Appendix 1: Statistical Appendix for Chapter 2 of World Happiness Report 2024 PDF Free Download
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March 12, 2024
1 Data Sources and Variable Definitions
Happiness score or subjective well-being (variable name ladder): The survey
measure of SWB is from the February 15, 2024 release of the Gallup World
Poll (GWP) covering years from 2005/06 to 2023. Unless stated otherwise, it is
the national average response to the question of life evaluations. The English
wording of the question is “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from
0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents the best
possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible
life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you
stand at this time?” This measure is also referred to as Cantril life ladder, or
just life ladder in our analysis.
The statistics of GDP per capita (variable name gdp) in purchasing power parity
(PPP) at constant 2017 international dollar prices are from World Development
Indicators (WDI, version 23, Metadata last updated on - Sep 27, 2023). The
GDP figures for Taiwan, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Venezuela, Djibouti and
Yemen are from the Penn World Table 10.01.
–GDP per capita in 2023 are not yet available as of October 2023. We
extend the GDP-per-capita time series from 2022 to 2023 using country-
specific forecasts of real GDP growth in 2023 first from the Economic
Outlook No 113 (June 2023) and then, if missing, forecasts from World
Bank’s Global Economic Prospects (Last Updated: 06/06/2023). The
GDP growth forecasts are adjusted for population growth with the sub-
traction of 2021-22 population growth as the projected 2022-23 growth.
A few countries/territories have their GDP figures from the Penn World
Table that ends in 2019. We derive their 2021-2023 GDP values based on
the 2019 values and the projected growth rates if they are available.
Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE). Healthy life expectancies at birth are based
on the data extracted from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global
Health Observatory data repository (Last updated: 2020-12-04). The data at
1
the source are available for the years 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2019. To match this
report’s sample period, interpolation and extrapolation are used.
Social support (or having someone to count on in times of trouble) is the national
average of the binary responses (either 0 or 1) to the GWP question “If you
were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you
whenever you need them, or not?”
Freedom to make life choices is the national average of responses to the GWP
question “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what
you do with your life?”
Generosity is the residual of regressing national average of response to the GWP
question “Have you donated money to a charity in the past month?” on GDP
per capita.
Corruption Perception: The measure is the national average of the survey re-
sponses to two questions in the GWP: “Is corruption widespread throughout
the government or not” and “Is corruption widespread within businesses or
not?” The overall perception is just the average of the two 0-or-1 responses. In
case the perception of government corruption is missing, we use the perception
of business corruption as the overall perception. The corruption perception at
the national level is just the average response of the overall perception at the
individual level.
Positive affect is defined as the average of three positive affect measures in GWP:
laugh, enjoyment and doing interesting things in the Gallup World Poll. These
measures are the responses to the following three questions, respectively: “Did
you smile or laugh a lot yesterday?”, and “Did you experience the following
feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Enjoyment?”,
“Did you learn or do something interesting yesterday?”
Negative affect is defined as the average of three negative affect measures in
GWP. They are worry, sadness and anger, respectively the responses to “Did
you experience the following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday?
How about Worry?”, “Did you experience the following feelings during A LOT
OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Sadness?”, and “Did you experience the
following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Anger?”
Institutional trust: The first principal component of the following five measures:
confidence in the national government, confidence in the judicial system and
courts, confidence in the honesty of elections, confidence in the local police force,
and perceived corruption in business. This principal component is then used to
create a binary measure of high institutional trust using the 75th percentile in
the global distribution as the cutoff point; this way a country whose population
tends to have a low level of institutional trust in the global distribution will
have a low average institutional trust at the national level. This measure is
2
not available for all countries since not all surveys in all countries ask all of the
questions that are used to derive the principal component.
2 Coverage, Summary Statistics and Regression
Tables
WP5 is GWP’s coding of countries including some sub-country territories such as
Hong Kong. Not all the countries and territories appear in all the years. Our analysis
does not cover all of the country/territories that have valid happiness scores.
To appear in regression analysis that uses data from outside the GWP survey,
a wp5-year pair needs to have the necessary external information (GDP, healthy
life expectancy, etc). The regression analysis thus does not necessarily cover all of
the countries/territories in the GWP. Nor does it necessarily cover all the coun-
tries/territories that are ranked by their happiness scores in this report. The under-
lying principle is that we always use the largest available sample. For different kinds
of analysis/ranking, the largest available samples can be different.
Regions: Some of the analysis includes dummy indicator for regions, namely West-
ern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States,
Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, North Amer-
ica and ANZ, Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. A later set of
tables lists individual countries by their region grouping.
3 Imputed Missing Values in Our Exercise of Ex-
plaining Ladder Scores with Six Factors
We do not make use of any imputed missing values in our rankings of happiness and
its supporting factors. The only place where we make use of imputation is when
we try to decompose a country’s average ladder score into components explained by
six hypothesized underlying determinants (GDP per person, healthy life expectancy,
social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and perception of
corruption). A small number of countries have missing values in one or more of these
factors. The most prominent is about the perception of corruption in businesses and
governments. In several countries, the relevant questions were not asked in the Gallup
World Poll. For these countries we impute the missing values using the “control
of corruption” indicator from the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project.
Specifically, the imputed value is calculated as the predicted value using estimates
from a model that regresses Gallup World Poll’s perception of corruption on WGI’s
control of corruption. In all, less than 10 countries, listed in a later table, have the
measure of corruption perception imputed in this way.
Another prominent imputation is data on healthy life expectancy. The data, from
the WHO, is available up to the year 2019, before the pandemic hits. Some of our
regression analysis (again, not our headline ranking) must use data for years in 2021
3
to 2023. We follow our approach in previous rounds of WHR to extend the time
series to the end of our sample period. Our pooled-sample regression from 2005 to
2023 may be affected by the imputation. But the impact is likely small, because the
extrapolated movements in health life expectancy from 2019 to 2023 is small, and our
main regression specification always includes year fixed effects to remove world-wide
trends.
In a few cases, countries are missing one or more of the happiness factors in the
most recent years, but the information is available in earlier years; for example they
may have GDP statistics in 2017 but not in the period from 2018 to 2020. In this
case we use the information from the last available year. There is a limit of 3 years for
how far back we go in search of those missing values. A few territories/countries do
not have data on healthy life expectancy in the World Health Organization’s (WHO)
Global Health Observatory data repository. For Hong Kong, we calculate the health
life-to-life expectancy ratio using estimates reported in “Healthy life expectancy in
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,” by C.K. Law, & P.S.F. Yip,
published at the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81 (1). The same
ratio information for Eswatini in the period 2005-2010 can be found in “Healthy life
expectancy for 187 countries, 1990 - 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden
Disease Study 2010,” by Joshua A Salomon et al, The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9859.
We then multiply the ratios for Hong Kong and Eswatini, respectively, with their life
expectancy time series in the WDI to get the health life expectancy. The time series
is then extrapolated to the end of our sample period just like for other countries. The
Lancet article also provides information for Taiwan and the Palestinian Territories.
But the WDI does not provide life expectancy data for these two regions. For these
two, we use their 2010 healthy life expectancy. For Kosovo, we adjust its time series
of life expectancy (available in the World Development Indicators) to a time series of
health life expectancy by assuming that its health life-to-life expectancy ratio equals
to the world average. We note again we do not use any of the imputed values to
generate country rankings. We use them only for our decomposition exercises, and
the ranking of countries does not depend on those exercises.
