLGHGDQVVRQDSSUHQWLVVDJHGXODWLQ
¢ VRQ DUULY«H ¢ 5RPH HW Oɛ«FODLUH VXU OD SHUVRQQDOLW« GH -HDQQH Gɛ$QMRX UHLQH GH
1DSOHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
119
14 ,, 8Q GHX[LªPH W\SH GH YLVLRQV FRPSRUWH DXVVL OɛDSSDULWLRQ GɛLQWHUORFXWHXUV PDLV
OɛDVSHFWYLVXHOHVWFHWWHIRLVSULYLO«JL«SDUUDSSRUWDXGLVFRXUVFRPPHHQW«PRLJQHQWOHV
G«EXWVGHFKDSLWUHV(WYLGLWDSSDUXLWHWF%ULJLWWHYRLWG«ILOHUGHVLPDJHVGDQVGH
UDSLGHVV«TXHQFHV6RQ«WDWHVWPDQLIHVWHPHQWFHOXLGXUDYLVVHPHQWUDSWXVmbGHJU«
VS«FLDOGHSURSK«WLHb}VHORQODG«ILQLWLRQGHVDLQW7KRPDV/DYLVLRQQDLUHGHYLHQW
«WUDQJªUHDXPRQGHHQYLURQQDQWDILQGɛ¬WUHU«FHSWLYH¢XQHU«DOLW«VXUQDWXUHOOH6H
UDWWDFKDQW¢FHGHX[LªPHW\SHOHVYLVLRQVGX3DUDGLVFRQVWLWXHQW XQVXMHWGɛ«WXGH
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQWLQW«UHVVDQWbPDOJU«OHXUFDUDFWªUHVWDWLTXHHOOHVPHWWHQWHQVFªQH
GHVDSSDULWLRQVVLPXOWDQ«HV GHSOXVLHXUV SHUVRQQDJHVLQWHUORFXWHXUV SULYLO«JL«VRX
PHPEUHVDQRQ\PHVGHODVRFL«W«F«OHVWH0DLVOH&KULVWDYHUWLW%ULJLWWHTXHOɛ«YLGHQFH
YLVXHOOHHWDXGLWLYHGHFHVLPDJHVHVWXQDUWLILFHGHVWLQ«¢OXLHQVHLJQHUGHVU«DOLW«V
VSLULWXHOOHVbmb7XYRLVDYHFGHV\HX[VSLULWXHOVbGHP¬PHWXHQWHQGVDYHFGHVRUHLOOHV
VSLULWXHOOHVɣ/DYLVLRQTXHWXYRLVQHWɛDSSDUD°WSDVWHOOHTXɛHOOHHVW(QHIIHWVLWX
YR\DLVODEHDXW«VSLULWXHOOHGHVDQJHVHWGHV¤PHVVDLQWHVWRQFRUSVQHSRXUUDLWOH
VXSSRUWHUHWVHUDLWEULV«FRPPHXQYDVHɣHWFHOD¢FDXVHGHODMRLHTXɛ«SURXYHUDLWWRQ
¤PHGɛXQHWHOOHYLVLRQb}5«Y,,
15 $XOLYUH9,%ULJLWWHHVWmbLQH[FHVVXPHQWLVb}OLWW«UDOHPHQWKRUVGHVRQPHQWDOGHVRQ
SURSUHHVSULWbHOOHHVWDORUVJXLG«HSDUXQDXWUHHVSULWmb6SLULWXVb}TXLVHG«ILQLWFRPPH
FHOXL TXL Oɛ«FDUWH GHV WHQWDWLRQVb}b LO SRXUUDLW ¬WUH LQWHUSU«W« FRPPH OD WURLVLªPH
SHUVRQQHGHOD7ULQLW«HQYHUWXGHVDSSURSULDWLRQV&HJXLGHVSLULWXHOOXLFRPPHQWH
FHTXɛHOOHYRLWbOHFLHORXYHUWHWOHV¤PHVY¬WXHVGHJORLUH/ɛHVSULWOɛLQYLWHHQVXLWH¢
SULHUSRXUTXHOHV¤PHVGXFLHOHWGXSXUJDWRLUHYRLHQWODIDFHGH'LHXbVɛHQVXLWXQH
YLVLRQGHOɛ(QIHU
16 'DQV5«Y,9%ULJLWWHYRLWXQSDODLVGɛXQHJUDQGHXULQFRPPHQVXUDEOHmbGDQVXQH
YLVLRQ VSLULWXHOOHb} OɛLQW«ULHXU VH WURXYHQW GHV ¬WUHV Y¬WXV GɛDXEHV EODQFKHV HW
«WLQFHODQWHVFKDFXQVL«JHDQWLQGLYLGXHOOHPHQW8QDQJHH[SOLTXH¢%ULJLWWHTXHFHV
¬WUHVVRQWOHV¤PHVGHVVDLQWV2QSHXWUDSSURFKHUFHSDVVDJHGXYHUVHWGɛ$SRFDO\SVH
R»OHV«OXVY¬WXVGHUREHVEODQFKHVDGRUHQW'LHXHQFRPSDJQLHGHVDQJHV
17 ,O DUULYH IU«TXHPPHQW TXH OH V\PEROLVPH FRPSOH[H GH FH W\SH GH YLVLRQ OXL VRLW
H[SOLTX«SDUOD9LHUJHXQVDLQWRXXQDQJH'DQV5«Y,OɛDVVHPEO«HGHVVDLQWVHVW
DLQVLG«FULWHSDUOD9LHUJHbOHVVDLQWVTXLVRQWSUªVGH'LHXVRQWFRPPHGHV«WRLOHV
LQQRPEUDEOHVGRQWODOXPLQRVLW«HWODVSOHQGHXUQHSHXYHQW¬WUHFRPSDU«HV¢DXFXQH
OXPLªUHWHPSRUHOOH'DQVODPDMRULW«GHVYLVLRQVGXSDUDGLVFɛHVWOH&KULVWDYHFVHV
SU«URJDWLYHVGHURLHWMXJHTXLGRPLQHODFRXUF«OHVWHVXLYLGHOD9LHUJHHWGɛXQHDUP«H
TXɛLOIDXWFRPSUHQGUHFRPPHOHVDQJHVELHQTXɛXQHGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHOHVGLII«UHQWV
FKüXUVQHVRLWSDVVS«FLIL«H/HVVDLQWVHWOHV«OXVVRQWSHU©XVFRPPHXQHIRXOHR»OHV
LQGLYLGXVQHVRQWSDVGLVWLQJX«V3DUH[HPSOHGDQV5«Y9bmb-HYLVXQWU¶QHGDQVOH
FLHOR»VL«JHDLWOH6HLJQHXU-«VXV&KULVWFRPPHXQMXJHb¢VHVSLHGVOD9LHUJH0DULH
«WDLW DVVLVH HW DXWRXU GX WU¶QH LO \ DYDLW XQH O«JLRQ GɛDQJHV HW XQH PXOWLWXGH GH
VDLQWVb}
18 /HFDUDFWªUHUR\DOGXSDUDGLVHVWDFFHQWX«SDUVRQHQYHORSSHDUFKLWHFWXUDOHbLOVɛDJLW
GɛXQSDODLVSDODWPP(Q5«Y9,,bmb-HYLVXQSDODLVJUDQGFRPPHOHFLHOVHUHLQGDQV
OHTXHOVHWURXYDLWOɛDUP«HF«OHVWHGHVROGDWVLQQRPEUDEOHVOLWW«UDOHPHQWFRPPHOHV
DWRPHVDWKRPLGXVROHLOD\DQWXQHOXHXUFRPPHOHVUD\RQVGXVROHLOɣHWFHWWHYLHUJH
VHWHQDQWGHYDQWFHOXLTXLHVWDVVLVVXUXQWU¶QHTXL«WDLWSOXVEULOODQWTXHOHVROHLO
YLHUJHTXHWRXWHODPLOLFHF«OHVWHHWWRXVOHVDVVLVWDQWVKRQRUDLHQWFRPPHODUHLQHGX
FLHOb}/ɛLPDJHGXSDODLVHVWUHSULVHDXG«EXWGXKXLWLªPHOLYUHbLODEULWHODFRXUF«OHVWH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
120
GRQWOHVPHPEUHVG«ILQLVJOREDOHPHQWmbFRPPHWRXVFHX[TXLVRQWSU«VHQWVDXWRXUGX
6HLJQHXUb}OHORXHQWSDUGHVK\PQHVHWGHVFDQWLTXHVHWKRQRUHQWOD9LHUJHFRPPHOD
UHLQHGXFLHO
b
La tradition illustrée des Révélations dans les
manuscrits enluminés
19 /HV5«Y«ODWLRQVFRQQXUHQWUDSLGHPHQWXQHWUDGLWLRQLOOXVWU«HHQ,WDOLH&DUO1RUGHQIDON
SXLV 0HUHWK /LQGJUHQ RQW UHFHQV« TXDWUH PDQXVFULWV WRXV G«FRU«V GDQV OHV GHX[
GHUQLªUHVG«FHQQLHVGX;,9HbVLªFOHHQ,WDOLHHWWUªVYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQW¢1DSOHV/D
TXHVWLRQGXUDSSRUWHQWUHOHXUORFDOLVDWLRQHWOHVV«MRXUVGH%ULJLWWH¢ODFRXUGH-HDQQH
Gɛ$QMRXHIIHFWX«VHQWUHHWP«ULWHUDLWXQH«WXGHDSSURIRQGLH/DG«FRUDWLRQ
GHFHVPDQXVFULWVFRQVLVWHHQGHVIURQWLVSLFHVU«VHUY«VDX[OLYUHV,9HW9,,,HWHQGHV
OHWWULQHVKLVWRUL«HV/HPDQXVFULWFRQVHUY«¢OD3LHUSRQW0RUJDQ/LEUDU\GH1HZ<RUN
HVWOHSOXVDQFLHQSDUYHQXMXVTXɛ¢QRXV,OHVWLVVXGɛXQDWHOLHUQDSROLWDLQYHUVHW
GRQFSRVW«ULHXUGHPRLQVGHFLQTDQV¢ODU«GDFWLRQG«ILQLWLYHGXWH[WH/HVIURQWLVSLFHV
DX[ OLYUHV , HW 9,,, IRQW OɛREMHW GɛXQH G«FRUDWLRQ HQ SOHLQH SDJH TXL SU«VHQWH
UHVSHFWLYHPHQWXQHLFRQRJUDSKLHGHODFRXUF«OHVWHIRObYHWGHODFRXUWHUUHVWUH
IRObY
b
Le frontispice au livre I: la communion céleste
20 /HIRObYGXPDQXVFULWGH1HZ<RUNTXLVHUWGHIURQWLVSLFHDXOLYUH,GHV5«Y«ODWLRQV
SU«VHQWH XQH FRPSRVLWLRQ PHWWDQW HQ «YLGHQFH OH GRPDLQH F«OHVWH VXSHUSRV« DX
WHUUHVWUHDVVLJQ«¢ODYLVLRQQDLUHILJ/H&KULVWVLªJHDXVRPPHWGDQVXQHPDQGRUOH
TXɛLOSDUWDJHDYHFOD9LHUJHbGHOHXUPDLQJDXFKHSDUWHQWGHVUD\RQVTXLDWWHLJQHQW
OɛRUHLOOHGH%ULJLWWHILJXU«HHQEDV¢GURLWHGDQVXQHVSDFHG«OLPLW«SDUXQHHVWUDGHHQ
ERLVVXUODTXHOOHVRQWSRV«VXQVLªJHHWXQSXSLWUH%ULJLWWHHVWGRW«HGɛXQQLPEH
UD\RQQDQW FRQI«U« GªV OH PLOLHX GX ;,9H VLªFOH GDQV FHUWDLQHV UHSU«VHQWDWLRQV
SLFWXUDOHVDX[SHUVRQQHVELHQKHXUHXVHVPDLVQRQHQFRUHRIILFLHOOHPHQWFDQRQLV«HV
8QDQJHHVWILJXU«HQEXVWH¢JDXFKHGXSXSLWUHDXGHVVXVGɛXQE¤WRQHWGɛXQHERXUVH
GHSªOHULQDJHSHXW¬WUHXQHDOOXVLRQ¢FHOXLHIIHFWX«SDU%ULJLWWH¢6DLQW-DFTXHVGH
&RPSRVWHOOH6HVEUDV«FDUW«VFRQVWLWXHQWOHWUDLWGɛXQLRQHQWUHODYLVLRQQDLUHHWXQ
SU¬WUH «OHYDQW XQH KRVWLH GɛR» «PHUJH OH &KULVW VRXV OɛDSSDUHQFH GɛXQ KRPRQFXOH
HQWRXU«GHIODPPHVVFªQHGRQWOHFDUDFWªUHVXUQDWXUHOHVWVXJJ«U«SDUXQIRQGGɛRU/D
YLVLRQGX&KULVWHQMHXQHKRPPHVHVXSHUSRVDQW¢OɛKRVWLHDXPRPHQWGHOɛ«O«YDWLRQHVW
IU«TXHQWH GDQV OD P\VWLTXH I«PLQLQH /ɛHQOXPLQHXU D VLPSOLIL« FH SDVVDJH GHV
5«Y«ODWLRQVLPSRUW« GX /LYUH 9, R» GDQV XQH V«TXHQFH EUªYH LQVFULWH HQWUH GHX[
YLVLRQVHXFKDULVWLTXHVODFRPSOH[LW«GHVOLHQVWULQLWDLUHVHVWU«Y«O«¢%ULJLWWH
21 /DFRXUF«OHVWHUHSU«VHQW«HGDQVFHIHXLOOHWDYHFXQHJUDQGHLPSRUWDQFHOHVGHX[WLHUV
GHVDVXUIDFHOXLVRQWFRQVDFU«HVQHFRQVWLWXHDVVXU«PHQWSDVXQHV\QWKªVHGHVYLVLRQV
SDUDGLVLDTXHV G«FULWHV GDQV OHV 5«Y«ODWLRQV 3RXU QH IDLUH «WDW TXH GH TXHOTXHV
GLYHUJHQFHVDXFXQHVWUXFWXUHDUFKLWHFWXUDOHTXLSRXUUDLW«YRTXHUOHSDODLVGRQWLOHVW
TXHVWLRQ¢SOXVLHXUVUHSULVHVGDQVOHWH[WHQɛHVWLFLUHSU«VHQW«HbOɛH[HUFLWXVFHOHVWLV5«Y
9,,HVWGDQVOɛLPDJHG«YHORSS«H HQQHXIFKüXUVDQJ«OLTXHV GLVSRV«VVXUGHX[
UHJLVWUHVDXWRXUGHODPDQGRUOHDEULWDQWOD9LHUJHHWOH&KULVW/HFDUDFWªUHDXWRQRPH
GHFHWWHUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVHFRPSUHQGORUVTXɛRQU«DOLVHTXɛLOVɛDJLWGɛXQHLFRQRJUDSKLH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
121
HPSUXQW«H¢ODSHLQWXUHPRQXPHQWDOHTXLVHG«YHORSSHVXUODS«QLQVXOHLWDOLHQQHGªV
ODGHUQLªUHG«FHQQLHGX'XHFHQWRbOHSDUDGLVGXIHXLOOHWGXPDQXVFULWGH1HZ<RUN
FDUDFW«ULV« SDU OD SU«VHQFH GX &KULVW HW GH OD 9LHUJH GRPLQDQW XQH FRPSRVLWLRQ
VWUXFWXU«HHQUHJLVWUHVVXSHUSRV«VVHPEOHFRQVWLWXHUXQHV\QWKªVHDEU«J«HGHVSDUDGLV
LQW«JU«VGDQVODWK«PDWLTXHJ«Q«UDOHGX-XJHPHQWGHUQLHUVHORQXQHIRUPXODWLRQHQ
SDUWLHWULEXWDLUHGHODWUDGLWLRQE\]DQWLQH/HPRWLIGHVFKüXUVDQJ«OLTXHVDVVRFL«VDX[
DS¶WUHVILJXUDLW G«M¢VHORQ FHUWDLQHV UHFRQVWLWXWLRQVGDQV OH -XJHPHQWHQ SDUWLH
G«WUXLWGH3LHWUR&DYDOOLQLGDQVODEDVLOLTXHURPDLQHGH6DQWD&HFLOLDLQ7UDVWHYHUH
HQYLURQbRQOHUHWURXYHGDQVFHOXLGH*LRWWRDXUHYHUVGXPXURFFLGHQWDOGHOD
FKDSHOOH6FURYHJQL¢3DGRXHHQWUHHW¢1DSOHV¢6DQWD0DULD'RQQD5HJLQD
YHUVILJ2QQHVDXUDLWVRXVHVWLPHUOɛLPSRUWDQFHGHFHGHUQLHUSURJUDPPH
SHXW¬WUHWULEXWDLUHGHVGHX[DXWUHVGXIDLWGHVV«MRXUVQDSROLWDLQVGH&DYDOOLQLHWGH
*LRWWRSDUFHTXɛLOQRXVUDPªQHDXOLHXGHSURGXFWLRQGXIHXLOOHWGH1HZ<RUNFHV
SHLQWXUHVPXUDOHVQRXVSRXUULRQVDMRXWHUFHOOHUHFRXYUDQWODSDURLVXGGX&DPSRVDQWR
GH3LVHU«DOLV«HYHUVHWDWWULEX«H¢%XRQDPLFR%XIIDOPDFFRILJXQGHV
UDUHVH[HPSOHVR»OD9LHUJHHVWSODF«HVXUOHP¬PHQLYHDXTXHOH&KULVW-XJHGDQVXQH
PDQGRUOHDGMDFHQWH3DUUDSSRUW¢FHV«YHQWXHOVPRGªOHVOɛHQOXPLQHXUDIRUWHPHQW
DEU«J«ODUHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHVFDW«JRULHVGHVDLQWVU«GXLWHVGɛDERUGDX[DS¶WUHVHQVXLWH
DXWULRIRUP«SDU$EUDKDP'DYLGHW-HDQ%DSWLVWHHQILQ¢GHX[JURXSHVFRQYHUJHQWV
GHVDLQWVPDVFXOLQVHWI«PLQLQVSHXFDUDFW«ULV«VSDUODSK\VLRQRPLHOHFRVWXPHRXOHV
DWWULEXWV
22 /DFRPSRVLWLRQGXIHXLOOHWGH1HZ<RUND«W«UHSULVHGDQVODSDJHIURQWLVSLFHGɛXQ/LYUH
Gɛ+HXUHVGHOD9LHUJHHQODWLQFRQVHUY«¢OD%LEOLRWKªTXH5R\DOHGH/D+D\HILJ/H
UHVWHGHVDG«FRUDWLRQFRQVLVWHHQVL[LQLWLDOHVKLVWRUL«HVUHODWLYHV¢ODYLHGHOD9LHUJHb
GɛDSUªV OHV FDWDORJXHV FH PDQXVFULW DXUDLW «W« U«DOLV« SRXU XQ FRXYHQW EULJLWWLQ
QDSROLWDLQ YHUV OD ILQ GX ;,9H VLªFOH 'X SRLQW GX YXH VW\OLVWLTXH FH IHXLOOHW HVW
PDQLIHVWHPHQWLWDOLHQPDLVLOQHSU«VHQWHSDVODTXDOLW«GHGHVVLQHWGHOXPLQRVLW«GX
PRGªOHQDSROLWDLQ6RQFDUDFWªUHGHFRSLHDVVH]JURVVLªUHUHQGGLIILFLOHODSHUFHSWLRQ
GɛLQGLFHVVLQJXOLHUVTXLSHUPHWWUDLHQWXQHORFDOLVDWLRQHWXQHGDWDWLRQSU«FLVHV/HV
FDUQDWLRQVIRQF«HVDX[WUDLWVH[SUHVVLIVSDUOHQWHQIDYHXUGɛXQHSURGXFWLRQGXQRUGGH
Oɛ,WDOLH8QFRORSKRQLQV«U«¢ODILQGXPDQXVFULWGH1HZ<RUNLQGLTXDQWTXɛLO«W«
DSSRUW«GH1DSOHVSDU$OIRQVRGH9DGDWHUUDDXFRXYHQW6DQ*LURODPRLQ4XDUWRSUªV
GH*¬QHVSRXUUDLWVXJJ«UHUTXHOHIURQWLVSLFHGH/D+D\HD«W«FRSL«VRLW¢1DSOHVSHX
DSUªVVRLWHQ,WDOLHGX1RUGXQH¢GHX[G«FHQQLHVSOXVWDUG
23 (QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHOHIHXLOOHWGXPDQXVFULWGH/D+D\HW«PRLJQHGH
ODFXQHVSDUUDSSRUWDXIURQWLVSLFHGH1HZ<RUNbGHX[FKüXUVDQJ«OLTXHVPDQTXHQW¢
OD FRXU F«OHVWH HW OHV UD\RQV GH WUDQVPLVVLRQ HQWUH OH FRXSOH &KULVW9LHUJH HW OD
YLVLRQQDLUH RQW GLVSDUX /HV PDLQV JDXFKHV GX &KULVW HW GH OD 9LHUJH IRQW HQ
FRQV«TXHQFHGHVJHVWHVGLII«UHQWVbOD9LHUJHOªYHODVLHQQHHWOH&KULVWOɛXWLOLVHSRXU
G«VLJQHU VD SODLH ODW«UDOH YLVLEOH SDU XQH LQFLVLRQ GH VD WXQLTXHb FHW «O«PHQW HVW
LPSRUWDQWFDULOSHUPHWGHUDWWDFKHUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGHFHIROLR¢XQFRQWH[WHMXGLFLDLUH
G«M¢VXJJ«U«SDUODFRPSRVLWLRQGHODFRXUF«OHVWH(QUHYDQFKHOHVGHX[JURXSHV
FRQYHUJHQWVGɛ«OXVVRQWGDYDQWDJHG«WDLOO«VGDQVOHPDQXVFULWGH/D+D\HbOHV«OXV
KRPPHVHWIHPPHVVRQWSRXUYXVGHFRGLFHVIHUP«VHWRQ\FRQVWDWHXQHLQVLVWDQFHVXU
OHVWDWXWFO«ULFDOSDUODSU«VHQFHGɛXQ«Y¬TXH¢JDXFKHHWGHWURLVPRLQHV¢GURLWHGHX[
E«Q«GLFWLQVXQGRPLQLFDLQ%ULJLWWHGLULJHVRQUHJDUGQRQSOXVHQGLUHFWLRQGHODFRXU
F«OHVWHPDLVVXUODJDXFKHYHUVOɛ«O«YDWLRQGHOɛKRVWLHHWOɛDSSDULWLRQGX&KULVWTXLWLHQW
XQSDUFKHPLQG«URXO«G«WDLOTXLHVWLFLSOXVFODLUHPHQWILJXU«TXHGDQVOHPDQXVFULWGH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
122
1HZ<RUN/HSXSLWUHGHODVDLQWHFRPSRUWDQWLFLGHX[QLFKHVHVWGRW«GɛDFFHVVRLUHV
DEVHQWVGXPDQXVFULWGH1HZ<RUNFRPPHXQHVHUYLHWWHVXVSHQGXH¢XQFURFKHWIL[«
VXUODJDXFKHbRQUHPDUTXHFHVPRGLILFDWLRQVGDQVGHX[H[HPSODLUHVGHV5«Y«ODWLRQV
U«DOLV«V DX ;9H VLªFOH OɛXQ VX«GRLV HW OɛDXWUH JHUPDQLTXH TXL UHSUHQQHQW FHWWH
FRPSRVLWLRQFRPPHIURQWLVSLFH&1RUGHQIDONDYDLWVXJJ«U«TXHOHSRVVLEOHPRGªOHGH
FHVGHX[PDQXVFULWVGHYDLW¬WUHLWDOLHQHWWUªVVLPLODLUH¢FHOXLGH1HZ<RUN9RLUFH
PRGªOHGDQVOHIURQWLVSLFHGH/D+D\HVHUDLWSRVVLEOHVLOɛRQDFFHSWHOɛH[LVWHQFHGɛXQ
IHXLOOHW LQWHUP«GLDLUH TXL MXVWLILHUDLW OHV VLQJXODULW«V GH OɛLQYHUVLRQ GHV SRVLWLRQV
UHVSHFWLYHVGX&KULVWHWGHOD9LHUJHHWGXU«WDEOLVVHPHQWGHOHXUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHF
OD YLVLRQQDLUH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QRQ SOXV V\PEROLV«H SDU GHV UD\RQV PDLV SDU GHX[
SK\ODFWªUHV
b
Le frontispice au livre VIII: la transmission des Révélations à la cour
terrestre
24 /H IRObY GX PDQXVFULW GH 1HZ <RUN VHUW GH SDJH IURQWLVSLFH DX /LEHU FRHOHVWLV
LPSHUDWRULVDGUHJHVILJ/HPHVVDJHGLYLQHVWLFLPDW«ULDOLV«SDUXQFRGH[RXYHUWTXL
ODLVVHYRLUGHVIHXLOOHWVUHFRXYHUWVGHWH[WH/HV5«Y«ODWLRQVVRQWUHPLVHVSDUOH&KULVW¢
%ULJLWWHTXLDTXLWW«VRQSXSLWUHbHOOHUH©RLWFHOLYUHGHODPDLQGURLWHGX&KULVWDVVLVW«
SDUOD9LHUJH9¬WXVGɛXQPDQWHDXGRU«HWLUUDGLDQWGHOXPLªUHLOV«PHUJHQW¢PL
FRUSVGɛXQHVSDFHGRQWOHIRQGHVWWDSLVV«Gɛ«WRLOHV/DFRXUF«OHVWHHVWLFLU«GXLWH¢GHX[
JURXSHVGHILJXUHVSODF«HVDX[H[WU«PLW«VGHFHUHJLVWUHVXS«ULHXU/DWUDQVPLVVLRQGHV
5«Y«ODWLRQVHQWUHODYLVLRQQDLUHHWOHVVRXYHUDLQVWHUUHVWUHVVHIDLWHQVXLWHSDUGHX[
UHOLJLHX[XQIUDQFLVFDLQ DVVLVW«GɛXQFLVWHUFLHQ 6ɛLOVɛDJLWGHOD FRXUDQJHYLQHGH
1DSOHVHOOHQɛHVWSDVUHSU«VHQW«HGHID©RQU«DOLVWHPDLV«YRTX«HSDUOHVGLII«UHQWV
FRUSVODFRQVWLWXDQWbXQVRXYHUDLQUHSU«VHQWDQWGɛXQHG\QDVWLHTXLHVWGLVSRV«H¢VHV
F¶W«VWU¶QDQWDXGHVVXVGHVHVVXMHWVGLYLV«VHQGHX[FRUSVOHVPHPEUHVOD±TXHV¢VD
GURLWHOHFOHUJ«¢VDJDXFKH&HWWHUHSU«VHQWDWLRQVFK«PDWLV«HGHVVRXYHUDLQVVHPEOH
¬WUHFDOTX«HVXUOɛLPDJHGHODJ«Q«DORJLHGHVDQJHYLQVGH1DSOHVGDQVOD%LEOHU«DOLV«H
YHUV SDU OɛHQOXPLQHXU &ULVWRIRUR 2ULPLQD SRXU 1LFRODV Gɛ$OLIH VHFU«WDLUH GH
5REHUW,HU Gɛ$QMRX ILJ 'DQV OHV GHX[ HQOXPLQXUHV OHV URLV VRQW Y¬WXV GɛXQH
GDOPDWLTXH VLPLODLUH GRQW OD VWDQGDUGLVDWLRQ FRQWULEXH DX FDUDFWªUH KL«UDWLTXH HW
U«S«WLWLI GHV ILJXUHV /HV FRVWXPHV GHV OD±FV VHPEOHQW FRQIRUPHV DX[ XVDJHV
YHVWLPHQWDLUHVFRQWHPSRUDLQV HW PHWWHQW HQ «YLGHQFHOHV GLII«UHQWHV IRQFWLRQV GHV
PHPEUHVGHODFRXU
b
Conclusion
25 /ɛ«WXGHGHVYLVLRQVGHODFRXUF«OHVWHGDQVOHWH[WHGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVPHWHQ«YLGHQFHOD
FRPSOH[LW«GHVUDSSRUWVHQWUH%ULJLWWHHW/D7ULQLW«HWOHU¶OHHVVHQWLHOMRX«SDUOD
9LHUJHHWSDUFHUWDLQVVDLQWVFRPPHLQWHUORFXWHXUV/HFDUDFWªUHIRUWHPHQWLPDJ«GH
FHVYLVLRQVQHVHPEOHWRXWHIRLVSDVDYRLUHQJHQGU«XQHLFRQRJUDSKLHRULJLQDOHGDQVOHV
SOXVDQFLHQVPDQXVFULWVHQOXPLQ«VGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVWRXVLWDOLHQVGɛRULJLQHHWU«DOLV«VSHX
DSUªV OD U«GDFWLRQ G«ILQLWLYH GX WH[WH 6HORQ GHV PRGDOLW«V TXL UHVWHQW ¢ «WXGLHU
OɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGXSDUDGLVWUªVG«YHORSS«HVXUOHVIURQWLVSLFHVLQWURGXLVDQWOHOLYUH,GHV
PDQXVFULWVFRQVHUY«VGDQVOHVELEOLRWKªTXHVGH1HZ<RUNHWGH/D+D\HHVWUHGHYDEOH¢
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
123
XQVFK«PDGHFRPSRVLWLRQG«YHORSS«G«M¢GHSXLVOHG«EXWGX7UHFHQWRGDQVODSHLQWXUH
PRQXPHQWDOH
b
Dossier iconographique
)LJXUHb1HZ<RUN3LHUSRQW0RUJDQ/LEUDU\0VIRObY
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
124
)LJXUHb1DSOHV6DQWD0DULD'RQQDUHJLQDSDUWLHVXS«ULHXUHJDXFKHGX
PXUQRUGGXFKüXU
)LJXUHb3LVH&DPSRVDQWRPXUVXG
)LJXUHb/D+D\H%LEOLRWKªTXHUR\DOH0Vb)IRObY
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
125
)LJXUHb1HZ<RUN3LHUSRQW0RUJDQ/LEUDU\0VIRObY
)LJXUHb/RXYDLQ%LEOLRWKªTXHXQLYHUVLWDLUH0VIROb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
126
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 5«Y ([WUDYDJDQWHV b 6FLDV TXLD QRQ ORTXRU SURSWHU WH VRODP VHG SURSWHU VDOXWHP RPQLXP
FKULVWLDQRUXP
2. 3RXUOHV«O«PHQWVELRJUDSKLTXHVYRLU*&HFFKHWWLVYmb%ULJLGDGL6YH]LDb}GDQV%LEOLRWKHFD
6DQFWRUXPWb,,,5RPHFRO*%LQGLQJVYmb%LUJLWWDY6FKZHGHQb}GDQV/H[LFRQGHV
0LWWHODOWHUVWb,,0¾QLFK=¾ULFKFRO(0RUQHWVYmb%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHb}GDQV
+LVWRLUHGHVVDLQWVHWGHODVDLQWHW«FKU«WLHQQHWb9,,VRXVODGLUGH$9DXFKH]3DULVSb
3. &HFRQWH[WHDELHQ«W««WXGL«SDU3'LQ]HOEDFKHUbYRLUVXUWRXW9LVLRQXQG9LVLRQVOLWHUDWXULP
0LWWHODOWHU6WXWWJDUW+LHUVHPDQQHWmb'LHKHLOLJH%LUJLWWDXQGGLH0\VWLNLKUHU=HLWb}GDQV
6DQWD%ULJLGDSURIHWDGHLQXRYLWHPSLDFWHVGXFROORTXH5RPH;&LW«GX9DWLFDQ
Sb9RLUDXVVL$9DXFKH]6DLQWVSURSKªWHVHWYLVLRQQDLUHV/HSRXYRLUVXUQDWXUHODX0R\HQ
$JH3DULV$OELQ0LFKHO
4. 6XUFHWWHILJXUHHWVHVVLPLOLWXGHVDYHF%ULJLWWHGH6XªGHYRLU$9DXFKH]mb6DLQWH%ULJLWWHGH
6XªGHHWVDLQWH&DWKHULQHGH6LHQQHbODP\VWLTXHHWOɛJOLVHDX[GHUQLHUVVLªFOHVGX0R\HQJHb}
GDQV7HUQLHSUREOHPLQHOODPLVWLFDIHPPLQLOHWUHFHQWHVFDDFWHVGXFROORTXH3«URXVH;
7RGLSb
5. 6HORQODG«ILQLWLRQGHM$XQHDXVY mb3URSKªWHVHWSURSK«WLVPHb}GDQV&DWKROLFLVPHWb
3DULVFRO
6. /HVPRGDOLW«VGHFHWWHUHWUDQVFULSWLRQVRQWH[SOLTX«HVGDQVOD9LWD«FULWHSDU3LHUUH2ODIVVRQ
HW3LHUUHGH6NDQQLQJHSHXGHWHPSVDSUªVODPRUWGHFHOOHFL%ULJLWWHIRUPXOHVHVYLVLRQVGDQVVD
ODQJXHQDWDOHVRXVIRUPH«FULWHRXGLFW«HSHQGDQWFHUWDLQHVH[WDVHVOHPHVVDJHHVWDORUVIOXLGH
mbFRPPHVLHOOHOLVDLWGDQVXQOLYUHb}bOHWH[WHHVWHQVXLWHWUDGXLWHQODWLQSDUVHVVHFU«WDLUHVHW
UHYXSDUHOOH9RLU%0RUULVmb/DE\ULQWKVRIWKH8UWH[Wb}GDQV+HOLJD%LUJLWWD%XGVNDSHWRFK
)RUHELOGHQDFWHVGXFROORTXH9DGVWHQD;6WRFNROPSbQRWH
7. /HVTXDWUHSUHPLHUVOLYUHVFRQFHUQHQWVXUWRXW'LHXHWOHVOLHXGHOɛDXGHO¢FLHOSXUJDWRLUH
HQIHU/HOLYUH9U«GLJ«FRPPHXQHVXLWHGɛLQWHUURJDWLRQVHWGHU«SRQVHVHVWFRQVDFU«¢ODYLVLRQ
GXPRLQHHVFDODGDQWXQH«FKHOOHF«OHVWH/HOLYUH9,UHODWHOHVYR\DJHVGH%ULJLWWH¢WUDYHUVOɛ,WDOLH
HW SRUWH VXU OD U«IRUPH GX FOHUJ«b OH OLYUH 9,, FRQWLHQW OHV YLVLRQV GH %ULJLWWH ORUV GHVRQ
SªOHULQDJH¢-«UXVDOHP
8. /ɛ«GLWLRQPRGHUQHGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVHVWHQYRLHGɛDFKªYHPHQW&*8QGKDJHQ«G6DQFWD%LUJLWWD
5HYHODFLRQHV%RRN,6WRFNKROP.XQJO9LWWHUKHWV+LVWRULH2FK$QWLNYLWHWV$NDGHPLHQ+
$LOL«G6DQFWD%LUJLWWD5HYHODFLRQHV%RRN,96WRFNKROP.XQJO9LWWHUKHWV+LVWRULH2FK$QWLNYLWHWV
$NDGHPLHQ%%HUJK«G6DQFWD%LUJLWWD5HYHODFLRQHV%RRN98SSVDOD$OPTYLVW:LNVHOOV
%RNWU\FNHUL $E % %HUJK «G 6DQFWD %LUJLWWD 5HYHODFLRQHV %RRN 9, 6WRFNKROP .XQJO
9LWWHUKHWV +LVWRULH 2FK $QWLNYLWHWV $NDGHPLHQ % %HUJK «G 'HQ +HOLJD %LUJLWWDV
5HYHODFLRQHV%RRN9,,8SSVDOD$OPTYLVW:LNVHOOV%RNWU\FNHUL$E1RXVDYRQV«JDOHPHQW
XWLOLV«Oɛ«GLWLRQODWLQH/LEHU5HYHODWLRQXPFHOHVWLXP'RPLQH%LUJLWWDHGH6XHWLD«G,QDHGLEXVVDQFWDH
%ULJLGDHSHU'XRGHFLPXPHW$QWRQLXPVRFLRV5RPH
9. 9RLU%0RUULVDUWLFOHFLWQRWHSb
10. 9RLU3'LQ]HOEDFKHU5HYHODWLRQHV7XUQKRXW%UHSROVSbmb7\SRORJLHGHVVRXUFHV
GX0R\HQJHRFFLGHQWDOb}IDVF
11. 5«Y,b+HWUHVYRFHVQRQLGHRDXGLWHVXQWTXDVLVLQWWUHV'LLɣ'HLQGHWUHVYRFHVSUHGLFWH
VFLOLFHWSDWULVHWILOLLHWVSLULWXVVDQFWLFRQYHUVHVXQWVWDWLPLQXQDPYRFHPWDQWXPɣ
12. 6XUFHVXMHWYRLUQRWDPPHQW-/HFOHUFT/ɛLG«HGHODUR\DXW«GX&KULVWDX0R\HQJH3DULV&HUI
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
127
13. 'HVFLWDWLRQVVFULSWXUDLUHVQRPEUHXVHVUHWHQRQVOHVYHUVHWVGH-HDQbmb/H3ªUHQH
MXJHSHUVRQQHLODUHPLVWRXWMXJHPHQWDX)LOVDILQTXHWRXVKRQRUHQWOH)LOVFRPPHLOVKRQRUHQW
OH3ªUHb}WUDGXFWLRQGHOD72%
14. 9,,,b(JRVXPYHUXVHWVXPPXVLPSHUDWRUHWGRPLQDV
15. 3RXUOHGRPDLQHSDULVLHQRQHQUHSªUHGHVRFFXUUHQFHVGªVOHSUHPLHUTXDUWGX;9HbVLªFOH
3DUH[HPSOHGDQV/HOLYUHGHVSURSUL«W«VGHVFKRVHV3DULV%1))UIRObR»'LHXSU«VHQWDQWOD
SK\VLRQRPLHGX3ªUHGRPLQHWURLVUDQJVGɛDQJHVHWGɛ«OXVbLOQHSRUWHSDVGHFRXURQQHPDLV
WLHQWOHJOREHVXUPRQW«GɛXQHFURL[bFHWDWWULEXWHVWDVVRFL«V\VW«PDWLTXHPHQW¢XQHFRXURQQH
LPS«ULDOH¢IOHXURQVIRUPDQWODEDVHGɛXQF¶QHVXUPRQW«GɛXQHFURL[GDQVXQHV«ULHGHTXDWUH
PLQLDWXUHVU«S«WDQWXQVFK«PDGHFRPSRVLWLRQLGHQWLTXHb'LHXHQYLHLOODUGGRPLQHOɛDVVHPEO«H
GHVVDLQWVU«XQLVDXWRXUGHOD9LHUJH¢Oɛ(QIDQWbFHVPDQXVFULWVGHQDWXUHGLII«UHQWHWURLVOLYUHV
GɛKHXUHVHWXQH/«JHQGHGRU«HVRQWLVVXVGɛDWHOLHUVSDULVLHQV3DULV%1)IUIROb/«JHQGH
GRU«HYHUVb1HZ<RUN7KH&ORLVWHUVPVIROb%HOOHV+HXUHVGH-HDQGH%HUU\y3DULV
%1)ODWIRObYb&KLFDJR6SLW]&ROOHFWLRQIHXLOOHWVDQVFRWHFHVIHXLOOHWVSXEOL«VSDU0
0HLVVGDQV)UHQFK3DLQWLQJLQWKH7LPHRI-HDQGH%HUU\7KH/LPERXUJDQGWKHLU&RQWHPSRUDULHV1HZ
<RUNILJQRXVDLPHULRQVDMRXWHUOHIRObGɛXQOLYUHGɛKHXUHVDQJHYLQRXEUHWRQ
U«DOLV«YHUVSDUXGDQVODYHQWH6RWKHE\ɛV/RQGUHVGX9,ORW/DYRORQW«GɛDVVRFLHU
¢FHVDWWULEXWVLPS«ULDX[GHV«O«PHQWVGXFRVWXPHOLWXUJLTXHFKDSH«WROHFURLV«HHVWPDQLIHVWH
/DTXHVWLRQGHOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGH'LHXHQHPSHUHXUVXUOHWHUULWRLUHJHUPDQLTXHD«W«VRXOHY«H
SDU3(6FKUDPP+HUUVFKDIWV]HLFKHQXQG6WDDWVV\PEROLN%HLWU¦JH]XLKUHU*HVFKLFKWHYRPGULWWHQELV
]XPVHFK]HKQWHQ-DUKXQGHUWWb,,,6WXWWJDUW+LHUVHPDQQSb/ɛDXWHXU\H[SULPHVRQ
VRXKDLWGɛXQH«WXGHGHOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGHODVRXYHUDLQHW«LPS«ULDOH«WXGHHVTXLVV«HHQVXLWHSDU)
%üVSIOXJmb'LHXHQSDSH8QHVLQJXODULW«GHOɛDUWUHOLJLHX[GHODILQGX0R\HQJHb}5HYXH
0DELOORQWbSbHQSDUWLFXOLHUSbbmb/HVSD\VJHUPDQLTXHVɣDYDLHQWH[SULP«
GªVOH;9HVLªFOHXQHQHWWHSU«I«UHQFHSRXUXQ3ªUHFRLII«GɛXQHWLDUHLPS«ULDOHb}
16. 5«Y,9 bɣ,GHR SRVWPRUWHP LXGLFDYLWLXVWLFLD'HL TXRGGHEHUHWSHU VH[HWDWHV DUGHUHLQ
SXUJDWRULR9HUEDDQJHOLDGVSRQVDPGHLXGLFLR'HLLXVWLFLHFRQWUDDQLPDPVXSUDGLFWDQL
17. 5«Y,b(JRVHGLTXDVLLQLXGLFLRTXLDRPQHLQGLFLXPGDWXPHVWPLKLHWYHQLWTXLGDPLXGLFDQGXV
DQWHWULEXQDO9HUEDGRPLQLDGVSRQVDP
18. 5«Y,bɣHWRPQHVVDQFWLXQDYRFHFODPDEDQWGLFHQWHVbKHFHVWGLYLQDLXVWLFLDXWSHUSHWXRH[XO
VLWDUHJQRHWJDXGLRWXR
19. 5«Y,b7XDXWHPILOLDPHDTXDPHOHJLPLFKLHWFXPTXDVSLULWXPHRORTXRUGLOLJHPHWRWRFRUGH
QRQ VLFXW ILOLXP HW ILOLDP VHX SDUHQWHV VHG SOXV TXDP DOLTXLG LQ PXQGR FLW« SDU % 0F &XLUH
mb)ULHQGVKLSLQ%LUJLWWDRI9DGVWHQDbWUDGLWLRQRUUHQHZDOb"b}GDQV+HOLJD%LUJLWWDɣRSFLWQRWH
Sb
20. ([WUDYDJDQWHVFKDSLWUHLQWLWXO«4XDPGXOFLVHWGLOHFWXVHUDWGHXVVDQFWH%LUJLWWHHWFRQYHUVR
b0LFKLYLGHWXUTXRGLWDLPSULPHULVLQDQLPDPPHDPXWYHUHVLVHLXVFRUHWPHGXOODHWRPQLDHLXV
LQWHVWLQD(WLGHRFDULRUPLFKLHVTXDPXWUXPTXHDQLPDVFLOLFHWHWFRUSXVPHXP
21. /H &KULVW OXL DSSDUD°WUD GDQV Oɛ«JOLVH R» *LRWWR D SHLQW GDQV OD GHUQLªUH G«FHQQLH GX
;,,,HbVLªFOHXQF\FOHUHODWDQWODYLHGHVDLQW)UDQ©RLVHWOɛHQWUHWLHQGUDGHVYHUWXVGX3RYHUHOORb&XP
EHDWD%LUJLWWDHVVHWLQHFFOHVLD-UDWUXPLQ$VVLVLRDXGLYLWHWYLGLW&KULVWXPGLFHQWHPmb$PLFXV)UDQFLVFXV
ɣb}5«Y([WUDYDJDQWHV
22. 9,,,b%HDWD$JQHVDSSDUXLW6SRQVH&KULVWLHWORTXHEDWXUHLGHTXDGDPUHJLQDVXSHUEDHWSRPSRVD
GLFHQVbYLGLVWLILOLDGRPLQDPVXSHUEDLQFXUUXVXSHUELHɣ
23. 6XPPDWKHRORJLDH,,D,,DH4XSURORJXH3RXUXQHPLVHHQFRQWH[WHGHFHWWHQRWLRQYRLU
$9DXFKH]RSFLWQRWHSb
24. mb,OQɛHVWSDVQDWXUHOSRXUOɛKRPPHGɛ¬WUH«OHY«DX[U«DOLW«VGLYLQHVDYHFDEVWUDFWLRQGHV
VHQVb}6XPPDWKHRORJLDH4XDUWVROXWLRQ
25. 5«Y,,b9LGHVHQLPVSLULWXDOLEXVRFXOLV7XHWLDPDXGLVVSLULWXDOLEXVDXULEXVɣ9LVLRTXDPYLGHV
QRQWLELYLGHWXUVLFXWHVW6LHQLPYLGHUHVVSLULWXDOHPSXOFKULWXGLQHPDQJHORUXPHWDQLPDUXPVDQFWDUXP
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
128
FRUSXVWXXPQRQVXIILFHUHWYLGHUHVHGUXPSHUHWXUTXDVLYDVFRUUXSWXPHWSXWULGXPSURSWHUJDXGLXP
DQLPDHH[YLVLRQH
26. 9RLU $ &KROOHW VY mb$SSURSULDWLRQV DX[ SHUVRQQHV GH OD 7ULQLW«b} GDQV 'LFWLRQQDLUH GH
WK«RORJLHFDWKROLTXHWb,3DULVFROHQSDUWLFXOLHUbmbɣDX6DLQW(VSULW
UHYLHQWWRXWFHTXLHVWSDUIDLWWRXWFHTXLVDQFWLILHb}2QWURXYHG«M¢FHWWHQRWLRQFKH]VDLQW3DXO
,&RU
27. 5«Y,9b9LGHEDWXULQVSLULWXDOLYLVLRQHP9LVLRPLUDELOLV
28. $Sbmb$SUªVFHODMHYLVbFɛ«WDLWXQHIRXOHLPPHQVHTXHQXOQHSRXYDLWG«QRPEUHUGH
WRXWHVQDWLRQVWULEXVSHXSOHVHW ODQJXHV ,OV VH WHQDLHQW GHERXW GHYDQW OH WU¶QH HWGHYDQW
Oɛ$JQHDXY¬WXVGHUREHVEODQFKHVHWGHVSDOPHV¢ODPDLQb}7UDGXFWLRQGHOD72%
29. 3DVVDJHTXɛRQSHXWUDSSURFKHUGH&RULQWKLHQVDOO«JRULHGXVWDWXWGLII«UHQFL«GHV
«OXVMXVWLIL«SDUOɛ«FODWGLVWLQFWGHV«WRLOHV
30. 5«Y99LGLWKURQXPLQFHORLQTXRVHGHEDW'RPLQXV,KHVXV&KULVWXVXWLQGH[$QWHFXLXVSHGHV
VHGHEDWYLUJR0DULDHWLQFLUFXLWXWKURQLHUDWH[HUFLWXVDQJHORUXPHWLQILQLWDPXOWLWXGRVDQFWRUXP
31. /HUDSSRUWDYHFOD -«UXVDOHP F«OHVWH Gɛ $S HVW LPSOLFLWHPDOJU«OɛLQDG«TXDWLRQGHOD
VWUXFWXUHDUFKLWHFWXUDOH
32. 5«Y 9,, 9LGL SDODFLXP JUDQGH VLPLOH FHOR VHUHQR LQ TXR HUDW H[HUFLWXV FHOHVWLV PLOLWLH
LQQXPHUDELOLVTXDVL DWKRPLVROLV KDEHQVIXOJRUHP VLFXWUDGLL VROLVɣ (WTXHGDPYLUJRVWDEDW DQWH
VHGHQWHPLQWKURQRTXHHUDWIXOJHQWLRUVROHTXDPRPQHVLOOLDVVLVLHQWHVFHOHVWLVPLOLWLHKRQRUDQWUHYHUHQWHU
XWUHJLQDPFHORUXP
33. &1RUGHQIDONmb6DLQW%ULGJHWRI6ZHGHQDVUHSUHVHQWHGLQLOOXPLQDWHGPDQXVFULSWVb}GDQV
'H$UWLEXVRSXVFXOD;/(VVD\VLQKRQRURI(UZLQ3DQRILN\00HLVV«G1HZ<RUNSb
0/LQGJUHQ mb(WW §WHUXSSW¦FNW %LUJLWWDPDQXVNULSWb},FRQRJUDSKLVNSRVW Sb1HZ
<RUN3LHUSRQW0RUJDQOLEUDU\0OHVIURQWLVSLFHDX[OLYUHV,99,,,IRQWOɛREMHWGɛXQH
G«FRUDWLRQHQSOHLQHSDJHb3DOHUPH%LEO1D]LRQDOHPV,9*QHFRPSRUWHSDVGɛHQOXPLQXUH
HQSOHLQHSDJHb7XULQ%LEO1D]LRQDOHPV,,,,G«WUXLWGDQVOɛLQFHQGLHGHbb9DUVRYLH
%LEO1DURGRZDPV/DW49,/HVGHX[VHXOHVHQOXPLQXUHVHQSOHLQHSDJHGHVPDQXVFULWVGH
7XULQHWGH9DUVRYLHVHUYHQWGHIURQWLVSLFHDXOLYUH9HWUHSU«VHQWHQWOHPRLQHGH9DGVWHQD
JUDYLVVDQWOɛ«FKHOOHF«OHVWH6XUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGHFHIURQWLVSLFHYRLU&+HFN/ɛ«FKHOOHF«OHVWHGDQV
OɛDUWGX0R\HQ$JH8QHLPDJHGHODTX¬WHGXFLHO3DULV)ODPPDULRQSb
34. 1HZ<RUN 3LHUSRQW 0RUJDQOLEUDU\0 II [ bPP$FTXLVHQb 0
+DUUVHQHW*.%R\FH,WDOLDQ0DQXVFULSWVLQWKH3LHUSRQW0RUJDQ/LEUDU\1HZ<RUNSb
QRb,WDOLDQ0DQXVFULSW3DLQWLQJFDWGɛH[S3LHUSRQW0RUJDQ/LEUDU\1HZ<RUN
QRb
35. ,OVɛDJLUDLWGXGHX[LªPHDWHOLHUSDURUGUHGɛLPSRUWDQFH¢FHWWH«SRTXHbQRXVWHQRQVFHWWH
SU«FLVLRQGɛ$QGU«DV%U¦PTXHQRXVUHPHUFLRQVYLYHPHQW
36. 6XUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGH%ULJLWWHYLVLRQQDLUHYRLU*.DIWDO6DLQWVLQ,WDOLDQ$UW,FRQRJUDSK\RIWKH
6DLQWV LQ 7XVFDQ 3DLQWLQJ )ORUHQFH 6DQVRQL Sb 3OXV U«FHPPHQW 0 /LQJUHQ
mb%LUJLWWDRFKELOGHUQDb}GDQV+HOLJD%LUJLWWDRSFLWQRWHbSb/DUHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHV
YLVLRQQDLUHV I«PLQLQHV FRPPH VHFU«WDLUHV GH OD SDUROH GLYLQH HVW FDOTX«H VXU FHOOH GHV
«YDQJ«OLVWHV HW GHV 3ªUHV GH OɛJOLVH 9RLU FRPPH SU«FRFH H[HPSOH YHUV OD ILJXUH GH
+LOGHJDUGGH%LQJHQGDQVXQPDQXVFULWHQOXPLQ«GX/LEHUVFLYLDVIROb/(-DXUPD-HOWVFK'LH
0LQLDWXUHQLPmb/LEHUVFLYLDVb}GHU+LOGHEDUGYRQ%LQJHQ:LHVEDGHQ5HLFKHUW
37. /HVSHLQWUHVVHPEOHQWHIIHFWLYHPHQWDYRLUSU«F«G«OHVMXULVWHVVXUFHWWHTXHVWLRQFRPPHHQ
W«PRLJQHODG«FRUDWLRQGHODVDOOHFDSLWXODLUHGXFRXYHQWGRPLQLFDLQGH6DLQW1LFRODV¢7U«YLVH
9«Q«WLH GDW«H GHb HW VLJQ«H SDU 7RPDVR GD 0RGHQD 6XU OHV SDURLV VRQW UHSU«VHQW«V
TXDUDQWHPHPEUHVGHOɛRUGUHOLVDQWRX«FULYDQW¢OHXUSXSLWUHbSDUPLHX['RPLQLTXH7KRPDV
Gɛ$TXLQHW3LHUUHGH9«URQHDORUVFDQRQLV«VVRQWGRW«VGXQLPEHSOHLQbVHL]HILJXUHVRQWODW¬WH
DXU«RO«HGHUD\RQVbLOVɛDJLWGHILJXUHVGRQWOHFXOWHVɛHVWUDSLGHPHQWG«YHORSS«VRLWGHOHXU
YLYDQWVRLWGXIDLWGHPLUDFOHVSRVWKXPHVSDUH[HPSOHGDQVOHFDVGHOɛ«Y¬TXH$JRVWLQRGD
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
129
7UDJXULRHWGXSDSH%HQR°W;,PDLVGRQWODFDQRQLVDWLRQQɛ«WDLWSDVDORUVSURQRQF«H3RXUXQH
UHSURGXFWLRQGXF\FOHYRLU/&ROHWWL7RPDVRGD0RGHQD9HQLVH1HUL3R]]DILJ/D
E«DWLILFDWLRQQHVHPEOHSDVDYRLUHXGHVWDWXWMXULGLTXHMXVTXɛDX[G«FUHWVGɛ8UEDLQ9,,,$
9DXFKH]GDQV/DVDLQWHW«HQ2FFLGHQWDX[GHUQLHUVVLªFOHVGX0R\HQ$JHFROHIUDQ©DLVHGH5RPH
SbPHQWLRQQHXQWH[WHGHbWUªVU«Y«ODWHXUVXUODSUDWLTXHLFRQRJUDSKLTXHGɛRS«UHU
XQHWHOOHGLVWLQFWLRQbmbɣSLQJXQWLPDJLQHP EHDWL FXP UDGLLV VDQFWL YHUR FXP GLDGHPDWH
FLUFXPFDSXWXWLQWHUHRVDSSDUHDWGLIIHUHQWLDb}'HVDQFWRUXPFDQRQL]DWLRQHRSXVFXOXPGXMXULVWH
7URLOR0DOYH]]L&KDTXHLPDJHGHYUDLWFHSHQGDQW¬WUHH[DPLQ«HVHORQGHVFULWªUHVSDUWLFXOLHUVb
RQSHXWQ«DPRLQVFRQVWDWHUDXVHLQGɛXQHP¬PHUHSU«VHQWDWLRQRXGɛXQP¬PHF\FOHXQHYRORQW«
GHKL«UDUFKLVDWLRQGHVILJXUHVHQOHXUFRQI«UDQWGHVQLPEHVGLII«UHQWVbGDQVOHFDVGHVSUHPLHUV
PDQXVFULWVLWDOLHQVGHV5«Y«ODWLRQVOHQLPEHUD\RQQDQWGH%ULJLWWHTXLFRQWUDVWHDYHFOHQLPEH
SOHLQGHVILJXUHVGHODFRXUF«OHVWHSHXWGRQFFRQVWLWXHUXQWHUPLQXVDQWHTXHPUDSSHORQVTXHVD
FDQRQLVDWLRQGDWHGHb
38. 1RWDPPHQWFKH]%«DWULFHGɛ2UQDFLHX[ɠHW$QJªOHGH)ROLJQRɠ9RLU3$GQªV
VYmb9LVLRQVb}GDQV'LFWLRQQDLUHGH6SLULWXDOLW«Wb3DULVFROHQSDUWLFXOLHUFRO
39. 5«Y9,OHFKDSLWUHHQHQWLHU4XLGDPVDFHUGRVLQGLHSHQWHFRVWHQFHOHEUDYLWSULPDPPLVVDPLQ
TXRGDPPRQDVWHULR7XQFDXWHPLQLSVDHOHYDFLRQHFRUSRULV&KULVWLYLGLWVSRQVDLJQHPGHVFHQGHUHGHFHOR
SHUWRWXPDOWDUHHWLQPDQXVDFHUGRWLVYLGLWSDQHPHWLQSDQHDJQXPYLYXPHWLQDJQRIDFLHPTXDVL
KRPLQLVLQIODPPDQWHP(WWXQFDXGLYLWYRFHPGLFHQWHPVLELb6LFXWQXQFYLGHVLJQHPGHVFHQGHUHLQDOWDUH
SHUVLPLOHVSLULWXVPHXVVDQFWXVGHVFHQGLWLQDSRVWRORVPHRVWDOLGLHVLFXWKRGLHLQIODPPDQVFRUGDHRUXP
3DQWVYHURSHUYHUEXPILWDJQXVYLYXVLGHVWFRUSXVPHXPHWIDFLHVHVWLQDJQRHWDJQXVLQIDFLHTXLD3DWHU
HVWLQ)LOLRHW)LOLXVLQ3DWUHHW6SLULWXV6DQFWXVLQXWURTXH(WLWHUXPVSRQVDYLGLWLQPDQXVDFHUGRWLVLQ
LSVD HOHYDFLRQH HXFKDULVWLH LXYHQHP PLUH SXOFKULWXGLQLV TXL GL[LWb mb%HQHGLFR YRV FUHGHQWHVb QRQ
FUHGHQWLEXVHURLQGH[b}
40. /HPRWLIGHVDS¶WUHVRIILFLDQWFRPPHOHVDVVHVVHXUVGX&KULVW-XJHDSSDUD°WYHUVGDQV
OɛDUWE\]DQWLQ9RLU<&KULVWH/D9LVLRQGH0DWWKLHX2ULJLQHVHWG«YHORSSHPHQWGɛXQHLPDJHGHOD
6HFRQGH3DURXVLH3DULV.OLQFNVLHFNSbHWVXLY([FXUVXV,//HVDS¶WUHVWU¶QDQWDXWRXUGX
&KULVWHW0DWWK;,;
41. 9RLUSDUH[HPSOHODUHFRQVWLWXWLRQGH-:LOSHUWHQbGLVFXW«HGDQVOɛ«WXGHU«FHQWHGH%
%UXGHUHU(LFKEHUJ/HVQHXIFKüXUVDQJ«OLTXHV2ULJLQHHW«YROXWLRQGXWKªPHGDQVOɛDUWGX0R\HQ$JH
3RLWLHUV&HQWUHGɛ«WXGHVVXS«ULHXUHVGHFLYLOLVDWLRQP«GL«YDOHSb
42. 3 &DYDOOLQL IXW DSSHO« HQb SDU &KDUOHV ,, Gɛ$QMRX FRPPH SHLQWUH GH FRXU 3
+HWKHULQJWRQVY mb&DYDOOLQL 3LHWURb}GDQV 7KH'LFWLRQQDU\RI $UW9,/RQGUHV Sb
*LRWWRU«DOLVDGªVDX&DVWHOQXRYRXQF\FOHGHSHLQWXUHVPXUDOHVGLVSDUXFRQVDFU«DX[
KRPPHVLOOXVWUHV9RLU(%RORJQD,3LWWRULDOODFRUWHDQJLRLQDGL1DSROL5RPH8JR%R]]L
Sb9RLUDXVVL3b/GH&DVWULV$UWHGLFRUWHQHOOD1DSROLDQJLRLQD)ORUHQFH&DQWLQL
Sb
43. 6XUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGHFHVSHLQWXUHVPXUDOHVYRLU-%DVFKHW/HV-XVWLFHVGHO$XGHO¢ /HV
UHSU«VHQWDWLRQVGHO(QIHUHQ)UDQFHHWHQ,WDOLH;,,H;9VLªFOHFROHIUDQ©DLVHGH5RPHHQ
SDUWLFXOLHUOHFK9SbIRFDOLV«VXUOH&DPSRVDQWRGH3LVH
44. /D+D\H%LEOLRWKªTXHUR\DOHPV)IRObY[[bPP
45. 7UHDVXUHVRIWKH5R\DO/LEUDU\FDWGɛH[S/D+D\HSb;,,QRb-3-%UDQGKRUVW
.+%URHNKXLMVHQ.UXLMHU'HYHUOXFKWHKDQGVFKULIWHQHQLQFXQDEHOHQYDQGH.RQLQNOLMNH%LEOLRWKHHN
(HQRYHU]LFKWYRRU]LHQYDQHHQLFRQRJUDILVFKHLQGH[/D+D\HSbQRb
46. ,VWHOLEHUUHYHODFLRQXPEHDWH%ULJLGHHVWFRQYHQWXVIUDWUXPVDQFWL-HURQLPLGH4XDUWRULSHULHRUGLQLV
0RQWLV2OLYHWL/HPDQXVFULWDHQJHQGU«GHVFRSLHVDXVHLQP¬PHGXFRXYHQWFRPPHHQW«PRLJQH
XQFRORSKRQSODF«¢ODILQGX/LYUH9,GX0V9DWODWb([SOLFLWOLEHU9,VFULSWXVHWFRUUHFWXVH[
RULJLQDOLEXVTXRQGDPYHQHUDELOLVKHUHPLWH$OIRQVLMTXRQGDPHSLVFSLJHQHQVLVDQQR0r&&&r,&r-DQXHLQ
PRQDVWHULRQRVWURVDQFWL-HURQLPL5HWUDQVFULSWLRQVSDU&1RUGHQIDONRSFLWQRWHSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
130
47. 0DLVRQIRQG«HHQbSDUGHVPRLQHVHVSDJQROVGLVVLGHQWVGHODEUDQFKHDXJXVWLQHGRQW
IDLWSDUWLHOHSURSUHIUªUHGɛ$OIRQVR3HGUR)HUQDQGH]3HFKD
48. (ULFVEHUJ &DVWOH6XªGHPVVDQVFRWHIROb0DQXVFULWVX«GRLVYHUVGRQWOHV
HQOXPLQXUHV VRQW U«DOLV«HV VXU SDSLHUb 7¾ELQJHQ 8QLYHUVLWDW %LEO DQFLHQQHPHQW %HUOLQ
6WDDWVELEO0VWKHROODWIRObSURYHQDQWGHODPDLVRQ%ULJLWWLQHGH0DULHQEDXP5XKUYHUV
49. &1RUGHQIDONRSFLWQRWHSbVV
50. 'DQV5«Y,9OH&KULVWHVWTXDOLIL«GHVROHLOHWOD9LHUJHHVW¢VHVF¶W«VFIVXSUDSb
51. /HFLVWHUFLHQSRXUUDLW¬WUH3LHUUH2ODIVVRQbOɛLGHQWLW«GXIUDQFLVFDLQHVWSOXVGLIILFLOH¢«WDEOLU
SU«FLV«PHQWbOHVIUªUHVPLQHXUVH[HU©DLHQWXQHLQIOXHQFHFHUWDLQH¢ODFRXUDQJHYLQH
52. /RXYDLQ%LEOLRWKªTXHXQLYHUVLWDLUH0VIROb5HSURGXLWSDU)%RORJQDRSFLWQRWHSO
;
AUTEUR
9«URQLTXH*HUPDQLHU
+LVWRULHQQHGHOɛDUWXQLYHUVLW«GH*HQªYHHVWOɛDXWHXUGHSOXVLHXUVSXEOLFDWLRQVVXU
GHVPDQXVFULWVHQOXPLQ«VGX;,,,HDX;9HbVLªFOHHWDFKªYHXQHWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWVXU
mb/ɛLPDJHGHWRXVOHVVDLQWVGDQVOɛDUWP«GL«YDOb}VRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH-HDQ:LUWK
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
131
(QWUHUHQGLDORJXHHQWUHUHQ
YLVLRQɣ
/HVYLVLRQVGHOD9LHUJHGDQVOH'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPGH&«VDLUH
Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK
Sylvie Barnay
S
b
Introduction
1/HV U«FLWV GH YLVLRQV HW GɛDSSDULWLRQV GH OD 9LHUJH RQW IRXUQL OH FDGUH QDUUDWLI HW
FRQFHSWXHO DYHF OHTXHO IXUHQW UHOXHV GH QRPEUHXVHV SUDWLTXHV HW H[S«ULHQFHV
UHOLJLHXVHVGX0R\HQJH'HSXLVODILQGX,9HbVLªFOHGHVPLOOLHUVGHU«FLWVRQWG«FULWOHV
LQWHUYHQWLRQV YLVLEOHV GH OD 0ªUH GH 'LHXb VHV mbYLVLRQVb} VHV mbDSSDULWLRQVb} VHV
mbU«Y«ODWLRQVb}/HWHUPHGHmbPDULRSKDQLHb}FDOTX«VXUFHOXLGɛmb«SLSKDQLHb}HVWVDQV
GRXWH OH SOXV QHXWUH SRXU TXDOLILHU WRXWHV FHV IRUPHV GH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV PDULDOHV
,QQRPEUDEOHVHOOHVFRQVWLWXHQWXQHPDVVHGRFXPHQWDLUHGHSUªVGHFLQTPLOOHU«FLWV
DX[TXHOV OHV VS«FLDOLVWHV GHV YLVLRQV QɛRQW HX[P¬PHV JXªUH FRQVDFU« GɛDWWHQWLRQ
SDUWLFXOLªUH/ɛHQVHPEOHGHFHVU«FLWVYLVLRQQDLUHV«FODLUHSRXUWDQWOHVFRQFHSWLRQVTXH
OHVKRPPHVP«GL«YDX[VHVRQWIDLWHVGHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHOHFLHOHWODWHUUHHWODPDQLªUH
GRQWLOVRQWSHQV«OHXUKRPRORJLH,OW«PRLJQHGHODPDQLªUHGRQWODSHQV«HP«GL«YDOHD
SURMHW«GDQVOHFDGUHYLVLRQQDLUHFHUWDLQV«Y«QHPHQWVGHVRQKLVWRLUHSRXUOHXUGRQQHU
XQHGLPHQVLRQUHOHYDQWGɛXQHKLVWRLUHG«M¢HQJDJ«HGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHF«OHVWH&HVU«FLWV
SHUPHWWHQWHQILQGɛLQWHUURJHUSDUG«ILQLWLRQODIRUPHQDUUDWLYHTXHFRQVWLWXHODYLVLRQ
PDULDOH¢WUDYHUVODTXHOOHOHVKRPPHVP«GL«YDX[RQWGLWHWG«FULWOHVUDSSRUWVHQWUH
OɛKLVWRLUHWHUUHVWUHHWOɛKLVWRLUHF«OHVWHOHVFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVHQWUHOHWHPSVKLVWRULTXHHW
OHWHPSVHVFKDWRORJLTXHOɛKLVWRLUHHWOɛKLVWRLUHVDLQWH'DQVOHFDGUHGHFHFROORTXHHWGH
ODTXHVWLRQLPSOLFLWHTXɛLOSRVHVXUOHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHIRUPHHWYLVLRQU«FLWHWODQJDJH
YLVLRQQDLUH FɛHVW SU«FLV«PHQW VXU OH VHQV GH OD YLVLRQ PDULDOH FRPPH HVSDFH GH
QDUUDWLRQTXHQRXVYRXORQVDERUGHU¢WUDYHUVOɛDQDO\VHGHVPDULRSKDQLHVUDSSRUW«HV
GDQVOH'LDORJXVPLUDFRORUXPGH&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKFO&(QOɛDQQ«Hb
FHGHUQLHUDORUVPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVGXPRQDVWªUHFLVWHUFLHQGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKSUªVGH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
132
&RORJQH FRPPHQFH OD U«GDFWLRQ GH VRQ 'LDORJXV PLUDFXORUXP R» LO UDSSRUWH GH
QRPEUHX[U«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJH&HWRXYUDJHHVWHPEO«PDWLTXH¢ELHQGHV
«JDUGVGHODGLPHQVLRQTXHODSHQV«HFLVWHUFLHQQHGRQQH¢ODPDULRSKDQLHSRXUU«GXLUH
OHG«FDODJH Y«FX HQWUHLG«DO HW U«DOLW« DXVHXLO GX ;,,,HbVLªFOH &ɛHVWFH V\VWªPH GH
UHSU«VHQWDWLRQTXHOHVSDJHVVXLYDQWHVVɛHIIRUFHQWGHPHWWUHHQSHUVSHFWLYH
b
Entrer dans le dialogue
2'HX[JUDQGVPRGªOHVOLWW«UDLUHVVRQWVRXVMDFHQWV¢ODPLVHHQIRUPHGX'LDORJXHGHV
PLUDFOHVGRQW&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKHQWUHSUHQGODU«GDFWLRQDXOHQGHPDLQGXFRQFLOHGX
/DWUDQ,9bODWUDGLWLRQPRQDVWLTXHGHVGLDORJXHVVXUOHVPLUDFOHVHWODWUDGLWLRQ
ELEOLTXHGXGLDORJXHHQWUH'LHXHWOɛ¤PHWHOOHTXɛHOOHHVWUDSSRUW«HGDQVOH&DQWLTXHGHV
&DQWLTXHV/H'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPVHSU«VHQWHFRPPHXQHVXLWHRUGRQQ«HGHGLDORJXHV
HQWUHXQPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVHWVRQ«OªYHWHUPLQ«VSDUXQHOH©RQH[HPSODLUH/H'LDORJXH
GHV PLUDFOHV HQWHQG HQ HIIHW SU«VHQWHU OɛRUGUH GH &°WHDX[ HW OD YLH VSLULWXHOOH
FLVWHUFLHQQHVRXVXQMRXUH[HPSODLUHDX[QRYLFHV8QSHXSOXVGɛXQVLªFOHDSUªVVD
IRQGDWLRQHQbOɛRUGUHHVWDORUVOɛREMHWGHFULWLTXHVDFFUXHV3HXDYDQWOHFRQFLOHGX
/DWUDQ,9OHSDSH,QQRFHQW,,,DDGUHVV«OHMXLOOHWXQHOHWWUH¢WRXVOHVDEE«VGH
&°WHDX[R»LOFULWLTXHOHUHO¤FKHPHQWGHOɛRUGUH,OVɛDJLWGRQFSRXUOɛDXWHXUGX'LDORJXV
PLUDFXORUXP GH UHGRUHU OH EODVRQ GH OɛRUGUH HQ JORULILDQW OHV SHUVRQQDJHV RX OHV
«Y«QHPHQWVSULQFLSDX[GHOɛKLVWRLUHGHOɛRUGUHWRXWHQVɛLQVFULYDQWGDQVODSHUVSHFWLYH
GXFRQFLOHFHWWHILQ&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKXWLOLVHXQRXWLOQDUUDWLISRXUPHWWUHHQ
YDOHXUOHVIDLWV«GLILDQWVGHOɛRUGUHbOɛH[HPSOXPSHWLWHKLVWRLUHH[HPSODLUHmbGRQQ«H
FRPPHY«ULGLTXHHWGHVWLQ«H¢¬WUHLQV«U«HGDQVXQGLVFRXUVHQJ«Q«UDOXQVHUPRQ
SRXUFRQYDLQFUHXQDXGLWRLUHSDUXQHOH©RQVDOXWDLUHb}FHWRXWLOODPDULRSKDQLH
GRQQHGDQVVRQSURMHWXQHFRORUDWLRQSDUWLFXOLªUH
3/DPDULRSKDQLHSUHQG HQHIIHW GDQVFH GHVVHLQXQH SODFHSDUWLFXOLªUH 7RXWHXQH
PRG«OLVDWLRQGHOɛRUGUHFLVWHUFLHQSURMHW«GDQVFHWHQWUHGHX[HQWUHWHUUHHWFLHOTXH
FRQVWLWXHOHPRQGHYLVLRQQDLUHVHGHVVLQHVRXVODSOXPHGH&«VDLUH Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK
/ɛLPDJHTXHOHVYLVLRQVHWOHVDSSDULWLRQVPDULDOHVHQGHVVLQHQWHVWLQV«SDUDEOHGHOD
SODFH DOORX«H SDU OD FXOWXUH FLVWHUFLHQQH ¢ OD 9LHUJH FRPPH QRUPH GH OD UªJOH
PRQDVWLTXH(OOHHVWDXVVLOL«HDXVHQVG«YROXSDUODWUDGLWLRQPRQDVWLTXH¢ODYLVLRQGH
0DULHGDQVOHV«WDSHVGHODYLHVSLULWXHOOHFRQGXLVDQW¢ODYLVLRQGLYLQH$YDQWP¬PH
GɛHQWUHU GDQV OH mbV\VWªPH QDUUDWLIb} GX 'LDORJXH GHV PLUDFOHV SRXU UHSUHQGUH
OɛH[SUHVVLRQIRUJ«HSDUOɛKLVWRULHQ$ODLQ%RXUHDXLOLPSRUWHGɛDERUGGHUHWUDFHUGDQV
XQSUHPLHUWHPSVOHVJUDQGHVOLJQHVGHFHVGHX[K«ULWDJHV
b
Voir Marie pour voir Dieu
4/D SUHPLªUH DSSDULWLRQ GH OD 9LHUJH HVW DWWHVW«H YHUV GDQV Oɛ(PSLUH FKU«WLHQ
Gɛ2ULHQWDXOHQGHPDLQGXFRQFLOHGH&RQVWDQWLQRSOH/HV3ªUHVJUHFVVRQWOHV
3ªUHVGHVDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHGDQVODPHVXUHR»LOVVRQWOHVSUHPLHUV¢GRQQHUXQH
IRUPH QDUUDWLYH DX[ DSSDULWLRQV PDULDOHV PDLV DXVVL ¢ HQ SHQVHU OHV FRQWRXUV
FRQFHSWXHOV/DQDLVVDQFHGHVDSSDULWLRQVHVWFRQWHPSRUDLQHGXPRPHQWR»OHV3ªUHV
GHOɛJOLVHG«ILQLVVHQWODGRFWULQHGHOɛLQWHUFHVVLRQGH0DULHHWGRQQHQW¢OD0ªUHGX
6HLJQHXU XQH SODFH GDQV OHV «WDSHV GH OD YLH VSLULWXHOOH TXL FRQGXLVHQW ¢ OD
FRQWHPSODWLRQ GH 'LHX *U«JRLUH GH 1\VVH MRXH XQ U¶OH FDSLWDO GDQV FHWWH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
133
QDLVVDQFHGHODWUDGLWLRQOLWW«UDLUHGHODPDULRSKDQLH6RXVVDSOXPHGɛKDJLRJUDSKHRQ
OLWHQHIIHWOHSUHPLHUU«FLWFRQQXGɛXQHDSSDULWLRQGHOD9LHUJH¢VDLQW*U«JRLUHOH
7KDXPDWXUJHRUGRQQDQWTXHOXLVRLWU«Y«O«HVOHVSDUROHVGɛXQFUHGRSULY«8QFRQWH[WH
KLVWRULTXH FHOXL GH OD G«ILQLWLRQ GH OɛRUWKRGR[LH GDQV OH FDGUH GHV TXHUHOOHV
FKULVWRORJLTXHVRSSRVDQWOHVG«IHQVHXUVGHOɛRUWKRGR[LH¢OHXUVG«WUDFWHXUVHVWVRXV
MDFHQW¢ODPLVHHQIRUPHGHFHU«FLW8QVFK«PDPHQWDOHVWFRUROODLUH¢FHWWHPLVHHQ
IRUPHbOɛDUWLFXODWLRQGHODYLVLRQPDULDOH¢ODG«ILQLWLRQFKU«WLHQQHGHODYLVLRQGH'LHX
DXPR\HQGɛXQPLURLUbmb$XMRXUGɛKXLQRXVYR\RQVFRPPHHQXQPLURLUGɛXQHPDQLªUH
REVFXUHPDLVDORUVQRXVYHUURQVIDFH¢IDFHb}&R6HORQOɛRXWLOODJHFRQFHSWXHO
Q«RSODWRQLFLHQTXLHVWFHOXLGHV3ªUHVJUHFVOɛKRPPHFDSWHODYLVLRQGH'LHXDXPR\HQ
GX PLURLU GH VRQ ¤PH &H PLURLU VHUW ¢ SDVVHU GX YLVLEOH ¢ OɛLQYLVLEOH ¢ Vɛ«OHYHU
SURJUHVVLYHPHQWGHODWHUUHYHUVOHFLHO0DLVOD&KXWHHQDORXUGLVVDQWODPDWLªUHD
SU«FLSLW«OHVKRPPHVGXSDUDGLVRULJLQHOYHUVXQPRQGHRSDTXH¢ODYLVLRQGH'LHX(OOH
DYRLO«ODVXUIDFHGXPLURLUGHVFU«DWXUHVOHPHWWDQWGDQVOɛLQFDSDFLW«GHUHIO«WHUOD
OXPLªUHGLYLQH(OOHDIDLWSHUGUH¢OɛKRPPHVDTXDOLW«GHYR\DQWGH'LHX/ɛHVVHQWLHOGH
ODGRFWULQHGH*U«JRLUHGH1\VVHUHSRVHGRQFVXUOɛLG«HTXHOɛKRPPHGRLWUHVWDXUHUOH
PLURLUTXLVHWURXYHHQOXLDILQGHUHFRXYUHUVDFDSDFLW«YLVLRQQDLUH/ɛLPLWDWLRQGHOD
9LHUJH HVW DORUV SURSRV«H DX[ PRLQHV HW DX[ YLHUJHV DSSHO«HV ¢ GHYHQLU ¢ OD
UHVVHPEODQFHGH0DULHGHVPLURLUVbVHODLVVHUYRLUSDU'LHXHW¬WUHOHUHIOHWGH'LHX
'DQVOHU«FLWPDULRSKDQLTXHUDSSRUW«SDU*U«JRLUHGH1\VVHODYLVLRQGHOD9LHUJHHVW
SU«FLV«PHQWSU«VHQW«HFRPPHXQPR\HQGHSDUYHQLU¢ODYLVLRQGH'LHXFɛHVW¢GLUH
FRPPHXQmbPLURLUb}SHUPHWWDQWDXYLVLRQQDLUHGɛDFF«GHU¢OD5«Y«ODWLRQ(QVRPPH
YRLU0DULHSRXUYRLU'LHXWHOHVWOɛD[LRPHLQWHOOHFWXHOTXHODSHQV«HJUHFTXHODLVVHHQ
K«ULWDJH¢ODSRVW«ULW«
5(QWUHOHVVXEWLOLW«VGXGRJPHHWOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVFXOWXHOOHVGHODG«YRWLRQPDULDOHOHV
PDULRSKDQLHVWURXYHQWDORUVSURJUHVVLYHPHQWOHXUSODFHGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUH«GLILDQWHR»
HOOHVWUDYDLOOHQWSULQFLSDOHPHQW¢ODFRQVROLGDWLRQGHODGRFWULQHWRXMRXUVPHQDF«HSDU
OHV K«U«VLHV $X[ 9H9,HbVLªFOH HQ 2ULHQW OD FUR\DQFH WURXYH DLQVL XQH SUHPLªUH
U«FHSWLRQGDQVOHVPLOLHX[PRQDVWLTXHVIR\HUVDFWLIVGHFRQWHVWDWLRQGDQVOHVTXHUHOOHV