4
Table 1: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 1
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
United States (1) 1001 1225 1004 1003 1005 1008 2094 1005 2048 1019 1032 1013 1004 1026 1007 1005 1003 1005
Egypt (2) 999 1024 1105 2112 2053 5296 4186 1149 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2070 1002 1002 1001 1001
Morocco (3) 1006 1001 3000 1007 2050 1008 1006 1001 1015 1006 1001 1015 1015
Lebanon (4) 996 1000 1000 2010 2027 2007 2013 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1050 1000 1000 1000
Saudi Arabia (5) 1004 1006 1150 2052 2038 2022 1077 2036 2035 1012 1000 1002 1003 1045 1043 1008 1023 1021
Jordan (6) 1000 1016 1007 2016 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1012 1002 1001 1012 1000 1000 1000
Syria (7) 1209 2100 2035 2041 2043 1022 1002
Turkiye (8) 995 1001 1004 999 1000 1001 2000 1000 2003 1002 1001 1000 1000 2059 1000 1000 1000 1000
Pakistan (9) 1001 1502 2484 3122 1030 1000 3012 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1091 1000 1000 1012 1001
Indonesia (10) 1180 1000 1050 1080 1080 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2192 1062 1063 1002 1000
Bangladesh (11) 1048 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3072 1013 1000 1000 1000
United Kingdom (12) 1037 1204 1001 1002 1000 9239 13408 750 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000
France (13) 1002 1220 1006 1000 1004 1001 2005 751 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000
Germany (14) 1001 1221 3016 2010 1007 9105 13269 751 2014 1000 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1002 1001
Netherlands (15) 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 751 2002 1003 1000 1001 1002 1029 1006 1000 1006 1016
Belgium (16) 1003 1022 1002 1003 1002 1001 1006 2004 1037 1000 1001 1011 1025 1005 1010 1000 1000
Spain (17) 1000 1004 1009 1005 1000 1006 2003 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1002
Italy (18) 1002 1008 1008 1005 1000 1005 2007 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000
Poland (19) 1000 1000 1000 2000 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1010 1001 1000 1002
Hungary (20) 1025 1010 1008 1008 1014 1004 1019 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1009 1006
Czechia (21) 1001 1072 2082 1000 1005 1001 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1004 1008 1003 1003
Romania (22) 1022 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 998 1001 1001 1001 1002 1080 1000 1009 1000 1000
Sweden (23) 1000 1001 1000 1002 1002 1006 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1001 1025 1000 1010 1001 1001
Greece (24) 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1006 1000 1006
Denmark (25) 1004 1009 1001 1000 1000 1005 1001 753 2002 1005 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1010 1001 1008
Iran (26) 1300 1004 1040 1003 3507 1000 2009 1001 1000 1000 1002 1058 1009 1011 1007 1007
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China (27) 800 751 755 756 1028 1006 2017 1005 1007 1004 1005 1007 1004
Singapore (28) 1095 1000 2551 1005 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1000 1028 1000
Japan (29) 1000 1150 3000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1001 2006 1003 1003 1002 1003 1023 1016 1007 1005 1009
China (30) 3730 3733 3712 3833 4151 4220 9413 4244 4696 4265 4373 4141 3649 3709 3503 3500 2221
India (31) 2100 3186 2000 3010 6000 3518 10080 5540 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 6643 9453 3000 3000 3009
Venezuela (32) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1002
Brazil (33) 1029 1038 1032 1031 1043 1042 1002 2006 1007 1004 1001 1000 1000 3001 1002 1005 1000 1000
5
Table 2: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 2
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Mexico (34) 1007 999 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1017 1031 1000 1000 1034 1001 1010 1000 1000 1000
Nigeria (35) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1004 1000 1000 1000
Kenya (36) 1000 1000 2200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1008 1000 1000 1002
Tanzania (37) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1001 1004
Israel (38) 1002 1001 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1095 1057 1001 1000 1001
Palestinian Territories (39) 1000 1000 1000 2014 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1000 1000
Ghana (40) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1000 1000 1000 1000
Uganda (41) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1016 1000 1000 1000
Benin (42) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1042 1000 1000 1000
Madagascar (43) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Malawi (44) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1002
South Africa (45) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1019 1032 1007 1000
Canada (46) 1355 1010 1005 1011 1007 1013 2003 1021 2025 1011 1016 1005 1009 1031 1006 1008 1014 1004
Australia (47) 1000 1205 1005 1000 1010 1002 1002 2002 1001 1004 1003 1001 1047 1003 1000 1000 1002
Philippines (48) 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2090 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sri Lanka (49) 1033 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 2031 1030 1062 1062 1104 1109 1083 1000 1005 1000 1000
Vietnam (50) 1023 1015 1016 1008 1000 1000 2000 1017 1000 1000 1039 1002 1012 2000 1000 1020 1000 1000
Thailand (51) 1410 1006 1038 1019 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1006 1000 1000
Cambodia (52) 1000 1000 1024 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1000 1002 1000 1000 1000
Laos (53) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2504 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000
Myanmar (54) 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1600 1000 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000
New Zealand (55) 1028 750 750 750 1000 1008 500 2001 1007 1004 1001 1001 1042 1002 1000 1000 1000
Angola (56) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Botswana (57) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1002 1114 1003 1005
Ethiopia (60) 1500 1000 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 2222 1003 1000 1000
Mali (61) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000 1000 1000
Mauritania (62) 1000 1000 1984 2000 2000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000 1000
Mozambique (63) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Niger (64) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Rwanda (65) 1504 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Senegal (66) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Zambia (67) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1026 1000 1000 1000
South Korea (68) 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 2000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1015 1016 1005 1001 1010 1003
6
Table 3: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 3
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Taiwan Province of China (69) 1002 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 1000 1000 1003
Afghanistan (70) 1010 2000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1127 1000 1000 1000
Belarus (71) 1092 1114 1091 1077 1013 1007 1052 1032 1036 1034 1039 1053 1061 1128
Georgia (72) 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1001 1000 1000
Kazakhstan (73) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000
Kyrgyzstan (74) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001 1000 1000
Moldova (75) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000
Russia (76) 2011 2949 2019 2042 4000 2000 3000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 3003 2022 2001 2006 2017
Ukraine (77) 1102 1066 1074 1081 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000
Burkina Faso (78) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1007 1000 1000
Cameroon (79) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sierra Leone (80) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1133 1000 1000 1000
Zimbabwe (81) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1082 1004 1000 1000 1000
Costa Rica (82) 1002 1002 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000
Albania (83) 981 1000 1000 1006 1029 1035 999 1000 999 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000
Algeria (84) 1000 2001 2027 1002 1001 1016 1000 1100 1016 1005 821
Argentina (87) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1000 1000 1005 1007
Armenia (88) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1003 1000
Austria (89) 1004 1001 2000 1004 1001 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000
Azerbaijan (90) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1028 1000
Bahrain (92) 2128 2032 2010 1000 1002 1005 2004 1010 1064 1060 1009 1009
Belize (94) 502 504
Bhutan (95) 1000 1020 1020
Bolivia (96) 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1004 1000 1000
Bosnia and Herzegovina (97) 2002 1002 1000 1009 1005 1010 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000
Bulgaria (99) 1003 2000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1080 1000 1005 1000 1000
Burundi (100) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Central African Republic (102) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Chad (103) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1111 1000 1000
Chile (104) 1007 1023 1108 1009 1007 1009 1003 1001 1032 1040 1008 1040 1000 1060 1000 1001 1000 1000
Colombia (105) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1003
Comoros (106) 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001
Congo (Kinshasa) (107) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
7
Table 4: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 4
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Congo Brazzaville (108) 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1002 1000 1000 1000
Croatia (109) 1000 1009 1029 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1002 1002 1004
Cuba (110) 1000
Cyprus (111) 1000 502 1005 1005 500 500 2000 1029 1006 1008 1026 1043 1005 1019 1014 1022
Djibouti (112) 1000 2000 1000 1000
Dominican Republic (114) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1078 1000 1001 1000 1000
Ecuador (115) 1067 1061 1001 1000 1000 1003 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
El Salvador (116) 1000 1001 1000 1006 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001 1000 1000
Estonia (119) 1003 1001 601 608 1007 1004 1010 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1024 1004 1006
Finland (121) 1010 1005 1000 1000 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1005 1000 1011
Gabon (122) 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000
Guatemala (124) 1021 1000 1000 1015 1014 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000 1000
Guinea (125) 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140 1005 1000 1000 1000
Guyana (127) 501
Haiti (128) 505 500 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 500
Honduras (129) 1000 1000 1000 1002 1000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1005 1000 1000
Iceland (130) 502 1002 502 596 529 500 504 501 500 500 507
Iraq (131) 990 2001 2000 2000 2000 1003 2010 1009 1011 1000 2097 1000 1002 1046 1035
Ireland (132) 1000 1001 500 1001 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1002
Ivory Coast (134) 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1021 1000 1000 1000
Jamaica (135) 543 506 504 504 504 501 502 505 500
Kuwait (137) 1000 2002 2004 2000 1000 1008 1013 2000 1000 1000 2023 1004 1071
Latvia (138) 1000 1017 513 515 1006 1001 1000 1002 1001 1019 1002 1021 1080 1001 1017 1014 1001
Lesotho (139) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010
Liberia (140) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000
Libya (141) 1002 1006 1001 1007 1004 1040 1000 1016
Lithuania (143) 1015 1007 506 500 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1009 1000 1000
Luxembourg (144) 500 1002 1000 1001 500 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000
North Macedonia (145) 1042 1008 1000 1018 1025 1020 1000 1024 1024 1008 1008 1080 1003 1024 1000 1000
Malaysia (146) 1012 1233 1000 1011 1000 1000 1000 1000 2008 1002 1000 1060 1000 1000 1000 1000
Maldives (147) 1000
Malta (148) 508 1008 1004 1004 500 2013 1002 1011 1004 1010 1027 1001 1001 1002 1002
Mauritius (150) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1059 1000 1000 1000 1000
8
Table 5: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 5
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Mongolia (153) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000
Montenegro (154) 834 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1004 1000 1000