UHOLJLHXVHV(Q2FFLGHQWOHVPLOLHX[PRQDVWLTXHVVRQW«JDOHPHQWOHVSUHPLHUV¢RXYULU
OHXUUHJDUG¢ODYLVLRQPDULDOH'ªVOHWRXWG«EXWGX9HbVLªFOHOHV'LDORJXHVVXUOHV
PLUDFOHVGHVDLQW0DUWLQGH7RXUVFRPSRV«VYHUVSDUVRQKDJLRJUDSKHHWGLVFLSOH
6XOSLFH6«YªUHFRQYRTXHQWIXUWLYHPHQWOD9LHUJHVXUODVFªQHYLVLRQQDLUHGHUULªUHOHV
PDUW\UVHWOHVDQJHVHQP¬PHWHPSVTXɛLOVLQDXJXUHQWODWUDGLWLRQPRQDVWLTXHGHV
'LDORJXHV7RXW¢ODILQGX9,HbVLªFOHOHV'LDORJXHVGRQW*U«JRLUHOH*UDQGHQWUHSUHQGOD
U«GDFWLRQDXWRXUGHVDQQ«HVbIRQWXQXVDJHDSRORJ«WLTXHGHODYLVLRQPDULDOH/D
PDULRSKDQLHVHUW¢LOOXVWUHUOHVDIILUPDWLRQVWK«RULTXHVGXWK«RORJLHQVXUODVXUYLHGH
Oɛ¤PHDSUªVODPRUW0DLVFHVRQWO¢OHVVHXOVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQVPDULDOHVTXHOɛRQ
WURXYHGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUHODWLQHGɛ«GLILFDWLRQ$XPRPHQWR»OHFKULVWLDQLVPHGHYLHQW
UHOLJLRQ GɛWDW HQ 2ULHQW Oɛ2FFLGHQW SURFODPH OɛLQG«SHQGDQFH GX VSLULWXHO HW GX
WHPSRUHOIHUPDQWGXP¬PHFRXSODSRUWH¢ODIRQFWLRQUHFRQQXHSDUOHV3ªUHVJUHFV¢
OD9LHUJHGHVDSSDULWLRQVbVWDWXHUVXUOɛRUWKRGR[LHGHVU«Y«ODWLRQV/HVDXWHXUVODWLQVVH
FRQWHQWHQWGHIDLUH«FKRDX[FRQWURYHUVHVHWDX[UªJOHPHQWVGHFRPSWHHQPDWLªUHGH
SROLWLTXH UHOLJLHXVH TXL VɛHIIHFWXHQW GDQV Oɛ(PSLUH E\]DQWLQ SDU OH ELDLV GHV U«FLWV
YLVLRQQDLUHVFRPPHHQW«PRLJQHHQFRUHSDUH[HPSOH*U«JRLUHGH7RXUVWRXW¢
ODILQGX9,HbVLªFOH,OIDXWHQVXLWHDWWHQGUHODILQGX,;HbVLªFOHHWODU«RXYHUWXUHGHOD
SHQV«H ODWLQH DX[ FDW«JRULHV LQWHOOHFWXHOOHV GX Q«RSODWRQLVPH FKU«WLHQ SDU
OɛLQWHUP«GLDLUHGHODWUDGXFWLRQODWLQHGHVRXYUDJHVPDMHXUVGX3VHXGR'HQ\VSDU-HDQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
134
6FRW(ULJªQHSRXUYRLUHQ2FFLGHQWOD9LHUJHVHG«SODFHUHQWUHFLHOHWWHUUHHW
SU«VLGHU¢ODPLVHHQFRUUHVSRQGDQFHGHVKL«UDUFKLHVF«OHVWHVHWWHUUHVWUHV3ODF«H
HQWUHKL«UDUFKLHF«OHVWHHWKL«UDUFKLHHFFO«VLDVWLTXHOD9LHUJHHVWLQYHVWLHGHODFKDUJH
GHIDLUHU«JQHUOɛKDUPRQLHHQWUHFLHOHWWHUUH(QWUHYLVLEOHHWLQYLVLEOH'LHXHWOHV
KRPPHVOHSRXYRLUVSLULWXHOHWOHSRXYRLUWHPSRUHOVHVYLVLRQVHWVHVDSSDULWLRQV
MRXHQW XQ U¶OH GɛDMXVWHPHQW 9HUV OH PLOLHX GX ;HbVLªFOH OD SUHPLªUH KDJLRJUDSKLH
FOXQLVLHQQHUHGRQQHDORUVXQQRXYHDXVRXIIOH¢ODFLUFXODWLRQGHODFUR\DQFHGDQVOD
OLWW«UDWXUH Gɛ«GLILFDWLRQ /D 'DPH GHV DSSDULWLRQV HVW DVVRFL«H DX PRXYHPHQW GH
U«IRUPHODQF«SDU&OXQ\TXLVɛHIIRUFHGHUDPHQHUOHVPRQDVWªUHVE«Q«GLFWLQV¢ODVWULFWH
REVHUYDQFHGHOD5ªJOHGHVDLQW%HQR°WHWGHOHVG«WDFKHUGHWRXWHHPSULVHOD±TXH(OOH
DSRVWURSKHSDUH[HPSOHHQYLVLRQOHVOD±FVTXLXVXUSHQWOHVWHUUHVDSSDUWHQDQWDX
WHPSRUHOGHVFRPPXQDXW«VPRQDVWLTXHVRXTXLVɛHPSDUHQWGHVELHQVHFFO«VLDVWLTXHV
(OOH HQFRXUDJH HQFRUH OHV QRXYHDX[ «ODQV E¤WLVVHXUV GHV PRLQHV U«IRUPDWHXUV /D
9LHUJH VH PDQLIHVWH DLQVL GH PDQLªUH YLVLEOH O¢ R» VRXIIOH OɛHVSULW GH OD U«IRUPH
PRQDVWLTXHHWELHQW¶WGHOD5«IRUPHJU«JRULHQQH/HVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQVPDULDOHVVRQW
«JDOHPHQWOɛRFFDVLRQGHMXVWLILHUOHV\VWªPHGHVROLGDULW«HQWUHOHVYLYDQWVHWOHVPRUWV
PLV HQ SODFH SDU OɛRUGUH FOXQLVLHQ &RPPH GDQV OHV YLVLRQV GX 9,HbVLªFOH HOOHV
FRQWLQXHQWGHYHQLUFKHUFKHUOHV¤PHVGHVPRXUDQWVHWGHVɛRFFXSHUGXGHVWLQGHV¤PHV
DSUªVODPRUW$XG«EXWGX;,,HbVLªFOHODPDULRSKDQLHFRPEOHGHPDQLªUHQRXYHOOHOH
G«VLUGXFLHOVLFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHGHODSHQV«HPRQDVWLTXHTXLFRPPHQFH«JDOHPHQW¢
H[SULPHUH[SOLFLWHPHQWVRQG«VLUGHYRLUOD9LHUJH'HVFROOHFWLRQVHQWLªUHVGHPLUDFOHV
DFKªYHQWDORUVGɛRXYULUOHVUHJDUGV¢ODYLVLRQGH0DULHRXYHUWXUHGDQVODTXHOOHOHV
PLOLHX[PRQDVWLTXHVQRWDPPHQW DQJORVD[RQVMRXHQWXQH LPSRUWDQFHFDSLWDOH/H
'LDORJXV PLUDFXORUXP SXLVH ¢ FHV FROOHFWLRQV HQYLURQ XQ WLHUV GH VHV U«FLWV
PDULRSKDQLTXHV/HVGHX[DXWUHVWLHUVGHVU«FLWVYLVLRQQDLUHVUDSSRUW«VSURYLHQQHQW
HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW GX IRQGV TXL FLUFXOH DX VHLQ GH OɛRUGUH FLVWHUFLHQ ¢ SDUWLU GHV
DQQ«HVb HW GHV KLVWRLUHV TXH OɛDEE« Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK GLW DYRLU HQWHQGXHV
SHUVRQQHOOHPHQW &ɛHVW DX[ U«FLWV PHWWDQW HQ VFªQH GHV PRLQHV RX GHV QRYLFHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVTXɛRQVɛLQW«UHVVHUDH[FOXVLYHPHQWFLGHVVRXV
b
La Vierge, règle des moines
6/H'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPIDLWGHOD9LHUJHGHVDSSDULWLRQVOHSLYRWGɛXQHQRUPHGHODYLH
FLVWHUFLHQQHXQIRQGHPHQWGHODYLHU«JXOLªUHGRQWLOLPSRUWHHQFRUHDYDQWGɛHQWUHU
GDQV OɛDQDO\VH GHV U«FLWV GH FRPSUHQGUH OHV IRQGHPHQWV GRFWULQDX[ /D WUDGLWLRQ
PRQDVWLTXHVɛHVWDWWDFK«HGªVODILQGX9,,,HbVLªFOH¢G«ILQLUOD9LHUJH0DULHFRPPHOD
QRUPHGHVPRLQHV/H6HUPRLQODXGLEXV%HDWDH0DULDHGɛ$PEURLVH$XWSHUWFRQIªUH
¢OD9LHUJHOHWLWUHGHmbUªJOHGHVPRLQHVb}UHJXODPRQDFKRUXP/HVVHUPRQVGHODILQGX
+DXW0R\HQJHY«KLFXOHQWFHWWHWLWXODWXUHTXHOɛRQUHWURXYHGDQVSOXVLHXUVOH©RQVGH
OɛRIILFHPRQDVWLTXHGHODILQGX;,HbVLªFOH$X;,,HbVLªFOHODVSLULWXDOLW«FLVWHUFLHQQH
GRQQH¢FHWWHWLWXODWXUHXQHY«ULWDEOHGLPHQVLRQQDUUDWLYHHQH[SORLWDQWFHUHJLVWUH
GDQVODOLWW«UDWXUH«GLILDQWH(OOHGRQQH«JDOHPHQWXQHLPSXOVLRQG«ILQLWLYH¢FHWWHYRLH
GH VDLQWHW« DSSHODQW ¢ OɛLPLWDWLRQ GH OD 9LHUJH 0DULH G«M¢ HVTXLVV«H ¢ Oɛ«SRTXH
SDWULVWLTXHGDQVOH'H9LUJLQLWDWHGHVDLQW$PEURLVHRXGDQVSOXVLHXUVVHUPRQVGH
VDLQW$XJXVWLQ'LII«UHQWHVKRP«OLHVGHVDLQW%HUQDUGRXGɛ$HOUHGGH
5LHOYDX[DSSHOOHQWOHVPRLQHV¢XQHYLHmbPDULHIRUPHb}XQHYLH¢ODIRUPHGH
0DULHFɛHVW¢GLUHGHUHVVHPEODQFH¢VDVDLQWHW«,OVFRQWULEXHQW¢SU«VHQWHUOD9LHUJH
FRPPHOHPRGªOHGHODYLHVSLULWXHOOHGHVPRLQHVODILDQF«HGX&DQWLTXHGHVFDQWLTXHV¢
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
135
ODTXHOOHFKDTXHPRLQHHVWLQYLW«¢UHVVHPEOHUSRXUSURJUHVVHUSDUOHmbGLDORJXHb}GDQV
ODYRLHGɛDPRXUSURSRV«HSDU ODP\VWLTXHFLVWHUFLHQQHFRPPHQWDQW OH&DQWLTXHGHV
&DQWLTXHV
7/DILJXUHPDULDOHRIIUH«JDOHPHQWDX[FRPPHQWDWHXUVFLVWHUFLHQVOɛRFFDVLRQGHMXVWLILHU
ODV\QWKªVHHQWUHOɛDFWLRQHWODFRQWHPSODWLRQTXLG«ILQLWODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQH/H6HUPRQ
SRXUOD1DWLYLW«GH0DULHGɛ$HOUHGGH5LHOYDX[SHUPHWSDUH[HPSOHGHVDLVLUGHID©RQ
UDPDVV«HOHPRXYHPHQWTXLFRQGXLW¢ODPRG«OLVDWLRQGHODILJXUHPDULDOHFRPPH
PHVXUHGHODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQH/ɛLQWHUSU«WDWLRQKRPLO«WLTXHGXSDVVDJHVFULSWXUDLUHGH
ODUHQFRQWUHGHVGHX[VüXUVGH/D]DUH0DUWKHHW0DULHVXIILW¢G«ILQLUODYLHPDULDOH
FRPPH OɛH[HUFLFH GH OHXUV GHX[ YLHV HW GH OHXUV GHX[ YRLHV GH OɛDFWLRQ HW GH OD
FRQWHPSODWLRQ DFFRPSOLHV ¢ OD SHUIHFWLRQ $HOUHG «FULWb mb4XDQG HOOH OD 9LHUJH
QRXUULVVDLWKDELOODLWVRQHQIDQWɣWRXWFHODWHQDLWGHOɛDFWLYLW«FRUSRUHOOHbPDLVTXHOOH
FRQVLG«U¤WVDGLYLQLW«TXɛHOOHFRQWHPSO¤WVDSXLVVDQFHHWTXɛHOOHJR½W¤WVDGRXFHXU
Fɛ«WDLWDORUVODSDUWGH0DULHb}6DLQW%HUQDUGUHQFK«ULWFRPPHQWDQWDLQVLOɛ«YDQJLOH
GH0DUWKHHWGH0DULHGDQVXQGHVVHUPRQVSRXUOɛ$VVRPSWLRQbmb&ɛHVWODYUDLH0DULH
OɛXQLTXHHWSDUIDLWH0DULH0ªUHGH'LHXTXLU«XQLWHQHOOHHWOɛRFFXSDWLRQGH0DUWKHHW
OɛRLVLYHW«GH0DULHb}'DQVFHWHVSULWOHVWK«RORJLHQVFLVWHUFLHQVDSSHOOHQWOHVPRLQHV¢
OɛLPLWDWLRQGHODYLHPDULDOH(QVRPPHODYLHPDULHIRUPHODYLH¢ODIRUPHGH0DULH
IRXUQLWDXVVL OD QRUPH LG«DOHGɛXQ SDUWDJH HQWUH OH WUDYDLOHW OD FRQWHPSODWLRQ OD
SUDWLTXHHWODWK«RULHTXLHVWSHXW¬WUHOHWUDLWOHSOXVFDUDFW«ULVWLTXHGHOD5«IRUPHGH
&°WHDX[0LHX[TXHWRXWDXWUHOHPRGªOHGH0DULHQHVHUWLOSDV¢PDJQLILHUOɛDEVROXH
RE«LVVDQFH¢XQRUGUHGLYLQTXHOɛRUGUHFLVWHUFLHQHQWHQGDXVVLLQFDUQHUb"0DLVSRXU
TXHFHPRGªOHPDULDOWLHQQHHQFRUHOLHXGɛH[HPSOHDX[PRLQHVFɛHVWOHODQJDJHGHV
YLVLRQVHWGHVDSSDULWLRQVGH OD9LHUJHTXLIXW FKRLVLSRXUHQSU«VHQWHUWRXWHV OHV
DSSOLFDWLRQVSUDWLTXHV/H'LDORJXHGHVPLUDFOHVHQIDLWXQY«ULWDEOHFKRL[Gɛ«FULWXUH
b
Entrer dans la vision
Le sens du récit mariophanique
83RXUFRPSUHQGUHODSODFHTXHSUHQGODPDULRSKDQLHGDQVOH'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPLO
LPSRUWHGɛHPEO«HGHVDLVLUOHVHQVGXSUHPLHUU«FLWGHYLVLRQPDULDOHTXHUDSSRUWH
&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKGDQVVRQRXYUDJHb
9mb$XWHPSVR»OHURL3KLOLSSHG«YDVWDSRXUODSUHPLªUHIRLVOHGLRFªVHGH&RORJQHMHPH
UHQGDLV ¢ &RORJQH DYHF 'RQ *HYDUG $EE« Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK (W FRPPH HQ FKHPLQ LO
PɛH[KRUWDLW¢ODFRQYHUVLRQDYHFEHDXFRXSGɛLQVLVWDQFHPDLVVDQVJUDQGVXFFªVLOPH
UDFRQWDODJORULHXVHYLVLRQGH&ODLUYDX[2Q\OLWTXH¢XQFHUWDLQWHPSVGHODPRLVVRQ
TXDQGODFRPPXQDXW«IDLVDLWODU«FROWHGDQVODYDOO«HODELHQKHXUHXVH9LHUJH0DULH
0ªUHGH'LHXVDLQWH$QQHVDPªUHHWVDLQWH0DULH0DGHOHLQHYLQUHQWGɛXQHFROOLQH8Q
VDLQWKRPPHTXLVHWHQDLWVXUOɛDXWUHYHUVDQWOHVDSHU©XW(OOHVGHVFHQGLUHQWDXVHLQGH
FHWWHYDOO«HGDQVXQHJUDQGHOXPLªUHHVVX\ªUHQWODVXHXUGHVPRLQHVHWILUHQWGXYHQW
DYHFOɛ«YHQWDLOGHOHXUVPDQFKHV-HIXVWHOOHPHQW«PXSDUOHU«FLWGHFHWWHYLVLRQTXHMH
SURPLV¢OɛDEE«TXHMHQHPHSU«VHQWHUDLVSDVDLOOHXUVTXHGDQVFHPRQDVWªUHSRXUPD
FRQYHUVLRQb}
10 &HU«FLWYLVLRQQDLUHDIDLWSDUWLHGHODSUHPLªUHWUDGLWLRQRUDOHFLVWHUFLHQQHDYDQWGɛ¬WUH
PLV SDU «FULW DX[ DOHQWRXUV GHb GDQV XQH GHV WRXWHV SUHPLªUHV FROOHFWLRQV
H[HPSODLUHVFLVWHUFLHQQHVFRPSLO«HSDUOHSULHXU-HDQGH&ODLUYDX[&«VDLUH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
136
OXLP¬PHGLWHQDYRLUHQWHQGXOɛKLVWRLUHGHODERXFKHGXVHFRQGDEE«Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK
'RP*HYDUGGRQFDXFRXUVGHVRQDEEDWLDWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWHQWUHHW/H
WDEOHDXFKDPS¬WUHTXHEURVVHOHU«FLWUHQYRLH¢ODU«DOLW«GXPRGªOH«FRQRPLTXHPLVHQ
SODFHSDUOHVPRLQHVFLVWHUFLHQV0DLVFHWWHVHXOHGRQQ«HQɛ«SXLVHDXFXQHPHQWOHVHQV
GXU«FLWHWQHGLWULHQGHODGLPHQVLRQYLVLRQQDLUHTXLSURMHWWHFHPRPHQWGHODYLH
FLVWHUFLHQQH HQWUH FLHO HW WHUUH 2U OH WHPSV YLVLRQQDLUH SHUPHW SU«FLV«PHQW GH
U«VRXGUHODWHQVLRQHQWUHODSULªUHHWOHWUDYDLOODFRQWHPSODWLRQHWOɛDFWLRQTXLVRQWOHV
GHX[GLPHQVLRQVFRQVWLWXWLYHVGHODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQH$LQVLHQSURGLJXDQWDX[PRLQHVOD
SDUWGHP«QDJHPHQWQ«FHVVDLUHHQOHV«YHQWDQWHWHQUDPDVVDQWOHXUVXHXUOD9LHUJH
SHUPHWDX[PRLQHVGHSUHQGUHSDUWDXUHSRVVSLULWXHOOɛRWLXPWRXWHQWUDYDLOODQW/D
0ªUHGH'LHXU«DOLVHDLQVLSDUVRQDSSDULWLRQODFRQFLOLDWLRQGHOɛRWLXPHWGXQHJRWLXPOH
WUDYDLOHWODYLHGXUHSRVHQ'LHX¢ODTXHOOHDVSLUHWRXWHODYLHPRQDVWLTXH3DUHOOHVH
U«FRQFLOLHQWOHVGHX[SDUWVGHODYLHPRQDVWLTXHFRQWHPSODWLYHHWDFWLYHSXLVTXH0DULH
HVWOHPRGªOHGHOɛXQHHWGHOɛDXWUH(QVRPPH&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKHQUDSSRUWDQWFH
U«FLWQHIDLWTXHSURSRVHUXQHDGDSWDWLRQH[HPSODLUHHWOLWW«UDLUHGXGLVFRXUVSURSRV«
SDUOHVWK«RORJLHQVGHOɛRUGUH
11 8QVHUPRQGɛ,VDDFGHOɛWRLOHSHUPHWGHPHVXUHUOHGHJU«GHFHWWHDGDSWDWLRQb
mbQRXVYRLU¢SU«VHQWPHVELHQDLP«VRQSHXWFRQVWDWHUFRPPHQWOɛKRPPHWRXW
HQWLHUPDQJHVRQSDLQ¢ODVXHXUGHVRQIURQWɣ(QWUDLQGHVDUFOHUFHWWHMDFKªUHSRXU
QHSDVVHPHUVXUGHV«SLQHVQRXVUXLVVHORQVGHVXHXUVRXVODEU½OXUHGɛXQVROHLOTXLHVW
SUHVTXHFHOXLGHPLGL&ɛHVWSRXUTXRLIDWLJX«V¢OɛH[FªVSRXUFHVVHPDLOOHVWHUUHVWUHV
«WHQGRQVQRXVXQPRPHQWVRXVOHIHXLOODJHGHFHFK¬QHYHUWODUJHPHQWG«SOR\«TXH
QRXV YR\RQV GHYDQW QRXV HW O¢ QRQ VDQV U«SDQGUH HQFRUH XQH PDQLªUH GH VXHXU
VSLULWXHOOHVHFRXRQVOHJUDLQGX9HUEHGLYLQbEUR\RQVOHHWKXPHFWRQVOHIDLVRQVOH
FXLUHHWPDQJHRQVOHDILQGHQHSDVG«IDLOOLUGHIDLPHWGHIDWLJXHb}&HWWHKRP«OLH
IRUPXOHDGPLUDEOHPHQWODWK«PDWLTXHFHQWUDOHGDQVODSHQV«HEHUQDUGLQHGHOɛmbDFWLRQ
FRQWHPSODWLYHb}6RQDGDSWDWLRQQDUUDWLYHVRXVODIRUPHGɛXQU«FLWYLVLRQQDLUHIDLWGH
OD9LHUJHXQPRGªOHGɛLPLWDWLRQPRQDVWLTXHTXLWURXYHVDSURSUHG«ILQLWLRQGDQVOH
G«SDVVHPHQWGHODWHQVLRQHQWUHOɛmbRUDb}HWOHmbODERUDb}ODSULªUHHWOHWUDYDLOTXL
SDUWDJH OH WHPSV GDQV OɛRUGUH E«Q«GLFWLQ /H VHUPRQ FRPPH OH U«FLW YLVLRQQDLUH
H[SOLTXHQWDXPRLQHFRPPHQWYLYUH¢WRXVPRPHQWVXQHmbDFWLRQFRQWHPSODWLYHb}OH
WUDYDLOGDQVOHUHSRVHWOHUHSRVGDQVOHWUDYDLOSRXUIDLUHGHVDYLHXQLQFHVVDQWODEHXU
GLYLQ/HPRLQHSDUWLFLSHDLQVLSDUVRQWUDYDLO¢OɛüXYUHGHOD&U«DWLRQGLYLQH'LHXOD
9LHUJHUHPHWWUDODVXHXUGXPRLVVRQQHXUTXHOOHDXUDUDPDVV«HSHQGDQWVRQWUDYDLO
FRPPHSHQGDQWVRQUHSRV/DVXHXUHVWOHIUXLWGXWUDYDLOGHVKRPPHVOHIUXLWGHOD
FU«DWLRQUHWRXUQDQW¢VRQ&U«DWHXU/D9LHUJHDFFRPSOLWOɛDOOHUHWUHWRXUHQWUHOHFLHOHW
ODWHUUHSRXUTXHOɛKRPPHFRQQDLVVHODIUD°FKHXUGH'LHXɘOD&U«DWLRQLVVXHGH'LHXɘHW
TXH'LHXFRQQDLVVHODVXHXUGHOɛKRPPHɘODFU«DWLRQYHQDQWGHOɛKRPPHɘ'HUULªUHOH
U«FLWYLVLRQQDLUHGHVPRLQHVFLVWHUFLHQVVHWURXYHXQPRGªOHQRXUULSDUOHVFRQFHSWLRQV
GɛLQVSLUDWLRQSODWRQLFLHQQHHWGLRQ\VLHQQHHWOHXUVYLVLRQVGXPRQGHUHSRVDQWVXUOɛLG«H
TXHVHXOOɛ«ODQGHOɛDPRXUSHUPHWGɛDFF«GHUDXGHJU«VXSU¬PHGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHHW¢OD
SO«QLWXGH GH OɛLOOXPLQDWLRQ 6HORQ OD SHQV«H GX 3VHXGR'HQ\V HQ HIIHW FKDTXH
FU«DWXUH¢PHVXUHTXɛHOOHGHYLHQWPRLQVU«IUDFWDLUH¢ODOXPLªUHGLYLQHUHWRXUQH¢
'LHXVDSDUWGHOXPLªUHHWOXLUHVWLWXHOHPHLOOHXUGɛHOOHP¬PH/ɛKLVWRLUHGHOɛDSSDULWLRQ
GHOD9LHUJHDX[PRLVVRQQHXUVHVWXQH[HPSOHLPDJ«GXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGLRQ\VLHQGH
OɛXQLYHUVWHOTXHOHFRPSUHQDLHQWOHVWK«RORJLHQVFLVWHUFLHQV(OOHHQWHQGDLQVLVLWXHU
OɛRUGRQQDQFHELHQU«JO«HGHODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQHHQWUHWUDYDLOHWSULªUH¢FHSRLQWGH
MRQFWLRQ HQWUH FLHO HW WHUUH «WHUQLW« HW SU«VHQW SULªUH HW WUDYDLO YRXOX SDU OHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
137
FRPPHQWDWHXUVFLVWHUFLHQV(QWUHLG«DOHWU«DOLW«HOOHFRQYLHGRQFOHVPRLQHV¢YLYUH
OɛLG«DOGHYLHSURSRV«SDUOɛ2UGUHGH&°WHDX[
b
La Vierge-abbé et l’unanimité cistercienne
12 /H'LDORJXHGHVPLUDFOHVRE«LW¢XQHORJLTXHGHFRPSRVLWLRQHQGRX]HOLYUHVTXLH[SOLTXH
VXLWH ¢ FH SUHPLHU U«FLW OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GHV PDULRSKDQLHV GDQV OɛRUGRQQDQFH GH
OɛRXYUDJHmb/HSUHPLHU OLYUH WUDLWHGHOD FRQYHUVLRQOHVHFRQG GHODFRQWULWLRQ OH
WURLVLªPHGHODFRQIHVVLRQOHTXDWULªPHGHODWHQWDWLRQOHFLQTXLªPHGHVG«PRQVOH
VL[LªPHGHODYHUWX GHVLPSOLFLW«OH VHSWLªPHGHOD ELHQKHXUHXVH9LHUJH0DULHOH
KXLWLªPHGHGLYHUVHVYLVLRQVOHQHXYLªPHGXVDFUHPHQWGXFRUSVHWGXVDQJGX&KULVW
OHGL[LªPHGHVPLUDFOHVOHRQ]LªPHGHVPRUWVHWOHGRX]LªPHGHODSHLQHHWGHODJORLUH
GHVPRUWVb}«FULW&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFK(QGRX]HOLYUHVOHPRLQHLQYLWHOHVQRYLFHV¢
HQWUHUGDQVOHGLDORJXHDYHFOHXUPD°WUH&RPPHQWOɛ¤PHFLVWHUFLHQQHDXUDLWHOOHVXHQ
HIIHWHQWUHSUHQGUHOHGLDORJXHDYHF'LHXEXWHWILQGHODYLHPRQDVWLTXHVLGɛHPEO«HRQ
QHOXLDYDLWSDVDSSULV¢GLDORJXHUb"&HQɛHVWTXɛDSUªVDYRLUJUDYLSDV¢SDVFKDFXQGHV
GHJU«VGHFHWLWLQ«UDLUHVSLULWXHOPHQDQWGHODFRQYHUVLRQ¢ODYLVLRQGHJORLUHTXHOH
QRYLFHSRXYDLW HVS«UHU SDUYHQLU¢ OɛXQLRQGɛDPRXU DYHF 'LHXHQ FRPPHQ©DQW SDU
GLDORJXHUDYHFVRQPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVHW¢VHFRQYHUWLU¢ODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQH'DQVFH
GLDORJXHOD9LHUJHGHVDSSDULWLRQVRFFXSHODSODFHH[HPSODLUHTXLOXLUHYLHQWDX/LYUH
VHSWHQWUHOH/LYUHVL[FRQVDFU«¢ODYHUWXGHVLPSOLFLW«HWOH/LYUHKXLWFRQVDFU«¢
OɛH[SRV«GHGLYHUVHVYLVLRQV/H/LYUHVHSWHVWHQHIIHWXQOLYUHSUHVTXHH[FOXVLYHPHQW
FRPSRV«GHYLVLRQVRXGɛDSSDULWLRQVPDULDOHV6XUOHVFKDSLWUHVTXLOHFRPSRVHQW
FRQWLHQQHQWXQU«FLWGHYLVLRQRXGɛDSSDULWLRQGRQWOHVGHX[WLHUVVHUDSSRUWHQW¢ODYLH
PRQDVWLTXH/HVGLDORJXHVGHFHOLYUHGRQQHQW¢OD9LHUJHXQU¶OHPDMHXUGDQVOHV
«WDSHVGHODYLHVSLULWXHOOHFRQGXLVDQWGHODVLPSOLFLW«¢ODYLVLRQ
13 /D9LHUJHIDLWHQHIIHWOHOLHQHQWUHODVLPSOLFLW«HWODYLVLRQGLYLQH'DQVODSHQV«H
FLVWHUFLHQQHODVLPSOLFLW«G«VLJQHOHUHJDUGGH'LHXVXUOɛKRPPHmb/DVLPSOLFLW«ɣHVW
FRPPHODPDWLªUHLQIRUPHb}«FULWSDUH[HPSOH*XLOODXPHGH6DLQW7KLHUU\/RUVTXH
Oɛ¤PHHVWGHYHQXHVLPSOHFHODVLJQLILHTXɛHOOHQɛDSOXVGHIRUPH(OOHHVWYLHUJHHQ
TXHOTXHVRUWH,OHVWGRQFSRVVLEOHTXHOH&U«DWHXUVHFRQWHPSOH¢QRXYHDXHQHOOHTXH
OɛHPSUHLQWHGH'LHXSXLVVH¢QRXYHDX\¬WUHLPSULP«HFRPPHHOOHVɛHVWLPSULP«HHQ
0DULH¢Oɛ,QFDUQDWLRQ3RXUDUULYHU¢ODVLPSOLFLW«GHOɛ¤PHOHQRYLFHFRPPHQFHSDUVH
FRQYHUWLUODFRQYHUVLRQLQGLTXDQWTXɛLOVHWRXUQHYHUV'LHX&ɛHVWOHEXWGXSUHPLHU
/LYUHGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP'DQVVRQKXPLOLW«OHQRYLFHUHFRQQD°WHQVXLWHTXɛLOHVW
S«FKHXUFɛHVW¢GLUHTXɛLODSHUGXVDUHVVHPEODQFHDYHF'LHX8QWHOSDUFRXUVRFFXSH
OHV/LYUHVGHX[¢FLQTGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP$X/LYUHVL[OHQRYLFHDFFªGHGRQF¢OD
YHUWXVLPSOLFLW«GRQWOHVH[HPSODOXLHQVHLJQHQWOHVHQV3DUVLPSOLFLW«OHQRYLFHVɛRIIUH
SRXUFHTXɛLOHVW¢VDYRLUXQHFU«DWXUHS«FKHUHVVHTXLDSHUGXVDIRUPHSURSUHHWTXL
HVWSU¬WH¢UHFHYRLUODIRUPHGH'LHXGDQVVRQ¤PHODVHSWLªPH«WDSHRXVHSWLªPH
/LYUHOD9LHUJHSUHQGDORUVHQPDLQVRQLWLQ«UDLUHVSLULWXHOHOOHTXLHVWOHPLURLUGH
'LHXHWFRPPHWHOOHP«GLDWULFHHQWUHOHUHJDUGGH'LHXHWOɛ¤PHKXPDLQH'DQVOD
SHQV«HFLVWHUFLHQQHOD0ªUHGH'LHXDSRXUW¤FKHGHPRGHOHUOɛ¤PHYLHUJHRXLQIRUPH¢
ODUHVVHPEODQFHGLYLQH$LQVLHOOHDFKHPLQHOHQRYLFHYHUVODYLVLRQGLYLQHDILQTXɛLO
VɛXQLVVH¢OXLWDSHLQWHUP«GLDLUH«WDSH FDSLWDOH9RLU'LHXHVWHQHIIHW VHORQOHV
VSLULWXHOVFLVWHUFLHQVOHEXWGHODGHVWLQ«HKXPDLQHmb'LHXD\DQWFU««OɛKRPPH¢VD
UHVVHPEODQFHOɛDSSHOOHSDUVDJU¤FH¢VRUWLUGHODGLVVHPEODQFHGXS«FK«¢UHWURXYHUVD
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
138
YRLHSRXUDERXWLU¢ODYLVLRQGLYLQHb}GLWHQFRUH*XLOODXPHGH6DLQW7KLHUU\$X[
QRYLFHV¢TXLLOG«GLHVRQRXYUDJH&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKSURSRVHFHFKHPLQHPHQW
14 6LOD9LHUJHDSSDUD°WDORUVVLVRXYHQWGDQVOH/LYUHVHSWGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPFɛHVW
SDUFHTXHVDYLVLRQFRQGXLW¢OD YLVLRQGLYLQHGDQVXQHG«ILQLWLRQUHWURXY«H GHOD
PDULRSKDQLHDYHFVRQSURSUHIRQGHPHQWQ«RSODWRQLFLHQ(OOHDSRXUIRQFWLRQGHJXLGHU
Oɛ¤PHYHUVODUHVVHPEODQFHDYHF'LHX(QUHYDQFKHOH/LYUHKXLWFRQVDFU«DX[YLVLRQV
R»OɛRQDWWHQGUDLWGHYRLUILJXUHUOHVU«FLWVGɛDSSDULWLRQVPDULDOHVVɛRXYUHVXUTXDWUH
WDEOHDX[YLVLRQQDLUHVGHOD1DWLYLW«TXLODLVVHQWFRQWHPSOHUHQYLVLRQOD)LJXUHGHOD
9LHUJH0DULHSXLVODLVVHQWODSODFHSRXUOɛHVVHQWLHODX[YLVLRQVGX&KULVW(QHIIHWOD
W¤FKHYLVLRQQDLUHGHOD9LHUJHHVWSRXUDLQVLGLUHDFFRPSOLHODYLVLRQGH0DULHD\DQW
SRXUEXWGHFRQGXLUH¢ODYLVLRQGLYLQH&ɛHVWSRXUTXRLODTXDVLWRWDOLW«GHVYLVLRQV
PDULDOHVGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPVHWURXYHQWFRQFHQWU«HVGDQVOH/LYUHVHSW
15 'HYLVLRQHQYLVLRQGHGLDORJXHHQGLDORJXHGɛH[HPSOXPHQH[HPSOXPOHPRLQHHVWDORUV
FRQYL«¢SURJUHVVHUVHORQOɛLG«DOGHODYLHPRQDVWLTXHFLVWHUFLHQQHSURSRV«HSDU&«VDLUH
Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK/DYLVLRQGHOD9LHUJHHVWSU«VHQW«HFRPPHOHVLJQHGHOɛDYDQFHPHQW
VSLULWXHOGXPRLQHYHUVODYLVLRQGLYLQHbGɛR»OHVHQVGHFHVU«FLWVYLVLRQQDLUHVR»OHV
PRLQHVVXSSOLHQWOD9LHUJHGHVHPRQWUHU¢HX[GHPDQLªUHYLVLEOH8QU«FLWGX/LYUH
VHSWSU«VHQWHSDUH[HPSOHOɛKLVWRLUHGɛXQPRLQHTXLVXSSOLHXQFRQYHUVGɛ+LPPHURGGH
SULHUSRXUOXLDILQTXɛLOVRLWYLVLW«SDUOD9LHUJH0DULH8QU«FLWGHOɛ([RUGLXPPDJQXP
OXLP¬PHHPSUXQW«DX/LEHUPLUDFXORUXPGɛ+HUEHUWGH&ODLUYDX[FRPSRV«HQbD
YUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWVHUYLGHFDQHYDV¢FHU«FLWH[HPSODLUH8QQRYLFHGH&ODLUYDX[
G«VLUHX[GHYRLUOD9LHUJHSULDQWHQYDLQVɛHQWHQGLWU«SRQGUHGHODVRUWHbmb6DFKHTXH
WXQɛHVSDVHQFRUHHQ«WDWGHFRQWHPSOHUODFODUW«GHODWUªVVXEOLPHHWLPPDFXO«H0ªUH
GH'LHX(IIRUFHWRLGHJUDQGLUHWGHSURJUHVVHUMXVTXɛ¢FHTXHWXP«ULWHVGHODYRLUXQ
MRXUb} OD P¬PH FRPPXQDXW« GH PRWLIV VH UDWWDFKHQW OHV QRPEUHX[ U«FLWV
YLVLRQQDLUHVGX/LYUHVHSWR»OD9LHUJHVHPRQWUHDX[PRLQHVFLVWHUFLHQVDXPRPHQWGH
OHXUPRUWbU«FRPSHQVHGɛXQHYLHH[HPSODLUHHWSURPHVVHGHODYLVLRQGLYLQHTXLOHV
DWWHQGDXGHO¢GHODPRUW
16 /DPDMHXUHSDUWLHGHVLQWHUYHQWLRQVYLVLRQQDLUHVGHOD9LHUJHUHODWLYHVDX[PRLQHV
FLVWHUFLHQVFRQVLVWH¢IDLUHUHVSHFWHUODUªJOHHWOHVVWDWXWVGHOɛRUGUHHOOHTXLHVWQRUPH
GHVPRLQHVHWHQSUHPLHUOLHX ¢IDLUHUHVSHFWHUOHPRGªOH LQVWLWXWLRQQHOU«JLVVDQW
OɛRUGUHWHOTXɛLOHVWG«FULWGDQVOD&KDUWHGHFKDULW«GRQWODU«GDFWLRQVHPEOHUHPRQWHU¢
OɛDQQ«Hb2QOLUDLFLSRXUOHIDLUHFRPSUHQGUHOHVHFRQGU«FLWPDULRSKDQLTXHTXH
UDSSRUWH&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKGDQVVRQ'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPb
mb8Q PDUGL GH OD VHPDLQH VDLQWH *RGHIURLG GH 9LOOHUV VH WURXYDLW DX FKüXU
SHQGDQWTXHODFRPPXQDXW«FKDQWDLWDYHFIHUYHXUOHSVDXPHɝ([XOWHPRQFüXUɞ