Namibia (155) 1000 1000 1000 1005 1002 1000 1001 1003 1000
Nepal (157) 1002 1000 1003 1002 1000 1000 2000 1050 1050 1000 1000 1000 1000 2095 1000 1000 1000 1000
Nicaragua (158) 1001 1000 1000 1012 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1010 1000 1000
Norway (160) 1001 1000 1004 2000 1005 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1007 1002 1004
Oman (161) 2016
Panama (163) 1005 1000 1004 1018 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1000 1000
Paraguay (164) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1079 1000 1001 1000 1000
Peru (165) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1000
Portugal (166) 1007 1002 2002 1000 1001 1001 2020 1021 1008 1000 1003 1026 1002 1002 1002 1003
Qatar (168) 2028 1000 1032 2000 1000
Serbia (173) 1556 1008 1000 1001 1023 1030 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1000 1001 1000
Slovakia (175) 1018 1007 1012 1007 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1003 1001 1001
Slovenia (176) 1009 500 1002 1001 1000 1001 2020 1002 1000 1000 1000 1025 1001 1001 1030 1000
Somalia (178) 1000 1000 1191
Sudan (181) 1784 1808 2000 1000 1000
Suriname (182) 504
Eswatini (183) 1000 1000 1110 1000
Switzerland (184) 1000 1003 1000 2010 501 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1001
Tajikistan (185) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1001
The Gambia (186) 1000 1000 1120 1000 1000
Togo (187) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000 1000
Trinidad and Tobago (189) 508 502 504 504 504
Tunisia (190) 1006 2085 2034 2053 1053 1056 1000 1001 1001 1001 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000
Turkmenistan (191) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1089
United Arab Emirates (193) 1013 2054 2066 2036 2016 1000 1002 2903 1855 1850 1857 1413 2928 1002 1030 1000
Uruguay (194) 1004 1004 1005 1000 1000 1000 1009 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000
Uzbekistan (195) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000
Yemen (197) 1000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140 1000 1000
Kosovo (198) 1046 1047 1000 1017 1047 1024 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1088 1000 1000 1000 1001
Somaliland region (199) 2000 2000 2000 1000
South Sudan (205) 1000 1000 1000 1000
9
Figure 1: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 1
0 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Afghanistan
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Albania
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Algeria
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Angola
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Argentina
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Armenia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Australia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Austria
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Azerbaijan
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bahrain
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bangladesh
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Belarus
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Belgium
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Belize
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Benin
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bhutan
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bolivia
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Botswana
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Brazil
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Bulgaria
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Burkina Faso
234
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Burundi
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Cambodia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Cameroon
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Canada
2 3 4
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Central African Republic
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Chad
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Chile
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
China
10
Figure 2: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 2
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Colombia
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Comoros
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Congo (Brazzaville)
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Congo (Kinshasa)
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Costa Rica
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Croatia
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Cuba
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Cyprus
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Czechia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Denmark
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Djibouti
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Dominican Republic
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Ecuador
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Egypt
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
El Salvador
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Estonia
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Eswatini
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Ethiopia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Finland
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
France
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Gabon
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Gambia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Georgia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Germany
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Ghana
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Greece
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Guatemala
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Guinea
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Guyana
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Haiti
11
Figure 3: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 3
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Honduras
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Hungary
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Iceland
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
India
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Indonesia
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Iran
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Iraq
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Ireland
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Israel
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Italy
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Ivory Coast
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Jamaica
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Japan
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Jordan
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Kazakhstan
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Kenya
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Kosovo
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Kuwait
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Kyrgyzstan
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Laos
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Latvia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Lebanon
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Lesotho
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Liberia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Libya
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Lithuania
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Luxembourg
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Madagascar
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Malawi
12
Figure 4: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 4
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Malaysia
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Maldives
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mali
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Malta
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mauritania
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mauritius
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mexico
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Moldova
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mongolia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Montenegro
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Morocco
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Mozambique
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Myanmar
2345
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Namibia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Nepal
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Netherlands
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
New Zealand
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Nicaragua
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Niger
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Nigeria
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
North Macedonia
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Norway
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Oman
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Pakistan
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Panama
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Paraguay
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Peru
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Philippines
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Poland
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Portugal
13
Figure 5: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 5
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Qatar
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Romania
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Russia
234
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Rwanda
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Saudi Arabia
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Senegal
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Serbia
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Sierra Leone
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Singapore
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Slovakia
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Slovenia
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Somalia
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Somaliland region
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
South Africa
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
South Korea
2 3 4
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
South Sudan
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Spain
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Sri Lanka
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
State of Palestine
2 3 4 5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Sudan
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Suriname
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Sweden
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Switzerland
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Syria
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Taiwan Province of China
246
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Tajikistan
2 3 4
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Tanzania
2 4 6 8
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Thailand
2 3 4
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Togo
2 4 6
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Trinidad and Tobago
14
Figure 6: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 6
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Tunisia
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Turkiye
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Turkmenistan
2 3 4 5
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Uganda
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Ukraine
2 4 6 8
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
United Arab Emirates
2 4 6 8
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
United Kingdom
2 4 6 8
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
United States
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Uruguay
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Uzbekistan
2 4 6 8
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Venezuela
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Vietnam
2 3 4 5