3V (W YRLFLTXHOD JORULHXVH 9LHUJH0DULH0ªUH GH 'LHXGHVFHQGDQWGX
SUHVE\WªUHHWIDLVDQWOHWRXUGXFKüXUGHPDQLªUHVHPEODEOH¢OɛDEE«E«QLWOHV
PRLQHVSXLVVɛDYDQ©DHQVXLWHHQWUHOHVVWDOOHVGHOɛDEE«HWGXSULHXUFRPPHVLHOOH
VHK¤WDLWYHUVOHFKüXUGHVFRQYHUV/HPRLQHVRUWLWGHUULªUHHOOHSRXUYRLUR»HOOH
LUDLWPDLVLOQHSXWODYRLUb}
17 &ɛHVWODILJXUHGHOD9LHUJHFRPSDU«H¢OɛDEE«3ªUHTXLDSSDUD°WLFL(OOHLQFDUQHOH
PRGªOHLQVWLWXWLRQQHOGH&°WHDX[WHOTXɛLOHVWG«FULWGDQVOD&KDUWHGHOD&KDULW«&HWWH
FKDUWH LPSOLTXH HQ HIIHW XQH WXWHOOH SDUHQWDOH HQ IL[DQW QRWDPPHQW OD YLVLWH GH
OɛDEE«mb3ªUHb}¢FKDFXQHGHVDEED\HVLVVXHVGHODPDLVRQmb0ªUHb}GH&°WHDX[XQHIRLV
SDUDQDILQGɛDVVXUHUOHXUPDLQWLHQGDQVOɛXQDQLPLW«FLVWHUFLHQQH6HORQODYRORQW«TXL
DQLPDVRQU«GDFWHXUOD&KDUWHGHFKDULW«VHYRXODLWXQHFKDUWHGɛXQDQLPLW«FɛHVW¢GLUH
XQHFKDUWHU«JLHSDUXQVHXOHWP¬PHHVSULWmbDILQTXHGDQVQRVDFWLRQVLOQɛ\DLWQXOOH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
139
GLVFRUGHPDLVTXHQRXVYLYLRQVVHORQXQHP¬PHFKDULW«XQHP¬PHUªJOHHWGHVPüXUV
VHPEODEOHVb}$ILQGɛ«YLWHUWRXWULVTXHGHGLVFRUGHODFKDUWHGHFKDULW«LPSRVDLWXQH
YLVLWHDQQXHOOHGHOɛDEE«GH&°WHDX[GDQVFKDFXQHGHVPDLVRQVFLVWHUFLHQQHV&HGHUQLHU
«WDLWFKDUJ«GHIDLUHOHOLHQHQWUHOHVPRQDVWªUHVGHOɛRUGUH(QSUDWLTXH&°WHDX[VɛHVW
FRQVLG«UDEOHPHQW «ORLJQ«H GH OɛLG«DO G«FULW GDQV OD &KDUWH GH FKDULW« $X G«EXW GX
;,,,HbVLªFOHOHJRXYHUQHPHQWGHOɛRUGUHQɛHVWSOXVFRQIRUPH¢VRQPRGªOH/HVU«FLWV
FLVWHUFLHQVGX 'LDORJXV PLUDFXORUXP FRQIRUP«PHQW ¢ VRQ EXW FRQYRTXHQW GRQF OHV
DSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHSRXUTXɛHOOHIDVVHU«JQHUOɛRUGUHHWMRXHOHU¶OHGHODmb9LHUJH
3ªUHb}XQHILJXUHV\PEROLTXHTXLLQYHUVHODILJXUHGXmb&KULVW0ªUHb}GRQWODSHQV«H
FLVWHUFLHQQHDSRV«OHVSUHPLHUVOLQ«DPHQWVHWTXɛDVLELHQG«FULWH&DUROLQH%\QXP
18 &ɛHVW SRXUTXRL OD 9LHUJH GHV DSSDULWLRQV RSªUH GHV FLUFXODWLRQV V\PEROLTXHV ¢
OɛLQW«ULHXUGHVPRQDVWªUHV(QYLVLRQHOOHVLOORQQHQRQVHXOHPHQWOHVFKDPSVPDLV
«JDOHPHQWFKüXUVGRUWRLUVLQILUPHULHVRXU«IHFWRLUHVDILQGHYHLOOHUHQSHUPDQHQFH
VXUOɛXQDQLPLW«FLVWHUFLHQQH UHTXLVHSDU OD&KDUWH GHFKDULW« IRQGHPHQWGH ODYLH
FLVWHUFLHQQH'DQVFHVOLHX[FRQ©XVSRXUU«SRQGUH¢ODORJLTXHGHVW¤FKHVSULHUHW
WUDYDLOOHUOD0ªUHGH'LHXH[HUFHOHFRQWU¶OHGɛXQDEE«(OOHU«WDEOLWOHFRXUDQWGH
FKDULW«HQWUHOHVPRLQHVGªVTXɛLOPHQDFHGHVHURPSUH'DQVSOXVLHXUVH[HPSODGX/LYUH
VHSW OD 9LHUJH RSªUH OɛXQDQLPLW« HQ GRQQDQW XQ EDLVHU GH SDL[ RX HQ SU«VHQWDQW
Oɛ(QIDQW-«VXV¢HPEUDVVHU¢OɛHQVHPEOHGHODFRPPXQDXW«PRQDVWLTXHUDVVHPEO«HDX
FKüXU$\DQWDLQVLFU««XQOLHQGɛDPRXUHQWUHOHVPRLQHVHWOH)LOVGH'LHXOD9LHUJH
SHUPHW¢OɛHQVHPEOHGXPRQDVWªUHGHYLEUHUGɛDPRXUGDQVODP¬PHXQLW«/DSUHXYH
FɛHVWTXɛHQVXLWHOHVPRLQHVSHXYHQWVHFRPPXQLTXHUOɛDPRXUGH'LHXOHVXQVDX[DXWUHV
VRXVODIRUPHGɛXQGLYLQEDLVHU/HVPRLQHVSHXYHQWDORUVVXLYUHOHVLOODJHGHOD9LHUJH
PHWWUH OHXUV SDV GDQV VHV SDV OXL UHVVHPEOHU HW IDLUH FLUFXOHU OɛDPRXU GLYLQ HQ
VɛDFFRUGDQWDYHFHX[P¬PHVPDLVDXVVLDYHFOHXUSURFKDLQSRXUHQVXLWHHVS«UHUXQMRXU
VɛXQLU¢'LHXOɛLQYHUVHOD9LHUJHVHG«WRXUQHGHWRXVOHVPRLQHVTXLQHVRQWSDV
GLJQHV¢VHV\HX[GHODFRQWHPSOHU&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKUDSSRUWHGHQRPEUHX[U«FLWV
R»OD9LHUJHUHIXVHGHUHJDUGHUGHE«QLUOHVPRLQHVRXGHGRQQHUXQHQRXUULWXUH
F«OHVWHDX[PRLQHVTXLRQWIDLWPRQWUHGHG«VRE«LVVDQFH¢ODUªJOH
19 FHWLWUHOHVU«FLWVH[HPSODLUHVVXLYHQW«JDOHPHQW¢ODOHWWUHOHVRUGRQQDQFHVGHV
FKDSLWUHV/D9LHUJHGHVDSSDULWLRQVVHYRLWHQFRUHFRQILHUODW¤FKHGHIDLUHDSSOLTXHU
OHVG«FLVLRQVFDSLWXODLUHV RXGHO«JLWLPHU OHVQRXYHDXW«V LQWURGXLWHVJUDGXHOOHPHQW
GDQVOɛRUGUH8QHGL]DLQHGHYLVLRQVPDULDOHVVHG«URXOHQWDLQVLDXGHVVXVGXPD°WUH
DXWHOQRQVDQVO«JLWLPHUODSU«VHQFHGHVVWDWXHVGH1RWUH'DPHQRXYHOOHPHQWSODF«HV¢
FHWHQGURLW/ɛLPSRUWDQFHSURJUHVVLYHGHVGLVSRVLWLRQVVWDWXWDLUHVUHODWLYHV¢ODSODFH
GHOD9LHUJHGDQVODOLWXUJLHɘRFFXUUHQFHVGDQVOHVVWDWXWVDXG«EXWGX;,,,HbVLªFOH
FRQWUHDXG«EXWGX;,,HbVLªFOHɘH[SOLTXHGɛDXWUHSDUWOɛDWWHQWLRQSRUW«HSDUOD9LHUJH
GHVDSSDULWLRQVGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPDX[REVHUYDQFHVOLWXUJLTXHVGHVHVSURW«J«V/D
9LHUJHVHPDQLIHVWHSDUH[HPSOHHQYLVLRQ¢XQPRLQHPDODGHSRXUOɛDLGHU¢U«FLWHUOHV
KHXUHVGHOD9LHUJH/ɛREOLJDWLRQHQHVWIDLWHSDUOHVVWDWXWVGHSXLVOɛDQQ«Hb(OOH
H[KRUWH HQFRUH OHV PRLQHV ¢ U«FLWHU TXRWLGLHQQHPHQW OH 6DOYH 5HJLQD DLQVL TXH
OɛLPSRVHQW OHV WRXW QRXYHDX[ VWDWXWV GH OɛDQQ«Hb 9LVLRQV HW DSSDULWLRQV
SHUPHWWDLHQWDLQVLGɛRXYULUXQHVSDFHGHGLDORJXHDILQTXHSHX¢SHXODU«DOLW«VɛDMXVWH
¢OɛLG«DOLPSRV«SDUOHVG«FLVLRQVFDSLWXODLUHV
b
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
140
Conclusion
20 (VSDFHYLVLRQQDLUHHVSDFHGHGLDORJXHb"2QSHXWGLUHTXHOHVYLVLRQVHWOHVDSSDULWLRQV
GH OD 9LHUJH RQW SHUPLV GH G«OLPLWHU XQ HVSDFH QDUUDWLI RXYHUW ¢ WRXWHV VRUWHV
GɛDMXVWHPHQWV HQWUH LG«DO HW U«DOLW« ¢ OɛKHXUH R» OɛRUGUH FLVWHUFLHQ VɛHVW
FRQVLG«UDEOHPHQW«ORLJQ«GHVRQPRGªOHSULPLWLI(QGRQQDQW¢OD9LHUJHOHU¶OHGɛXQH
LQWHUORFXWULFHSULYLO«JL«HGDQVOHGLDORJXHHQWUHOHPRLQHHWOHPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHV
&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKOXLDDXVVLFRQI«U«ODFKDUJHGHSRUWHU¢XQSRLQWGHFRQFLOLDWLRQ
WRXV OHV «FDUWV DX PRGªOH LG«DO G«ILQL SDU OHV mbSªUHVb} GH OɛRUGUH SXLV SDU OHV
G«ILQLWHXUVGHVFKDSLWUHVVXFFHVVLIV/HVH[HPSWDTXLRXYUHQWOHGLDORJXHYLVLRQQDLUH
HQWUHOD9LHUJHHWOHVPRLQHVRXOHVQRYLFHVFLVWHUFLHQVRQWSRXUIRQFWLRQGHGRQQHUXQH
LPDJHH[HPSODLUHGHODYLHFLVWHUFLHQQH$XVVLOD9LHUJH\MRXHXQU¶OHH[HPSODLUH
4XɛHOOHDSSDUDLVVHSRXUUHFXHLOOLUODVXHXUGHVPRLVVRQQHXUV«SXLV«VRXSRXUVXSSO«HU
DX[G«IDLOODQFHVGHOɛXQDQLPLW«¢OɛLQW«ULHXUGHVPRQDVWªUHVOD'DPHGHVDSSDULWLRQV
IDLWOHOLHQHQWUHWK«RULHHWSUDWLTXHPRGªOHVHWTXRWLGLHQ2QFRPSUHQGDORUVODUDLVRQ
SURIRQGH GX VXFFªV GHV H[HPSOD GX 'LDORJXV PLUDFXORUXP /HXU OH©RQ VH U«VXPH ¢
OɛHVVHQWLHObDSSUHQGUHDXPRLQHFLVWHUFLHQ¢GHYHQLUXQPRLQHH[HPSODLUHFɛHVW¢GLUH
mbXQb}DYHFOXLP¬PHHWDYHFOɛHVSULWGH&°WHDX[SRXUGHYHQLUmbXQDYHF'LHXb}/H
QRYLFHH[HPSODLUHDYDLWDLQVLWRXWHFKDQFHGɛXQLUXQMRXUVRQ¤PH¢'LHX(QKXPLOLDQW
VRQFRUSV GDQVOH WUDYDLOHQ RE«LVVDQW¢ ODUªJOH LOüXYUDLW SRXU VDVLPSOLFLW« ,O
GHYHQDLWH[HPSODLUH/HPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVDYDLWHQVXLWHODSRVVLELOLW«GHFRQIRUPHUVRQ
¤PHVLPSOH¢ODIRUPHGLYLQHmb6XUOHWRXUGHOɛRE«LVVDQFHGDQVOHIHXGHOɛ«SUHXYHOH
PD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVPRGªOHOHQRYLFHHWOXLGRQQHVDIRUPHb}«FULWHQFRUH*XLOODXPHGH
6DLQW7KLHUU\&ɛHVWHQFRUHODUDLVRQSRXUODTXHOOHOH/LYUHVHSWGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP
VHWHUPLQHVXUOɛ«YRFDWLRQGHODYLVLRQGHVPRLQHVVRXVOHPDQWHDXGH0DULHP«WDSKRUH
GHOɛXQLW«UHWURXY«H&RQIRUPHUOHVQRYLFHVFLVWHUFLHQVDX[YXHVJ«Q«UDOHVGHOɛRUGUH
GRQQHUDXPD°WUHGHVQRYLFHVGHVH[HPSOHVGHOD9LHUJHSRXUOHIDLUHWHOHVWOHEXWHQ
G«ILQLWLYH TXH VɛHVW GRQF IL[« &«VDLUH Gɛ+HLVWHUEDFK HQ U«GLJHDQW VRQ 'LDORJXV
PLUDFXORUXP (VSDFH QDUUDWLI PRGXODEOH ¢ YRORQW« OD YLVLRQ PDULDOH OXL SHUPHWWDLW
GɛLQWURGXLUHHQTXHOTXHVRUWHXQWLHUVGDQVOHGLDORJXHbOD9LHUJH$ORUVVɛRIIUDLHQW
WRXWHVVRUWHVGHSHUVSHFWLYHVSRXUOHIDLUHSURJUHVVHU\FRPSULVFHOXLGɛRIIULUXQHVSDFH
mbYLHUJHb}SRXUGHVmbU«Y«ODWLRQVb}UHODWLYHVDX[FRQWURYHUVHVWK«RORJLTXHVWHOOHFHOOH
VXUOɛ$VVRPSWLRQGH0DULH5DFRQWHUGHWHOOHVYLVLRQV«WDLWDXVVLXQHPDQLªUHGɛLQYLWHU
DXGLDORJXH
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. 6XUODPDULRSKDQLHDX0R\HQJH QRXV QRXV SHUPHWWRQV GH UHQYR\HU ¢ 6 %DUQD\ /HV
DSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJH3DULVb/H&LHOVXUODWHUUH/HVDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHDX0R\HQ$JH
SU«IDFHGH -HDQ 'HOXPHDX3DULV /ɛDQDO\VHGHV GLII«UHQWHV IRUPHVGH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV
PDULDOHVDIDLWOɛREMHWGHPDWKªVHGH GRFWRUDWQRXYHDXU«JLPHVRXWHQXHOHPDUV¢
Oɛ8QLYHUVLW«3DULV;1DQWHUUHb8QPRPHQWY«FXGɛ«WHUQLW«+LVWRLUHP«GL«YDOHGHVDSSDULWLRQVPDULDOHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
141
,9H;9HbVLªFOHV/LUH HWWUDGXLUH OHODQJDJH YLVLRQQDLUHHQFRXUVGH SXEOLFDWLRQVRXV OHWLWUH /HV
DSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHDX0R\HQJH;,,H;9HbVLªFOH8QPRPHQWY«FXGɛ«WHUQLW«
2. 3DUH[HPSOH(%HQ]'LH9LVLRQ(UIDKUXQJVIRUPHQXQG%LOGHUZHOW6WXWWJDUWRXHQFRUH3
'LQ]HOEDFKHU9LVLRQXQG9LVLRQVOLWHUDWXULP0LWWHODOWHU6WXWWJDUW
3. 3RXUXQHSU«VHQWDWLRQVXFFLQFWHGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP):DJQHUmb6WXGLXP]X&DHVDULXV
YRQ+HLVWHUEDFKb}GDQV$QDOHFWD&LVWHUFLHQVLDSbb-%HUOLR]0$3RORGH%HDXOLHX
VRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH/HV([HPSODP«GL«YDX[,QWURGXFWLRQ¢ODUHFKHUFKHVXLYLHGHVWDEOHVFULWLTXHVGH
Oɛ,QGH[H[HPSORUXPGH)&7XEDFK*DUDH+«VLRGHSb
4. (%HUWDXGVYmb'LDORJXHVVSLULWXHOVb}'LFWLRQQDLUHGH6SLULWXDOLW«Wb,,,3DULVF
6XU OɛLPSRUWDQFH GX mbGLDORJXHb} FRPPH JHQUH OLWW«UDLUH GDQV OD SHQV«H FLVWHUFLHQQH YRLU
«JDOHPHQW$+%UHGHURmb/H'LDORJXVGXRUXPPRQDFKRUXP8QUHERQGLVVHPHQWGHODSRO«PLTXH
HQWUHFLVWHUFLHQVHWFOXQLVLHQVb}GDQV6WXGLPHGLHYDOLSb
5. 5)RUHYLOOH/DWUDQ,,,,,,HW/DWUDQ,93DULVSbb03DFDXW/HVPRLQHVEODQFV
+LVWRLUHGHOɛRUGUHGH&°WHDX[3DULVSb
6. $%DUEHDXWUDG&«VDLUHGH+HLVWHUEDFK/H'LDORJXHGHVPLUDFOHV/LYUH/DFRQYHUVLRQ2ND
&ROOHFWLRQmb9RL[PRQDVWLTXHVb}Sb9,,,
7. 6XUOɛH[HPSOXPP«GL«YDO&O%U«PRQG-/H*RII-&O6FKPLWW/ɛH[HPSOXP7XUQKRXW
7\SRORJLHGHVVRXUFHVGX0R\HQJHRFFLGHQWDOSb
8. 6%DUQD\/HFLHOVXUODWHUUHSb
9. ,ELGHP
10. 'HYLWDV*UHJRULL7KDXPDWXUJLLQ3*YRObFRO/ɛ«GLWLRQGHFHWH[WHHVWUHSULVHGDQV
6$OYDUH]&DPSRV«G&RUSXVPDULDQXPSDWULVWLFXP,,%XUJRVSb/)URLGHYDX[
mb/H V\PEROH GH VDLQW *U«JRLUH OH 7KDXPDWXUJHb} 5HFKHUFKHV GH 6FLHQFH UHOLJLHXVH
Sb
11. 0&DQHYHW*U«JRLUHGH1\VVHHWOɛKHUP«QHXWLTXHELEOLTXHWXGHGHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHOHODQJDJHHWOD
FRQQDLVVDQFHGH'LHX3DULVSbHWSb
12. 6XUODPDULRORJLHGHVSªUHVJUHFVGXFRQFLOHGH&RQVWDQWLQRSOHODV\QWKªVHODSOXVU«FHQWH
HVWFHOOHGH$(1DFKH]0DU\b9LUJLQ0RWKHUXQWKH7KHRORJLFDO7KRXJKWRI6W%DVLOWKH*UHDW6W
*UHJRU\1D]LDQ]HQHW6W*UHJRU\RI1\VVD'D\WRQSb
13. 6%DUQD\/HFLHOVXUODWHUUHSb
14. ,GHPSb
15. *UHJRULLHSLVFRSL7XURQHQVLVOLEULPLUDFXORUXPOLEHU,b'HJORULDPDUW\UXPLQ3/YRObFRO
16. $GH9RJX«HW3$QWLQ«GHWWUDG*U«JRLUHOH*UDQG'LDORJXHVWb3DULVSb
6RXUFHVFKU«WLHQQHVQRb6XUFHWWHYLVLRQ95HFFKLDmb8QDYLVLRQHPDULDQDQHLɝ'LDORJKLɞGL
*UHJRULR0DJQRbɝGLDORJXVɞ,9b}9LUJR )LGHOLV6WXGL PDULDQLD FXUDGL)%HUJDPHOOL0
&LPRVD0LVFHOODQHDGL6WXGLPDULDQLLQRQRUHGL'RQ'RPHQLFR%HUWHOOR5RPD
17. 'HJORULDPDUW\UXPFKDSLWUH9,,,LQ3/F
18. 6%DUQD\/HFLHOVXUODWHUUHSb
19. ,GHPSb
20. ,ELGHP
21. 5:6RXWKHUQmb7KHHQJOLVKRULJLQHVRIWKH0LUDFOHVRIWKH9LUJLQb}GDQV0HGLDHYDODQG
5HQDLVVDQFH6WXGLHVSb
22. 6XUOHVVRXUFHVGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP%30F*XLUHmb)ULHQGVDQG7DOHVLQWKH&ORLVWHUb
2UDO6RXUFHVLQ&DHVDULXVRI+HLVWHUEDFKɛV'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPb}GDQV$QDOHFWD&LVWHUFLHQVLD
Sb
23. -:LQDQG\«G$PEURLVH$XWSHUWPRLQHHWWK«RORJLHQ3DULVSb
24. +%DUU«3ULªUHVPDULDOHVGHOɛ2FFLGHQW¢OD0ªUHGX6DXYHXU3DULVSbQRWH
25. 'H9LUJLQLWDWH,,LQ3/
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
142
26. 1RPEUHX[H[HPSOHVFLW«VSDU%0DUWHOHW6DLQW%HUQDUGHW1RWUH'DPH3DULVSbb
* 5DFLWL «G $HOUHGL 5LHYDOOHQVLV 6HUPRQHV ,;/9, &ROOHFWLR &ODUDHYDOOHQVLV SULPD HW VHFXQGD
7XUQKRXW6HUPR;;,,,,Q1DWLYLWDWH6DQFWDH0DULDHSbib6HUPR;;9,,Q)HVWLYLWDWH
RPQLXPVDQFWRUXPSbi&RUSXVFKULVWLDQRUXP&RQWLQXDWLRPHGLDHYDOLV,,$'HX[FROORTXHV
U«FHQWVIRQWOHSRLQWVXUODSODFHGHODILJXUHPDULDOHGDQVODSHQV«HFLVWHUFLHQQHb5HVSLFHVWHOODP
0DULD LQ VDQ %HUQDUGR H QHOOD WUDGL]LRQH FLVWHUFHQVH $WWL GHO &RQYHJQR ,QWHUQD]LRQDOH 5RPD
0DULDQXPRWWREUHDFXUDGL0&DODEXLJ5RPDb/D9LHUJHGDQVODWUDGLWLRQ
FLVWHUFLHQQHVRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH-/RQJªUH(WXGHVPDULDOHV%XOOHWLQGHOD6RFL«W«IUDQ©DLVH
GɛWXGHVPDULDOHV
27. %03UDQJHUmb7KH9LUJLQ0DU\DQGWKH&RPSOH[LWLHVRI/RYH/DQJXDJHLQWKHZRUNVRI
%HUQDUGRI&ODLUYDX[b}GDQV&°WHDX[Sb/HV«WDSHVKLVWRULTXHVGHFHWWHLPLWDWLRQ
PDULDOHVRQWUDSSHO«HVSDU5'+DOH,PLWDWLR0DULDH0RWKHUKRRG0RWLIVLQODWHPHGLHYDOJHUPDQ
6SLULWXDOLW\+DUYDUGSbQRWDPPHQW9RLUHQFRUH&:$WNLQVRQ7KHROGHVWYRFDWLRQb
&KULVWLDQ0RWKHUKRRGLQWKH0LGGOH$JHV,WKDFD
28. /DELEOLRJUDSKLHPDULDOHVXUOɛRUGUHFLVWHUFLHQHVWDERQGDQWHbYRLUHQSDUWLFXOLHU*9LWWL0
)DOOHWWL mb/D GHYR]LRQH D 0DULD QHOOɛ2UGLQH &LVWHUFHQVHb} 5HVSLFH VWHOODP RS FLW QRWH
SbbELEOLRJUDSKLHPDULDOHVXUOɛRUGUHGH&°WHDX[SU«VHQW«HSDU60'DQLHOLmb6WXGLVXO
SHQVLHURPDULDQRGL6DQ%HUQDUGR5DVVHJQDELEOLRJUDILDb}GDQV5HVSLFH6WHOODPRS
FLWQRWHSbb-/HFOHUFTmb6DLQW%HUQDUGHWODG«YRWLRQP«GL«YDOHHQYHUV0DULHb}GDQV
5HYXHGɛ$VF«WLTXHHWGHP\VWLTXHSbb'-$XQLRU'57KRPDVmb&°WHDX[HW1RWUH
'DPHb}0DULDWXGHVVXUODVDLQWH9LHUJHVRXVODGLUHFWLRQGɛ+XEHUWGX0DQRLUWb,,3DULV
Sbb/DPDGRQQDQHOSHQVLHURGLVDQ%HUQDUGRHGHLSULPLFLVWHUFHQVLDFXUDGL/6FDQX
0LODQb+%DUU«mb6DLQW%HUQDUGGRFWHXUPDULDOb}GDQV$QDOHFWD6DFUL2UGLQLV&LVWHUFHQVLV
Sb
29. $HOUHGGH5LHOYDX[6HUPRQSRXUOɛ$VVRPSWLRQ*5DFLWL«G$OUHGL5LHYDOOHQVLV6HUPRQHV
,;/9,&ROOHFWLR&ODUHYDOOHQVLVSULPDHWVHFXQGR7XUQKRXW&&&0,,$&K'XPRQWmb$VSHFWV
GHODG«YRWLRQGX%LHQKHXUHX[$HOUHG¢1RWUH'DPHb}GDQV&ROOHFWDQHD&LVWHUFLHQVLD
Sb++¦GHUOLQmb6W$HOUHGRI5LHYDXO[RQWKH,PLWDWLRQRI0DU\b}0DU\DQGWKH&KXUFKHV
3DSHUVRIWKH&KLFKHVWHU&RQJUHVVRIWKH2HFXPHQLFDO6RFLHW\RIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\7KH&ROXPELD
3UHVVSb
30. %HUQDUGGH&ODLUYDX[6HUPRQSRXUOɛ$VVRPSWLRQ/DPHLOOHXUHLQWURGXFWLRQDX[VHUPRQV
PDULDX[GH%HUQDUGGH&ODLUYDX[UHVWHFHOOHGHΜ,+XLOOHHW-5HJQDUG«GHWWUDGODORXDQJH
GHOD9LHUJH0ªUH3DULV6RXUFHV&KU«WLHQQHVQRbSb9RLUHQFRUH 3<(PHU\
WUDG6HUPRQVSRXUOɛDQQ«H7XUQKRXW7DL]«
31. 3RLQWQRWDPPHQWVRXOLJQ«SDU/3UHVVRX\UH71.LQGHU«G6DLQW%HUQDUG HWOHPRQGH
FLVWHUFLHQ&DWDORJXH GH OɛH[SRVLWLRQ SU«VHQW«H¢ OD &RQFLHUJHULH GH 3DULV 3DULV Sb 0¬PH
UHPDUTXHGDQV/3UHVVRX\UH/HU¬YHFLVWHUFLHQ3DULVSb
32. 6XUFHSRLQWOɛDUWLFOHGH0'HOOD9ROSHmb0DULDQHOOɛɝ([RUGLXPPDJQXPɞHQHOɝ'LDORJXV
PLUDFXORUXPɞb}5HVSLFHVWHOODPRSFLWQRWHSbQɛDSSRUWHDXFXQ«FODLUDJHQRXYHDX
33. -6WUDQJH«G&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFK'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXP&RORJQHWb,G«VRUPDLV
FLW«-6WUDQJH'LVWLQFWLRSULPDFDS;9,,Sbb(WFXPPHLQYLDFXPPXOWDLQVWDQWLDKRUWDUHWXUDG
FRQYHUVLRQHPQHFSURILFHUHWUHWXOLW PLKL YLVLRQHP LOODPJORULRVDP&ODUDHYDOOLVLQTXD OHJLWXUTXRG
TXRGDPWHPSRUHPHVVLVFXPFRQYHQWXVLQYDOOHPHWHUHWEHDWD'HLJHQLWUL[9LUJR0DULDHWVDQFWD$QQD
PDWHUHLXVDFVDQFWD0DULD0DJGDOHQDGHPRQWHYHQLHQWHVTXRGDPYLURVDQFWRTXLVWDEDWH[DGYHUVH
DVSLFLHQWHGHYDOOHPHDQGHPLQPDJQDFODULWDWHGHVFHQGHUXQWPRQDFKRUXPVXGRUHVWHUVHUXQWIODEHOOR
PDQLFDUXPVXDUXPYHQWXUDDGPRYHUXQWHWUHOLTXDTXDHLELGHPSRVLWDVXQW6HUPRQHVKXLXVYLVLRQLVLQ
WDQWXPPRWXVIXLXWDEEDWLSURPLWWHUHPPHQRQYHQWXUXPQLVLDGHLXVGRPXPJUDWLDFRQYHUVLRQLVɣ
34. &RPPHHQW«PRLJQHODWUDGLWLRQPDQXVFULWHHWOHSUHPLHUW«PRLQFRQVHUY«GDQVOHUHFXHLO
DQRQ\PH GX /LEHU YLVLRQXP HW PLUDFXORUXP FRPSLO« VRXV OH SULRUDW GH -HDQ GH &ODLUYDX[
0V7UR\HVIROb/HU«FLW HVWHQVXLWHUDSSRUW«SDU+HUEHUWGH&ODLUYDX[
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
143
HQbLQ3/FSXLVSDU&«VDLUHGɛ+HLVWHUEDFKHWGDQVODFKURQLTXHGɛ+HOLQDQGGH
)URLGPRQWDSUªVLQ3/F%RQQHPLVHDXSRLQWVXUODWUDQVPLVVLRQOLWW«UDLUHGH
FHWWHYLVLRQFI%30F*XLUHmb$ORVW&ODLUYDX[H[HPSOXPFROOHFWLRQIRXQGbWKH/LEHUYLVLRQXPHW
PLUDFXORUXPFRPSLOHGXQGHUSULRU-RKQRI&ODLUYDX[b}GDQV$QDOHFWD&LVWHUFLHQVLD
IDVFSb
35. -/HFOHUFT2WLDPRQDVWLFD(WXGHVVXUOHYRFDEXODLUHGHODFRQWHPSODWLRQDX0R\HQ$JH5RPDH
6WXGLD$QVHOPLDQDHW,G /ɛDPRXU GHV OHWWUHV HW OH G«VLU GH 'LHX ,QLWLDWLRQ DX[ DXWHXUV
PRQDVWLTXHVGX0R\HQ$JH3DULVSb
36. $+RVWH*6DOHW*5DFLWL«GHWWUDG,VDDFGHOɛWRLOH6HUPRQVWb,,3DULVVHUPR
Sb6RXUFHVFKU«WLHQQHVQRb
37. 6XUFHWKªPHFI&K'XPRQWmb/ɛDFWLRQFRQWHPSODWLYHOHWHPSVGDQVOɛ«WHUQLW«GɛDSUªVVDLQW
%HUQDUGb}GDQV&ROOHFWDQHD&LVWHUFLHQVLDSbUHSULVGDQV,G8QH«GXFDWLRQGXFüXU
/DVSLULWXDOLW«GHVDLQW%HUQDUGHWGHVDLQW$HOUHG1RWUH'DPHGX/DF2ND4X«EHF3DLQGH
&°WHDX[V«ULHSb
38. 6%DUQD\/HFLHOVXUODWHUUHSb
39. -6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWHSb
40. 1RXVODLVVRQVLFLGHF¶W«OɛDQDO\VHGHVU«FLWVPDULRSKDQLTXHVGX'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPPHWWDQW
HQVFªQHGHVFOHUFVRXGHVOD±FV
41. Μ0'DY\WUDG*XLOODXPHGH6DLQW7KLHUU\8QWUDLW«GHODYLHVROLWDLUH3DULVSb
WXGHVGHSKLORVRSKLHP«GL«YDOH6XUODQRWLRQGHVLPSOLFLW«FI-/HFOHUFT/ɛDPRXUGHV
OHWWUHVHWOHG«VLUGH'LHX,QLWLDWLRQDX[DXWHXUVPRQDVWLTXHVGX0R\HQ$JH3DULVSbb,G
WXGHVVXUOHYRFDEXODLUHPRQDVWLTXHGX0R\HQ$JH5RPHSbH[FXUVXV,,PRQDFKLVPHHW
VLPSOLFLW«
42. -'«FKDQHW«GHWWUDG*XLOODXPHGH6DLQW7KLHUU\/HWWUHDX[IUªUHVGX0RQW'LHX3DULV
Sb6RXUFHVFKU«WLHQQHVQRb
43. -6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWH'LVWLQFWLRRFWDYDFDS,,,,,,9HW9Sb
44. 3DUH[HPSOH,GHPFDS;9,Sb
45. %*ULHVVHU«G([RUGLXPPDJQXP&LVWHUFLHQVHVLYHQDUUDWLRGHLQLWLR&LVWHUFLHQVLVRUGLQLV5RPH
GLVW,9F;,Sb
46. -6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWHFDS;;;9,,,SbbFDS/SbbFDS/,,SbbFDS/,,,
Sb
47. ,GHPFDS;;;9Sbb6HFXQGDIHULDSRVW3DOPDVVWDQVLQFKRUHFXPSVDOPXVɝ(UXFWDYLWFRU
PHXPɞGHYRWHDFRQYHQWXGHFDQWHUHWXUHFFH9LUJRJORULRVD'HLJHQLWUL[0DULDGHSUHVE\WHULRGHVFHQGHQV
HWFKRUXPPRUHDEEDWLVFLUFXLHQVPRQDFKLVEHQHGL[LWVLFTXHLQWHUDEEDWLVHWSULRULVVWDOOXPH[LHQVTXDVL
DGFRQYHUVRUXPFKRUXPSURSHUDYLW([LYLWLOOHSRVWHDUQXWYLGHUHWTXRLUHWVHGHDUQYLGHUHQRQSRWXLW
48. -%0DKQ/ɛRUGUHFLVWHUFLHQHWVRQJRXYHUQHPHQWGHVRULJLQHVDXPLOLHXGX;,,,HbVLªFOH
3DULV
49. )GH3ODFHLQWURGXFWLRQHWELEOLRJUDSKLH**KLVODLQ-&&KULVWRSKH«GHWWUDG&°WHDX[
'RFXPHQWVSULPLWLIV7H[WHODWLQ HWWUDGXFWLRQIUDQ©DLVH$FKHOSb &°WHDX[&RPPHQWDULL
FLVWHUFLHQVHV
50. 6XU FHWWH TXHVWLRQ OD PHLOOHXUH SU«VHQWDWLRQ UHVWH FHOOH GH -% $XEHUJHU /ɛ8QDQLPLW«
FLVWHUFLHQQHSULPLWLYH0\WKHRXU«DOLW«b"$FKHO9RLU«JDOHPHQW/-/HNDL7KH&LVWHUFLDQV,GHDO
DQG5HDOLW\.HQW6WDWH8QLRQSbQRWDPPHQW
51. &:DONHU%\QXP-HVXVDVPRWKHUb6WXGLHVLQWKH6SLULWXDOLW\RIWKH+LJK0LGGOH$JHV%HUNHOH\
/RV$QJHOHV
52. 3DUH[HPSOH-6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWHFDS;,,SbbFDS;;;,;SbbFDS
;9,,,Sb
53. 3DUH[HPSOH,GHPFDS;,9Sb'DQVXQU«FLWSDUDOOªOHLQV«U«GDQVXQGHVFKDSLWUHVGH
Oɛ([RUGLXPPDJQXPR»OD9LHUJHRFFXSHODSODFHHWODIRQFWLRQGHOɛDEE«HOOHVHWRXUQHDLQVLYHUV
OHSOXVYLHX[GHVPRLQHVTXLVHWURXYH¢VDGURLWHHWOXLGRQQHXQEDLVHUGHSDL[DYDQWGHOXL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
144
ODLVVHUFRQWHPSOHUVRQHQIDQWE«QL(OOHIDLWGHP¬PHDYHFOHPRLQHDVVLV¢VDJDXFKH/HVDXWUHV
PRLQHVSU«VHQWVUH©RLYHQWDORUVGHVGHX[YLHX[PRLQHVODSDL[F«OHVWHHWVHODFRPPXQLTXHQWSDU
XQVDLQWEDLVHU-6WUDQJH«G'LDORJXVPLUDFXORUXPRSFLWSbbSb
54. 3DUH[HPSOH,GHPFDS;9,,SbbFDS;,;SbbFDS;;,9Sb
55. ,GHPFDS;9,Sb
56. -0&DQLYH]«G6WDWXWD&DSLWXORUXP*HQHUDOLXP2UGLQLV&LVWHUFLHQVLVDEDQQRDGDQQXP
/RXYDLQYRObSb
57. ,GHPDQQRSb-0&DQDO6DOYH5HJLQD0LVHULFRUGLDH+LVWRULD\OH\HQGDVHQWRUQRD
HVWDQWLIRQD5RPH7HUQLHWHVWLSbb+%DUU«mb6DLQW%HUQDUGHWOH6DOYH5HJLQDb}
0DULDQXPSb
58. -6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWHFDS/,;Sb
59. -'«FKDQHW«GHWWUDG*XLOODXPHGH6DLQW7KLHUU\/HWWUHDX[IUªUHVGX0RQW'LHX3DULV
Sb6RXUFHVFKU«WLHQQHVQRb
60. -6WUDQJH«GRSFLWQRWHFDS;;;9,,Sb6XUOHVFRQWURYHUVHVWK«RORJLTXHVVXU
Oɛ$VVRPSWLRQGDQVOɛRUGUHFLVWHUFLHQODPHLOOHXUHV\QWKªVHUHVWHFHOOHGH0(:HOOHQVmb/ɛRUGUH
GH &°WHDX[ HW Oɛ$VVRPSWLRQb} GDQV &ROOHFWDQHD 2UGLQLV &LVWHUFHQVLXP 5HIRUPDWRUXP
Sb
AUTEUR
6\OYLH%DUQD\
0D°WUHGHFRQI«UHQFHV¢OɛXQLYHUVLW«GH0HW]HWHQVHLJQH¢Oɛ,QVWLWXWFDWKROLTXHGH3DULV
(OOHDIDLWVDWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWHQKLVWRLUHVXUmb/HVDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHHWOHVHQVGX
ODQJDJHYLVLRQQDLUHDX0R\HQ$JHb}3DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQV/HV$SSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJH
3DULV/H&LHOVXUODWHUUH/HVDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHDX0R\HQ$JHHW/D
9LHUJHIHPPHDXYLVDJHGLYLQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
145
/DYLVLRQE«DWLILTXHSDU
DQWLFLSDWLRQb"
SURSRVGHTXHOTXHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«GDQVOHVmb9LW¨
VRURUXPb}Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQYHUV
François Bœspug
S
1(QOLHQDYHFPRQWUDYDLOV\VW«PDWLTXHVXUOɛLFRQRJUDSKLHGHOD7ULQLW«HWXQDXWUHSOXV
VHFWRULHO TXH MɛDL HQWUHSULV U«FHPPHQW DYHF 9«URQLTXH *HUPDQLHU VXU OD 7ULQLW«
FRPPHmbREMHWb}GHODYLVLRQE«DWLILTXHWHOOHTXHWUDGXLWHGDQVOɛDUWMHSRXUVXLVXQH
UHFKHUFKHVXUOHVU«FLWVGHmbYLVLRQb}GHOD7ULQLW«GDQVOɛ2FFLGHQWP«GL«YDO,QFRQQXV
GXSUHPLHUPLOO«QDLUHGHOɛªUHFKU«WLHQQHFHVU«FLWVFRPPHQFHQWGɛ¬WUHDWWHVW«VDX
G«EXWGX;,,HbVLªFOH/HSUHPLHUTXHMHFRQQDLVVHHVWXQU¬YHYLVLRQQDLUHGH5XSHUWGH
'HXW]YHUV,OHVWVXLYLGHSHXSDUXQHYLVLRQGH&KULVWLQHGH0DUN\DWH3DUOD
VXLWHVDQV¬WUHO«JLRQOHVYLVLRQVGHOD7ULQLW«VHPXOWLSOLHQW(OOHVIRUPHQWXQJHQUH
TXLP«ULWHGɛ¬WUH«WXGL«SRXUOXLP¬PHbUDFRQWHUXQHWHOOHYLVLRQU«SXW«HLPSRVVLEOH
VXSSRVHOHY«VFHUWDLQVLQWHUGLWVHWSULVHVFHUWDLQHVSU«FDXWLRQVRUDWRLUHV
2/HVWURLVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«TXHMHYDLVSU«VHQWHUUHOªYHQWGHFHFRUSXV,OV
UHQYRLHQW¢GHVH[S«ULHQFHVU«HOOHVRXSU«VXP«HVGHODILQGX;,,,HbVLªFOHRXGXG«EXW
GX[LYH,OVDSSDUDLVVHQWSDUPLGɛDXWUHVPHQWLRQVGHYLVLRQVGDQVOHVSRUWUDLWVTXLRQW
«W« GUHVV«V GH WURLV VüXUV GRPLQLFDLQHV %«Q«GLFWH Gɛ(JXLVKHLP +HGZLJH GH
/DXIHQEHUJHW0DUJXHULWHGH%ULVDFKGXPRQDVWªUHGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ¢&ROPDUGDQVXQ
WH[WH«GLILDQWTXLFRQVWLWXHXQHY«ULWDEOHJDOHULHGHSRUWUDLWVP\VWLTXHVFRPSDUDEOHV
OHV9LWDVRURUXP
b
Les «Vitæ sororum» et le monastère d’Unterlinden
3/HV9LW¨VRURUXPVRQWOɛXQGHVOLYUHVOHVSOXVF«OªEUHVGHODOLWW«UDWXUHUHOLJLHXVHGX
0R\HQ JH 2U OɛRQ QɛHQ FRQQD°W TXH TXHOTXHV PDQXVFULWV /H SOXV DQFLHQ HVW OH
PDQXVFULWGHODELEOLRWKªTXHPXQLFLSDOHGH&ROPDUTXLGDWHGX;9HbVLªFOHbFɛHVWOD
FRSLHIDLWHVDQVGRXWHVXUOɛRULJLQDOGXWH[WHODWLQGX;,,,HRXGXG«EXWGX;,9HbVLªFOH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
146
TXLVHUDWUDGXLWDX;9HbVLªFOHHQODQJXHYHUQDFXODLUHKDXWDOOHPDQGDYHFTXHOTXHV
DMRXWV/DSULHXUHGHOɛ«SRTXHVüXU(OLVDEHWK.HPSIERQQHODWLQLVWHFRQQDLVVDQW
ELHQOɛüXYUHGH6$XJXVWLQPLW¢ODGLVSRVLWLRQGHFKDTXHVüXUXQWH[WHDOOHPDQGGHV
9LW¨8QHPDXYDLVHFRSLHGXWH[WHFRQVHUY«¢&ROPDUWURSWURQTX«HSRXUSU«VHQWHU
TXHOTXHLQW«U¬WHVWFRQVHUY«H¢3DULV/ɛH[HPSODLUHGH&ROPDUDFRQQXXQHSUHPLªUH
«GLWLRQHQbSDU0DWWKLHX7KDQQHUXQFKDUWUHX[GH)ULERXUJ/ɛRXYUDJH«WDQW
GHYHQXLQWURXYDEOHHWQɛ«WDQWSOXVFRQQXTXHSDUXQHFRSLHSHXILDEOH«GLW«HHQb
SDU%HUQDUG3H]-HDQQH$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHHQ DGRQQ«XQHQRXYHOOH«GLWLRQSDUXH
HQb/HWH[WHODWLQGHFHWWH«GLWLRQFRXYUH¢OXLVHXOFHQWVRL[DQWHTXLQ]HSDJHV
46RL[DQWHGL[DQVSOXVWDUGVDXIHUUHXUDXFXQHWUDGXFWLRQLQW«JUDOHQɛHQD«W«SXEOL«Hɘ
GXPRLQVHQIUDQ©DLVP¬PHVLHOOHHQDWHQW«SOXVGɛXQ$XVLªFOHGHUQLHU¢F¶W«
GɛXQHWUDGXFWLRQDOOHPDQGHXQHWUDGXFWLRQIUDQ©DLVHLQFRPSOªWHHWHQWUHODUG«HGH
FRQVLG«UDWLRQVGɛ«GLWHXUDYDLW«W«IDLWHVXUXQPDQXVFULWOXLP¬PHG«IHFWXHX[TXLIXW
SXEOL«H VRXV OH WLWUH )OHXUV GRPLQLFDLQHVy HOOH QɛHVW SOXV JXªUH XWLOH VDXI DX QRQ
ODWLQLVWHG«VLUHX[GHVHIDLUHXQHLG«HUDSLGHGHV9LWDVRURUXP3OXVVXUSUHQDQWbVL
OɛKLVWRLUHGHODWUDQVPLVVLRQHWGHODWUDGXFWLRQGHFHWH[WHDSURJUHVV«GHSXLVJU¤FHDX[
WUDYDX[GH.(*HLWKHWP¬PHVLOHVWUDYDX[GHVVS«FLDOLVWHVDFWXHOVGHVP\VWLTXHV
P«GL«YDOHVWHOV3'LQ]HOEDFKHU-+DPEXUJHU&%\QXPRX0F*XLUH\UHQYRLHQW
VRXYHQWLOVHPEOHHQUHYDQFKHQɛ\DYRLUHXDXFXQH«WXGHDSSURIRQGLHGXFRQWHQX
P\VWLTXHGHFHWH[WHGHSXLVOɛ«GLWLRQGHbYRLUHGHSXLVOHVWUDYDX[GH'DQ]DV
FH TXLQH ODLVVH SDVGH VXUSUHQGUH WDQWFH WH[WH HVWULFKH GɛLQGLFDWLRQV HW
GɛLQIRUPDWLRQVVXVFHSWLEOHVGɛLQW«UHVVHUWRXWHVVRUWHVGHVS«FLDOLVWHV/DF«O«EULW«GHV
9LW¨VRURUXPSRXUUDLWGRQFPDVTXHUOHIDLWSDUDGR[DOTXHFHWH[WHVRXYHQWOXSDUOHV
KLVWRULHQVGHODYLHUHOLJLHXVHHWGHODVSLULWXDOLW«QɛDSHXW¬WUHSDVHQFRUH«W«VFUXW«
FRPPHLOP«ULWHUDLWGHOɛ¬WUH
55DSSHORQVVDVWUXFWXUH,OFRPSRUWHGɛDERUGXQHLQWURGXFWLRQIDLWHGɛXQ3URORJXHVXLYL
GHKXLWFKDSLWUHVHWVHGRQQDQWSRXUXQWDEOHDXGɛHQVHPEOHGHVYHUWXVTXLIOHXULVVDLHQW
DXPRQDVWªUHGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQTXDOLIL«GHmb-DUGLQGHVG«OLFHVb}/ɛDXWHXU\G«FODUHVRQ
SURSRVTXLHVWGHV«OHFWLRQQHU¢OɛLQWHQWLRQGHVHVmbFKªUHVVüXUVb}TXHOTXHVXQHVGHV
mbIOHXUVSDUPLOHVSOXVUDUHVb}HWGHGUHVVHUXQWDEOHDXGHODYLHGXPRQDVWªUH¢VHV
RULJLQHV&HWWHLQWURGXFWLRQQɛHVWSDVXQHüXYUHHQWRXWSRLQWRULJLQDOHWDQWVɛHQIDXW
'ªVOH3URORJXHRQSHXWUHOHYHUGHQRPEUHX[H[WUDLWVGHOD9LHGHVDLQW'RPLQLTXHGH
7KLHUU\Gɛ$SROGD
69LHQQHQWHQVXLWHTXDUDQWHFKDSLWUHVFKDS,;¢;/9,,,TXLVRQWHQJURVDXWDQWGH
QRWLFHV QRPLQDOHV GRQW RQ SHXW VH GHPDQGHU FHWWH IRLV VL HOOHV QH VHUDLHQW SDV
LQVSLU«HVGHFHOOHVGHVIUªUHVGDQVOHV9LW¨IUDWUXPTXH*«UDUGGH)UDFKHWDU«GLJ«HVYHUV
(Q J«Q«UDO FKDFXQH GɛHOOHV HVW FRQVDFU«H ¢ XQH PRQLDOH HW XQH VHXOHb
TXHOTXHVXQHV«YRTXHQWGHX[PRQLDOHVGDQVOHP¬PHFKDSLWUHTXHOTXHVDXWUHVVRQW
GHVFRPSO«PHQWV(OOHVYRQWGHXQH¢GL[SDJHV(OOHVVRQWGHVWLQ«HV¢«GLILHUOHOHFWHXU
ODOHFWULFHHW¢PRQWUHUTXHOHVVüXUVmbGɛDYDQWb}LOOXVWUHQWFHVP¬PHVYHUWXV/HV
QRWLFHVVRQWDYDUHVGHSU«FLVLRQVGDW«HVbXQHVHXOHFRPSRUWHXQPLOO«VLPHFKDS,;,O
HVWGLIILFLOHGHVDYRLUGDQVTXHORUGUHOHVVüXUVVHVXFFªGHQWbODU«GDFWULFHQHVɛHQ
H[SOLTXH SDV FODLUHPHQW ,O VHPEOHUDLW FHSHQGDQW TXH FH G«ILO« RE«LVVH ¢ OɛRUGUH
FKURQRORJLTXHGHVG«FªVRXGHVHQWU«HVDXPRQDVWªUH
7/ɛDXWHXU GX OLYUH HVW XQH VüXU TXL IXW SULHXUH GX P¬PH PRQDVWªUH YHUV
&DWKHULQHGH*XHEHUVFKZLKUTXLGLWDYRLUSHUVRQQHOOHPHQWFRQQXSOXVLHXUVVüXUVHW
Vɛ¬WUH PLVH ¢ «FULUH DORUV TXɛHOOHP¬PH «WDLW LDP VHQHVFHQV G«M¢ YLHLOOLVVDQWH 6RQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
147
LQWHQWLRQG«FODU«HHVW¢ODIRLVGɛ«GLILHUHWGɛHPS¬FKHUOɛRXEOL7RXWHVOHVVüXUVGRQWHOOH
SDUOHVRQWG«IXQWHV(OOHWLHQWFHTXHOOHVDLWGHVFRQILGHQFHVIDLWHVSDUOHVLQW«UHVV«HV¢
HOOHP¬PH RX SOXV VRXYHQW ¢ GɛDXWUHV VüXUV TXL OXL RQW VHUYL GɛLQIRUPDWULFHV HW
SDUIRLV¢GHVFRQIHVVHXUVFHTXLQHVHPEOHGɛDLOOHXUVSDVOXLSRVHUGHSUREOªPHPRUDOb
OH VHFUHW GH OD FRQIHVVLRQ QH VɛDSSOLTXH GRQF SDV DX[ SLHXVHV FRQILGHQFHV 3DU
UHFRXSHPHQWVDYHFOHVRELWXDLUHVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ&ROPDUPVSRXUOHVGRPLQLFDLQV
HWPVRQHQG«GXLWTXHOHPDQXVFULWQɛDSDVSX¬WUH«FULWDYDQW/ɛ«GLWULFH
GX ;;HbVLªFOH FRQVLGªUH ILQDOHPHQW TXH mbOH /LYUH GHV 9LHV D «W« «FULW ¢ OD ILQ GX
;,,,HbVLªFOHRXSOXVYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWDXG«EXWGX;,9HbVLªFOHb}
8mb,OQɛHVWVDQVGRXWHSDVGHPRQDVWªUHGRPLQLFDLQGX0R\HQJHGRQWOɛKLVWRLUHVRLW
SOXV IDPLOLªUH TXH FHOOH Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQb} OD ELEOLRWKªTXH PXQLFLSDOH GH &ROPDU
FRQVHUYH FLQTXDQWH PDQXVFULWV FRQFHUQDQW FH PRQDVWªUH RX SURGXLWV SDU OXL /D
SOXSDUW GDWHQW GX ;9HbVLªFOH FRPPH OHV 9LWD VRURUXP b FH VRQW GHV PDQXVFULWV
OLWXUJLTXHVGHVFRPPHQWDLUHVELEOLTXHVGHVYLHVGH-«VXVRXGHVVDLQWVGHVWUDLW«V
P\VWLTXHVRXGHVUHFXHLOVGHSULªUHV3DUPLOHVVRXUFHVTXLUHQVHLJQHQWVXUODYLHGX
PRQDVWªUH VLJQDORQV OHV $QQDOHV GX IUªUH -HDQ TXL HQ UHODWHQW DYHF XQH FHUWDLQH
FDQGHXU FHUWDLQV «Y«QHPHQWV PDMHXUV RX PLQHXUVb G«SHQVHV SDU H[ OɛDFTXLVLWLRQ
GɛXQHKRUORJHbWRXVOHVPRQDVWªUHVGHOɛ«SRTXHQɛHQSRVV«GDLHQWSDVODGRXFHXU
H[FHSWLRQQHOOHGXFOLPDWWHOKLYHUHWOHVPRXYHPHQWVFRUU«ODWLIVGHVFLJRJQHVODPRUW
GHODSULHXUHODIDPLQHGHbHWF8QHDXWUHVRXUFHXWLOHSRXUODFRQQDLVVDQFHGHOD
YLHUHOLJLHXVHGXPRQDVWªUHHVWOH/LEHUPLUDFXORUXPRX/LYUHGHV0LUDFOHVGHOD9LHUJHGX
;9HbVLªFOH
96ɛDJLVVDQWGHOɛKLVWRLUHGHODFRPPXQDXW«XQGRFXPHQWSODF«HQW¬WHGHOɛRELWXDLUH
Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQHWTXLSDUD°WDYRLU«W«U«GLJ«OXLYHUVOHPLOLHXGX;,,,HbVLªFOHUDFRQWH
TXHOHPRQDVWªUHHVWQ«GHOɛDVVRFLDWLRQGHGHX[ULFKHVYHXYHVU«VLGDQW¢&ROPDU$JQªV
GH0LWWHOKHLPHW$JQªVGH+HUHQFKHLPRX+HUNKHQKHLPRX+HUJKHLPOɛLQVWLJDWLRQ
GHIUªUH:DOWKHUGRPLQLFDLQGH6WUDVERXUJOHFWHXUFRQYHQWXHOHOOHVU«VROXUHQWHQ
HIIHW GH YLYUH HQVHPEOH XQH YLH FRQVDFU«H HQ HPPHQDQW OHXUV HQIDQWV HW OHXUV
GRPHVWLTXHVGɛDERUGHQbGDQVXQHPDLVRQGXFHQWUHYLOOHVXEWLOLDmbVRXVOHV
WLOOHXOVb}SXLVHQbGDQVXQHDXWUHSOXVVSDFLHXVH¢8I0XOLQXQOLHXGLWGX
IDXERXUJQRUGRXHVWGHODYLOOHTXHSRVV«GDLWOɛXQHGɛHOOHVSUªVGɛXQHFKDSHOOHG«GL«H¢
VDLQW-HDQ%DSWLVWHbOHVSUHPLHUVPRWVGXPDQXVFULWGH&ROPDU,VWHOLEHUHVWVRURUXPGH
VXEWLOLDIRQWU«I«UHQFHDXQRPGHFHWWHPDLVRQGXG«EXWTXLJHUPDQLV«GHYLHQGUD
GXUDEOHPHQWOHQRPGHODFRPPXQDXW«
10 /HVGHX[ IHPPHVVHURQW ELHQW¶WUHMRLQWHV SDU GɛDXWUHVHOOHVP¬PHV LVVXHVSRXU OD
SOXSDUWGHODQREOHVVHGXVXGGHOɛ$OVDFHVHY«ULILHLFLGªVOHG«SDUWOHUHFUXWHPHQW
QRELOLDLUHGHVFRPPXQDXW«VGHVRUGUHVPHQGLDQWVTXHOHVWUDYDX[GH&KDUOHV:LWWPHU
HWGH*HRUJHV%LVFKRIIRQWPLVHQUHOLHI(OOHVVRQWG«M¢KXLWSRXUOD6DLQW-HDQGHb
&HVKXLWO¢UH©RLYHQWOɛKDELWUHOLJLHX[GHVüXUVGHOɛRUGUHGH6DLQW$XJXVWLQb"OHMRXU
GHODI¬WHGHVDLQW$QGU«FɛHVW¢GLUHOHQRYHPEUHGHVPDLQVGHIUªUH:DOWKHU
'LYHUVHVYLFLVVLWXGHVVXUYLHQQHQWDORUVɘFKDQJHPHQWVGHGLUHFWLRQUHWRXU¢6XE7LOLD¢
OɛLQW«ULHXU GH OɛHQFHLQWH GH OD YLOOH QRXYHOOHPHQW FRQVWUXLWH SRXU GHV UDLVRQV GH
V«FXULW«
11 (QbODFRPPXQDXW«IXWSODF«HGXIDLWGɛXQHEXOOHSRQWLILFDOHVRXVODUªJOHGHVDLQW
$XJXVWLQ(OOHQHVHUDFDQRQLTXHPHQWUDWWDFK«H¢OɛRUGUHGRPLQLFDLQTXɛHQbɘFH
TXLVXSSRVHSHXW¬WUHGXUDQWWUHL]HDQVXQVWDWXWFDQRQLTXHHQFRUHVRXSOHVXUOHTXHO
RQDLPHUDLW¬WUHPLHX[UHQVHLJQ«/HV&RQVWLWXWLRQVGHbLQWHUGLVDLHQWDX[)UªUHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
148
SU¬FKHXUV HQ WRXW FDV VRXV SHLQH GɛH[FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WRXWH FXUD PRQLDOLXP TXɛLO
VɛDJLVVHGHGRPLQLFDLQHVRXGHPRQLDOHVGɛDXWUHVRUGUHV'DQVFHVHQVOɛRUGUHREWLQWGHV
EXOOHVGH*U«JRLUH,;HWGɛLQQRFHQW,9HQbɘFHTXLVXSSRVHTXHOD
mbGLUHFWLRQb}DVVXU«HSDUOHIUªUH:DOWKHUQɛ«WDLWSDVWRXW¢IDLWOLFLWH/HPRXYHPHQW
VɛLQYHUVHHQVXLWHbHQb+XJXHVGH6DLQW&KHUGRPLQLFDLQFDUGLQDOHWO«JDWGXSDSH
VɛDSSX\DQWVXUXQEUHIGɛLQQRFHQW,9I«YULHUILWSU«FHSWHIRUPHODX[IUªUHVGH
OD SURYLQFH Gɛ$OOHPDJQH GH UHSUHQGUH OD FKDUJH GHV PRQDVWªUHV GH PRQLDOHV
GRPLQLFDLQHV 'L[ DQV SOXV WDUG &O«PHQW ,9 FKDUJHD OɛRUGUH GX VRLQ GHV
PRQLDOHV&HWWHG«FLVLRQHXWXQHJUDQGHLPSRUWDQFHSRXUOɛKLVWRLUHGHODP\VWLTXH
UK«QRIODPDQGH HW DOOHPDQGH 4XRL TXɛLO HQ VRLW OHV VüXUV Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ IXUHQW
GLULJ«HVVXFFHVVLYHPHQWSDUOHVGRPLQLFDLQVGH6WUDVERXUJGH%¤OHGH)ULERXUJ
b PD°WUH $OEHUW DORUV «Y¬TXH GH 5DWLVERQQH YLHQGUD FRQVDFUHU OH FKüXU GH
Oɛ«JOLVHHQbSXLVSDUFHX[GH&ROPDUORUVTXHOHVIUªUHVVHFRQVWUXLVLUHQWQRQVDQV
OɛDLGHILQDQFLªUHGHVVüXUVXQHPDLVRQGDQVFHWWHYLOOHHQbɘOHFRXYHQWGHVüXUV
SU«F«GDGRQFGHSUªVGɛXQGHPLVLªFOH¢&ROPDUFHOXLGHVIUªUHV3DUODVXLWHORUVGHV
JUDYHVGLVHWWHVGHbHWOHFRXYHQWGHVVüXUVSDUYLHQGUD¢QRXUULUXQJUDQG
QRPEUHGHSDXYUHVVHFRQVWUXLVDQWXQHU«SXWDWLRQGHFKDULW«GDQVWRXWHODU«JLRQ
12 /HV9LW¨VRURUXPQHFRQVWLWXHQWSDVXQHH[FHSWLRQGDQVOɛKLVWRLUHGHODYLHUHOLJLHXVHGH
FHWWH «SRTXH 'H WHOV PDQXVFULWV RELWXDLUHV G«YHORSS«V RX Y«ULWDEOHV FKURQLTXHV
PRQDVWLTXHV RQW H[LVW« GDQV GɛDXWUHV PRQDVWªUHV GH IHPPHV DX 0R\HQ JH
QRWDPPHQWGHVPRQDVWªUHVGHGRPLQLFDLQHV$GHOVKDXVHQSUªVGH)ULERXUJHQ%ULVJDX
(QJHOWKDOSUªVGH1XUHPEHUJ.DWKDULQHQWKDOSUªVGH'LHVVHQKRIHQHWFɘDLQVLOD
FKURQLTXH GX PRQDVWªUH GH 7¸VV SDU (OVEHWK 6WDJHO OD FRQILGHQWH GH 6XVR ,OV
SHUPHWWHQWGHOHVFRQQD°WUHGHOɛLQW«ULHXUHWGɛREVHUYHUOHG«YHORSSHPHQWGɛXQFRXUDQW
GH VSLULWXDOLW« R» OHV SK«QRPªQHV P\VWLTXHV RQW HX XQH IRUFH HW XQH IU«TXHQFH
LQFRQQXHVDLOOHXUVHWDXSDUDYDQW
13 /HWH[WHGHV9LW¨VRURUXPFRQWLHQWGHQRPEUHXVHVLQGLFDWLRQVVXUOɛRULJLQHGHVVüXUVHW
OHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVGHOHXUHQWU«H¢8QWHUOLQGHQ/DPDMRULW«GɛHQWUHHOOHVUHGLVRQVOHHVW
GɛRULJLQHQRELOLDLUH2QUHOªYHFHSHQGDQWODSU«VHQFHGHTXHOTXHVIHPPHVGɛRULJLQH
PRGHVWHGHYHQXHVVüXUVFRQYHUVHV;/,,,;/,9bGHOɛXQHGɛHOOHVLOHVWSU«FLV«TXHOOH
D«W«ODIHPPHGɛXQFXOWLYDWHXU;;;,;bGɛXQHDXWUHTXHOOHQHVDYDLWQLOLUHQL«FULUH
;;,93DUPLOHVVüXUVLVVXHVGHODQREOHVVHRXGHVPLOLHX[DLV«VOHVXQHVRQW«W«
FRQIL«HVWUªVMHXQHVDXPRQDVWªUHHWQɛRQWMDPDLVHXGɛDXWUHKRUL]RQTXHFHOXLGX
FOR°WUH'ɛDXWUHVTXLRQWUHVVHQWLXQHYRFDWLRQSU«FRFHRQW«W«ORQJWHPSVHPS¬FK«HVGH
ODVXLYUHSDUXQSURMHWGHPDULDJHLPSRV«SDUOHXUIDPLOOHRXXQPDULDJHSOXVRXPRLQV
VXELbGDQVOHPHLOOHXUGHVFDVHOOHVDXURQWSXGɛXQFRPPXQDFFRUGDYHFOHXUPDULVH
V«SDUHUGHOXLHWUHQWUHU¢8QWHUOLQGHQWDQGLVTXɛLOGHYLHQGUDGHVRQF¶W«GRPLQLFDLQ
;;,,,RXFLVWHUFLHQ,;bGDQVOHSLUHGHVFDVTXLHVWDXVVLOHFDVOHSOXVIU«TXHQWHOOHV
GHYURQWFRQTX«ULUGHKDXWHOXWWHOHGURLWGHVHIDLUHUHOLJLHXVHTXLWWHVLHOOHV«WDLHQW
EHOOHV¢GHPDQGHUHW¢REWHQLUODJU¤FHGHGHYHQLUODLGHV;9,RXTXLWWH¢GHYRLU
SDVVHUGHYDQWXQWULEXQDOHFFO«VLDVWLTXH;9,,,DYDQWGɛDYRLUJDLQGHFDXVH3OXVLHXUV
RQW«W«PªUHVOɛXQHGɛHOOHVDHXKXLWHQIDQWVHWVRQWDUULY«HVDFFRPSDJQ«HVGɛXQH
GHX[RXWURLVILOOHVOHPRQDVWªUHDGPHWWDLWFHVQRYLFHVWUªVMHXQHV¢TXLLOIDOODLWWRXW
DSSUHQGUH\FRPSULV¢OLUHbSOXVLHXUVDXURQWXQRXGHVILOVGRPLQLFDLQV;3OXVLHXUV
UHOLJLHXVHVHXUHQWGRQF¢YLYUHGXUDEOHPHQWHQSU«VHQFHGHOHXUPªUHUHOLJLHXVHGDQV
ODP¬PHFRPPXQDXW«ɘVLWXDWLRQVLQJXOLªUH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
149
14 /HPRQDVWªUHGXWVDQVGRXWHVRQUD\RQQHPHQW¢OɛH[FHOOHQFHGHVRQUHFUXWHPHQW&HOXL
FLSHXW¬WUHGLWH[FHOOHQWGDQVODPHVXUHR»QRPEUHXVHVSDUDLVVHQWDYRLU«W«OHVVüXUV
¢HQFURLUHOHV9LW¨VRURUXPTXLDYDLHQWXQHPRWLYDWLRQUHOLJLHXVHH[WU¬PHPHQWIRUWH
7«PRLQOHFOLPDWGHIHUYHXUGXPRQDVWªUHbODIRL\HVWWUªVYLYHFHODYDVDQVGLUHɘFH
TXLQɛHPS¬FKHSDVFHUWDLQVGRXWHVGɛDIIOHXUHUHWGɛ¬WUHVXUPRQW«V'LHXDLGDQWFHTXɛLO
IDOODLWG«PRQWUHUbHOOHHVWWRXWHWHQGXHYHUVODYLVLRQE«DWLILTXHbOɛDXVW«ULW«\UªJQH
HQSDUWLFXOLHU¢WDEOHbFHUWDLQHVVüXUVGRUPHQW¢ODGXUH;;,,;/9bODORLGXVLOHQFH
FHOXLFLHVWYDORULV«FRPPHmbIRQGHPHQWGHQRWUHYLHUHOLJLHXVHb}RXFRPPHmb3ªUHGHV
SU¬FKHXUVb}HVWVWULFWHPHQWREVHUY«HMXVTXɛ¢OɛK«UR±VPHbODSDUWLFLSDWLRQU«JXOLªUH¢
OɛRIILFHGLYLQHVWGHUªJOHHWOHPDQXVFULWFLWHSOXVLHXUVVüXUVGɛXQHH[FHSWLRQQHOOH
DVVLGXLW«GDQVODSULªUHQHTXLWWDQWSOXVOHFKüXUGHWRXWHODMRXUQ«HORUVGHVI¬WHV/H
SU«GLFDWHXU GɛDXMRXUGɛKXL SRXUUD VɛLQTXL«WHU GH YRLU FLW« FRPPH XQH PDUTXH GH
VDLQWHW« OH IDLW TXɛXQH VüXU QH VɛHVW MDPDLV HQGRUPLH SHQGDQW OH VHUPRQ 0RLQV
DQHFGRWLTXHbOHVSUDWLTXHVGHSULªUHU«S«WLWLYH¢GRVHK«UR±TXHVRQWPRQQDLHFRXUDQWH
ODU«GDFWULFHVHSOD°W¢OHVRXOLJQHUGHPDQLªUHTXDQWLIL«HGDQVOHGHVVHLQGɛ«GLILHUVHV
OHFWULFHVbSOXVLHXUVVRHXUVU«FLWHQWFKDTXHMRXUOHSVDXWLHUHQHQWLHU;,;;;GɛDXWUHV
VɛREOLJHQW¢bRX3DWHUHWRX$YH;;;,;;;,;RX¢b6DOYH5HJLQDbXQH
VüXUDHQWUHSULVGHU«FLWHU3DWHU;;91RPEUHXVHVVRQWFHOOHVTXLVɛLQIOLJHQW
GLYHUVHVS«QLWHQFHVRXVXSSOLFHVFRUSRUHOVbSRUWGɛXQFLOLFHFKD°QHVFORXW«HVFRUGHV
U¬FKHVDSSOLFDWLRQGHODGLVFLSOLQHFHTXLUHYLHQW¢VHIRXHWWHURX¢VHIDLUHIRXHWWHUb
VDLQW'RPLQLTXHOXLP¬PHOHIDLVDLW
15 /ɛLPDJHGH'LHXTXLVHG«JDJHGHV9LWDVRURUXPSRXUUDVHPEOHUDPELYDOHQWHGHSULPH
DERUG&DUVL'LHXHVWERQFRQWLQXHOOHPHQWHWU«VHUYHGHVJU¤FHVLQVLJQHV¢FHOOHVTXL
VHFRQVLGªUHQWFRPPHVHV«SRXVHVOHYHUVHWGɛFULWXUHOHSOXVVRXYHQWFLW«Y«KLFXOH
OɛLPDJHGɛXQ'LHXTXLU«VHUYH¢VHV«OXHVVHVFRXSVbmb-HFK¤WLHTXLMɛDLPHb}2QSHXWVH
GHPDQGHUVLFHWWHLPDJHGɛXQ'LHX¢OɛDPRXUFUXHOQɛDSDV«W«VXULPSRV«HDXPDQXVFULW
SULPLWLISDUODU«GDFWULFHGX;9HbVLªFOH&DUOHSDQRUDPDGHVWKªPHVGHSL«W«HWGH
YLVLRQGHV9LHVQHYDSDVGDQVFHVHQV,OPRQWUHXQHG«YRWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUHTXLVH
SRUWHHQSULRULW«YHUV-«VXVSOXVSU«FLV«PHQWYHUV-«VXVHQIDQWDYHFXQLQW«U¬WPDUTX«
SRXUODSU«KLVWRLUHDXFLHOGHVDQDLVVDQFHYHUV-«VXVHQVD3DVVLRQOHFXOWHGHVFLQT
SODLHV\RFFXSHXQHERQQHSODFHHWYHUV-«VXVKRVWLHbODVDLQWH9LHUJHQɛHVWSDVHQ
UHVWHbXQFKDSLWUH9,,,HVWFRQVDFU«¢W«PRLJQHUmbGHODG«YRWLRQVS«FLDOHHWGHOD
Y«Q«UDWLRQb}TXHOXLYRXDLHQWOHVSUHPLªUHVVüXUVbOHVVDLQWVHQUHYDQFKHQHVRQWSDV
WUªVSU«VHQWVHWVHSODLJQHQW¢XQHVüXUGDQVXQHYLVLRQTXHOHXUVLPDJHVDLHQW«W«
«FDUW«HVGHOɛDXWHOɘLOHQYDGHP¬PHGHVDQJHVOD7ULQLW«QHIDLWSDVQRQSOXVSDUWLH
GHV LQVLVWDQFHV WK«PDWLTXHV GX PDQXVFULW HQFRUH TXH OD UHODWLRQ GX )LOV DX 3ªUH
DSSDUDLVVH VRXYHQW /H GLDEOH TXL IDLW TXHOTXHV DSSDULWLRQV QH SDUD°W SDV DYRLU
REQXELO«OHVVüXUV
16 'HUQLªUHWRXFKHGDQVFHWWHHVTXLVVHOɛLPSRUWDQFHH[WU¬PHGHVSK«QRPªQHVP\VWLTXHVb
IORWVGHODUPHVROIDFWLRQWHOOHPHQWS«Q«WUDQWHTXɛHOOHHQGHYLHQWSDUDO\VDQWH;;,,
DIIOX[GHGRXFHXUU«Y«ODWLRQGXMRXUGHODPRUW;;,9;;;,,,;/,,,DVVXUDQFHGX
VDOXW «WHUQHO ;;;9 LQWHOOHFWLRQ VXUQDWXUHOOH GH Oɛ(FULWXUH ;;;9,, PLUDFOHV
DSSDULWLRQVGHG«IXQWVRXG«IXQWHVYLVLRQVDXGLWLRQVP\VW«ULHXVHVSDUH[HPSOHGX
EUXLWGXPDUWHDXVXUOHVFORXVGHOD&UXFLIL[LRQb;;9,,,;/,9UDSWVPRUWHQRGHXUGH
VDLQWHW«;9,;,;VDQVFRPSWHUFHUWDLQVSK«QRPªQHVSOXVUDUHVFRPPHODO«YLWDWLRQ
;9VRQWSU«VHQW«VFRPPHGHVJU¤FHVIDYHXUVRXmbFRQVRODWLRQVVSLULWXHOOHVb}FɛHVW
¢GLUHFRPPHGHVU«FRPSHQVHVDFFRUG«HVSDU'LHXSRXUDXWDQWGɛDPRXUHWDXWDQWGH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
150
YHUWX/DVDLQWHW«GHVVüXUVHVWVRXYHQWFRQILUP«HSRVWPRUWHPSDUXQHDSSDULWLRQGHOD
G«IXQWH¢XQHVüXUGXPRQDVWªUH;,;;,;;;,9&HUWDLQHVYLVLRQVVXSSRVHQWDX[
\HX[GHVFRQWHPSRUDLQVHWDXVVL¢FHX[GHOɛKLVWRULHQQHGHFHVLªFOHmbXQHWUªVKDXWH
IDYHXUɘWHOOHODYLVLRQGHOD6DLQWH7ULQLW«ɘTXHOHVP\VWLTXHVGHV¤JHVVXLYDQWVVDXURQW
PLHX[G«FULUHb}
b
Trois «visions de la Trinité»
17 /HV9LW¨VRURUXPUDSSRUWHQWWURLVYLVLRQVGHOD7ULQLW«1RXVOHVDERUGRQVGDQVOɛRUGUH
R»HOOHVDSSDUDLVVHQWGDQVOHPDQXVFULWbQRXVSURSRVRQVDXOHFWHXUGHOLUHGɛDERUGXQH
WUDGXFWLRQ DQQRW«H GHV WURLV WH[WHV FRUUHVSRQGDQWV DYDQW GH OXL VRXPHWWUH XQ
FRPPHQWDLUHTXLYDXWSRXUOHVWURLV
18 /DSUHPLªUH¢¬WUHPHQWLRQQ«HHVWFHOOHGH%«Q«GLFWHGɛ(JXLVKHLPVüXUGHOɛXQH
GHVGHX[IRQGDWULFHV$JQªVGH+HUHQFKHLPTXLHVWSU«VHQW«HDXFKDS;;,0DUL«H
HOOH D HX WURLV HQIDQWV GRQW XQ JDU©RQ TXL GHYLHQGUD GRPLQLFDLQb HOOH UHQWUD ¢
8QWHUOLQGHQDYHFVHVGHX[ILOOHV/HWLWUHGXFKDSLWUHTXLOXLHVWFRQVDFU«FKDS;OD
SU«VHQWH FRPPH mbHQWLªUHPHQW YRX«H ¢ 'LHX VXSUD PRGXP 'HR GHYRWDb} 'HX[
SK«QRPªQHVP\VWLTXHV VRQW UDSSRUW«V¢ VRQ VXMHW XQHDXGLWLRQ SXLV XQDIIOX[ GH
GRXFHXUSXULILFDWULFHOɛXQHHWOɛDXWUHORUVGHODFRPPXQLRQ/DYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«HVW
SODF«HHQGHUQLHUFRPPHLOVHGRLWSRXUOHQHFSOXVXOWUD
19 mb(QILQFHWWHVHUYDQWHGH'LHXP«ULWDGɛ¬WUHIDYRULV«HGɛXQHJU¤FHSOXVH[FHOOHQWHHW
P¬PHWUªVFKDULVPDWLTXHSDUOH6HLJQHXU6DXYHXU8QMRXUSHQGDQWOɛRUDLVRQVHV\HX[
LQWHOOHFWXHOV VɛRXYULUHQW VXELWHPHQW HW UDYLH WRWDOHPHQW KRUV GɛHOOHP¬PH HOOH IXW
LQWURGXLWHVRXVODFRQGXLWHGX6HLJQHXUGDQVFHWWHSDL[TXLVXUSDVVHWRXVOHVVHQVHW
TXLHVWU«VHUY«HHQU«FRPSHQVH«WHUQHOOHSRXUWRXVOHVVDLQWVHWHQMRLHVDQVP«ODQJHQL
LQWHUUXSWLRQ'DQVFHWWHH[WDVHLOOXLIXWGRQQ«GHYRLUHWGHFRPSUHQGUHHQYLURQXQH
KHXUHGXUDQWGɛXQUHJDUGOXPLQHX[OD7ULQLW«VXSHUHVVHQWLHOOHGHODG«LW«TXHODYLH
«WHUQHOOHFRQVLVWH¢FRQQD°WUHVDYRLUHWFRPSUHQGUH+HXUHXVHFHWWH¤PHYUDLPHQW¢
ODTXHOOHLOD«W«FRQF«G«SDUXQHDGPLUDEOHKDELOLWDWLRQGHODJU¤FHGLYLQHGHJR½WHU
DYDQWOɛKHXUHSURHJXVWDUHHWGHMRXLUIUXLXQSHWLWPRPHQWSDUYDPRUDDXWDQWTXɛLO
«WDLWSRVVLEOH¢XQKRPPHPRUWHOHQFRUHHQYHORSS«GHFKDLUGHFHVELHQVLQHIIDEOHV
TXHOɛRHLOQɛDSDVYXVTXHOɛRUHLOOHQɛDSDVHQWHQGXHWTXLQHVRQWSDVPRQW«VGDQVOH
FRHXUGHOɛKRPPH4XLSRXUUDLWH[SOLTXHUGHPDQLªUHDG«TXDWHGLJQHFRPPHQWWRXV
OHVVHQWLPHQWVGHVRQ¤PHD\DQW«W«UHFU««VHWU«QRY«VHOOHVɛHQIODPPDGɛDPRXUSRXU
FHRXFHOXLb"TXHOOHDYDLWYXb",OHVWU«VHUY«¢FHOXLTXLGRQQHHW¢FHOXL>FHOOH@TXL
UH©RLWGHFRQQD°WUHOɛLPPHQVLW«OɛLQWHQVLW«GHVGLYLQHVG«OHFWDWLRQVGRQWHOOHMRXLVVDLW
&ɛHVWGRQF¢ERQGURLWPHULWRTXHOOHSXWVɛ«FULHUDYHFOHSDWULDUFKH-DFREbɝ-ɛDLYXOH
6HLJQHXUIDFH¢IDFHHWPRQ¤PHD«W«VDXY«Hɞ
20 mb(OOHQHYRXOXWU«Y«OHUFHWWHJORULHXVHYLVLRQ¢SHUVRQQHGXUDQWTXDWRU]HDQV(QVXLWH
HOOHVɛHQRXYULWSDWHIHFLW¢XQHVüXUGɛXQHJUDQGHVDLQWHW«DORUVSULHXUHVRXVOHVFHDX