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Yemen
2 4 6
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Zambia
2 3 4 5
2005200720092011201320152017201920212023
Zimbabwe
15
Figure 7: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 1
0 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Afghanistan
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Albania
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Algeria
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Angola
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Argentina
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Armenia
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Australia
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Austria
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Azerbaijan
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bahrain
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bangladesh
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Belarus
16
Figure 8: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 2
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Belgium
5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Belize
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Benin
4.5 5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bhutan
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bolivia
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Botswana
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Brazil
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Bulgaria
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Burkina Faso
2.5 3 3.5 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Burundi
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Cambodia
17
Figure 9: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 3
246
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Cameroon
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Canada
2 3 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Central African Republic
345
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Chad
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Chile
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
China
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Colombia
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Comoros
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Congo (Brazzaville)
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Congo (Kinshasa)
678
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Costa Rica
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Croatia
18
Figure 10: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 4
5.2 5.4 5.6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Cuba
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Cyprus
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Czechia
7 7.5 8 8.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Denmark
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Djibouti
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Dominican Republic
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ecuador
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Egypt
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
El Salvador
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Estonia
345
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Eswatini
345
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ethiopia
19
Figure 11: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 5
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Finland
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
France
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Gabon
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Gambia
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Georgia
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Germany
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ghana
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Greece
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Guatemala
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Guinea
5.6 5.8 6 6.2
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Guyana
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Haiti
20
Figure 12: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 6
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Honduras
4.5 5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China
4567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Hungary
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Iceland
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
India
456
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Indonesia
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Iran
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Iraq
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ireland
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Israel
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Italy
3456
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ivory Coast
21
Figure 13: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 7
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Jamaica
5.5 6 6.5 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Japan
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Jordan
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Kazakhstan
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Kenya
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Kosovo
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Kuwait
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Kyrgyzstan
4.5 5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Laos
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Latvia
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Lebanon
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Lesotho
22
Figure 14: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 8
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Liberia
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Libya
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Lithuania
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Luxembourg
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Madagascar
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Malawi
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Malaysia
5 5.1 5.2 5.3
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Maldives
3.5 4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mali
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Malta
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mauritania
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mauritius
23
Figure 15: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 9
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mexico
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Moldova
456
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mongolia
4567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Montenegro
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Morocco
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Mozambique
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Myanmar
3.5 4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Namibia
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Nepal
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Netherlands
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
New Zealand
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Nicaragua
24
Figure 16: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 10
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Niger
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Nigeria
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
North Macedonia
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Norway
6.8 7 7.2 7.4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Oman
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Pakistan
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Panama
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Paraguay
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Peru
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Philippines
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Poland
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Portugal
25
Figure 17: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 11
678
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Qatar
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Romania
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Russia
2 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Rwanda
5 10
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Saudi Arabia
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Senegal
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Serbia
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Sierra Leone
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Singapore
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Slovakia
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Slovenia
456
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Somalia
26
Figure 18: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 12
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Somaliland region
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
South Africa
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
South Korea
2 3 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
South Sudan
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Spain
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Sri Lanka
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
State of Palestine
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Sudan
6.2 6.3 6.4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Suriname
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Sweden
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Switzerland
246
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Syria
27
Figure 19: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 13
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Taiwan Province of China
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Tajikistan
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Tanzania
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Thailand
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Togo
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Trinidad and Tobago
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Tunisia
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Turkiye
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Turkmenistan
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Uganda
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Ukraine
678
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
United Arab Emirates
28
Figure 20: Country-by-country trajectory plots by age group - part 14
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
United Kingdom
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
United States
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Uruguay
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Uzbekistan
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Venezuela
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Vietnam
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Yemen
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Zambia
2345
2008 2013 2018 2023
Age below 30 Age 30−44
Age 45−59 Age 60 and over
Zimbabwe
29
Figure 21: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 1
0 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Afghanistan
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Albania
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Algeria
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Angola
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Argentina
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Armenia
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Australia
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Austria
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Azerbaijan
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bahrain
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bangladesh
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Belarus
30
Figure 22: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 2
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Belgium
6 6.5 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Belize
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Benin
5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bhutan
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bolivia
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Botswana