GXVHFUHWVHFUHWLXVDIILUPDQWTXHGDQVFHWWHYLVLRQVXSUDF«OHVWHHOOHDXUDLWYXHW
HQWHQGXGHVFKRVHVVLDGPLUDEOHVHWLQHIIDEOHVTXɛLOQɛHVWQLSHUPLVQLRSSRUWXQ¢
OɛKRPPHGHOHVGLUH(QRXWUHYHUXPWDPHQOH6HLJQHXUOXLU«LW«UDSDUWURLVIRLVDX
FRXUVGHVDYLHOHP¬PHH[FªVGHOɛHVSULWH[FHVVXPPHQWLVSDUXQHVHPEODEOHYLVLRQHW
XQHVHPEODEOHIUXLWLRQPDLVVXFFHVVLYHPHQWHW¢ORQJVLQWHUYDOOHVGHWHPSV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
151
21 mb$SUªVDYRLUSDVV«GHQRPEUHXVHVDQQ«HVGDQVOɛRUGUHGHV3U¬FKHXUVDXPRQDVWªUHGH
6XE7LOLDFRPPHHOOHDYDLWYDLQFXSDUVDG«YRWLRQVLQFªUHDLQVLIXWHOOHDXVVLUHQGXH
OLEUHSDUXQHKHXUHXVHPRUWGHIXQFWLRQHGHODFKDLUHWDFFRPSOLWHOOHVHVMRXUVGDQVOH
ELHQHWVHVDQQ«HVHQJORLUHb}6LJQDORQVDXSDVVDJHTXHOɛXQGHVFRPWHVGɛ(JXLVKHLP
DYDLWHQbXQVFHDXDYHFWURLVDQQHDX[HWTXHOɛ«JOLVHGɛ(JXLVKHLPGHQRVMRXUV
HQFRUHDEULWHXQH9LHUJHRXYUDQWHTXLVHORQWRXWHYUDLVHPEODQFHDFRQWHQXHQVRQ
LQW«ULHXUXQJURXSHVFXOSW«GHOD7ULQLW«DXMRXUGɛKXLSHUGX&HWREMHWHVWGDW«GX
G«EXWGX;,9HbVLªFOHmbYHUVb}SDUODSOXVU«FHQWHV\QWKªVHVXUFHW\SHGɛREMHW
22 /HFKDSLWUHFRQVDFU«¢+HGZLJHGH/DXIHQEHUJRX/¸ZHQEHUJFKDS;;;9,OɛXQ
GHV SOXV ORQJV GHV 9LWD VRURUXP PHQWLRQQH SOXVLHXUV YLVLRQV ,O VɛRXYUH SDU XQH
G«FODUDWLRQSU«FLVHVXUOHU«GDFWHXUHWVRQOLHQ¢ODYLVLRQQDLUH+HGZLJHFRPSWHSDUPL
OHVDQFLHQQHVFɛHVW¢GLUHOHVmbSULPLWLYHVb}ɘHOOHDVDQVGRXWHIDLWSDUWLHGXSUHPLHU
JURXSHGHKXLWVüXUVTXLVHVRQWLQVWDOO«HV¢&ROPDUHQb(OOHDXQHU«SXWDWLRQmbGH
JUDQGHVDLQWHW«HWUHOLJLRQb}FHTXHFRQILUPHOHIDLWTXHOH6HLJQHXUOXLHQYR\DGHV
mbFRQVRODWLRQVGLYLQHVPXOWLSOHVHWIU«TXHQWHVOXLU«Y«ODQWWUªVVRXYHQWSDUODYLVLRQ
VHQVLEOH¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHRXHQH[F«GDQWVRQHVSULWOHVSURIRQGVP\VWªUHVDXVXMHWGHV
FKRVHVF«OHVWHVHW«WHUQHOOHVb}
23 6DYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«HVWSU«F«G«HGHGHX[YLVLRQVTXLOɛXQHHWOɛDXWUHSODFHQWOD
YLVLRQQDLUHDXPLOLHXGHVELHQKHXUHX[DXFLHOHWG«M¢OXLSHUPHWWHQWGHFRQWHPSOHUOD
0DMHVW«GH'LHXVDQVTXHOD7ULQLW«VRLWPHQWLRQQ«HH[SOLFLWHPHQWɘLOHQHVWSOXVLHXUV
DXWUHVH[HPSOHVGDQVOHV9LW¨VRURUXP(OOHHVWVXLYLHGHSOXVLHXUVDXWUHVbXQHYLVLRQR»
OH&KULVWTXLDSSDUD°WY¬WXHQSU¬WUH¢OɛDXWHOFRPPXQLHOXLP¬PHOHVVüXUVɘGHFH
W\SHGHYLVLRQLOH[LVWH«JDOHPHQWSOXVLHXUVDXWUHVFDVbSXLVGHVYLVLRQVGHVDVüXU
0HFKWLOGHbXQHYLVLRQOXLIDLWYRLUOHFRPWH*RWWIULHGmbGDQVOHVSODLHVGX&KULVWb}bXQH
DSSDULWLRQGHVDLQW-HDQ%DSWLVWHOHVDLQWSDWURQGXPRQDVWªUHb¢OɛDJRQLHODVüXU
DXUDLWUH©XOɛH[WU¬PHRQFWLRQGHVPDLQVGX&KULVW/DU«GDFWULFHHVWLPHTXHFHVU«FLWV
GHYUDLHQW¬WUHVDOXWDLUHVSRXUEHDXFRXS
24 9RLFLOHWH[WHGHVDYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«bmb8QMRXUWDQGLVTXHOHVGLYLQVP\VWªUHV
«WDLHQWDFFRPSOLVGDQVOHFKüXUFHWWHVDLQWHVRHXUVRUWDQWVXELWHPHQWVXELWRGHVRQ
HVSULWHWPLVHKRUVGHVRLH[WUDVHIDFWDDXPRPHQWR»OHSU¬WUHLPPROH¢'LHXOH3ªUH
OɛKRVWLHVDOXWDLUHYLW¢WUDYHUVOHVUD\RQVGɛXQHOXPLªUHLQW«ULHXUHOHVWUªVSURIRQGV
P\VWªUHVGHOD7ULQLW«LQGLYLVHTXHODYLH«WHUQHOOHFRQVLVWHVDQVQXOGRXWH¢VDYRLU
FRQQD°WUHHWFRPSUHQGUH,QWURGXLWHSOXVKDXWHQFRUHVXEOLPLXVVRXVODFRQGXLWHGHOD
JU¤FHGDQVFHWWHGRXFHXUGDQVFHWWHSDL[TXLVXUSDVVHWRXWVHQVLOOXLIXWGRQQ«GH
ERLUH SUHOLEDUH SRXU DLQVL GLUH HW GH JR½WHU SUHJXVWDUH SDU DYDQFH FHV OLHVVHV
LQHIIDEOHVTXH'LHXU«VHUYHHQU«FRPSHQVH«WHUQHOOHGDQVODSDWULH¢VHV«OXVHQVRUWH
TXHGHVRQHVSULWLOOXPLQ«HWOLTXLGHHOOHFRPSULWDORUVHWVDLVLWOXPLQHXVHPHQWOD
7ULQLW«GHODG«LW«SOXVPDQLIHVWHPHQWTXHWRXVOHVGLWVHW«FULWVGHVDLQW$XJXVWLQ
Oɛ«PLQHQWGRFWHXUSDUOHVTXHOVLODYDLW«OXFLG«FHOOHFLWUªVEHOOHPHQWMDGLVGDQVVHV
OLYUHVbHQVRUWHTXHFHX[FLQɛ«WDLHQWSDVGXWRXWFRPSDUDEOHVPLQLPHFRPSDUDULDX
SRLQWGɛXQXQLTXHLQVWDQWGHVDWUªVSXUHLQWHOOLJHQFHSDUODTXHOOH¢FHWWHKHXUHHOOH
DYDLW«W«LQFRPSDUDEOHPHQWLOOXPLQ«HLOOXVWUDEDWXUGDQVODFRQQDLVVDQFHGLYLQHSDU
XQHJU¤FHGɛRQFWLRQVXSUDF«OHVWH
25 mb5HYHQXH¢VRLGHVRQH[WDVHHOOHUDSSRUWDLW>FHOD@HQWRXWHFRQILDQFH¢FHX[TXHOOH
YRXOXW(OOHHQWHQGLWELHQHWYLWGDQVFHWWHYLVLRQWUªVGLYLQHFRPPHGLWOHVXSU¬PH
VHFUHWDUFKDQXPGHOD0DMHVW«TXɛLOQɛHVWSDVSRVVLEOHQLSHUPLV¢OɛKRPPHGHGLUH
'HODFRQWHPSODWLRQYUDLPHQWGX6RXYHUDLQ%LHQHOOHVHVHQWLWUHPSOLHHOOHP¬PHHW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
152
LPSU«JQ«HGɛXQHWHOOHVDJHVVHHWGɛXQHWHOOHVFLHQFHTXɛHOOHDXUDLWSXSU¬FKHUDXPRQGH
HQWLHUWUªVFODLUHPHQWHWOXPLQHXVHPHQWGHOɛHVVHQFHLQHIIDEOHGHOD7ULQLW«FRPPH
HOOHOɛDIILUPDLWWUªVIHUPHPHQWILUPLWHUDSUªVb}
26 0DUJXHULWH GH %ULVDFK FKDS /,, HVW SU«VHQW«H FRPPH OD ILGªOH VHUYDQWH GH
OɛREVHUYDQFHbHOOHSDUD°WDYRLU«W«mbFLUFDWULFHb}FɛHVW¢GLUHDYRLU«W«FKDUJ«HGHV
mbSURFODPDWLRQVb}DFFXVDWLRQVFRQFHUQDQWOHVPDQTXHPHQWV¢ODUªJOHFRPPLVSDUOHV
VüXUVHWIRUPXO«HVORUVGHFKDSLWUHVGHFRPPXQDXW«U«VHUY«V¢FHWHIIHWDSSHO«V
mbFKDSLWUHVGHFRXOSHVb}&ɛHVWDXVVLXQHFKDPSLRQQHGHOɛDVFªVHbHOOHUHVWH¢SULHUDX
FKüXUDSUªVPDWLQHVbmbJDUGHOHVLOHQFHb}DYHFXQHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHULJXHXUbGRUW¢OD
GXUHbQHERLWTXHSDUWURLVIRLV¢SHWLWHVJRUJ«HVbP¬OH¢VHVPHWVGHODFHQGUHGHV
«SOXFKXUHVUHMHW«HVGHODERXFKHGɛXQHVüXUPDODGHGRQWHOOHDODFKDUJHbVHSULYHGH
PXOWLSOHVID©RQVSDUH[HPSOHbSHQGDQWTXDUDQWHDQVHOOHQHVɛHVWMDPDLVDSSX\«HDX
PXURXDXGRVVLHUGɛXQHFKDLVH
27 9RLFLVDYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«bmb1RXVQHGHYRQVSDVSDVVHUVRXVVLOHQFHXQHWUªVJUDQGH
HWWUªVDGPLUDEOHJU¤FHGHFRQVRODWLRQGLYLQHTXLQɛHVWDFFRUG«HFUR\RQVQRXVTXɛ¢
WUªVSHXGHSHUVRQQHVHWTXHODE«QLJQLW«GX6DXYHXUFRQF«GD¢ODELHQKHXUHXVHVüXU
GRQWQRXVSDUORQV&DUHOOHDIILUPDLWHQVHFUHWDVVHUHEDWVHFUHWLXV¢FHX[TXHOOHYRXODLW
TXHOOHIXWUDYLHMXVTXɛHQSU«VHQFHGHODVRXYHUDLQH0DMHVW«HW«OHY«HWUªVKDXWDX
GHVVXVGHOɛKRPPHVRXVODFRQGXLWHGHODJU¤FHMXVTXɛDXVSHFWDFOHFRQVSHFWXPGHOD
7UªV+DXWHVXPPRH7ULQLW«R»LOOXLIXWDFFRUG«GHUHVVHQWLUH[SHULULHWGHMRXLUWUªV
KHXUHXVHPHQWIUXLIHOLFLWHUHWGHG«JXVWHUGHJXVWDUHOɛHVSDFHGɛXQHSHWLWHKHXUHHWXQ
EUHIPRPHQWEUHYLPRUDGHFHELHQLQFRPSU«KHQVLEOHTXɛHVW'LHXHWTXLHVWU«VHUY«DX[
«OXVGDQVODSDWULHHQU«FRPSHQVH«WHUQHOOH'DQVFHWWHYLVLRQVXSUDF«OHVWHHOOHIXW
DVVXU«PHQWVLG«LIL«HSDUODFRQIRUPLW«GHOɛXQLRQGH'LHXTXHGXUDQWFHUDSWHOOHSXW
¬WUHVXUXQPRGHPHUYHLOOHX[HWLQHIIDEOHPDLVSDUJU¤FHFHTXH'LHXHVWSDUQDWXUH(W
DLQVLSDUFHWWHKHXUHXVHH[S«ULHQFHHOOHY«ULILDHQVRLSOXVSOHLQHPHQWODY«ULW«GHOD
6DLQWHFULWXUHGLVDQWbɝ9RLFLMɛDLGLWbYRXV¬WHVGHVGLHX[HWOHVILOVGX7UªV+DXWɞ>3V
@(WHQY«ULW«QRXVQHGRXWRQVSDVGXWRXWTXHVRLWY«ULWDEOHPHQWDUULY«H¢FHWWH
KHXUHXVHVüXUODJU¤FHGHVPHUYHLOOHX[WUDQVSRUWVPHQWLRQQ«VFLGHVVXV«WDQWGRQQ«
VXUWRXWTXHVDVDLQWHW««WDLWVLPDQLIHVWHSRXUFHX[TXLODIU«TXHQWDLHQWTXHQRXV
MXJHULRQVG«SODF«GHQHSDVDFFRUGHUIRL¢VHVSDUROHVb}
b
Éléments d’appréciation
28 &HVWURLVYLVLRQVVRQWSHXLPDJ«HV/HXUU¶OHKLVWRULTXHVHPEOHDYRLU«W«Q«JOLJHDEOH
0DLVFRQWUDLUHPHQW¢FHTXHOɛRQSRXUUDLWHVWLPHUGHSULPHDERUGHOOHVVRQWORLQGɛ¬WUH
LQVLJQLILDQWHV(OOHV OLYUHQW OHXU VHQV SRXUYXTXɛRQ OHV UHVLWXH GDQV OɛHQVHPEOHGHV
YLVLRQVFRPSDUDEOHVGHOHXU«SRTXH/HVWURLVYLVLRQQDLUHVVRQWGHVLQFRQQXHVGDQV
OɛKLVWRLUHGHODP\VWLTXHFRPPHGDQVFHOOHGHODVDLQWHW«RXSHXVɛHQIDXW(OOHVQRXV
PHWWHQWDX FRQWDFWGɛXQ SK«QRPªQH KLVWRULTXHEHDXFRXS SOXV YDVWH/HXUV YLVLRQV
YDOHQWSRXUOHXUmbPR\HQQHW«b}OHXUPHGLRFULWDVDXVHQV«W\PRORJLTXHbHOOHVVRQW¢PL
GLVWDQFHHQWUHODYLVLRQmbWUªVVLQJXOLªUHb}VRLWSDUODULFKHVVHGHVHVLPDJHV0HFKWLOGH
GH0DJGHERXUJVRLWSDUODGHQVLW«GHVRQFRQWHQXWK«RORJLTXHSDUH[HPSOHFHOOHVGH
+LOGHJDUGH GH %LQJHQ (OLVDEHWK GH 6FK¸QDX VRLW HQFRUH SDU VRQ VWDWXW HFFO«VLR
SROLWLTXHb DLQVL FHUWDLQHV YLVLRQV GH &DWKHULQH GH 6LHQQH HW OD YLVLRQ G«SRXUYXH
GɛRULJLQDOLW«HWGHFRQWHQXRQHQ FRQQD°WEHDXFRXS7HQWRQVGɛHQ UHWHQLUHWGɛHQ
DQDO\VHUTXHOTXHVDVSHFWV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
153
29 1DWXUH GH OɛH[S«ULHQFH 4XɛHVWFH TXH OHV VRHXUV RQW U«HOOHPHQW YXb" /HXUV
H[S«ULHQFHVRQWHOOHVSRXUSUL[XQFHUWDLQHIIDFHPHQWGHODIURQWLªUHHQWUHOHU«HOHW
OɛLPDJLQDLUHb"&ɛHVWGLIILFLOH¢GLUH0DLVXQDVSHFWTXLOHXUHVWFRPPXQHVWOHXUPRGH
H[WDWLTXHbOHVVRHXUVRQWOHVHQWLPHQWGɛ¬WUHRXELHQOɛRQYHXWFURLUHTXHOOHVRQW«W«
UDYLHVKRUVGɛHOOHVP¬PHV əFHVRQWOHV PRWVUDSWXV HWH[FHVVXVTXL UHYLHQQHQW/H
SURSUHGHOɛH[WDVHHVWGHGLVWHQGUHOHOLHQGHOɛ¤PHHWGXFRUSVGHGRQQHUP¬PHOH
VHQWLPHQW TXH OɛXQH VH V«SDUH GH OɛDXWUH DX SRLQW GɛHQWUD°QHU OD SHUWH FRPSOªWH
SURYLVRLUHPHQWGHWRXWHSHUFHSWLRQVHQVRULHOOH/HVU«FLWVLQVLVWHQWVXUFHW«WDWɘ¢OD
VXEOLPLW«GXFRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQFRUUHVSRQGODVXEOLPLW«GHOɛ«WDWGHVYLVLRQQDLUHV
FHOXLFLQɛ«WDQWSDV«FOLSV«SDUFHOXLO¢GDQVOHU«FLW4XHOOHU«DOLW«UHFRQQD°WUH¢FHV
H[WDVHVb"$XFXQHGɛHQWUHHOOHVQɛDHXGHW«PRLQRFXODLUH$XWDQWLOSDUD°WLPSRVVLEOH¢
OɛKLVWRULHQ GH VH SURQRQFHU VXU OɛDXWKHQWLFLW« GH OɛH[S«ULHQFH DXWDQW LO OXL SDUD°W
LQW«UHVVDQWGHUHOHYHUTXHFLQTXDQWHDQVDXSDUDYDQWGDQVVD6RPPHWK«RORJLTXHVDLQW
7KRPDVGɛ$TXLQDYDLWUDMRXW«¢ODOLVWHGHVFKDULVPHVHPSUXQW«H¢VDLQW3DXOFHOXLGH
UDSWXVSDUOXLG«ILQLFRPPHXQGHJU«VS«FLDOGHSURSK«WLH
30 &HVYLVLRQVH[WDWLTXHVRQWHOOHV«W«VROOLFLW«HVRXQRQb"/ɛDWWHQWHLQGLYLGXHOOHHVWXQH
FKRVHHWXQHDXWUHOɛHQWUD°QHPHQWRXODSU«GLVSRVLWLRQTXɛDSSRUWHOHFOLPDWGHIHUYHXU
FRPPXQDXWDLUH,OHVWFODLUGDQVOHFDVGXPRQDVWªUHGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQTXHOɛDWPRVSKªUH
GHIHUYHXUOLWXUJLTXHGHG«YRWLRQHWGɛDVFªVHGRLW¬WUHFRQVLG«U«HFRPPHXQFDGUH
IDYRUDEOH¢GHVHPEODEOHVSK«QRPªQHV/HFKDULVPHP\VWLTXHGHWHOOHRXWHOOHVüXU
SDUD°WDYRLUFRPSW«PRLQVTXHOHFKDULVPHP\VWLTXHGHODFRPPXQDXW«WRXWHQWLªUH
31 /HOLHQHQWUHDVFªVHHWYLVLRQQɛHVWSDVH[SOLFLWHPHQWVRXOLJQ«SDUODU«GDFWULFHPDLV
EHDXFRXS GɛHQWUH OHV YLVLRQV DGYLHQQHQW DORUV TXH OD VRHXU HVW GDQV XQ «WDW
Gɛ«SXLVHPHQWG½¢XQMH½QHHWRX¢XQHYHLOOHSURORQJ«H
32 &RQWHQX/HFRQWHQXGHODYLVLRQHWOHODQJDJHGXU«FLWGHYLVLRQVRQWVLFRQYHQXVVL
RUWKRGR[HVHWDSSDUHPPHQWVLG«SRXUYXVGHVXUSULVHHWGHIDQWDLVLHTXHOɛRQSHXW
GRXWHUTXɛLOYDLOOHODSHLQHGHVɛDWWDUGHUVXUXQWHOmbSU¬W¢SRUWHUb}P\VWLTXH&ɛHVWHQ
HIIHWGDQVOɛFULWXUHTXHFHVYLVLRQVSXLVHQWOɛHVVHQWLHOGHOHXUFRQWHQX/HPRGªOHGX
YLVLRQQDLUH DXTXHO OHV VüXUV VɛLGHQWLILHQW HVW SDUIRLV XQ SDWULDUFKH GH Oɛ$QFLHQ
7HVWDPHQW WHO -DFRE HW OH SOXV VRXYHQW VDLQW 3DXO /H YRFDEXODLUH HPSOR\« HVW
IU«TXHPPHQWFHOXLGXUDYLVVHPHQWUDSSRUW«SDUOɛ$S¶WUHGDQVODGHX[LªPH«S°WUHDX[
&RULQWKLHQV&R&ɛHVWSHXW¬WUHOHWH[WHGX1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWTXLHVWOHSOXV
VRXYHQWVRXVMDFHQWDX[U«FLWVYRLUHDX[H[S«ULHQFHVGRQWFHVU«FLWVIRQWP«PRLUH/D
OLWXUJLHD«YLGHPPHQWMRX«OHU¶OHGHUHODLVHWGHIDFWHXULQFLWDWLIbGHQRPEUHXVHV
YLVLRQV DGYLHQQHQW GXUDQW OɛRIILFH FKRUDO ɘ RQ SHXW SDUOHU GH YLVLRQV ¢ FRQWHQX
OLWXUJLTXHORUVTXHODGDWHGXFDOHQGULHUOLWXUJLTXHQɛHVWSDVVHXOHPHQWOɛRFFDVLRQGHOD
YLVLRQPDLVG«WHUPLQHDXVVLYRLUHDOLPHQWHGLUHFWHPHQWVRQFRQWHQXbFɛHVWYUDLHQ
SDUWLFXOLHUGHVYLVLRQVVXUYHQDQW¢OɛRFFDVLRQGHVPDWLQHVGHVJUDQGHVI¬WHVFRPPH
1RO3¤TXHVHW3HQWHF¶WHODSUHPLªUHGHVWURLVD\DQWXQH«YLGHQWHSULRULW«GDQVOH
FRHXU GHV VüXUV 'H P¬PH SOXVLHXUV YLVLRQV RQW OLHX GXUDQW OD F«O«EUDWLRQ GH
OɛHXFKDULVWLH VRXYHQW DX PRPHQW SU«FLV GH OD FRQV«FUDWLRQ RX GH Oɛ«O«YDWLRQ (Q
UHYDQFKHLOQHVHPEOHSDVTXHODSOXSDUWGHFHVYLVLRQV¢TXHOTXHVH[FHSWLRQVSUªV
DLHQWG½EHDXFRXSGHOHXUFRQWHQX¢GHVLPDJHVPDW«ULHOOHVSU«VHQWHVDXPRQDVWªUH,O
HVWHQHIIHWUHPDUTXDEOHTXHOHVPHQWLRQVGɛLPDJHVSODVWLTXHVVRLHQWUDUHVGDQVOHV9LWD
VRURUXP-ɛHQDLUHS«U«WURLVVHXOHPHQWbOɛXQHTXLUHQYRLH¢XQHVWDWXHGHOD9LHUJH
GHYDQWODTXHOOHXQHVüXUHVWHQSULªUH;;9,,XQHDXWUHLPDJHGHOD9LHUJHTXHOɛRQ
WUDQVSRUWHHQSURFHVVLRQORUVGXVLªJHGH&ROPDU;;,,HWODWURLVLªPH«WDQWXQH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
154
U«I«UHQFHLQGLUHFWH¢OɛLFRQRJUDSKLHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHGH6-HDQ%DSWLVWH;;;9,bRQSDUOH
GHOɛDJQHDXTXɛLOWLHQW(QFRPSDUDLVRQGHODULFKHVVHHQLPDJHVGX/LEHUPLUDFXORUXP
RXGɛDXWUHVPDQXVFULWVGHSURYHQDQFHRXGɛXVDJHPRQDVWLTXHFRPPHOH6FL9LDVGH
+LOGHJDUGHGH%LQJHQOH+RUWXVGHOLFLDUXPGH+HUUDGHOH'DV)OLHVVHQGH/LFKWGHU*RWWKHLW
GH0HFKWLOGHGH0DJGHERXUJRXOHV&DQWLTXHV5RWKVFKLOG«WXGL«VSDU-+DPEXUJHU
mbOɛLFRQLFLW«b}GHV9LWDVRURUXPHVWIDLEOHbRQSHXWLPDJLQHUTXHGDQVOHVSUHPLHUVWHPSV
8QWHUOLQGHQ«WDLWXQPRQDVWªUHUHODWLYHPHQWSDXYUHHQLPDJHVSODVWLTXHV/DS«ULRGH
TXHFRXYUHQWOHV9LW¨HVWDQW«ULHXUH¢OɛLQIOXHQFHGLUHFWHGH0D°WUH(FNKDUWTXLQH
UH©RLWVRQPDQGDWGHYLVLWHGHVPRQLDOHVTXɛHQbHWGRQWODP\VWLTXHGHOɛWUHDXUD
SU«FLV«PHQWSRXUIRQFWLRQGHFRUULJHUODP\VWLTXHGHVGRPLQLFDLQHVDOOHPDQGHVHQ
MXJXODQWFHTXLGHYDLWDSSDUD°WUHDORUVFRPPHXQHSURSHQVLRQWRXWHI«PLQLQH¢GRQQHU
XQU¶OHGHSUHPLHUSODQDX[LPDJHVHWDX[YLVLRQV6DQVGRXWHH½WLOFRQVLG«U«GH
PDQLªUHIRUWFULWLTXHOHVYLVLRQVGHVVüXUVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ0DLVDXWRWDOFHVYLVLRQVVL
DXGDFLHXVHVRXSU«WHQWLHXVHVTXHOOHVSXLVVHQWSDUD°WUH¢XQOHFWHXUFRQWHPSRUDLQ
VRQWSDVVDEOHPHQWIORXHVHWUHODWLYHPHQWVDJHVHQFRPSDUDLVRQGHFHOOHVTXLRQWIOHXUL
GDQVGɛDXWUHVDEED\HVGHIHPPHVHQSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVOHV)ODQGUHVHWHQ$OOHPDJQH
33 )RQFWLRQV2QSHXWHVWLPHUTXHODIRQFWLRQGHFHVYLVLRQVDXUD«W«SRXUOHVVüXUV
YLVLRQQDLUHVXQHIRQFWLRQGHFRPSHQVDWLRQHWSRXUODFRPPXQDXW«XQHIRQFWLRQGH
O«JLWLPDWLRQɘHOOHVHQWUHQWGDQVODVDJDGHVRULJLQHV0DLV¢VɛHQWHQLU¢ODOHWWUHGHV
U«FLWVGHYLVLRQHX[P¬PHVFHX[FLRQWDYDQWWRXWSRXUUDLVRQGɛ¬WUH Gɛ«GLILHU/D
U«GDFWULFHHWVDQVGRXWHOHVYLVLRQQDLUHVHOOHVP¬PHVRQWHXFRQVFLHQFHFHUWHVGX
FDUDFWªUH DXGDFLHX[ HW H[FHSWLRQQHO GH OHXUV YLVLRQV 'H SHXU Gɛ¬WUH MXJ«HV
RUJXHLOOHXVHVYRLUHIROOHPHQWSU«VRPSWXHXVHVSDUOHXUVFRQVüXUVHWSHXW¬WUHDXVVL
SRXU P«QDJHU OHXU SURSUH SXGHXU HW UHVSHFWHU OD GLVFU«WLRQ VXU GHV H[S«ULHQFHV
UHOHYDQW¢OHXUVSURSUHV\HX[GHOɛLQWLPLW«DYHF'LHXHOOHVRQWSDUIRLVH[HUF«XQHIRUPH
GɛDXWRFHQVXUH¢Oɛ«JDUGGHFHVH[S«ULHQFHVTXHOOHVRQWWXHVGXUDQWGHVDQQ«HVɘSDV
WRXMRXUVbOɛHQWKRXVLDVPHHQDIDLWmbFUDTXHUb}XQH/HV9LW¨VRURUXPSODFHQWDLQVLOH
OHFWHXU GDQV OD VLWXDGRQ GɛXQ FRQILGHQW DXTXHO RQ IDLW OɛDPLWL« GH UDFRQWHU GHV
H[S«ULHQFHVWHQXHVORQJWHPSVVHFUªWHV&HWWHDWWLWXGHHVWDXVVLOHUHIOHWGHFHTXLHVW
H[S«ULPHQW«bDXVHFUHWGH'LHXVHFUHWGHVRQLQWLPLW«GLYLQHVHFUHWGHVHVG«FLVLRQV
FRUUHVSRQGOHIDLWGHJDUGHUVHFUªWHVOHVYLVLRQVTXL\GRQQHQWDFFªV&HVRQWVDQVGRXWH
OHVSOXVFXOWLY«HVSDUPLOHVVüXUVTXLVHWDLVHQW«WDQWPLHX[FRQVFLHQWHVGHVHQMHX[
FɛHVW¢GLUHGXULVTXHTXHFHUWDLQHVYLVLRQVIRQWFRXULUDX[VüXUVTXLOHVRQWHXHV
Gɛ¬WUHMXJ«HVV«YªUHPHQWHWWD[«HVGɛRUJXHLO'ɛDXWUHVDXFRQWUDLUHGLVHQWWRXWWRXWGH
VXLWH0DLVSRXUILQLURQSDUOHbDLQVLOHYHXWOHJHQUH«GLILDQW/HIDLWTXHFHVU«FLWV
DLHQW«W«WHQXVXQWHPSVVHFUHWVOHVUHQGHQFRUHSOXV«GLILDQWV
34 /HVYLVLRQQDLUHV&HVYLVLRQVHWOHV9LW¨VRURUXPHQJ«Q«UDOW«PRLJQHQWGHOɛHQWU«HHQ
VFªQHHWGHOɛDIILUPDWLRQGHVmbIHPPHVUHOLJLHXVHVb}DX[;,,HHW;,,,HbVLªFOHVGDQVOH
GRPDLQH GH OɛH[SUHVVLRQ UHOLJLHXVH HW GH OD U«DOLVDWLRQ GH VRL VXU FH SODQ 6HORQ
FHUWDLQHVHVWLPDWLRQVPRLQVGHbGHVVDLQWVY«Q«U«VHQ2FFLGHQWHQWUHOH9,HHWOH
;,,HbVLªFOHDSSDUWHQDLHQWDXVH[HI«PLQLQ/HVFKLIIUHVOHVSOXVEDVVHVLWXHQWHQWUH
HWDSUªVTXRLVɛDPRUFHXQHUHPRQW«HTXLGHYLHQWWRXW¢IDLWVLJQLILFDWLYHDXWRXU
GHb/ɛLPDJHGHODIHPPH«WDLWJOREDOHPHQWQ«JDWLYHMXVTXɛDORUVbFHODFRPPHQFH
GHFKDQJHU/HVIHPPHVVRQWDX;,,,HbVLªFOHOHVGHVWLQDWDLUHVOHVSOXVIU«TXHQWHVGHV
SK«QRPªQHVYLVLRQQDLUHV$LQVLHQOɛHVSDFHGɛXQVLªFOHOɛH[S«ULHQFHYLVLRQQDLUHMDGLV
U«VHUY«H ¢ XQH «OLWH H[DOW«H UHFRXYUH XQH DVSLUDWLRQ FRPPXQHb FH TXL «WDLW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
155
H[WUDRUGLQDLUHDX[\HX[GH%HUQDUGGHYLHQWSUHVTXHEDQDOGDQVODFXOWXUHPRQDVWLTXH
GHODILQGX0R\HQJH
35 /HVYLVLRQVmbDXSOXVKDXWQLYHDXb}FHOOHVGH'LHXHWGHOD7ULQLW«VRQWOɛXQGHVWHUUDLQV
GHFHWWHDIILUPDWLRQGHVIHPPHV¢FHWWH«SRTXH,OVɛDJLWGɛXQUHJLVWUHUHODWLYHPHQWQHXI
R»GªVOHG«SDUWOHVIHPPHVYRQWIDLUHSRXUDLQVLGLUHMHX«JDODYHFOHVKRPPHVbGªVOH
;,,HbVLªFOH¢F¶W«GH5XSHUWGH'HXW]RQWURXYH&KULVWLQHGH0DUN\DWH(OLVDEHWKGH
6FK¶QDXHW+LOGHJDUGHGH%LQJHQ$XVLªFOHVXLYDQWOHVIHPPHVSU«WHQGDQWDYRLUHX
XQHYLVLRQGHOD 7ULQLW«VHURQWSOXV QRPEUHXVHVHQFRUHTXHOHVKRPPHV/HVWURLV
YLVLRQVDQDO\V«HVVXSSRVHQWXQHFHUWDLQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGXSK«QRPªQHɘFɛHVWGXPRLQV
FHTXHOɛRQSHXWDIILUPHUDYHFOHUHFXO6XUOHPRPHQWFHVYLVLRQVFRQWULEXHQW¢OɛLPDJH
LG«DOH HW SRXU WRXW GLUH K«UR±TXH GHV SUHPLHUV WHPSV GH OD FRPPXQDXW«
Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ/ɛLQWHQVLW«GHFHTXLVHYLWSHXW¬WUHDQDO\V«HFRPPHOHOLHXGɛXQH
LQLWLDWLYH GHV IHPPHV GRQW OHV YLVLWHXUV QH YLHQGURQW SDV IDFLOHPHQW ¢ ERXW /H
SK«QRPªQHHVWGɛDPSOHXUHXURS«HQQHHWFDUDFW«ULVHOHVGHUQLHUVVLªFOHVGX0R\HQJH
GH +LOGHJDUGH GH %LQJHQ ¢ 7K«UªVH Gɛ$YLOD &RPPH OH QRWH 3 'LQ]HOEDFKHU
mbLQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQWLOQɛHVWSDVGHJHQUHOLWW«UDLUHDX0R\HQJHGDQVOHTXHOOHV
IHPPHVDLHQWSURGXLWDXWDQWGHWH[WHVTXHGDQVODOLWW«UDWXUHYLVLRQQDLUHb}
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. )U%üVSIOXJ9*HUPDQLHUmb/DFRPPXQLRQGHVVDLQWVFRPPHOLWXUJLHHWSURSK«WLH
SURSRVGHGHX[PLQLDWXUHVGHODVHFRQGHPRLWL«GX;9HbVLªFOHb}/D0DLVRQ'LHX
Sb
2. )U%üVSIOXJmbOD7ULQLW«DX0R\HQJHbYLVLRQVHWLPDJHV;,,H;,9HbVLªFOHb}LQ-5LHV«G
([S«ULHQFHUHOLJLHXVHHWH[S«ULHQFHHVWK«WLTXH5LWXHODUWHWVDFU«GDQVOHVUHOLJLRQVmb+RPRUHOLJLRVXV
b}DFWHVGXFROOLQWHUQGH/LªJH/RXYDLQPDUV/RXYDLQOD1HXYHSbHWSO
,9;9
3. )U %üVSIOXJ mb/D YLVLRQ HQ U¬YH GH OD 7ULQLW« GH 5XSHUW GH 'HXW] Y /LWXUJLH
VSLULWXDOLW«HWKLVWRLUHGHOɛDUWb}5HYXHGHVVFLHQFHVUHOLJLHXVHVSb
4. )U%üVSIOXJmb/DYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«GH&KULVWLQHGH0DUN\DWHHWOH3VDXWLHUGH6DLQW$OEDQb}
LQ$3DUDYLFLQL%DJOLDQL«G/DYLVLRQHHWORVJXDUGRQHO0HGLR(YRDFWHVGXFROORTXHGH/DXVDQQH
RFW0LFURORJXV9,Sb
5. )U%üVSIOXJmb/HGLDEOHHWOD7ULQLW«WULF«SKDOHVSURSRVGɛXQHSVHXGRɝYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«ɞ
DGYHQXH¢ XQQRYLFHGH VDLQW 1RUEHUWGH;DQWHQb} 5HYXHGHVVFLHQFHV UHOLJLHXVHV
Sb
6. &HWWHF«O«EULW«SRXUUDLWUHPRQWHUDX[«WXGHVGH9RQ*¸UUHV/D0\VWLTXHGLYLQHQDWXUHOOHHW
GLDEROLTXHWUIUSUHPLªUHSDUWLHb/D0\VWLTXHGLYLQH3DULVWbVSSb¢Oɛ«GLWLRQGH
.ODUXVYRLULQIUDQ¢ODWUDGXFWLRQGH%XVVLªUHYRLULQIUDQHW¢$'DQ]DVWXGHVXUOHV
WHPSVSULPLWLIVGHOɛRUGUHGHVDLQW'RPLQLTXH3DULV3RLWLHUVWYRLUVXUWRXWWb
7. 'XSRLQWGHYXHFRGLFRORJLTXHOHPDQXVFULWGH&ROPDURFFXSHSDJHV«FULWHVDXUHFWRHWDX
YHUVRDYHFXQWH[WHHQODWLQGLVSRV«VXUGHX[FRORQQHVGHOLJQHVbFHPDQXVFULWHVWGHTXDOLW«
PRGHVWH PDLV VRLJQ«Hb LO QɛHVW SDV HQULFKL GɛHQOXPLQXUHV PDLV FRPSRUWH TXHOTXHV EHOOHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
156
LQLWLDOHVILOLJUDQ«HV'ɛDSUªVOɛ«FULWXUHXQHEHOOHmbJRWKLTXHb}LOD«W«FRSL«DX;9HbVLªFOHɘOH
PDQXVFULWRULJLQDOGXG«EXWGX;,,,HbVLªFOHQɛDMDPDLV«W«UHWURXY«
8. .( *HLWK mb(OLVDEHWK .HPSIV EHUVHW]XQJ XQG )RUWVHW]XQJ GHU ɝ9LWDH VRURUXPɞ GHU
.DWKDULQDYRQ*XHEHUVFKZLKUb}$QQXDLUHGHOD6RFL«W«GɛKLVWRLUHHWGɛDUFK«RORJLHGH&ROPDU;;;,,
Sb/$QQXDLUHSU«VHQWHGHPDQLªUHG«WDLOO«HOHPDQXVFULW([WUDYDJDQWHVGHOD
+HU]RJ$XJXVW%LEOLRWKHN GH :ROIHQE¾WWHO TXL FRQWLHQW OD WUDGXFWLRQ DOOHPDQGH GHV 9LWDH
VRURUXPI
9. .( *HLWK mb(OLVDEHWK .HPSI b 3ULRULQ XQG EHUVHW]HULQ LQ 8QWHUOLQGHQ ]X
&ROPDUb}9HUIDVVHU/H[LNRQ,9FRO
10. %1)ODW b PVG«FULWLQ -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHmb/HVɝ9LWDH VRURUXPɞGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ
GLWLRQFULWLTXHGXPDQXVFULWGHOD%LEOLRWKªTXHGH&ROPDUb}$UFKLYHVGɛKLVWRLUHGRFWULQDOHHW
OLWW«UDLUHGX0R\HQ$JHWbSbSb
11. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
12. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWFLW«
13. -HGRLV¢OɛDPDELOLW«GHOD6UOLHRSPRQLDOHGɛ2UEH\GɛDYRLUHXDFFªV¢ODWUDGXFWLRQ
PDQXVFULWH LQ«GLWH TXɛXQH VüXU GH FH PRQDVWªUH FKDUWLVWH 0DUJXHULWH0DULH -RXDQQ\
D IDLWH GHV 9LW¨ VRURUXP 8QH WUDGXFWLRQ D «W« HQWUHSULVH «JDOHPHQW SDU 0
(LFKHQODXEGLUHFWHXUGHV$UFKLYHVGX+DXW5KLQTXLQɛDSDV«W«SXEOL«HQRQSOXVPDLVTXHVRQ
DXWHXUDHXOɛREOLJHDQFHGHPHFRPPXQLTXHU
14. / .ODUXV 5HOLTXLHQ DXV GHP 0LWWHODOWHU Wb,9 5DWLVERQQH TXL GRQQH OD WUDGXFWLRQ