6 6.5 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Brazil
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Bulgaria
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Burkina Faso
234
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Burundi
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Cambodia
31
Figure 23: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 3
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Cameroon
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Canada
2 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Central African Republic
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Chad
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Chile
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
China
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Colombia
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Comoros
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Congo (Brazzaville)
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Congo (Kinshasa)
678
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Costa Rica
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Croatia
32
Figure 24: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 4
5.2 5.4 5.6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Cuba
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Cyprus
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Czechia
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Denmark
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Djibouti
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Dominican Republic
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ecuador
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Egypt
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
El Salvador
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Estonia
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Eswatini
345
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ethiopia
33
Figure 25: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 5
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Finland
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
France
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Gabon
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Gambia
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Georgia
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Germany
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ghana
4 6 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Greece
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Guatemala
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Guinea
5.8 6 6.2
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Guyana
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Haiti
34
Figure 26: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 6
4567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Honduras
5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Hungary
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Iceland
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
India
4.5 5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Indonesia
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Iran
4 4.5 5 5.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Iraq
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ireland
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Israel
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Italy
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ivory Coast
35
Figure 27: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 7
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Jamaica
5.5 6 6.5 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Japan
246
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Jordan
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Kazakhstan
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Kenya
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Kosovo
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Kuwait
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Kyrgyzstan
4.5 5 5.5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Laos
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Latvia
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Lebanon
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Lesotho
36
Figure 28: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 8
246
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Liberia
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Libya
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Lithuania
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Luxembourg
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Madagascar
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Malawi
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Malaysia
4.8 5 5.2 5.4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Maldives
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mali
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Malta
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mauritania
5 5.5 6 6.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mauritius
37
Figure 29: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 9
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mexico
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Moldova
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mongolia
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Montenegro
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Morocco
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Mozambique
4 4.5 5 5.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Myanmar
3.5 4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Namibia
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Nepal
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Netherlands
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
New Zealand
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Nicaragua
38
Figure 30: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 10
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Niger
3456
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Nigeria
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
North Macedonia
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Norway
6.8 6.85 6.9 6.95
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Oman
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Pakistan
5 6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Panama
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Paraguay
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Peru
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Philippines
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Poland
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Portugal
39
Figure 31: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 11
6 6.5 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Qatar
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Romania
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Russia
2 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Rwanda
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Saudi Arabia
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Senegal
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Serbia
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Sierra Leone
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Singapore
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Slovakia
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Slovenia
4.5 5 5.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Somalia
40
Figure 32: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 12
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Somaliland region
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
South Africa
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
South Korea
2 3 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
South Sudan
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Spain
3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Sri Lanka
3.5 4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
State of Palestine
4 4.5 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Sudan
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Suriname
7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Sweden
6.5 7 7.5 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Switzerland
246
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Syria
41
Figure 33: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 13
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Taiwan Province of China
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Tajikistan
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Tanzania
567
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Thailand
2 4
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Togo
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Trinidad and Tobago
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Tunisia
4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Turkiye
4 5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Turkmenistan
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Uganda
3 4 5 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Ukraine
6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
United Arab Emirates
42
Figure 34: Country-by-country trajectory plots by birth cohort - part 14
6 6.5 7 7.5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
United Kingdom
6 7 8
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
United States
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Uruguay
5 6 7
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Uzbekistan
468
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Venezuela
4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Vietnam
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Yemen
2 4 6
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Zambia
2 3 4 5
2008 2013 2018 2023
Born after 1980 Born 1965−1980
Born before 1965
Zimbabwe
43
Table 6: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Fullest sample
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.48 1.13 1.28 8.02 2363
Positive affect 0.65 0.11 0.18 0.88 2339
Negative affect 0.27 0.09 0.08 0.70 2347
Log GDP per capita 9.4 1.15 5.53 11.68 2335
Social support 0.81 0.12 0.23 0.99 2350
Healthy life expectancy at birth 63.4 6.84 6.72 74.60 2300
Freedom to make life choices 0.75 0.14 0.23 0.99 2327
Generosity 0 0.16 -0.34 0.70 2282
Perceptions of corruption 0.74 0.18 0.04 0.98 2238
Table 7: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Period from 2021 to 2023
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.58 1.17 1.28 7.79 400
Positive affect 0.65 0.11 0.18 0.84 400
Negative affect 0.29 0.09 0.1 0.61 400
Log GDP per capita 9.55 1.13 7.03 11.68 384
Social support 0.8 0.13 0.23 0.98 400
Healthy life expectancy at birth 65.12 5.64 46.15 74.60 390
Freedom to make life choices 0.79 0.12 0.23 0.98 395
Generosity 0.03 0.16 -0.32 0.6 384
Perceptions of corruption 0.72 0.18 0.14 0.95 385
44
Table 8: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
with year fixed effects)
Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.349 -.015 -.002 0.382
(0.068)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007) (0.066)∗∗∗
Social support 2.563 0.315 -.342 1.936
(0.349)∗∗∗ (0.056)∗∗∗ (0.045)∗∗∗ (0.349)∗∗∗
Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.028 -.0007 0.003 0.029
(0.011)∗∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 1.378 0.376 -.090 0.571
(0.295)∗∗∗ (0.044)∗∗∗ (0.039)∗∗ (0.273)∗∗
Generosity 0.487 0.084 0.029 0.296
(0.252)∗(0.032)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.241)
Perceptions of corruption -.733 -.012 0.093 -.724
(0.256)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.243)∗∗∗
Positive affect 2.206
(0.33)∗∗∗
Negative affect 0.193
(0.381)
Year 2005 0.373 -.002 0.029 0.375
(0.083)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.078)∗∗∗
Year 2006 -.042 -.002 0.001 -.029
(0.061) (0.01) (0.009) (0.061)
Year 2007 0.223 0.011 -.029 0.217
(0.062)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.061)∗∗∗
Year 2008 0.337 0.021 -.040 0.304
(0.059)∗∗∗ (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.063)∗∗∗
Year 2009 0.214 0.006 -.025 0.209
(0.058)∗∗∗ (0.008) (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.056)∗∗∗
Year 2010 0.133 -.003 -.026 0.147
(0.049)∗∗∗ (0.007) (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.05)∗∗∗
Year 2011 0.148 -.014 -.021 0.185
(0.049)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.05)∗∗∗
Year 2012 0.128 -.0004 -.015 0.134
(0.042)∗∗∗ (0.006) (0.006)∗∗ (0.043)∗∗∗
Year 2013 0.025 0.003 -.006 0.021
(0.041) (0.005) (0.006) (0.041)
Year 2015 0.006 -.0001 0.002 0.008
(0.039) (0.005) (0.004) (0.038)
Year 2016 -.031 -.007 0.017 -.016
(0.046) (0.005) (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.044)
Year 2017 0.04 -.018 0.022 0.078
(0.054) (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.051)
Year 2018 0.054 -.016 0.028 0.086
(0.061) (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.057)
Year 2019 0.045 -.018 0.025 0.082
(0.063) (0.007)∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.059)
Year 2020 0.058 -.017 0.039 0.091
(0.068) (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.064)
Year 2021 0.021 -.018 0.019 0.059
(0.064) (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.059)
Year 2022 -.008 -.014 0.023 0.02
(0.059) (0.007)∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.057)
Year 2023 0.079 -.017 0.016 0.115
(0.057) (0.007)∗∗ (0.007)∗∗ (0.056)∗∗
Obs. 2103 2098 2102 2097
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.757 0.43 0.343 0.781
Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
45
Table 9: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
without year fixed effects)
Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.357 -.014 -.004 0.388
(0.067)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007) (0.066)∗∗∗
Social support 2.627 0.33 -.375 1.886
(0.345)∗∗∗ (0.053)∗∗∗ (0.044)∗∗∗ (0.341)∗∗∗
Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.026 -.001 0.004 0.028
(0.01)∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 1.230 0.352 -.036 0.448
(0.276)∗∗∗ (0.039)∗∗∗ (0.036) (0.255)∗
Generosity 0.517 0.091 0.017 0.316
(0.249)∗∗ (0.031)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.239)
Perceptions of corruption -.742 -.014 0.098 -.707
(0.25)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.241)∗∗∗
Positive affect 2.235
(0.334)∗∗∗
Negative affect -.017
(0.357)
Obs. 2103 2098 2102 2097
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.753 0.426 0.288 0.778
Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
46
Table 10: Individual-Level Regressions by Sample Period and Age Group, with Year/Period Fixed Effects and Country Fixed
Effects
Y2017To2023 Below30 Age30To59 Age60above Y2009To2016 Below30B Age30To59B Age60aboveB
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Log of household income 0.305 0.227 0.345 0.339 0.412 0.349 0.448 0.431
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Social support 0.814 0.816 0.784 0.819 0.649 0.627 0.627 0.691
(0.022)∗∗∗ (0.035)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.029)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.428 -.348 -.535 -.521 -.360 -.271 -.466 -.500
(0.022)∗∗∗ (0.027)∗∗∗ (0.029)∗∗∗ (0.067)∗∗∗ (0.029)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗ (0.036)∗∗∗ (0.078)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.508 0.473 0.49 0.64 0.364 0.31 0.374 0.442
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.032)∗∗∗
University degree 0.312 0.157 0.363 0.323 0.319 0.18 0.371 0.369
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.033)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner -.031 -.214 0.096 0.183 -.101 -.224 0.051 0.052
(0.02) (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.039)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.038)
Separated, divorced or widowed -.218 -.507 -.133 0.094 -.291 -.458 -.178 -.054
(0.024)∗∗∗ (0.051)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗ (0.039)∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.048)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.036)
Generosity 0.242 0.174 0.239 0.274 0.244 0.182 0.248 0.31
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.073 -.071 -.073 0.006 -.098 -.086 -.103 -.044
(0.03)∗∗ (0.042)∗(0.036)∗∗ (0.042) (0.029)∗∗∗ (0.04)∗∗ (0.032)∗∗∗ (0.039)
Perception of corruption -.228 -.179 -.232 -.264 -.173 -.126 -.179 -.211
(0.017)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.034)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.027)∗∗∗
Health problems -.483 -.300 -.443 -.611 -.428 -.234 -.424 -.586
(0.027)∗∗∗ (0.038)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗
TIDA 0.279 0.277 0.265 0.296 0.236 0.216 0.242 0.271
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗
Female 0.237 0.235 0.242 0.13 0.149 0.166 0.153 0.121
(0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Age below 30 0.299 0.26
(0.022)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗
Age 60 and above 0.127 0.043
(0.03)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗
Female age below 30 -.020 -.003
(0.02) (0.014)
Female age 60 and above -.115 -.043
(0.024)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗
covid2020To22 -.015 -.029 -.031 0.063
(0.027) (0.036) (0.027) (0.029)∗∗
year2023 0.085 0.066 0.106 0.087
(0.032)∗∗∗ (0.04) (0.035)∗∗∗ (0.035)∗∗
Obs. 731394 222980 364314 142394 720654 233961 365172 120084
e(N-clust) 145 145 145 145 150 150 150 150
e(r2-a) 0.25 0.216 0.274 0.287 0.303 0.295 0.314 0.328
Notes: 1) All regressions include country fixed effects (estimates not shown here for space reason). The pre-2017 regressions include year fixed
effects. The post-2017 regressions, in order to show the impact of the covid pandemic more concisely, includes a dummy indicator of covid years
(namely 2020, 2021 and 2022), and another dummy indicator for post-covid period which includes, so far, only 2023. The comparator group is
pre-covid years (2006-2019). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent
levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 3). See section “Data
Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
47
Table 11: Individual-Level Regressions with Cohort Fixed Effects, Year Fixed Effects
and Country Fixed Effects
AllYears NAandANZ AllYears2 NAandANZ2 Y2017To2023 Y2009To2016
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Log of household income 0.358 0.258 0.307 0.412
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.033)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗
Social support 0.726 0.991 0.801 0.641
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.149)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.397 -.527 -.426 -.355
(0.021)∗∗∗ (0.082)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.439 0.712 0.506 0.363
(0.017)∗∗∗ (0.102)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
University degree 0.338 0.158 0.343 0.346
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.057)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner 0.024 0.23 0.052 -.017
(0.015) (0.048)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.015)
Separated, divorced or widowed -.179 -.078 -.156 -.210
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.048) (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Generosity 0.262 0.222 0.245 0.249
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.085 -.147 -.072 -.099
(0.026)∗∗∗ (0.043)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Perception of corruption -.208 -.174 -.222 -.168
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Health problems -.436 -.714 -.477 -.414
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.052)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Institutional trust (TIDA) 0.258 0.321 0.272 0.232
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.035)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
Female 0.088 0.126 0.171 0.151 0.207 0.135
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗
Age -.047 -.047 -.052 -.050 -.054 -.047
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗
Age squared divided by 100 0.032 0.051 0.044 0.06 0.045 0.039
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Born 1965-1980 0.136 0.18 0.161 0.139 0.187 0.113
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.036)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.087) (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Born before 1965 0.207 0.262 0.252 0.196 0.277 0.192
(0.022)∗∗∗ (0.038)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.106)∗(0.033)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Obs. 2668183 74858 1448905 36971 729688 719217
e(N-clust) 165 4 155 4 145 150
e(r2-a) 0.198 0.026 0.268 0.196 0.252 0.304
Notes: 1) All regressions include country fixed effects and year fixed effects (estimates not
shown here for space reason). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate
statistical significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors
are cluster-adjusted at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of
countries. 3). See section “Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
48
Table 12: Individual-Level Regressions by Birth Cohort, Year Fixed Effects and Coun-
try Fixed Effects
All GenY GenX Boomer
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log of household income 0.358 0.304 0.406 0.409
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗
Social support 0.726 0.722 0.699 0.73
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.397 -.341 -.539 -.518
(0.021)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.038)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.439 0.407 0.432 0.493
(0.017)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗
University degree 0.338 0.313 0.345 0.337
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner 0.024 -.024 0.106 0.121
(0.015) (0.016) (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗
Separated, divorced or widowed -.179 -.255 -.116 -.018
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗ (0.023)
Generosity 0.262 0.216 0.273 0.278
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.085 -.085 -.075 -.037
(0.026)∗∗∗ (0.031)∗∗∗ (0.035)∗∗ (0.028)
Perception of corruption -.208 -.163 -.219 -.250
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Health problems -.436 -.278 -.396 -.568
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Institutional trust (TIDA) 0.258 0.249 0.251 0.289
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Female 0.171 0.185 0.191 0.145
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Age -.052 -.030 -.002 0.006
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗
Age squared divided by 100 0.044
(0.003)∗∗∗
Born 1965-1980 0.161
(0.014)∗∗∗
Born before 1965 0.252
(0.024)∗∗∗
Obs. 1448905 652369 386441 410095
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.268 0.249 0.29 0.305
Notes: 1) All regressions include country fixed effects and year fixed effects (estimates not
shown here for space reason). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate
statistical significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors
are cluster-adjusted at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of
countries. 3). See section “Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
49
Table 13: Countries/territories that are missing 2023 information
Country name 2021 samplesize 2022 samplesize 2023 samplesize
Algeria 992 820
Eswatini 989
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China 1006 1003
Jamaica 495 492
Lesotho 995
50
Figure 35: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
95% c.i. for rank: 1−1
95% c.i. for rank: 2−3
95% c.i. for rank: 2−3
95% c.i. for rank: 4−7
95% c.i. for rank: 4−7
95% c.i. for rank: 4−7
95% c.i. for rank: 4−7
95% c.i. for rank: 8−13
95% c.i. for rank: 8−15
95% c.i. for rank: 8−15
95% c.i. for rank: 8−16
95% c.i. for rank: 8−19
95% c.i. for rank: 8−19
95% c.i. for rank: 11−20
95% c.i. for rank: 9−22
95% c.i. for rank: 11−21
95% c.i. for rank: 12−25
95% c.i. for rank: 12−25
95% c.i. for rank: 12−25
95% c.i. for rank: 15−28
95% c.i. for rank: 16−28
95% c.i. for rank: 14−29
95% c.i. for rank: 17−29
95% c.i. for rank: 17−29
95% c.i. for rank: 17−33
95% c.i. for rank: 20−33
95% c.i. for rank: 20−33
95% c.i. for rank: 20−36
95% c.i. for rank: 22−38
95% c.i. for rank: 25−40
95% c.i. for rank: 25−42
95% c.i. for rank: 25−43
95% c.i. for rank: 26−44
95% c.i. for rank: 27−44
95% c.i. for rank: 28−44
95% c.i. for rank: 28−44
95% c.i. for rank: 28−45
95% c.i. for rank: 31−48
95% c.i. for rank: 29−49
95% c.i. for rank: 31−49
95% c.i. for rank: 32−49
95% c.i. for rank: 32−50
95% c.i. for rank: 32−49
95% c.i. for rank: 33−49
95% c.i. for rank: 37−49
95% c.i. for rank: 38−52
95% c.i. for rank: 38−58
95% c.i. for rank: 38−59
48. Argentina(6.188)
47. Uzbekistan(6.195)
46. Latvia(6.234)
45. Slovakia(6.257)
44. Brazil(6.272)
43. Nicaragua(6.284)
42. Guatemala(6.287)
41. Italy(6.324)
40. Malta(6.346)
39. Panama(6.358)
38. Chile(6.360)
37. Serbia(6.411)
36. Spain(6.421)
35. Poland(6.442)
34. Estonia(6.448)
33. El Salvador(6.469)
32. Romania(6.491)
31. Taiwan Province of China(6.503)
30. Singapore(6.523)
29. Kosovo(6.561)
28. Saudi Arabia(6.594)
27. France(6.609)
26. Uruguay(6.611)
25. Mexico(6.678)