LQW«JUDOH GHV 9LW¨ VRURUXP VRXV OH WLWUH /HEHPEHVFKUHLEXQJHQ GHU HUVWHQ 6FKZ GHV .ORVWHUV GHU
'RPLQLNDQHULQQHQ]X8QWHUOLQGHQYRQGHUHQ3ULRULQ&DWKDULQDYRQ*HEZHLOHU
15. 9LFRPWHGH%XVVLªUH)OHXUVGRPLQLFDLQHVRX/HV0\VWLTXHVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ3DULV
16. .(*HLWKmb=XU7H[WJHVFKLFKWHGHUɝ9LWDHVRURUXPɞ8QWHUOLQGHQHU6FKZHVWHUQEXFKGHU
.DWKDULQDYRQ*XHEHUVFKZLKUb}0LWWHOODWHLQLVFKHV-DKUEXFKSbb,Gmb/ɛDFWLYLW«
OLWW«UDLUH GHV GRPLQLFDLQHV Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ DX[ ;,9H HW ;9 HbVLªFOHVb} GDQV /HV 'RPLQLFDLQHV
Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ3DULV&ROPDUSb&HUHFXHLOFRQVWLWXHXQH[FHOOHQWVWDWXVTXDHVWLRQLV,O
FRQWLHQWGɛLPSRUWDQWHVFRQWULEXWLRQVQRWDPPHQW GH - +DPEXUJHUVXUODYLHP\VWLTXHGHV
PRQLDOHVGRQWSDUOHQWOHV9LWDVRURUXP-HQɛDLPDOKHXUHXVHPHQWSDVSXHQWHQLUFRPSWHGDQVOD
SU«VHQWHFRQWULEXWLRQ
17. $'DQ]DVWXGHVVXUOHVWHPSVSULPLWLIVGHOɛRUGUHGHVDLQW'RPLQLTXH3DULV3RLWLHUVW
9RLUVXUWRXWWbFKDS
18. 2QVDLWTXHFHWWHH[SUHVVLRQTXLSURYLHQWGX&DQWLTXHGHV&DQWLTXHVHVWDXVVLOHWLWUHGɛXQ
UHFXHLOF«OªEUHGHOɛDEEHVVH+HUUDGHGH+RKHQEXUJGHVWLQ«DX[PRQLDOHVGHOɛDEED\HGX0RQW
6DLQW2GLOH
19. $FWDVDQFWRUXP«GGH9HQLVHDR½WibVbYRLU7K'ɛ$SROGD/LYUHVXUODYLHHWODPRUW
GHVDLQW'RPLQLTXHWUDGXLWHWDQQRW«SDUOɛDEE«$&XU«3DULV
20. 8QHFRXUWHSU«VHQWDWLRQGHV9LWDIUDWUXPHVWGRQQ«HGDQV6DLQW'RPLQLTXHHWVHVIUªUHV(YDQJLOH
RXFURLVDGHb"WH[WHVGX;,,,HbVLªFOHSU«VHQW«VHWDQQRW«VSDU0+9LFDLUHRS3DULV&HUI
SbbV /H WH[WH GHV 9LWD D «W« SXEOL« HQb SDU 5HLFKHUW GDQV 0RQXPHQWD RUGLQLV IUDWUXP
SUDGLFDWRUXP/RXYDLQ5RPHWb,8QHWUDGXFWLRQIUDQ©DLVHD«W«SXEOL«HHQbSDU/HFRTHWXQH
WUDGXFWLRQLWDOLHQQHGX;9HbVLªFOHD«W«UHSXEOL«HSDU)HUUXDHQb
21. 4XHOTXHVQRWLFHVVRQWFRQVDFU«HV¢GHVVüXUVFRQYHUVHVbXQHVHXOHFKDS;/9HVWU«VHUY«H
¢XQHmbVHUYDQWHb},OQɛHVWSDVUDUHTXHOHQRPGHODVüXUVRLWVXLYLGHOɛLQGLFDWLRQGHODIRQFWLRQ
TXHODGLWHVüXUDDVVXP«HGDQVODYLHGXPRQDVWªUHbSULHXUH;9,,;9,,,;;,,,VRXVSULHXUH
;;,;;;;9FKDQWUH;,,;,9;;9,,,;;;9bFHOOHFLSHQGDQWWUHQWHDQVbOHFWULFHb";,9
FRSLVWHGHPDQXVFULWV;;9;;;,,,WRXULªUH;,LQILUPLªUH;;;,;/,9mbFLUFDWULFHb};,,b
VXUOHVHQVGHFHWHUPHYRLULQIUDQRWHHWF
22. (OOHSDUOHLFLHWO¢GXmbILOb}GHVHVSHQV«HVFRPPHGXSULQFLSHGɛRUGUHGHVDU«GDFWLRQ;9
;9,,,YRLUHFRPPHGXmbSODQb}GHOɛRXYUDJH;;,9VDQVSOXV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
157
23. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSbGRQQHODOLVWHGHVVüXUV0DLVOɛ«GLWHXUQHVɛH[SOLTXHSDVVXU
OɛRUGUHGHVQRWLFHV
24. -/(LFKHQODXEmb8QWHUOLQGHQb}'LFWLRQQDLUHHQF\FORS«GLTXHGX0R\HQJH3DULV
25. %RXUJVLWX«HQWUH5RXIIDFKHW&ROPDU6XUFHWWHVüXUYRLU0+/DXUHQWmb&DWKHULQHGH
*XHEHUVFKZLKUb} 'LFWLRQQDLUH Gɛ+LVWRLUH HW GH *«RJUDSKLH (FFO«VLDVWLTXHV ;, FRO b -
$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHmb&DWKHULQHGH*XHEHUVFKZLKUb"ɠYb"b}'LFWLRQQDLUHGH6SLULWXDOLW«
Wb,,FROb3'LQ]HOEDFKHUmb.DWKDULQDYRQ*HEHUVZHLOHUb}9HUIDVVHU/H[LNRQ,9FRO
/DSDUWLHGXPDQXVFULWTXLSDUOHGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQGDQVOɛ«GLWLRQGH7KDQQHUFRPPHQFH
SDUOɛ«ORJHGHFHWWHVüXU&DWKHULQHTXLQHVHWURXYHSDVGDQVOHPDQXVFULWGH&ROPDU-$QFHOHW
+XVWDFKHSb
26. 3DUH[DXFKDS;;;9
27. &:LWWPHU«G/2ELWXDLUHGHVGRPLQLFDLQHVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ6WUDVERXUJ=XULFK
28. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
29. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb9RLU$03,QJROG/H0RQDVWªUHGHV8QWHUOLQGHQDX;,,,HbVLªFOH
3DULV6WUDVERXUJb*%LVFKRII*%UDHXQHU&+HFN8QWHUOLQGHQ6WUDVERXUJb$'XYDO
mb8QWHUOLQGHQb}'LFWLRQQDLUHGHVSLULWXDOLW«;9,FROb-/(LFKHQODXEmb8QWHUOLQGHQb}
'LFWLRQQDLUHHQF\FORS«GLTXHGX0R\HQJH3DULV
30. -/(LFKHQODXEmb1RWHVXUOHVOLYUHVPDQXVFULWVGHV«WDEOLVVHPHQWVGRPLQLFDLQVGH&ROPDU
HW*XHEZLOOHUb}LQ-/(LFKHQODXE«G'RPLQLFDLQVHWGRPLQLFDLQHVHQ$OVDFH;,,,H;;HbVLªFOHDFWHV
GXFROOGH*XHEZLOOHUDYULOFRQVHLOJ«Q«UDOGX+DXW5KLQSb
31. $QQDOHVFROPDULHQVHVPDLRUHWH[WHSU«VHQW«SDU-$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
32. &ROPDU%0PVb«GLW«SDU3,QJROGmb/H/LEHUPLUDFXORUXPGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQb}0LVFHOODQHD
$OVDWLFDH6&ROPDUSb/ɛ«GLWLRQGHFHWH[WHHVWSU«SDU«HSDU-&O6FKPLWW
33. &ROPDUPVb-$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
34. 6HUDLWLOOHILOVGɛ$JQªVGH+HUHQFKHLPb",UDLWHQFHVHQVXQSDVVDJHGXFKDS;;,TXLVHPEOH
DYRLU«FKDSS«¢-$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHɘTXLGLWSbHQQRWHQɛDYRLUULHQWURXY«VXUFHIUªUHHW
QHIDLWSDVOHUDSSURFKHPHQWbXQGRXWHVXEVLVWHPDLVLOHVWPLQLPHbOHPDUL«WDQWPRUW
35. *%LVFKRIImb1REOHVVHHWRUGUHVPHQGLDQWV4XHOTXHVUHPDUTXHVVXUOHVFRXYHQWVGH+DXWH
$OVDFH¢ODILQGX0R\HQJHb}LQ-/(LFKHQODXERSFLWSbTXLUHQYRLHDX[FRQWULEXWLRQV
GH &KULVWLDQ :LOVGRUI HW GH *DEULHO %UDHXQHU GDQV *HRUJHV /LYHW GLU +LVWRLUH GH &ROPDU
7RXORXVH
36. 7H[WHODWLQHWWUDGXFWLRQGDQV/$QQ«HGRPLQLFDLQH;,;PDUVSb
37. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKH/D9LHP\VWLTXHGɛXQPRQDVWªUHGH'RPLQLFDLQHVDX0R\HQ$JHGɛDSUªVOD
&KURQLTXHGH 7RVV 3DULV Q Sbb *7K«U\ ο S mb(VTXLVVH GɛXQH YLH GH7DXOHUb} /H
6XSSO«PHQW¢OD9LHVSLULWXHOOHPDUVSbb-+DPEXUJHU7KH5RWKVFKLOG&DQWLFOHV$UWDQG
0\VWLFLVPLQ)ODQGHUVDQGWKH5KLQHODQGFLUFD1HZ+DYHQ/RQGUHVQbSbELEOLR
38. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
39. *-/HZLVmb'LH9HUIDVVHULQQHQGHU6FKZHVWHUE¾FKHUGHV-DKUKXQGHUWVb}LQ<6KLFKLML
«G%HJHJQXQJPLWGHVmb)UHPGHQb}b$NWHQGHV9,,,,QWHUQDWLRQDOHQ*HUPDQLVWHQ.RQJUHVVHV7RN\R
0XQLFKSbb&%\QXP-H½QHVHW)HVWLQVVDFU«V/HVIHPPHVHWODQRXUULWXUHGDQVOD
VSLULWXDOLW«P«GL«YDOH3DULVQRWHSb
40. 3'LQ]HOEDFKHUmb'RPLQLFDLQHVDOOHPDQGHVb}'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODP\VWLTXH7XUQKRXW
41. 'DV/HEHQGHU6FKZHVWHUQ]X7RVVEHVFKULHEHQYRQ(OVEHW6WDJHO«GSDU)9HWWHU%HUOLQb-
$QFHOHW+XVWDFKH/D9LHP\VWLTXHGɛXQPRQDVWªUHGHGRPLQLFDLQHVRSFLW
42. $YHFXQHILOOH;;;,;DYHFGHX[;;;,,,;/DYHFWURLV;;;9,,,
43. 3OXVLHXUVPHQWLRQVGHVüXUVHQSURLHDXGRXWHFHOXLFL«WDQWY«FXFRPPHXQHWHQWDWLRQ/H
GRXWHHQPLOLHXPRQDVWLTXHHVWXQGRPDLQHTXLP«ULWHUDLWXQH«WXGHSDUWLFXOLªUH¢YHUVHUDX
GRVVLHUSXEOL«SDU3'LQ]HOEDFKHUmbWXGHVXUOɛLQFUR\DQFH¢Oɛ«SRTXHGH ODIRLb}5HYXHGHV
VFLHQFHVUHOLJLHXVHVSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
158
44. $SbYRLUDXVVL3UFLW«HQ+HbFHYHUVHWHVWH[SOLFLWHHQ;,;;;;9,,;/,,
/,,,
45. $SSDULWLRQGH3LHUUHHW3DXOGHVDLQW-HDQ%DSWLVWHOHSDWURQGXPRQDVWªUH;;;9,;/9,,
9RLU.(*HLWKmb+HLOLJHQYHUHKUXQJXQG+DJLRJUDSKLHLP.ORVWHU8QWHUOLQGHQ]X&ROPDUb}LQ
-/(LFKHQODXE'RPLQLFDLQVHWGRPLQLFDLQHVSb
46. $SSDULWLRQVGXGLDEOHb;,,,;;9,,,;;;9,,
47. 6XU FH PRW LPSRUWDQW GX YRFDEXODLUH GH OD P\VWLTXH YRLU / 3RXOOLHU mb&RQVRODWLRQ
VSLULWXHOOHb}'LFWLRQQDLUHGHVSLULWXDOLW«,,FRO
48. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWmb&DWKHULQHb}FRO
49. 'XPRLQVVLOɛRQU«VHUYHOɛH[SUHVVLRQmbYLVLRQGHOD7ULQLW«b}¢FHOOHVGHVYLVLRQVTXLRQWSRXU
REMHWSULQFLSDOOD7ULQLW«&DULOHVWHQFRUHSOXVLHXUVYLVLRQVTXLVDQV¬WUHGHVmbYLVLRQVGHOD
7ULQLW«b}¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHURQWXQHGLPHQVLRQH[SOLFLWHPHQWWULQLWDLUHSDUH[HPSOHFHOOHGH
+HGZLJHGH/DXIHQEHUJORUVODI¬WHGH1RO«GFLW«Sbɘ'ɛDXWUHVYLVLRQV
HVFKDWRORJLTXHVRQWSODF«ODVüXUYLVLRQQDLUHGHYDQWOHmb'LHXGH0DMHVW«b}VDQVDXWUHSU«FLVLRQ
HQSU«VHQFHGHODFRXUF«OHVWHHQSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVOHVFKDS;,;;;;,,;;,,,;/,,
50. (JHQVKHQ HVW OH QRPDQFLHQ Gɛ(JXLVKHLP DX VXG GH &ROPDU YLOOHQDWDOH GX VHXO SDSH
GɛRULJLQHDOVDFLHQQH/«RQ,;/DFRPPXQHH[LVWHHQFRUHDXMRXUGɛKXL%«Q«GLFWHHVW
ODFLQTXLªPHVXUODOLVWHGHVPRQLDOHVDYHFODPHQWLRQVXSSULRULVVDPVI(OOHHVWPRUWHXQ
MXLQ
51. $WHOOH«W«PDUL«H¢XQPHPEUHGHODG\QDVWLHGHVFRPWHVGɛ(JXLVKHLPb"/DORQJXHQRWHGH-
$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWFLW«SbOHODLVVHHQWHQGUHVDQVOɛDIILUPHUIRUPHOOHPHQW
52. /ɛXQH GɛHOOHV HVW 7XGH FKDS ;,,, 2Q SHXW VH GHPDQGHU VL OɛDXWUH QɛHVW SDV PRUWH
SU«FRFHPHQWbFHTXLH[SOLTXHUDLWODGHPDQGHGH7XGHGHQHSDVPRXULUDYDQWVDPªUHVRXV
HQWHQGXFRPPHVDVüXU
53. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWFLW«SbVSSbOV
54. 0DWUDGXFWLRQVɛLQVSLUHGHFHOOHGHODVüXU0DUJXHULWH0DULHPDLVUHVWLWXHEHDXFRXSGH
QXDQFHVORXUGHXUVHWREVFXULW«VSDUHOOHJRPP«HV
55. &RPPHPHOɛDIDLWREVHUYHU*0DGHFTXHMHUHPHUFLHLOVɛDJLWO¢GɛXQHIRUPXOHSDXOLQLHQQH
3KLObmb(WODSDL[GH'LHXTXLVXUSDVVHWRXWHLQWHOOLJHQFHJDUGHUDYRVFüXUVHWYRVSHQV«HV
HQ-«VXV&KULVWb}WUDG72%
56. &HWWHIRUPXOHYLHQWGXSVHXGR'HQ\VSHXW¬WUH¢WUDYHUV-HDQ6FRWULJªQH
57. 5«I«UHQFHDXYRFDEXODLUHDXJXVWLQLHQGHODYLVLRQE«DWLILTXH9RLUSOXVEDVOɛXVDJHGXWHUPH
IUXLWLR
58. &R
59. *Q PDFRQQDLVVDQFHOD YLVLRQGHOɛ«FKHOOHSDU -DFREQɛDSDV IDLW OɛREMHWGɛXQH
LQWHUSU«WDWLRQWULQLWDLUHODUJHPHQWGLIIXV«H2QDWWHQGUDLWSOXW¶WTXHODVüXUVRLWFRPSDU«H¢
0R±VHRX¢VDLQW3DXO
60. /DU«I«UHQFHVFULSWXUDLUHVLQRQODUDLVRQGHUQLªUHGHFHWWHIRUPHIU«TXHQWHGɛDXWRFHQVXUH
HVWGHQRXYHDXSDXOLQLHQQHbmb-HFRQQDLVXQKRPPHHQ&KULVWTXLYRLFLTXDWRU]HDQVb}&R
61. &ɛHVWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWSDUFHWWHVüXUTXHODU«GDFWULFHHXWFRQQDLVVDQFHGHFHWWHYLVLRQGH
%«Q«GLFWH&XULHXVHPHQWODU«GDFWULFHQɛLQGLTXHTXHWUªVUDUHPHQWVDVRXUFH
62. &LWDWLRQ¢SHLQHYRLO«HGH&RTXHQHVLJQDOHQWQL0PH$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHQLODVüXU
0DUJXHULWH0DULH
63. /DORJLTXHWULQLWDLUHVHPEOHFRPPDQGHUFHWWHWULSOHU«S«WLWLRQ
64. *5DGLHU'LH6FKUHLQPDGRQQDmb9LHUJHRXYUDQWHb}YRQGHQEHUQKDUGLQLVFKHQ$QI¦QJHQELV]XU
)UDXHQP\VWLN LP 'HXWVFKRUGHQVODQG PLW EHVFKUHLEHQGHP .DWDORJ mb)UDQNIXUWHU )XQGDPHQWH GHU
.XQVWJHVFKLFKWHb} .XQVWJHVFKLFKWOLFKHV ,QVWLWXW GHU -RKDQQ :ROIJDQJ *RHWKH8QLYHUVLW¦W
)UDQNIRUWVXUOH0DLQFDWQRbSb HWILJb)U%RHVSIOXJmbOD 7ULQLW«GDQV OɛDUW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
159
DOVDFLHQ;,,H;9HbVLªFOHSURSRVGHTXHOTXHVüXYUHVGX+RUWXV'HOLFLDUXP¢ODWDSLVVHULHGH
6DLQW-HDQ6DYHUQHb}&DKLHUVDOVDFLHQVGɛDUFK«RORJLHGɛDUWHWGɛKLVWRLUH;/SbV
65. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWFLW«SbbbFɛHVWOɛXQHGHVSOXVORQJXHVQRWLFHVDYHF
FHOOHV Gɛ$GHOKHLG GH 5KHLQIHOGHQ FKDS ;;,,, Sb HW GH *HUWUXGH GH :HVWSKDOLH
SbbODSOXSDUWGHVDXWUHVQRWLFHVIRQWGHGHX[¢TXDWUHSDJHV
66. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHSb
67. (QFRUHXQHFLWDWLRQGH&R
68. /DSU«VRPSWLRQGHFHWWHVüXUHVWGɛDXWDQWSOXVFDQGLGHTXɛ¢ODP¬PH«SRTXHXQFKDSLWUH
J«Q«UDOFLVWHUFLHQUHFRPPDQGHDXSU«GLFDWHXUGHODI¬WHGHOD7ULQLW«GHVHWDLUHVXUFHP\VWªUH
SURSWHUGLIILFXOWDWHPPDWHULD9RLU3%URZHmb=XU*HVFKLFKWHGHU'UHLIDOWLJNHLWVPHVVHb}$UFKLYI¾U
/LWXUJLHZLVVHQVFKDIWSb/DI¬WHDYDLW«W«DGRSW«HSDUOɛRUGUHGªVDYHFUDQJ
GHI¬WHGɛDS¶WUHXQVHUPRQGHYDQW¬WUHSURQRQF«ORUVGHODYLJLOH,OIDXWFURLUHTXHOɛH[S«ULHQFH
QHIXWSDVFRQFOXDQWHb5DSSHORQV¢FHSURSRVTXH5RPHU«VLVWHUDORQJWHPSV¢OɛLQVFULSWLRQGH
FHWWHI¬WHDXFDOHQGULHUOLWXUJLTXHbFɛHVWVHXOHPHQWVRXV-HDQ;;,,HQbTXHFHWWHLQVFULSWLRQ
HXWOLHX)&DEUROmb/HFXOWHGHOD7ULQLW«GDQVODOLWXUJLHHWOɛLQVWLWXWLRQGHODI¬WHGHOD7ULQLW«b}
(SKHPHULGHVOLWXUJLF¨Sb
69. 6DQRWLFHIDLWSDUWLHGHFHOOHVTXLRQW«W«UDMRXW«HV3RXUTXRL ODU«GDFWULFHGLWHOOHbmb¢
PDLQWHVUHSULVHVFRQWUHPRQJU«MɛDLGLII«U«Gɛ«FULUHFHFKDSLWUHb}b"
70. 1LHUPH\HU0HGL¨ODWLQLWDWLVOH[LFRQPLQXV/H\GH1HZ<RUN&RORJQHDUWmb&LUFDWRUb}b
0RLQHFKDUJ«GHODURQGHGHFRQWU¶OHGDQVXQPRQDVWªUHb3U«PRQWU«VbGLJQLWDLUHFKDUJ«GH
IDLUHOHWRXUGɛLQVSHFWLRQGDQVXQHSURYLQFHGHOɛRUGUHbHQTX¬WHXUbDXGLWHXUGHVFRPSWHV
71. -$QFHOHW+XVWDFKHDUWFLW«iSbVSSb¢SDUWLUGHODOLJQH
72. 2QVRXS©RQQHXQR[\PRUHRXXQHDQWLSKUDVHGHPRGHVWLHbXQHKHXUHFɛHVW¢ODIRLVWUªVSHX
HWFRQVLG«UDEOHSRXUXQHYLVLRQGHFHW\SH
73. 6XUOHVSK«QRPªQHVGɛH[WDVHDX0R\HQ$JHYRLU3'LQ]HOEDFKHUmb(NVWDVHb}/H[LNRQGHV
0LWWHODOWHUV,,,VSVb5HYHODWLRQHVSb9RLU«JDOHPHQWOɛDUWmb([WDVHb}GX'LFWLRQQDLUH
GHVSLULWXDOLW«,9VS
74. ,,D,,¨TDb$9DXFKH]6DLQWVSURSKªWHVHWYLVLRQQDLUHVSb
75. 6XUOHOLHQHQWUHMH½QHHWYLVLRQYRLU(%HQ]'LH9LVLRQ(UIDKUXQJVIRUPHQXQG%LOGHUZHOW
6WXWWJDUWFKDS,,mb9LVLRQXQG$VNHVHb}SbV
76. 9RLU $ 9DXFKH] 6DLQWV SURSKªWHV HW YLVLRQQDLUHV Sb SDUODQW GɛXQ mbSU¬W¢SRUWHU
SURSK«WLTXHb}
77. -+DPEXUJHU7KH9LVXDODQGWKH9LVLRQDU\$UWDQG)HPDOH6SLULWXDOLW\LQ/DWH0HGLHYDO*HUPDQ\
1HZ<RUNFKDS9,mb7KH/LEHUPLUDFXORUXPRI8QWHUOLQGHQb$Q,FRQDQG,WV &RQYHQW
6HWWLQJb}Sb/ɛ$QHVRXOLJQHSHXW¬WUHSDVDVVH]ODUDUHW«GHFHVYLVLRQVDSSX\«HVVXUGHV
LPDJHV,OVHSRXUUDLWTXHVRQ DQDO\VH VRLW LQIO«FKLH SDU OD OHFWXUH GX /LEHUPLUDFXORUXPHW
Oɛ«YROXWLRQJ«Q«UDOHGHODSUDWLTXHGɛLPDJHVGDQVOHVPRQDVWªUHVI«PLQLQV¢SDUWLUGHODVHFRQGH
PRLWL«GX;,9HbVLªFOH
78. -+DPEXUJHU7KH9LVXDODQGWKH9LVLRQDU\SbV
79. -+DPEXUJHU7KH5RWKVFKLOG&DQWLFOHV
80. $9DXFKH]6DLQWVSURSKªWHVHWYLVLRQQDLUHVSbHWV
81. ;;;;,9;;9,,;;9,,,;;;9,,,;;;,;;/,;/,,
82. *'XE\HW03HUURW+LVWRLUHGHVIHPPHVHQ2FFLGHQWWb,,0R\HQJH3DULV
83. $ 9DXFKH]mb/ɛDFFHVVLRQGHV OD±FV¢OD YLHUHOLJLHXVHb}LQ$9DXFKH]GLU +LVWRLUHGX
FKULVWLDQLVPHWb93DULVSbV
84. 07K'ɛ$OYHUQ\mb&RPPHQWOHVWK«RORJLHQVHWOHVSKLORVRSKHVYRLHQWOHVIHPPHVb}LQ/D
)HPPHHWODFLYLOLVDWLRQGHV;H;,,HbVLªFOHV&DKLHUVGHFLYLOLVDWLRQP«GL«YDOHSb
85. - +DPEXUJHU mb7KH 9LVXDO DQG WKH 9LVLRQDU\ 7KH ,PDJH LQ /DWH 0HGLHYDO 0RQDVWLF
'HYRWLRQVb}9LDWRUSbb$9DXFKH]6DLQWVSURSKªWHVHWYLVLRQQDLUHVSbV
86. -+DPEXUJHU7KH9LVXDODQGWKH9LVLRQDU\Sb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
160
87. 3'LQ]HOEDFKHU5HYHODWLRQHVmb7\SRORJLHGHVVRXUFHVGX0R\HQJHRFFLGHQWDOb}7XUQKRXW
Sbbmb(XURS¦LVFKH)UDXHQP\VWLNGHV0LWWHODOWHUVb}LQ3'LQ]HOEDFKHUHW'%DXHU
«G)UDXHQP\VWLNLP0LWWHODOWHU2VWILOGHUQH«GSb
AUTEUR
)UDQ©RLV%üVSIOXJ
3URIHVVHXUGɛKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV¢OD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHFDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«
0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb3RXUXQHP«PRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQV3DULVDYHF)U'XQDQGHW-3:LOODLPHb$VVLVHGL[DQVDSUªV
GLUDYHF</DEE«b/H&RPSDUDWLVPHHQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF)U
'XQDQGb6ɛLQLWLHUDX[UHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF0DUWLQL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
161
&RQFOXVLRQ
Françoise Dunand et François Bœspug
S
1)DXWLOFRQFOXUHb"3HXWRQFRQFOXUHb"/ɛK«VLWDWLRQHVWSHUPLVHYRLUHUHFRPPDQG«HDX
GHO¢GHWRXWHUK«WRULTXH&DULOHVWDSSDUXFODLUHPHQWDXFRXUVQRV«FKDQJHVTXHOHVFDV
GH ILJXUH HQYLVDJ«V HW OD PDQLªUH P¬PH GH OHV DERUGHU U«Y«ODLHQW GHV GLVSDULW«V
FRQVLG«UDEOHVVHORQTXHOɛDFFHQW«WDLWPLVVXUOHFRQWHQXP¬PHGHODYLVLRQRXVXUOD
IRQFWLRQVRFLDOHYRLUHSROLWLTXHGHFHWWHGHUQLªUHRXHQFRUHVXUOHVYLVLRQQDLUHVHWOD
QDWXUHGHOHXUH[S«ULHQFH(X«JDUG¢ODPSOHXUGXFKDPSFRQVLG«U«OHSU«VHQWUHFXHLO
HVWOLPLW«HWGLYHUVbWRXWHFRQFOXVLRQS«UHPSWRLUHVHUDLWDO«DWRLUH
23RXUWDQWGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHVHVRQWGHVVLQ«HV(WLOVHPEOHELHQTXɛXQDFFRUGVHVRLW
IDLWVXUGHVSRLQWVHVVHQWLHOV
36ɛDJLVVDQW GH WHUPLQRORJLH WRXW GɛDERUG 1RXV QɛDYRQV SDV FUX LQGLVSHQVDEOH GH
GLVWLQJXHUDYHFLQVLVWDQFH OHVXQHV GHVDXWUHVOHV QRWLRQVYRLVLQHV GɛDSSDULWLRQGH
YLVLRQ Gɛ«SLSKDQLH HW GH WK«RSKDQLH /D QRWLRQ GH OD mbYLVLRQ GX GLYLQb} QRXV HVW
DSSDUXHFRPPHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGRQWLOHVWGLIILFLOHGHIDLUHXQFRQFHSWTXLVHSHXW
HPSOR\HUDYHFVRXSOHVVHHWTXHOɛRQJDJQH¢HQWHQGUHDXVHQVODUJHTXɛ$QGU«*UDEDU
GRQQDLW ¢ OɛH[SUHVVLRQ mbWK«RSKDQLHYLVLRQb}b mbOɛDSSDULWLRQ GɛXQH GLYLQLW« SRXU XQ
WHPSVOLPLW«HWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWWUªVEUHI¢XQVHXOILGªOHRX¢XQQRPEUHOLPLW«GH
FUR\DQWV>ɣ@bVL«SK«PªUHTXɛHOOHVRLWHOOHSHUPHWODFRQWHPSODWLRQLPP«GLDWHGX
GLYLQ}ɘODVHXOHU«VHUYH¢«PHWWUHVHUDLWVXUFHWWHTXDOLILFDWLRQGɛmbLPP«GLDWHb}QRXV
\UHYLHQGURQV2QQRWHUDDXSDVVDJHTXHPLVHV¢SDUWODWK«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±GRQW
FHUWDLQVDVSHFWVYLVXHOVHWDFRXVWLTXHVIXUHQWSHU©XVQRXVGLWRQSDUWRXWHOɛDVVHPEO«H
Gɛ,VUDO HW FHUWDLQHV DSSDULWLRQV GX &KULVW DSUªV OD U«VXUUHFWLRQ TXL DXUDLHQW HX
SOXVLHXUVW«PRLQVWRXWHVOHVDXWUHVYLVLRQV«WXGL«HVGDQVOHSU«VHQWUHFXHLOVRQWGHV
YLVLRQVLQGLYLGXHOOHV\FRPSULVFKH]OHVVüXUVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQ¢SURSRVGHVTXHOOHVRQ
SHXWSDUOHUGɛXQFOLPDWGHIHUYHXUFRPPXQDXWDLUHH[WU¬PHPHQWIDYRUDEOHDX[YLVLRQV
4$XWUHWKªPHGHU«IOH[LRQTXLVHG«JDJHGXWUDYDLOHQWUHSULVHWFRQILUPHQRWUHLQWXLWLRQ
GHG«SDUWbODYLVLRQGH'LHXRXGHVGLHX[FɛHVW¢GLUHGXSOXV«PLQHQWGHVREMHWVGH
YLVLRQTXHOɛRQSXLVVHLPDJLQHUHVWDWWHVW«H¢SHXSUªVSDUWRXWGDQVOɛHVSDFHHWGDQVOH
WHPSV ORUV P¬PH TXHOOH IXW U«SXW«H LPSRVVLEOH &HWWH U«IXWDWLRQ IDFWXHOOH GH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
162
mbOɛLPSRVVLEOHHQWK«RULHb}HVWSU«FLV«PHQWFHTXLDUHWHQXGɛHPEO«HQRWUHLQW«U¬WbXQH
FKRVHODWK«RULHGHVYLVLRQVGXGLYLQTXLSU«YDXWFKH]OHVSKLORVRSKHVHWOHVWK«RORJLHQV
XQHDXWUHOHFRUSXVFRQVWLWX«SDUOHVWH[WHVUHODWDQWFHVYLVLRQVbFHOXLFLQɛRE«LWSDVHQ
WRXW¢FHOOHO¢/HSK«QRPªQHUHFRXYUHXQHDWWHQWHFROOHFWLYHRXXQG«VLULQGLYLGXHOTXL
QRXVSDUDLVVHQWHQFRQVWLWXHUODSDUWODPLHX[GRFXPHQW«H(WLOHVWIUDSSDQWSRXUFHX[
TXLVRQWIDPLOLHUVGHODFXOWXUHJUHFTXHGHODWK«RORJLHELEOLTXHRXGHODP\VWLTXH
FKU«WLHQQHP«GL«YDOHGHG«FRXYULUTXHOɛ,QGHDQFLHQQHDFRQQXXQHP¬PHWHQVLRQ
HQWUHG«VLUGHYRLUOHGLYLQmb-HG«VLUH¶VXSU¬PH3XUXVKDWHYRLUGDQVWDIRUPH
GLYLQHbb}HWG«FODUDWLRQGɛLPSRVVLELOLW«mb7XQHSHX[PHYRLUDYHFWHVVHXOV\HX[
GɛKRPPHb}/DYLVLRQGXGLYLQHVWGHFHIDLWXQFKDSLWUHREOLJ«GHOɛKLVWRLUHFRQFUªWH
GHVUHOLJLRQVHWP¬PHGHOɛDQWKURSRORJLHHWGHODVRFLRORJLHUHOLJLHXVHV
5,OVHUDLWWRXWHIRLVKDVDUGHX[GɛDSUªVQRXVGHSRVWXOHUTXHOTXHFKRVHFRPPHXQIRQG
FRPPXQ GH OɛH[S«ULHQFH YLVLRQQDLUH GX GLYLQ XQ GHVLGHULXP QDWXUDOH TXL VHUDLW
DXWRQRPH DX PRLQV SDUWLHOOHPHQW SDU UDSSRUW DX[ PXOWLSOHV G«WHUPLQDWLRQV
SV\FKRORJLTXHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVVRFLDOHV HWFXOWXUHOOHV GDQVOHVTXHOOHV OɛH[S«ULHQFHHQ
TXHVWLRQ D G½ ¢ FKDTXH IRLV VH FRXOHU SRXU DFF«GHU ¢ HOOHP¬PH VH GLUH HW VH
WUDQVPHWWUH/DYDORULVDWLRQVRFLRFXOWXUHOOHGHFHW\SHGɛH[S«ULHQFHYDULHGɛDLOOHXUVGX
WRXWDXWRXW\FRPSULVDXVHLQGɛXQHP¬PHDLUHFXOWXUHOOHHWUHOLJLHXVHbLOHVWGHV
«SRTXHVSOXV GLVSRV«HV TXH GɛDXWUHV ¢ OXL IDLUH VD SODFH HQ OXL DFFRUGDQW GX SUL[
&HUWDLQHVOHVHFRQG0R\HQJHSDUH[HPSOHOɛRQWSRVLWLYHPHQWHQFRXUDJ«HHWRQW
FRQVWLWX«¢FHW«JDUGGHY«ULWDEOHVmbSLFVGHYDORULVDWLRQb}bGɛDXWUHVTXLQHVRQWSDV
WRXWHVSOXVU«FHQWHVRQW«W«WUªVORLQGDQVODVXVSLFLRQYRLUHOHP«SULVDIILFK«¢
Oɛ«JDUGGHWHOOHVH[S«ULHQFHV
61RXVQɛDYRQVSDVFKHUFK«OHVXQVHWOHVDXWUHV¢QRXVSURQRQFHUVXUODU«DOLW«RXQRQ
GH OD YLVLRQ 1RQ TXɛLO IDLOOH GLVTXDOLILHU GɛHQWU«H GH MHX WRXWH UHFKHUFKH VXU
OɛDXWKHQWLFLW«GXU«FLWGHOD YLVLRQFɛHVW¢GLUHVXUOɛKLVWRULFLW« GHVRQOLHQDYHF OH
YLVLRQQDLUHG«VLJQ«SDUFHU«FLWbLOHVWGHVFDVSHUPHWWDQWXQHFULWLTXHLQWHUQHDXSODQ
OLWW«UDLUH GX W«PRLJQDJH YLVLRQQDLUH HW DXWRULVDQW GHV FRQFOXVLRQV TXL VHPEOHQW
ILDEOHV0DLVOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQ«WXGL«VLFLQɛRQWSDV«W«VFUXW«VGDQVFHWWHSHUVSHFWLYH
&RPPHOHOHFWHXUSRXUUDOHFRQVWDWHUOHVGLYHUVHVFRQWULEXWLRQVGHFHYROXPHHQG«SLW
GHODYDUL«W«GHVP«WKRGHVPLVHVHQüXYUHHWGHVS«ULRGHVDERUG«HVDGPHWWHQWVDQV
U«VHUYHTXHOHVYLVLRQVQHQRXVVRQWDFFHVVLEOHVTXɛ¢WUDYHUVXQHPLVHHQPRWVRXXQH
PLVH HQ LPDJH TXL LPSOLTXHQW ¢ FKDTXH IRLV OD GRXEOH P«GLDWLRQ GɛXQ ODQJDJH
SU«H[LVWDQWHWGɛXQH«ODERUDWLRQGHFLUFRQVWDQFH1RXVQRXVVRPPHVGRQFWRXVHIIRUF«V
GɛDSSU«KHQGHUODYLVLRQGH'LHX¢WUDYHUVODJULOOHGXGLVFRXUVRXOHFRGHGHOɛLPDJHHQ
SDUWDQWGXSULQFLSHTXɛLO«WDLWSRVVLEOHGɛDQDO\VHUOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVHWOHVFRQGLWLRQV
GDQVOHVTXHOOHVOHU«FLWRXOɛLPDJHHVWSURGXLWOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVHWOHVFRQGLWLRQVGDQV
OHVTXHOOHV¢XQPRPHQWGRQQ«XQLQGLYLGXGLWFURLWb"DYRLUmbUHQFRQWU«'LHXb}