24. Germany(6.719)
23. United States(6.725)
22. United Arab Emirates(6.733)
21. Slovenia(6.743)
20. United Kingdom(6.749)
19. Lithuania(6.818)
18. Czechia(6.822)
17. Ireland(6.838)
16. Belgium(6.894)
15. Canada(6.900)
14. Austria(6.905)
13. Kuwait(6.951)
12. Costa Rica(6.955)
11. New Zealand(7.029)
10. Australia(7.057)
9. Switzerland(7.060)
8. Luxembourg(7.122)
7. Norway(7.302)
6. Netherlands(7.319)
5. Israel(7.341)
4. Sweden(7.344)
3. Iceland(7.525)
2. Denmark(7.583)
1. Finland(7.741)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
51
Figure 36: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
95% c.i. for rank: 39−57
95% c.i. for rank: 45−66
95% c.i. for rank: 46−66
95% c.i. for rank: 46−67
95% c.i. for rank: 46−69
95% c.i. for rank: 47−68
95% c.i. for rank: 47−69
95% c.i. for rank: 47−69
95% c.i. for rank: 50−72
95% c.i. for rank: 50−72
95% c.i. for rank: 50−71
95% c.i. for rank: 50−71
95% c.i. for rank: 48−73
95% c.i. for rank: 47−78
95% c.i. for rank: 50−72
95% c.i. for rank: 50−73
95% c.i. for rank: 52−78
95% c.i. for rank: 50−78
95% c.i. for rank: 50−80
95% c.i. for rank: 54−78
95% c.i. for rank: 54−79
95% c.i. for rank: 57−78
95% c.i. for rank: 57−79
95% c.i. for rank: 60−79
95% c.i. for rank: 58−79
95% c.i. for rank: 64−80
95% c.i. for rank: 64−80
95% c.i. for rank: 64−80
95% c.i. for rank: 64−80
95% c.i. for rank: 64−80
95% c.i. for rank: 70−83
95% c.i. for rank: 73−83
95% c.i. for rank: 79−89
95% c.i. for rank: 79−89
95% c.i. for rank: 79−90
95% c.i. for rank: 80−93
95% c.i. for rank: 80−93
95% c.i. for rank: 81−94
95% c.i. for rank: 81−96
95% c.i. for rank: 82−96
95% c.i. for rank: 82−98
95% c.i. for rank: 82−98
95% c.i. for rank: 84−98
95% c.i. for rank: 84−99
95% c.i. for rank: 84−99
95% c.i. for rank: 86−99
95% c.i. for rank: 87−102
95% c.i. for rank: 88−105
96. Ivory Coast(5.080)
95. Gabon(5.106)
94. Laos(5.139)
93. Nepal(5.158)
92. Iraq(5.166)
91. Georgia(5.185)
90. Mozambique(5.216)
89. Congo (Brazzaville)(5.221)
88. Tajikistan(5.281)
87. Albania(5.304)
86. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.316)
85. Algeria(5.364)
84. North Macedonia(5.369)
83. South Africa(5.422)
82. Armenia(5.455)
81. Bulgaria(5.463)
80. Indonesia(5.568)
79. Venezuela(5.607)
78. Colombia(5.695)
77. Mongolia(5.696)
76. Montenegro(5.707)
75. Kyrgyzstan(5.714)
74. Ecuador(5.725)
73. Bolivia(5.784)
72. Russia(5.785)
71. Moldova(5.816)
70. Mauritius(5.816)
69. Dominican Republic(5.823)
68. Peru(5.841)
67. Jamaica(5.842)
66. Libya(5.866)
65. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.877)
64. Greece(5.934)
63. Croatia(5.942)
62. Bahrain(5.959)
61. Honduras(5.968)
60. China(5.973)
59. Malaysia(5.975)
58. Thailand(5.976)
57. Paraguay(5.977)
56. Hungary(6.017)
55. Portugal(6.030)
54. Vietnam(6.043)
53. Philippines(6.048)
52. South Korea(6.058)
51. Japan(6.060)
50. Cyprus(6.068)
49. Kazakhstan(6.188)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
52
Figure 37: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
95% c.i. for rank: 89−107
95% c.i. for rank: 90−107
95% c.i. for rank: 90−107
95% c.i. for rank: 95−107
95% c.i. for rank: 95−107
95% c.i. for rank: 96−107
95% c.i. for rank: 95−108
95% c.i. for rank: 96−108
95% c.i. for rank: 96−107
95% c.i. for rank: 97−108
95% c.i. for rank: 97−109
95% c.i. for rank: 104−114
95% c.i. for rank: 107−120
95% c.i. for rank: 108−120
95% c.i. for rank: 108−121
95% c.i. for rank: 108−121
95% c.i. for rank: 108−123
95% c.i. for rank: 108−122
95% c.i. for rank: 109−123
95% c.i. for rank: 109−125
95% c.i. for rank: 109−125
95% c.i. for rank: 109−125
95% c.i. for rank: 109−125
95% c.i. for rank: 111−125
95% c.i. for rank: 109−126
95% c.i. for rank: 114−126
95% c.i. for rank: 114−126
95% c.i. for rank: 116−126
95% c.i. for rank: 116−126
95% c.i. for rank: 121−130
95% c.i. for rank: 124−131
95% c.i. for rank: 126−131
95% c.i. for rank: 126−131
95% c.i. for rank: 127−131
95% c.i. for rank: 127−133
95% c.i. for rank: 131−139
95% c.i. for rank: 131−138
95% c.i. for rank: 132−140
95% c.i. for rank: 132−141
95% c.i. for rank: 132−141
95% c.i. for rank: 132−141
95% c.i. for rank: 132−141
95% c.i. for rank: 133−141
95% c.i. for rank: 135−141
95% c.i. for rank: 134−141
95% c.i. for rank: 142−142
95% c.i. for rank: 143−143
143. Afghanistan(1.721)
142. Lebanon(2.707)
141. Lesotho(3.186)
140. Sierra Leone(3.245)
139. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.295)
138. Zimbabwe(3.341)
137. Botswana(3.383)
136. Malawi(3.421)
135. Eswatini(3.502)
134. Zambia(3.502)
133. Yemen(3.561)
132. Comoros(3.566)
131. Tanzania(3.781)
130. Ethiopia(3.861)
129. Bangladesh(3.886)
128. Sri Lanka(3.898)
127. Egypt(3.977)
126. India(4.054)
125. Jordan(4.186)
124. Togo(4.214)
123. Madagascar(4.228)
122. Mali(4.232)
121. Liberia(4.269)
120. Ghana(4.289)
119. Cambodia(4.341)
118. Myanmar(4.354)
117. Uganda(4.372)
116. Benin(4.377)
115. Tunisia(4.422)
114. Kenya(4.470)
113. Chad(4.471)
112. Gambia(4.485)
111. Mauritania(4.505)
110. Burkina Faso(4.548)
109. Niger(4.556)
108. Pakistan(4.657)
107. Morocco(4.795)
106. Namibia(4.832)
105. Ukraine(4.873)
104. Cameroon(4.874)
103. State of Palestine(4.879)
102. Nigeria(4.881)
101. Azerbaijan(4.893)
100. Iran(4.923)
99. Senegal(4.969)
98. Turkiye(4.975)
97. Guinea(5.023)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
53
Figure 38: Ranking of Happiness - the Young (Age Below 30): 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. France(6.561)
47. Germany(6.578)
46. Portugal(6.588)
45. Thailand(6.597)
44. Estonia(6.599)
43. Poland(6.605)
42. Saudi Arabia(6.617)
41. Italy(6.618)
40. Bulgaria(6.621)
39. Chile(6.662)
38. Slovakia(6.674)
37. Paraguay(6.715)
36. Hungary(6.720)
35. United Arab Emirates(6.732)
34. Argentina(6.746)
33. Bosnia and Herzegovina(6.746)
32. United Kingdom(6.754)
31. Latvia(6.766)
30. Uruguay(6.775)
29. Moldova(6.786)
28. Nicaragua(6.789)
27. New Zealand(6.859)
26. Panama(6.883)
25. Taiwan Province of China(6.908)
24. Belgium(6.947)
23. Kosovo(6.949)
22. Mexico(6.954)
21. Ireland(6.954)
20. Norway(6.995)
19. Australia(7.013)
18. Sweden(7.026)
17. El Salvador(7.057)
16. Kuwait(7.104)
15. Slovenia(7.111)
14. Croatia(7.116)
13. Switzerland(7.138)
12. Austria(7.142)
11. Costa Rica(7.150)
10. Czechia(7.198)
9. Netherlands(7.248)
8. Romania(7.284)
7. Finland(7.300)
6. Luxembourg(7.301)
5. Denmark(7.329)
4. Iceland(7.598)
3. Serbia(7.658)
2. Israel(7.667)
1. Lithuania(7.759)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
54
Figure 39: Ranking of Happiness - the Young (Age Below 30): 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Iran(5.331)
95. Azerbaijan(5.352)
94. Mozambique(5.352)
93. Algeria(5.379)
92. Nepal(5.467)
91. Gabon(5.477)
90. Iraq(5.486)
89. Tajikistan(5.500)
88. Congo (Brazzaville)(5.574)
87. South Africa(5.650)
86. Mongolia(5.758)
85. Mauritius(5.791)
84. Jamaica(5.826)
83. Venezuela(5.896)
82. Ukraine(5.907)
81. Kyrgyzstan(5.935)
80. Libya(5.937)
79. China(5.949)
78. Georgia(6.031)
77. Bahrain(6.034)
76. Colombia(6.035)
75. Indonesia(6.089)
74. Bolivia(6.157)
73. Japan(6.232)
72. Armenia(6.245)
71. Uzbekistan(6.283)
70. Philippines(6.305)
69. Kazakhstan(6.324)
68. Russia(6.328)
67. North Macedonia(6.329)
66. Albania(6.358)
65. Vietnam(6.363)
64. Malaysia(6.372)
63. Peru(6.382)
62. United States(6.392)
61. Dominican Republic(6.407)
60. Brazil(6.436)
59. Ecuador(6.437)
58. Canada(6.439)
57. Malta(6.452)
56. Honduras(6.462)
55. Spain(6.463)
54. Singapore(6.484)
53. Greece(6.502)
52. South Korea(6.503)
51. Cyprus(6.525)
50. Montenegro(6.536)
49. Guatemala(6.548)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
55
Figure 40: Ranking of Happiness - the Young (Age Below 30): 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(1.827)
142. Lebanon(2.997)
141. Sierra Leone(3.225)
140. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.441)
139. Zimbabwe(3.661)
138. Lesotho(3.700)
137. Malawi(3.710)
136. Zambia(3.794)
135. Yemen(3.822)
134. Eswatini(3.894)
133. Botswana(4.012)
132. Comoros(4.111)
131. Ethiopia(4.125)
130. Egypt(4.126)
129. Tanzania(4.161)
128. Bangladesh(4.200)
127. India(4.281)
126. Togo(4.323)
125. Mali(4.332)
124. Madagascar(4.334)
123. Sri Lanka(4.339)
122. Myanmar(4.354)
121. Ghana(4.426)
120. Chad(4.462)
119. Mauritania(4.517)
118. Tunisia(4.560)
117. Burkina Faso(4.601)
116. Niger(4.616)
115. Benin(4.665)
114. Jordan(4.667)
113. Liberia(4.670)
112. Cambodia(4.699)
111. Uganda(4.718)
110. Gambia(4.735)
109. Kenya(4.906)
108. Nigeria(4.906)
107. Pakistan(4.949)
106. Cameroon(4.996)
105. Namibia(5.089)
104. Laos(5.091)
103. Guinea(5.106)
102. State of Palestine(5.120)
101. Turkiye(5.173)
100. Ivory Coast(5.251)
99. Senegal(5.266)
98. Morocco(5.281)
97. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.329)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
56
Figure 41: Ranking of Happiness - the Lower Middle Age (between 30 and 44): 2021-
2023 (Part 1)
48. Kazakhstan(6.195)
47. Croatia(6.198)
46. Guatemala(6.263)
45. South Korea(6.267)
44. Brazil(6.295)
43. Panama(6.334)
42. United States(6.346)
41. Malta(6.353)
40. Spain(6.394)
39. Saudi Arabia(6.408)
38. El Salvador(6.432)
37. Kosovo(6.450)
36. Singapore(6.491)
35. Taiwan Province of China(6.497)
34. Poland(6.553)
33. Slovakia(6.585)
32. Chile(6.588)
31. Italy(6.602)
30. Latvia(6.628)
29. Serbia(6.656)
28. Canada(6.680)
27. United Kingdom(6.689)
26. Romania(6.696)
25. United Arab Emirates(6.696)
24. Estonia(6.717)
23. France(6.740)
22. Uruguay(6.746)
21. Ireland(6.751)
20. Kuwait(6.821)
19. Mexico(6.822)
18. New Zealand(6.851)
17. Austria(6.852)
16. Germany(6.928)
15. Costa Rica(6.930)
14. Australia(6.941)
13. Belgium(6.950)
12. Czechia(6.962)
11. Luxembourg(6.977)
10. Slovenia(7.087)
9. Switzerland(7.095)
8. Sweden(7.142)
7. Lithuania(7.217)
6. Norway(7.227)
5. Netherlands(7.347)
4. Iceland(7.368)
3. Denmark(7.506)
2. Israel(7.517)
1. Finland(7.688)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
57
Figure 42: Ranking of Happiness - the Lower Middle Age (between 30 and 44): 2021-
2023 (Part 2)
96. Iraq(4.964)
95. Nigeria(4.974)
94. Guinea(5.015)
93. Laos(5.057)
92. Ivory Coast(5.066)
91. Georgia(5.148)
90. Ukraine(5.161)
89. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.207)
88. Tajikistan(5.208)
87. Mozambique(5.280)
86. Albania(5.289)
85. Algeria(5.290)
84. South Africa(5.369)
83. Armenia(5.448)
82. Indonesia(5.497)
81. Kyrgyzstan(5.538)
80. Venezuela(5.578)
79. Ecuador(5.582)
78. Colombia(5.589)
77. Mauritius(5.599)
76. North Macedonia(5.607)
75. Bolivia(5.635)
74. Mongolia(5.660)
73. Libya(5.720)
72. Honduras(5.798)
71. Bulgaria(5.805)
70. Dominican Republic(5.811)
69. Thailand(5.829)
68. Philippines(5.850)
67. China(5.855)
66. Malaysia(5.865)
65. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.875)
64. Peru(5.875)
63. Japan(5.900)
62. Uzbekistan(5.912)
61. Jamaica(5.914)
60. Bahrain(5.927)
59. Paraguay(5.940)
58. Greece(5.958)
57. Russia(5.976)
56. Montenegro(5.980)
55. Moldova(6.004)
54. Vietnam(6.023)
53. Nicaragua(6.107)
52. Argentina(6.119)
51. Hungary(6.171)
50. Portugal(6.173)
49. Cyprus(6.185)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
58
Figure 43: Ranking of Happiness - the Lower Middle Age (between 30 and 44): 2021-
2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(1.617)
142. Lebanon(2.664)
141. Lesotho(2.991)
140. Malawi(2.992)
139. Comoros(3.062)
138. Zimbabwe(3.167)
137. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.180)
136. Sierra Leone(3.217)
135. Yemen(3.251)
134. Eswatini(3.289)
133. Botswana(3.312)
132. Tanzania(3.365)
131. Zambia(3.509)
130. Ethiopia(3.538)
129. Bangladesh(3.608)
128. Sri Lanka(3.704)
127. India(3.757)
126. Liberia(3.849)
125. Egypt(3.894)
124. Jordan(3.949)
123. Madagascar(3.979)
122. Cambodia(4.044)
121. Togo(4.060)
120. Mali(4.070)
119. Kenya(4.082)
118. Uganda(4.108)
117. Benin(4.118)
116. Gambia(4.147)
115. Myanmar(4.211)
114. Ghana(4.265)
113. Tunisia(4.381)
112. Mauritania(4.431)
111. Chad(4.461)
110. Niger(4.541)
109. Pakistan(4.589)
108. Morocco(4.599)
107. Burkina Faso(4.608)
106. Namibia(4.665)
105. State of Palestine(4.781)
104. Senegal(4.860)
103. Azerbaijan(4.868)
102. Cameroon(4.875)
101. Nepal(4.875)
100. Iran(4.880)
99. Gabon(4.904)
98. Turkiye(4.934)
97. Congo (Brazzaville)(4.945)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
59
Figure 44: Ranking of Happiness - the Upper Middle Age (between 45 and 60):
2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Hungary(6.032)
47. Jamaica(6.034)
46. Portugal(6.067)
45. El Salvador(6.099)
44. Serbia(6.101)
43. Kazakhstan(6.136)
42. Chile(6.137)
41. Panama(6.142)
40. Brazil(6.156)
39. Italy(6.171)
38. Malta(6.209)
37. Slovakia(6.220)
36. Uzbekistan(6.224)
35. Romania(6.303)
34. Uruguay(6.315)
33. Kosovo(6.341)
32. Mexico(6.368)
31. Taiwan Province of China(6.406)
30. Estonia(6.419)
29. Spain(6.483)
28. Germany(6.616)