7(QUHYDQFKHRQQɛDJXªUHSULVHQFRPSWHGDQVFHV«WXGHVɘHWRQSRXUUDOHUHJUHWWHUɘ
OHFRQGLWLRQQHPHQWSV\FKLTXHVXVFHSWLEOHGHIDYRULVHUOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHODYLVLRQbLOHVW
YUDL TXH VɛDJLVVDQW GH VRFL«W«V DQFLHQQHV OHV GRQQ«HV GH FHW RUGUH VRQW
SDUWLFXOLªUHPHQW GLIILFLOHV ¢ DSSU«KHQGHU HW ¢ LQWHUSU«WHU 2Q SHXW HVVD\HU GH
FRPSUHQGUHSRXUTXRLGDQVFHUWDLQVFRQWH[WHVRQDYRXOXmbYRLU'LHXb}ɘHWRQOɛDYRXOX
VLIRUWTXɛRQOɛDYXRXGXPRLQVRQOɛDFUX0DLVGDQVGɛDXWUHVFDVODYLVLRQQRXVHVW
SU«VHQW«H FRPPH VSRQWDQ«H JUDWXLWH «FKDSSDQW FRPSOªWHPHQW ¢ OD YRORQW« GX
E«Q«ILFLDLUHHW¢VRQFRQWU¶OH&RPPHQWDORUVOɛLQWHUSU«WHUVLOɛRQH[FOXWXQHOHFWXUH
SXUHPHQWWK«RORJLTXHb"8QHDSSURFKHUDWLRQQHOOHGXSK«QRPªQHGHODYLVLRQQRXVHVW
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
163
FHSHQGDQWDSSDUXHSRVVLEOHbVDQVFHWWHK\SRWKªVHGHG«SDUWLOQɛ\DXUDLWSDVHXGH
UHFKHUFKH FRPPXQH 0DLV QRXV DYRQV UHIXV« XQH G«PDUFKH UDWLRQDOLVWH DX VHQV
«WURLWHPHQWSRVLWLYLVWHGXWHUPHFRQVLVWDQW¢QHYRLUDSULRULGDQVOɛH[S«ULHQFHGHOD
YLVLRQ TXɛXQ FDV SDWKRORJLTXH XQH SXUH LOOXVLRQ XQ SK«QRPªQH GɛDXWRVXJJHVWLRQ
GɛKDOOXFLQDWLRQRXGɛmbK\VW«ULHb} SRXUSDUOHU FRPPHDXVLªFOH GHUQLHURX ELHQOH
VLPSOHHIIHWGɛXQHmbPDQLSXODWLRQb}ɘHQFRUHTXɛLODSSDUDLVVHFODLUHPHQWTXHGHVYLVLRQV
DLHQWSX¬WUHXWLOLV«HVSRXUGHVHQMHX[GHSRXYRLUDLQVLORUVTXɛLOVɛDJLWGHMXVWLILHUHW
GɛDFFU«GLWHUOHVIRQGDWLRQVPRQDVWLTXHVSDF¶PLHQQHV
8'LYHUVH[SRV«VRQWDERUG«OHWKªPHGHVPRGDOLW«VGHODYLVLRQbFRUSRUHOOHLPDJLQDWLYH
LQWHOOHFWXHOOH&ɛHVWVRXYHQWDYHFOHVmb\HX[GHOɛ¤PHb}TXɛRQGLWDYRLUYX'LHXbRXELHQ
OɛH[S«ULHQFHOLWW«UDOHPHQWLQGLFLEOHHVWFHOOHGɛXQHOXPLªUHLQWHQVHGɛXQIHXTXLEU½OH
GɛXQH SU«VHQFH UHVVHQWLH SOXW¶W TXH FRQVWDW«H TXL WUDQVSRUWH «YHQWXHOOHPHQW OH
YLVLRQQDLUHGDQV XQ «WDWGɛH[WDVH HW QH OXLODLVVH OH VRXYHQLUGɛDXFXQH IRUPH ELHQ
FLUFRQVFULWH0DLVSDUDLOOHXUVODYLVLRQSHXW¬WUHWRXW¢IDLWFKDUQHOOHbFHFRUSVGLYLQ
RQSHXWQRQVHXOHPHQWOHYRLUPDLVOHWRXFKHUWRXFKHUVHVSODLHVUHVSLUHUVRQRGHXUɣ
,FLHQFRUHOHW«PRLJQDJHGRLW¬WUHSULVSRXUFHTXɛLOHVW&HODQHYHXWSDVGLUHTXɛLOIDLOOH
UHQRQFHU¢OHG«FU\SWHUbOɛLPDJLQDLUHGHVKRPPHVHWGHVIHPPHVGɛXQH«SRTXHHVW
PDUTX«SDUGHVFRGHVTXLVRQWFHX[GHOHXUPLOLHXHWGHOHXUWHPSV2QGRLWGRQF
DXWDQW TXH SRVVLEOH VɛHIIRUFHU GH VLWXHU GDQV VRQ FRQWH[WH Oɛ«WDW GɛHVSULW GHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVFHTXLLPSOLTXHODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHOɛDFFXHLOTXLOHXUD«W«IDLWSDUOHV
FRQWHPSRUDLQVGHVDWWHQWHVDX[TXHOOHVOHXUVYLVLRQVSRXYDLHQWU«SRQGUHFRPPHGHV
U«WLFHQFHVTXɛHOOHVSRXYDLHQWVRXOHYHU,OUHVWHTXHOɛLPDJLQDLUHGXYLVLRQQDLUHQHSHXW
TXɛ¬WUHPDUTX«SDUVRQmbY«FXb}SDUOɛH[S«ULHQFHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHHWDIIHFWLYHTXLOXLHVW
SURSUHHWTXLODSOXSDUWGXWHPSVQRXV«FKDSSH
98QH GRQQ«H LPSRUWDQWH VRXVMDFHQWH ¢ WRXV OHV WH[WHV «WXGL«V HVW FHOOH GX JHQUH
OLWW«UDLUHDXTXHODSSDUWLHQWOHU«FLWGHYLVLRQHWGHODWHUPLQRORJLHTXLOXLHVWSURSUH,O
QHQRXVVHPEOHSDVTXHFHW\SHGHU«FLWTXLHVWLQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQWPDUTX«SDUOɛREMHW
P¬PHGHODYLVLRQ'LHXOHGLYLQFRQVWLWXHSRXUDXWDQWXQJHQUHOLWW«UDLUHVS«FLILTXH
&HUWHVLOOXLDUULYHVRXYHQWGHVHFRQIRUPHU¢GHVVFK«PDVSU««WDEOLVbGHX[GHVU«FLWV
GHYLVLRQWULQLWDLUHGHVPRQLDOHVGɛ8QWHUOLQGHQXWLOLVHQWGHVWKªPHVHWXQYRFDEXODLUH
TXDVLPHQWLGHQWLTXHVWUªVWULEXWDLUHVGXU«FLWGXmbUDSWb}YLVLRQQDLUHGHVDLQW3DXO
UDSSRUW« GDQV OD 6HFRQGH S°WUH DX[ &RULQWKLHQV 2Q SHXW GDQV FHUWDLQV FDV
UHFRQVWLWXHUODILOLDWLRQOLWW«UDLUHGHWHORXWHOU«FLWGHYLVLRQbPDLVVRQLQWHUSU«WDWLRQ
G«SHQGQ«FHVVDLUHPHQWGHODQDWXUHHWGHVREMHFWLIVGXWH[WHGDQVOHTXHOLOHVWLQV«U«
$LQVLOɛDSSDULWLRQGɛXQGLHXJUHFSHXW¬WUHUHODW«HGDQVXQGRFXPHQWIDLVDQWSDUWLHGHV
DUFKLYHVGɛXQVDQFWXDLUHFRPPHOHVLQVFULSWLRQVGHOɛ$VNOHSLHLRQGɛSLGDXUHHWGDQVFH
FDVRQSRXUUDOXLDWWULEXHUVDQVWURSGHULVTXHGɛHUUHXUXQHLQWHQWLRQ«GLILDQWHYRLUH
SURSDJDQGLVWH0DLVOHU«FLWSHXWILJXUHUGDQVXQWH[WHGHFDUDFWªUHKLVWRULTXHFKH]
+«URGRWHSDUH[HPSOHHWGªVORUVRQVɛLQWHUURJHUDVXUVDFDSDFLW«GɛH[SULPHUXQH
FUR\DQFHFRPPXQHXQHH[S«ULHQFHSDUWDJ«HSDUOɛDXWHXUHWVHVOHFWHXUVDXGLWHXUV
(QILQOHU«FLWGHYLVLRQSHXWWURXYHUSODFHGDQVXQHWUDJ«GLHRXGDQVXQURPDQbLOHVW
FODLUTXHGDQVFHFDVLO LQWHUYLHQWFRPPHXQUHVVRUWGUDPDWLTXHRX URPDQHVTXH
SHUPHWWDQWGHIDLUHDYDQFHURXGHG«QRXHUXQHDFWLRQbPDLVFHODQHYHXWSDVGLUHSRXU
DXWDQWTXɛLOQɛDSDVSRXUVRQSXEOLFXQHVLJQLILFDWLRQDXWKHQWLTXHPHQWUHOLJLHXVH&HOD
GLWLOQɛ\DVDQVGRXWHSDVOLHXGɛRS«UHUXQVWULFWSDUWDJHHQWUHOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQ
mbOLWW«UDLUHVb}HWFHX[TXHOɛRQSHXWFRQVLG«UHUFRPPHGHVmbGRFXPHQWVb}/HVWH[WHV
OLWW«UDLUHVGRLYHQWELHQWHQLUFRPSWHGHODGHPDQGHHWGXVDYRLUGɛXQSXEOLFGRQF
UHQYR\HU¢XQW\SHGɛH[S«ULHQFHFRQQX(WOHVWH[WHVTXLUHODWHQWXQHH[S«ULHQFHY«FXH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
164
QHVRQWMDPDLVOHUHIOHWGLUHFWGHFHWWHH[S«ULHQFHbLOVVHFRQIRUPHQW¢GHVFRGHVTXLOHV
UHQGHQWLQWHOOLJLEOHV
10 1RXVDYRQVFKRLVLGHFRQIURQWHUGHVH[HPSOHVGHYLVLRQHQPLOLHXmbSD±HQb}HWHQPLOLHX
FKU«WLHQ RX MXG«RFKU«WLHQb RU FHWWH FRQIURQWDWLRQ D IDLW DSSDUD°WUH ¢ OD IRLV GHV
GLYHUJHQFHVHWGHVVLPLOLWXGHV'HVSDUDOOªOHV H[LVWHQWbOHVmbYLVLRQVDXGLWLYHVb}OHV
WK«RSKDQLHVH[SULP«HVSDUOHERXOHYHUVHPHQWGHV«O«PHQWVOXPLªUHLQWHQVHVROTXL
WUHPEOHRUDJHɣELHQDWWHVW«HVHQPLOLHXmbSD±HQb}RQWGHQRPEUHX[SDUDOOªOHVHQ
PLOLHXMXG«RFKU«WLHQ'HP¬PHOɛRQUHWURXYHLFLHWO¢PXWDWLVPXWDQGLVMXVTXɛHQSOHLQ
0R\HQJHFKU«WLHQOHWKªPHGHVVWDWXHVmbDQLP«HVb}DJLVVDQWHVSDUODQWHV¢WUDYHUV
OHVTXHOOHVODSXLVVDQFHGLYLQHHVWVXVFHSWLEOHGHVHPDQLIHVWHU0DLVRQQRWHUDTXH
Oɛ«YRFDWLRQ GHV DSSDULWLRQV GLYLQHV GDQV OHV WH[WHV JUHFV RX «J\SWLHQV HVW
J«Q«UDOHPHQWEHDXFRXSPRLQVG«WDLOO«HEHDXFRXSPRLQVH[SOLFLWHTXHGDQVOHVWH[WHV
FKU«WLHQV P«GL«YDX[ HQ SDUWLFXOLHU &HWWH «FRQRPLH GDQV Oɛ«YRFDWLRQ SRXUUDLW
VɛH[SOLTXHUSDUOɛRPQLSU«VHQFHGHVLPDJHVGLYLQHVGDQVOHG«FRUTXRWLGLHQbWRXWOH
PRQGHVDLWFHTXɛHVWOHGLHXQXOEHVRLQGHOHG«FULUHɣ0DLVFHQɛHVWSDVVLV½UHW+
9HUVQHODHXFHUWDLQHPHQWUDLVRQGHVɛLQWHUURJHUbmb4XHYR\DLWXQKRPPHGɛXQHVRFL«W«
DQFLHQQHTXDQGLOYR\DLWXQGLHXb"b}'DQVOHVVRFL«W«VDQFLHQQHVQRQFKU«WLHQQHVRQ
SHXWmbYRLUb}OHVGLHX[ɘHWGRQFOHVUHSU«VHQWHUɘSDUFHTXɛLOVSHXYHQWmbVɛLQFDUQHUb}
GDQVGHVIRUPHVGLYHUVHVbPDLVRQGLUDGɛXQGLHXJUHFTXɛLOHVWDSSDUXmbVRXVVDSURSUH
IRUPHb}RXELHQmbVRXVIRUPHKXPDLQHb}bTXɛHVWFHDORUVTXLSHUPHWGHOɛLGHQWLILHU
FRPPHGLHXb"2QFRQQD°WOɛKLVWRLUHGHODIOHXULVWHTXH3LVLVWUDWHDXUDLWG«JXLV«HHQ
$WK«QD HW SODF«H DXSUªV GH OXL VXU XQ FKDU SRXU IDLUH VRQ HQWU«H GDQV $WKªQHV
HQbb+«URGRWHTXLUDFRQWHFHWWHKLVWRLUHVɛLQGLJQHTXHOHV$WK«QLHQVDLHQWSX
SUHQGUH FHWWH IHPPH SRXU OD G«HVVHb RU LO «FULW XQH FHQWDLQH GɛDQQ«HV DSUªV
Oɛ«Y«QHPHQWb\DWLOHXXQVLJUDQGFKDQJHPHQWGDQVOHVHVSULWVb"
11 /HV U«FLWV DQWLTXHV QRQ FKU«WLHQV IRQW VRXYHQW «WDW GH YLVLRQV HQ VRQJH TXɛLOV
GLVWLQJXHQWGHODYLVLRQmbHQSOHLQMRXUb}RXGXPRLQVmb¢Oɛ«WDWGHYHLOOHb}0DLVLOQɛ\D
SHXW¬WUHSDVXQHGLII«UHQFHIRQGDPHQWDOHHQWUHFHVGHX[W\SHVGHYLVLRQbGDQVOHU¬YH
OH'LHXYLHQWHVWGLWYHQLUU«HOOHPHQWDXSUªVGXGRUPHXUbSDUIRLVP¬PHQRXVGLWRQ
LOODLVVHXQHWUDFHGHVRQSDVVDJHb%HOO«URSKRQ¢TXL$WK«QDHVWDSSDUXHHQVRQJH
WURXYHSUªV GH OXLDX U«YHLO OH PRUVTXHOOH OXL D GRQQ«SRXU GRPSWHU 3«JDVHb OH
GRUPHXUTXLDYX6DUDSLVOXLDSSDUD°WUHHQVRQJHWURXYHOHPDWLQXQHOHWWUHTXHOHGLHX
DODLVV«HVRXVVRQRUHLOOHUbOHPDODGHTXL¢SLGDXUH DYX$VNO«SLRVSHQGDQWVRQ
VRPPHLOFRQVWDWHOHPDWLQDXU«YHLOOHVWUDFHVGXSDVVDJHGXGLHXTXLOɛDJX«UL
12 5HVWHXQHTXHVWLRQFHQWUDOHbmbYRLU'LHXb}HVWFHFRQVLG«U«FRPPHQRUPDOHQPLOLHX
mbSD±HQb}RXELHQHVWFHTXHOTXHFKRVHGɛH[FHSWLRQQHOGHOɛRUGUHGXPLUDFOHb"3RXUOHV
*UHFVHWOHV5RPDLQVFRPPHSRXUOHV(J\SWLHQVOHVGLHX[DSSDUWLHQQHQW¢ODIRLVDX
PRQGHGHOɛLPPDQHQFHHW¢FHOXLGHODWUDQVFHQGDQFH,OVVRQWVRXYHQWFHQV«VVɛ¬WUH
«ORLJQ«VGHVKRPPHVDSUªVXQHSKDVHGHFRKDELWDWLRQbFɛHVWFHTXɛH[SULPHOHP\WKH
K«VLRGLTXHGHVUDFHVDXVVLELHQTXHOHP\WKH«J\SWLHQGHODU«YROWHGHVKRPPHV0DLV
FHVGLHX[GHPHXUHQWSU«VHQWVDXPRQGHVXVFHSWLEOHV¢FKDTXHLQVWDQWGɛLQWHUYHQLU
FRQFUªWHPHQW SRXU RULHQWHU OHV DFWLYLW«V GHV KRPPHV LQIO«FKLU OHXU GHVWLQ«H (Q
J\SWHOHGLHXKDELWHVDVWDWXHFXOWXHOOHGDQVOHVDLQWGHVVDLQWVGXWHPSOHbOHWHPSOH
JUHFOXLDXVVLFRQVWLWXHOɛKDELWDWLRQWHUUHVWUHGXGLHX2QSRXUUDLWDGPHWWUHTXHGDQV
GHVV\VWªPHVGHFHW\SHLOYDGHVRLTXHOHVGLHX[VHUHQGHQWYLVLEOHV¢WRXV2ULOQH
VHPEOHSDVTXHFHVRLWOHFDV'DQVOɛJ\SWHDQFLHQQHODUHQFRQWUHDYHFXQGLHXHVW
TXHOTXHFKRVHGɛH[FHSWLRQQHOHWJ«Q«UDOHPHQWVHXOOHURLHQE«Q«ILFLHbGDQVOHFXOWHGX
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
165
WHPSOHVHXOOHSU¬WUHSULQFLSDOHVWDGPLV¢mbYRLUOHGLHXIDFH¢IDFHb}FɛHVW¢GLUHHQ
OɛRFFXUUHQFHHQVDVWDWXH(Q*UªFHGHWHOOHVUHQFRQWUHVVHSURGXLVHQWHWVHPEOHQW
SDUIRLVEDQDOLV«HVb FɛHVW DSSDUHPPHQW VDQV«WRQQHPHQW TXH 3KLOLSSLGªV DX[GLUHV
Gɛ+«URGRWHUHQFRQWUH3DQVXUOHFKHPLQGH 0DUDWKRQɣ3RXUWDQWOHSOXVVRXYHQW
OɛKRPPHTXLFRPSUHQGTXɛLOHVWHQIDFHGɛXQGLHXDWHUULEOHPHQWSHXUbmbLOHVWGLIILFLOH
GHVRXWHQLUODYXHGHVGLHX[HQSOHLQHOXPLªUHb},OLDGH;;2QQHVɛ«WRQQHUDSDV
TXHGDQVGHVV\VWªPHVUHOLJLHX[FRPPHOHMXGD±VPHHWOHFKULVWLDQLVPHTXLPHWWHQW
EHDXFRXSSOXVIRUWHPHQWOɛDFFHQWVXUODWUDQVFHQGDQFHGLYLQHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQYLVLEOH
GH'LHXVRLWXQSK«QRPªQHH[FHSWLRQQHOIDFHDXTXHOODU«DFWLRQKXPDLQHQHSHXW¬WUH
DX PRLQV GDQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV TXH OD SHXUb PDOKHXU ¢ PRL G«FODUHQW
LQYDULDEOHPHQWFHX[TXLHQVRQWOHVW«PRLQVSHUVXDG«VTXHQXOQHSHXWYRLU'LHXHW
UHVWHUHQYLHYRLU([HW
13 0DLV OD SHXU QɛH[FOXW VDQV GRXWH SDV OH G«VLU (OOH HQ VHUDLW SOXW¶W SDUIRLV WUªV
FODLUHPHQWODVLJQDWXUH0DLVSDVWRXMRXUV/HVGLYHUVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQHWGɛDSSDULWLRQ
DQDO\V«V GDQV FH YROXPH SHXYHQW VH FODVVHU GɛXQ SRLQW GH YXH REMHFWLI RX
SK«QRP«QRORJLTXH VXU XQ P¬PH D[H HQWUH FHV GHX[ ERUQHV TXH VRQW OD YLVLRQ
VSRQWDQ«H TXL FU«H OD VXUSULVH HW OD YLVLRQ UHFKHUFK«H RX SURYRTX«H TXL SHXW
«JDOHPHQWVXUSUHQGUHTXDQGHOOHVXUYLHQWɣ/ɛDQDO\VHGHVU«FLWVGHVDSSDULWLRQVGX
&KULVWDSUªVODU«VXUUHFWLRQSDUH[HPSOHDIDLWUHVVRUWLUOHXUFDUDFWªUHVSRQWDQ«bLOQɛ\
DSDV¢SURSUHPHQWSDUOHUGɛDWWHQWHQLGHG«VLUG«FODU«FKH]OHVGLVFLSOHVGHYRLUOH
&KULVWSXLVTXɛLOVOHFURLHQWPRUWbFHOXLTXLOHXUDSSDUD°WGXPRLQVHVWFHFHTXLUHVVRUW
GHVWH[WHVHVWGRQFXQ'LHXTXLmbVHGRQQH¢YRLUb}¢OɛLPSURYLVWHSRXUUDLWRQGLUH¢
TXL LO YHXW FRPPH HW TXDQG LO YHXW FH TXL VXVFLWH FKH] OHV mbE«Q«ILFLDLUHVb} GHV
U«DFWLRQVDOODQWGHODVXUSULVH¢OɛLQFU«GXOLW«HW¢OɛLQFRPSU«KHQVLRQ(QUHYDQFKHOHV
YLVLRQQDLUHVP«GL«YDOHVRQWFHUWDLQHPHQWG«VLU«HWUHFKHUFK«ODYLVLRQ3RXUOHGLUHHQ
GɛDXWUHVPRWVPDLVGɛXQSRLQWGHYXHVXEMHFWLIFHWWHIRLVOHVU«FLWVGHYLVLRQVHQPLOLHX
FKU«WLHQ RVFLOOHQW MXVWHPHQW HQWUH XQ S¶OH SOXV DFWLI OD YLVLRQ FRPPH SULYLOªJH ¢
REWHQLU ¢ FRQTX«ULU RX ¢ P«ULWHU HW XQ S¶OH SOXV SDVVLI OD YLVLRQ FRPPH JU¤FH
LPSU«YLVLEOHHWLPP«ULW«HTXHOɛRQVHJDUGHELHQGHGHPDQGHURVFLOODWLRQTXɛ«FODLUHD
FRQWUDULRODFRQFHSWLRQGX\RJDTXLHQIDLWXQHY«ULWDEOHmbWHFKQRORJLHGHODYLVLRQb}
FHOOHFL«WDQWUHFKHUFK«H SRXUHOOHP¬PH ODERULHXVHPHQWHW VFLHPPHQWFRQVWUXLWH
WDQGLV TXH OD 7K«RSKDQLH GX 6LQD± RX OHV DSSDULWLRQV GX &KULVW VXUYLHQQHQW HW
VXUSUHQQHQWG«URXWDQWHWPDOPHQDQWOHVGHVWLQDWDLUHVDXSRLQWTXHOɛRQHVWFRQGXLW¢
SDUOHUGɛXQHIRUPHVS«FLILTXHOHSDVVLYXPGLYLQXPSRXUG«VLJQHUOHVH[SUHVVLRQVSDU
OHVTXHOOHVRQUDSSRUWHTXHmb'LHXD«W«YXb}/HVYLVLRQVGHV3ªUHVGXG«VHUWFHOOHVGX
'LDORJXHGH&«VDLUHGH+HLVWHUEDFKRFFXSHQWDXIRQGXQHSRVLWLRQP«GLDQHHQWUHFHV
GHX[S¶OHVRSSRV«VGXWRXWYRORQWDLUHHWGXWRXWLQYRORQWDLUH
14 &HWWH SRODULW« H[LVWH G«M¢ HQ PLOLHX mbSD±HQb} FH TXL MXVWLILH ¢ QRV \HX[ OH
UDSSURFKHPHQWIDLWHQWUHOHVGHX[XQLYHUV/HmbSU¬WUHGHV*UHFVb}TXLVɛ«WRQQHTXHWDQW
GHVDFULILFHV FRQVHQWLV SDU OHV mbIRXVGH 'LHXb} QH OHXUREWLHQQHQW SDV GHV YLVLRQV
W«PRLJQH ¢ VD ID©RQ GɛXQH FRQFHSWLRQ VHORQ ODTXHOOH OHV YLVLRQV GHYUDLHQW DGYHQLU
FRPPHOHMXVWHVDODLUHGHOɛHIIRUWDVF«WLTXHDORUVTXHGɛDXWUHVGLVFRXUVOHVSU«VHQWHQW
FRPPHXQGRQLPSU«YLVLEOHDXTXHOLOVHUDLWSU«VRPSWXHX[YRLUHIUDQFKHPHQWFRXSDEOH
GɛDVSLUHU /ɛDSSDULWLRQ HQ PLOLHX mbSD±HQb} HVW VRXYHQW VSRQWDQ«H LPSU«YXH
WURXEODQWHbHOOHQɛHQHVWSDVPRLQVGHPDQG«HSDUOHVILGªOHVFRPPHXQHJU¤FH9HUVOD
ILQGX,HUbPLOO«QDLUHD&SXLVGDQVOHVSUHPLHUVVLªFOHVGHQRWUHªUHOHG«VLUGHmbYRLU
'LHXb}VɛH[SULPHSOXVIRUWHPHQWTXHSDUOHSDVV«GDQVOHVPLOLHX[mbSD±HQVb}bOHVU«FLWV
GH YLVLRQ GHYLHQQHQW SOXV QRPEUHX[ SHXW¬WUH HQ OLDLVRQ VXUWRXW DYHF XQH
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
166
IU«TXHQWDWLRQDFFUXHGHVVDQFWXDLUHVJX«ULVVHXUV/HWHUPHHSLSKDQHLDDXVHQVR»LO
G«VLJQHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQYLVLEOHGɛXQGLHXDSSDUD°WGDQVOHVLQVFULSWLRQVJUHFTXHV¢
Oɛ«SRTXHKHOO«QLVWLTXHbFKH]OHVDXWHXUV¢SDUWLUGX,HUbVLªFOHD&)DXWLODGPHWWUHTXHVH
G«YHORSSHDORUVFKH]OHVILGªOHVXQEHVRLQGHSUR[LPLW«SOXVJUDQGHDYHFOHXUGLHXOH
G«VLUGHVHVHQWLUOɛREMHWGɛXQH«OHFWLRQb"
15 /DTXHVWLRQGHOɛLUUXSWLRQGHODQRXYHDXW«HQILQHWFHOOHFRUU«ODWLYHGHODUHSULVHGHV
PRGªOHVRQW«W«FURLV«HV¢SOXVLHXUVUHSULVHV/D7K«RSKDQLHGX6LQD±HVWLQLPLWDEOHb
OɛH[S«ULHQFH GH 0R±VH DX VRPPHW HW GX SHXSOH DX SLHG GX 6LQD± QɛD JXªUH
GɛDQW«F«GHQWbPDLVVXUWRXWODU«FHSWLRQGHOD/RLSODFH0R±VHG«ILQLWLYHPHQWDXGHO¢
GHWRXWHLPLWDWLRQSHQVDEOHP¬PHVLODU«IOH[LRQGɛXQ*U«JRLUHGH1\VVHUHYLHQGUDVXU
VDILJXUHSRXUHQIDLUHOɛDUFK«W\SHGXYLVLRQQDLUHDXPRLQV¢FHUWDLQV«JDUGVbGH
P¬PH OHV DSSDULWLRQV GX &KULVW DSUªV OD U«VXUUHFWLRQ QɛRQW HX TXɛXQ WHPSV HOOHV
VɛDFKªYHQWHWQHVHUHSURGXLURQWSDVGHODP¬PHID©RQ,OQɛHQYDSDVGHP¬PHGX
UDYLVVHPHQW GH 3DXO GHV YLVLRQV GHV 3ªUHV GX G«VHUW RX GH FHOOHV GHV PRQLDOHV
Gɛ8QWHUOLQGHQTXLRQW«W«SRXUDLQVLGLUHmbPRGHO«Vb}SDUGɛDXWUHVYLVLRQVHWSRXUURQW
¢OHXUWRXUFRQVWLWXHUGHVPRGªOHVSRXUEHDXFRXSGɛDXWUHVFKHUFKHXUVGH'LHXDSUªV
HX[
16 2Q OH YRLW OH SU«VHQW YROXPH QH VH FRQWHQWH SDV GH U«FDSLWXOHU XQH UHFKHUFKH
FROOHFWLYHLOSRLQWHDXVVLYHUVGɛDXWUHVW¤FKHV¢DFFRPSOLU/ɛXQHGɛHQWUHHOOHVDXVVL
DUGXH TXH VWLPXODQWH FRQVLVWHUDLW ¢ HQYLVDJHU G«VRUPDLV GH IDLUH XQH Y«ULWDEOH
mbKLVWRLUH GH OD YLVLRQ GX GLYLQb} HQ WDQW TXHOOH FRQVWLWXH XQ U«Y«ODWHXU GH OD
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHVDWWLWXGHVPHQWDOHVHWGHODUHODWLRQHQWUHOHVILGªOHVHWOHXUGLHX
(VWLOSHUWLQHQWGHGLVWLQJXHUGHVmb«SRTXHVSULYLO«JL«HVb}GHODYLVLRQb"'DQVTXHOOH
PHVXUHFHOOHVFLFR±QFLGHQWHOOHVDYHFOHVPRPHQWVIRUWVGɛXQHKLVWRLUHGHOɛLPDJLQDLUH
HWGHVDXWUHVSK«QRPªQHVmbP\VWLTXHVb}FRPPHODSRVVHVVLRQHWOɛH[WDVHb"/ɛKLVWRLUH
VRFLDOHGXVXUQDWXUHOUHVWH¢«FULUH
NOTES DE BAS DE PAGE
1. $*UDEDU0DUW\ULXP5HFKHUFKHVVXUOHFXOWHGHVUHOLTXHVHWOɛDUWFKU«WLHQDQWLTXH3DULVWb
Sb
2. 9RLUSDUH[HPSOHOHWUDYDLOGH-$PDWmb/ɛDXWKHQWLFLW«GHVVRQJHVGHOD3DVVLRQGH3HUS«WXHHW
)«OLFLW«b}GDQV6RJQLYLVLRQLHSURHIH]LHQHOOɛDQWLFRFULVWLDQHVLPR $XJXVWLQLDQXP
Sb2QWURXYHUDGDQVOHP¬PHYROXPHGɛLQW«UHVVDQWHVFRQVLG«UDWLRQVVXUOHSUREOªPHGH
OɛDXWKHQWLFLW« GHV YLVLRQV VRXV OD SOXPH GH 3 0DUDYDO mb6RQJHV HW YLVLRQV FRPPH PRGH
GɛLQYHQWLRQGHVUHOLTXHVb}SbVSSb
3. 3RXUXQHDSSURFKHGHFHW\SHPDLVVXUXQWHUUDLQTXLQɛHVWSDVFHOXLGHOɛKLVWRLUHSURSUHPHQW
GLWHYRLU$9HUJRWHmb9LVLRQVHWDSSDULWLRQV$SSURFKHSV\FKRORJLTXHb}5HYXH7K«RORJLTXHGH
/RXYDLQSb
4. 9RLU¢FHVXMHWOHWH[WH«FODLUDQWGH-&O6FKPLWWmb5LWXHOVGHOɛLPDJHHWU«FLWVGHYLVLRQb}
7HVWRHLPPDJLQHGHOOɛDOWRPHGLRHYR6SROªWHSb
5. +69HUVQHOmb:KDWGLGDQFLHQWPDQVHHZKHQKHVDZDJRGb"6RPHUHIOH[LRQVRQJUHFR
URPDQHSLSKDQ\b}GDQV(IILJLHV'HL«G'9DQGHU3ODV/H\GHSb
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
167
AUTEURS
)UDQ©RLVH'XQDQG
3URIHVVHXU¢Oɛ8)5GHV6FLHQFHV+LVWRULTXHVHWGLUHFWHXUGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGɛ+LVWRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJHVWVS«FLDOLVWHGHOɛJ\SWHWDUGLYH
3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWHDYHF&=LYLH&RFKHb
/HVPRPLHVHWODPRUWHQJ\SWHDYHF5/LFKWHQEHUJb,VLV0ªUHGHVGLHX[3DULV
GLWLRQV(UUDQFH
)UDQ©RLV%üVSIOXJ
3URIHVVHXUGɛKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV¢OD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHFDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«
0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb3RXUXQHP«PRLUHGHV
UHOLJLRQV3DULVDYHF)U'XQDQGHW-3:LOODLPHb$VVLVHGL[DQVDSUªV
GLUDYHF</DEE«b/H&RPSDUDWLVPHHQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF)U
'XQDQGb6ɛLQLWLHUDX[UHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF0DUWLQL
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
168
/HVDXWHXUV
S
16\OYLH%$51$<HVWPD°WUHGHFRQI«UHQFHV¢OɛXQLYHUVLW«GH0HW]HWHQVHLJQH¢Oɛ,QVWLWXW
FDWKROLTXHGH3DULV(OOHDIDLWVDWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWHQKLVWRLUHVXUmb/HVDSSDULWLRQVGH
OD9LHUJHHWOHVHQVGXODQJDJHYLVLRQQDLUHDX0R\HQ$JHb}3DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQV/HV
$SSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJH3DULV/H&LHOVXUODWHUUH/HVDSSDULWLRQVGHOD9LHUJHDX
0R\HQ$JHHW/D9LHUJHIHPPHDXYLVDJHGLYLQ
2)UDQ©RLV %û63)/8* HVW SURIHVVHXU GɛKLVWRLUH GHV UHOLJLRQV ¢ OD )DFXOW« GH WK«RORJLH
FDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb
3RXUXQHP«PRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV3DULVDYHF)U'XQDQGHW-3:LOODLPHb$VVLVHGL[
DQVDSUªVGLUDYHF</DEE«b/H&RPSDUDWLVPHHQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQV
GLUDYHF)U'XQDQGb6ɛLQLWLHUDX[UHOLJLRQVGLUDYHF0DUWLQL
30LFKHO '(1(.(1 HVWPD°WUH GH FRQI«UHQFHVHQ WK«RORJLHGRJPDWLTXH HWGR\HQ GH OD
)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHFDWKROLTXHGHOɛXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJ3DUPLVHV
GHUQLªUHV SXEOLFDWLRQV VD WKªVH GɛKDELOLWDWLRQb /D )RL SDVFDOH 5HQGUH FRPSWH GH OD
U«VXUUHFWLRQGH-«VXVDXMRXUGɛKXL3DULV
4)UDQ©RLVH'81$1'SURIHVVHXU¢Oɛ8)5GHV6FLHQFHV+LVWRULTXHVHWGLUHFWHXUGHOɛ,QVWLWXW
Gɛ+LVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVGHOɛ8QLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKGH6WUDVERXUJHVWVS«FLDOLVWHGH
OɛJ\SWHWDUGLYH3DUPLVHVGHUQLªUHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb'LHX[HWKRPPHVHQJ\SWHDYHF
&=LYLH&RFKHb/HVPRPLHVHWODPRUWHQJ\SWHDYHF5/LFKWHQEHUJb,VLV0ªUHGHV
GLHX[3DULVGLWLRQV(UUDQFH
59«URQLTXH *(50$1,(5 KLVWRULHQQH GH OɛDUW XQLYHUVLW« GH *HQªYH HVW OɛDXWHXU GH
SOXVLHXUVSXEOLFDWLRQVVXUGHVPDQXVFULWVHQOXPLQ«VGX;,,,HDX ;9HbVLªFOHHWDFKªYH
XQHWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWVXUmb/ɛLPDJHGHWRXVOHVVDLQWVGDQVOɛDUWP«GL«YDOb}VRXVOD
GLUHFWLRQGH-HDQ:LUWK
6*RXOYHQ0$'(&PHPEUHGHOɛ,QVWLWXWGHV«WXGHVDXJXVWLQLHQQHVSURIHVVHXU¢OD)DFXOW«
GHSKLORVRSKLHGHOɛ,QVWLWXWFDWKROLTXHGH3DULVHVWGLUHFWHXUGHUHFKHUFKHDX&156
3DUPLVHVRXYUDJHVU«FHQWV/H'LHXG$XJXVWLQ3DULV&HUI
73DVFDOLQH 0$1*,1 «WXGLDQWH ¢ OɛXQLYHUVLW« 0DUF %ORFK D VRXWHQX XQ P«PRLUH GH
PD°WULVHHQKLVWRLUHVXUODYLUJLQLW«GDQVOHVURPDQVJUHFVHWSU«SDUHXQDXWUHP«PRLUH
HQOHWWUHVFODVVLTXHV
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
169
86\OYDLQ0$=$56WLWXODLUHGɛXQ'($HQKLVWRLUHGHVUHOLJLRQVXQLYHUVLW«0DUF%ORFKVXU
Oɛ«WKLTXHP«GLFDOHGXERXGGKLVPHDHQWUHSULVXQHWKªVHGHGRFWRUDWVXUFHVXMHW
90DGHOHLQH6&23(//2FKHUFKHXUDX&1563DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb/ɛH[«JªVHGHOɛ¤PH1DJ
+DPDGL,,/H\GHb/HV*QRVWLTXHV3DULVHWGHQRPEUHXVHVFRQWULEXWLRQV
VFLHQWLILTXHVGDQVOHVGRPDLQHVGHODJQRVHHWGXPDQLFK«LVPH
10 $QGU«:1,1SURIHVVHXUGɛH[«JªVHGHOɛ$QFLHQ7HVWDPHQW¢OD)DFXOW«GHWK«RORJLHGH
OɛXQLYHUVLW«FDWKROLTXHGH/RXYDLQOD1HXYH3DUPLVHVSXEOLFDWLRQVb/ɛKRPPHELEOLTXH
$QWKURSRORJLHHW«WKLTXHGDQVOH3UHPLHU7HVWDPHQW3DULVb3DVVHXOHPHQWGHSDLQ
9LROHQFHHWDOOLDQFHGDQVOD%LEOHb,VDDFRXOɛ«SUHXYHGɛ$EUDKDP$SSURFKHQDUUDWLYHGH
*HQªVH%UX[HOOHVb6WXGLHVLQWKH%RRNRI*HQHVLV5HGDFWLRQDQG+LVWRU\/HXYHQ
Voir les Dieux, voir Dieu
170