27. Slovenia(6.641)
26. France(6.645)
25. Singapore(6.645)
24. Poland(6.655)
23. Costa Rica(6.697)
22. Czechia(6.698)
21. Ireland(6.714)
20. Lithuania(6.714)
19. United Kingdom(6.720)
18. Austria(6.738)
17. United States(6.748)
16. United Arab Emirates(6.830)
15. Belgium(6.857)
14. Saudi Arabia(6.892)
13. New Zealand(6.914)
12. Canada(6.931)
11. Switzerland(6.948)
10. Australia(6.953)
9. Kuwait(6.974)
8. Luxembourg(7.069)
7. Israel(7.175)
6. Norway(7.255)
5. Netherlands(7.316)
4. Denmark(7.496)
3. Sweden(7.503)
2. Iceland(7.564)
1. Finland(7.903)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
60
Figure 45: Ranking of Happiness - the Upper Middle Age (between 45 and 60): 2021-
2023 (Part 2)
96. Mozambique(4.796)
95. Ivory Coast(4.802)
94. Iraq(4.811)
93. Nepal(4.843)
92. Turkiye(4.939)
91. Georgia(4.970)
90. Congo (Brazzaville)(4.977)
89. Ecuador(5.024)
88. Armenia(5.032)
87. Nigeria(5.043)
86. Tajikistan(5.121)
85. North Macedonia(5.134)
84. Indonesia(5.167)
83. Venezuela(5.233)
82. Algeria(5.261)
81. South Africa(5.281)
80. Peru(5.295)
79. Dominican Republic(5.321)
78. Russia(5.338)
77. Bolivia(5.338)
76. Laos(5.340)
75. Paraguay(5.371)
74. Bulgaria(5.408)
73. Honduras(5.420)
72. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.428)
71. Colombia(5.512)
70. Montenegro(5.534)
69. Thailand(5.543)
68. Kyrgyzstan(5.571)
67. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.654)
66. Moldova(5.661)
65. Mongolia(5.666)
64. Argentina(5.676)
63. Mauritius(5.679)
62. Cyprus(5.737)
61. Nicaragua(5.757)
60. Malaysia(5.804)
59. Croatia(5.851)
58. Philippines(5.856)
57. China(5.892)
56. Greece(5.916)
55. South Korea(5.928)
54. Guatemala(5.929)
53. Vietnam(5.936)
52. Japan(5.957)
51. Libya(5.966)
50. Bahrain(5.998)
49. Latvia(6.030)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
61
Figure 46: Ranking of Happiness - the Upper Middle Age (between 45 and 60): 2021-
2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(1.681)
142. Lesotho(2.464)
141. Lebanon(2.510)
140. Botswana(2.717)
139. Zimbabwe(2.863)
138. Zambia(2.891)
137. Eswatini(3.064)
136. Yemen(3.137)
135. Malawi(3.138)
134. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.235)
133. Comoros(3.244)
132. Sierra Leone(3.247)
131. Tanzania(3.328)
130. Jordan(3.487)
129. Bangladesh(3.576)
128. Sri Lanka(3.658)
127. Liberia(3.712)
126. Egypt(3.833)
125. Ethiopia(3.839)
124. Uganda(3.898)
123. Kenya(3.904)
122. Benin(3.986)
121. India(4.011)
120. Cambodia(4.144)
119. Ghana(4.206)
118. Mali(4.225)
117. Madagascar(4.246)
116. Burkina Faso(4.284)
115. Gambia(4.290)
114. Niger(4.297)
113. Pakistan(4.302)
112. Togo(4.389)
111. Chad(4.397)
110. Ukraine(4.449)
109. State of Palestine(4.466)
108. Tunisia(4.471)
107. Morocco(4.493)
106. Mauritania(4.501)
105. Myanmar(4.515)
104. Iran(4.519)
103. Azerbaijan(4.554)
102. Senegal(4.652)
101. Namibia(4.662)
100. Gabon(4.672)
99. Guinea(4.678)
98. Cameroon(4.688)
97. Albania(4.704)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
62
Figure 47: Ranking of Happiness - the Old (60 and above): 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Romania(5.902)
47. Nicaragua(5.904)
46. Chile(5.946)
45. Argentina(5.948)
44. Lithuania(5.965)
43. Philippines(5.976)
42. Kazakhstan(6.000)
41. Thailand(6.001)
40. Poland(6.051)
39. Kosovo(6.096)
38. Italy(6.119)
37. Brazil(6.124)
36. Japan(6.146)
35. Estonia(6.164)
34. Taiwan Province of China(6.284)
33. Mexico(6.287)
32. Slovenia(6.310)
31. Malta(6.353)
30. China(6.359)
29. Spain(6.363)
28. Mauritius(6.388)
27. Saudi Arabia(6.431)
26. Singapore(6.477)
25. France(6.524)
24. Uruguay(6.561)
23. Czechia(6.591)
22. Uzbekistan(6.633)
21. Germany(6.734)
20. United Kingdom(6.812)
19. Belgium(6.842)
18. Israel(6.854)
17. Costa Rica(6.932)
16. Ireland(6.932)
15. Austria(6.939)
14. Switzerland(7.084)
13. Kuwait(7.154)
12. Luxembourg(7.214)
11. United Arab Emirates(7.248)
10. United States(7.258)
9. Australia(7.304)
8. Canada(7.343)
7. Netherlands(7.360)
6. New Zealand(7.390)
5. Iceland(7.585)
4. Sweden(7.588)
3. Norway(7.660)
2. Finland(7.912)
1. Denmark(7.916)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
63
Figure 48: Ranking of Happiness - the Old (60 and above): 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Ivory Coast(4.682)
95. Iraq(4.684)
94. Chad(4.689)
93. Mauritania(4.691)
92. Turkiye(4.694)
91. Georgia(4.719)
90. Bulgaria(4.775)
89. Mozambique(4.804)
88. Armenia(4.865)
87. Tajikistan(4.888)
86. Moldova(4.896)
85. Congo (Brazzaville)(4.918)
84. Ecuador(4.927)
83. Paraguay(5.013)
82. South Africa(5.083)
81. Guinea(5.128)
80. Croatia(5.137)
79. Indonesia(5.159)
78. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.241)
77. Laos(5.256)
76. Nepal(5.259)
75. Dominican Republic(5.269)
74. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.297)
73. Peru(5.313)
72. Colombia(5.393)
71. Malaysia(5.418)
70. Hungary(5.474)
69. Vietnam(5.521)
68. Jamaica(5.529)
67. Greece(5.534)
66. Russia(5.544)
65. Bolivia(5.565)
64. Venezuela(5.570)
63. Portugal(5.571)
62. Algeria(5.631)
61. Bahrain(5.640)
60. Slovakia(5.641)
59. South Korea(5.642)
58. Honduras(5.645)
57. Cyprus(5.665)
56. Panama(5.687)
55. Kyrgyzstan(5.687)
54. Serbia(5.696)
53. Mongolia(5.701)
52. El Salvador(5.716)
51. Latvia(5.811)
50. Libya(5.835)
49. Guatemala(5.887)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
64
Figure 49: Ranking of Happiness - the Old (60 and above): 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(1.456)
142. Zambia(2.484)
141. Lebanon(2.490)
140. Botswana(2.528)
139. Congo (Kinshasa)(2.703)
138. Lesotho(2.808)
137. Zimbabwe(3.021)
136. Eswatini(3.075)
135. Comoros(3.305)
134. Uganda(3.403)
133. Sierra Leone(3.471)
132. Malawi(3.498)
131. Ethiopia(3.563)
130. Nigeria(3.720)
129. Yemen(3.740)
128. Sri Lanka(3.772)
127. Togo(3.790)
126. Tanzania(3.826)
125. Ghana(3.839)
124. Egypt(3.969)
123. Jordan(4.024)
122. Pakistan(4.030)
121. India(4.095)
120. Bangladesh(4.124)
119. Kenya(4.134)
118. Tunisia(4.167)
117. Benin(4.206)
116. Mali(4.211)
115. Ukraine(4.279)
114. Namibia(4.285)
113. Morocco(4.293)
112. Gambia(4.346)
111. Senegal(4.366)
110. Cambodia(4.401)
109. Madagascar(4.416)
108. Azerbaijan(4.417)
107. Cameroon(4.428)
106. Gabon(4.457)
105. Burkina Faso(4.505)
104. Liberia(4.534)
103. Iran(4.596)
102. Myanmar(4.626)
101. Niger(4.634)
100. Albania(4.643)
99. State of Palestine(4.643)
98. North Macedonia(4.658)
97. Montenegro(4.674)
012345678
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
65
Table 14: Ranking by Age Group Showing Happiest and Least Happy Age Groups,
Period 2021 to 2023 - Part 1
Country name All Ages The
Young
The
Lower
Middle
The
Upper
Middle
The Old Happiest
Age
Group
Least
Happy
Age
Group
Finland 1 7 1 1 2 Old Young
Denmark 2 5 3 4 1 Old Young
Iceland 3 4 4 2 5 Young LowerMiddle
Sweden 4 18 8 3 4 Old Young
Israel 5 2 2 7 18 Young Old
Netherlands 6 9 5 5 7 Old Young
Norway 7 20 6 6 3 Old Young
Luxembourg 8 6 11 8 12 Young LowerMiddle
Switzerland 9 13 9 11 14 Young UpperMiddle
Australia 10 19 14 10 9 Old LowerMiddle
New Zealand 11 27 18 13 6 Old LowerMiddle
Costa Rica 12 11 15 23 17 Young UpperMiddle
Kuwait 13 16 20 9 13 Old LowerMiddle
Austria 14 12 17 18 15 Young UpperMiddle
Canada 15 58 28 12 8 Old Young
Belgium 16 24 13 15 19 LowerMiddleOld
Ireland 17 21 21 21 16 Young UpperMiddle
Czechia 18 10 12 22 23 Young Old
Lithuania 19 1 7 20 44 Young Old
United Kingdom 20 32 27 19 20 Old LowerMiddle
Slovenia 21 15 10 27 32 Young Old
United Arab Emirates 22 35 25 16 11 Old LowerMiddle
United States 23 62 42 17 10 Old LowerMiddle
Germany 24 47 16 28 21 LowerMiddleYoung
Mexico 25 22 19 32 33 Young Old
Uruguay 26 30 22 34 24 Young UpperMiddle
France 27 48 23 26 25 LowerMiddleOld
Saudi Arabia 28 42 39 14 27 UpperMiddleLowerMiddle
Kosovo 29 23 37 33 39 Young Old
Singapore 30 54 36 25 26 UpperMiddleOld
Taiwan Province of China 31 25 35 31 34 Young Old
Romania 32 8 26 35 48 Young Old
El Salvador 33 17 38 45 52 Young Old
Estonia 34 44 24 30 35 LowerMiddleOld
Poland 35 43 34 24 40 UpperMiddleOld
Spain 36 55 40 29 29 UpperMiddleOld
Serbia 37 3 29 44 54 Young Old
Chile 38 39 32 42 46 Young Old
Panama 39 26 43 41 56 Young Old
Malta 40 57 41 38 31 Young UpperMiddle
66
Table 15: Ranking by Age Group Showing Happiest and Least Happy Age Groups,
Period 2021 to 2023 - Part 2
Country name All Ages The
Young
The
Lower
Middle
The
Upper
Middle
The Old Happiest
Age
Group
Least
Happy
Age
Group
Italy 41 41 31 39 38 Young Old
Guatemala 42 49 46 54 49 Young Old
Nicaragua 43 28 53 61 47 Young UpperMiddle
Brazil 44 60 44 40 37 Young Old
Slovakia 45 38 33 37 60 Young Old
Latvia 46 31 30 49 51 Young Old
Uzbekistan 47 71 62 36 22 Old LowerMiddle
Argentina 48 34 52 64 45 Young UpperMiddle
Kazakhstan 49 69 48 43 42 Young Old
Cyprus 50 51 49 62 57 Young Old
Japan 51 73 63 52 36 Young LowerMiddle
South Korea 52 52 45 55 59 Young Old
Philippines 53 70 68 58 43 Young LowerMiddle
Vietnam 54 65 54 53 69 Young Old
Portugal 55 46 50 46 63 Young Old
Hungary 56 36 51 48 70 Young Old
Paraguay 57 37 59 75 83 Young Old
Thailand 58 45 69 69 41 Young UpperMiddle
Malaysia 59 64 66 60 71 Young Old
China 60 79 67 57 30 Old LowerMiddle
Honduras 61 56 72 73 58 Young UpperMiddle
Bahrain 62 77 60 50 61 Young Old
Croatia 63 14 47 59 80 Young Old
Greece 64 53 58 56 67 Young Old
Bosnia and Herzegovina 65 33 65 67 78 Young Old
Libya 66 80 73 51 50 UpperMiddleLowerMiddle
Jamaica 67 84 61 47 68 UpperMiddleOld
Peru 68 63 64 80 73 Young UpperMiddle
Dominican Republic 69 61 70 79 75 Young Old
Mauritius 70 85 77 63 28 Old LowerMiddle
Moldova 71 29 55 66 86 Young Old
Russia 72 68 57 78 66 Young UpperMiddle
Bolivia 73 74 75 77 65 Young UpperMiddle
Ecuador 74 59 79 89 84 Young Old
Kyrgyzstan 75 81 81 68 55 Young LowerMiddle
Montenegro 76 50 56 70 97 Young Old
Mongolia 77 86 74 65 53 Young LowerMiddle
Colombia 78 76 78 71 72 Young Old
Venezuela 79 83 80 83 64 Young UpperMiddle
Indonesia 80 75 82 84 79 Young Old
67
Table 16: Ranking by Age Group Showing Happiest and Least Happy Age Groups,
Period 2021 to 2023 - Part 3
Country name All Ages The
Young
The
Lower
Middle
The
Upper
Middle
The Old Happiest
Age
Group
Least
Happy
Age
Group
Bulgaria 81 40 71 74 90 Young Old
Armenia 82 72 83 88 88 Young Old
South Africa 83 87 84 81 82 Young Old
North Macedonia 84 67 76 85 98 Young Old
Algeria 85 93 85 82 62 Old UpperMiddle
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China 86 97 89 72 74 UpperMiddleLowerMiddle
Albania 87 66 86 97 100 Young Old
Tajikistan 88 89 88 86 87 Young Old
Congo (Brazzaville) 89 88 97 90 85 Young Old
Mozambique 90 94 87 96 89 Young UpperMiddle
Georgia 91 78 91 91 91 Young Old
Iraq 92 90 96 94 95 Young Old
Nepal 93 92 101 93 76 Young UpperMiddle
Laos 94 104 93 76 77 UpperMiddleLowerMiddle
Gabon 95 91 99 100 106 Young Old
Ivory Coast 96 100 92 95 96 Young Old
Guinea 97 103 94 99 81 Old UpperMiddle
Turkiye 98 101 98 92 92 Young Old
Senegal 99 99 104 102 111 Young Old
Iran 100 96 100 104 103 Young UpperMiddle
Azerbaijan 101 95 103 103 108 Young Old
Nigeria 102 108 95 87 130 UpperMiddleOld
State of Palestine 103 102 105 109 99 Young UpperMiddle
Cameroon 104 106 102 98 107 Young Old
Ukraine 105 82 90 110 115 Young Old
Namibia 106 105 106 101 114 Young Old
Morocco 107 98 108 107 113 Young Old
Pakistan 108 107 109 113 122 Young Old
Niger 109 116 110 114 101 Old UpperMiddle
Burkina Faso 110 117 107 116 105 LowerMiddleUpperMiddle
Mauritania 111 119 112 106 93 Old LowerMiddle
Gambia 112 110 116 115 112 Young LowerMiddle
Chad 113 120 111 111 94 Old UpperMiddle
Kenya 114 109 119 123 119 Young UpperMiddle
Tunisia 115 118 113 108 118 Young Old
Benin 116 115 117 122 117 Young UpperMiddle
Uganda 117 111 118 124 134 Young Old
Myanmar 118 122 115 105 102 Old LowerMiddle
Cambodia 119 112 122 120 110 Young LowerMiddle
Ghana 120 121 114 119 125 Young Old
68
Table 17: Ranking by Age Group Showing Happiest and Least Happy Age Groups,
Period 2021 to 2023 - Part 4
Country name All Ages The
Young
The
Lower
Middle
The
Upper
Middle
The Old Happiest
Age
Group
Least
Happy
Age
Group
Liberia 121 113 126 127 104 Young UpperMiddle
Mali 122 125 120 118 116 Young LowerMiddle
Madagascar 123 124 123 117 109 Old LowerMiddle
Togo 124 126 121 112 127 UpperMiddle Old
Jordan 125 114 124 130 123 Young UpperMiddle
India 126 127 127 121 121 Young LowerMiddle
Egypt 127 130 125 126 124 Young UpperMiddle
Sri Lanka 128 123 128 128 128 Young UpperMiddle
Bangladesh 129 128 129 129 120 Young UpperMiddle
Ethiopia 130 131 130 125 131 Young LowerMiddle
Tanzania 131 129 132 131 126 Young UpperMiddle
Comoros 132 132 139 133 135 Young LowerMiddle
Yemen 133 135 135 136 129 Young UpperMiddle
Zambia 134 136 131 138 142 Young Old
Eswatini 135 134 134 137 136 Young UpperMiddle
Malawi 136 137 140 135 132 Young LowerMiddle
Botswana 137 133 133 140 140 Young Old
Zimbabwe 138 139 138 139 137 Young UpperMiddle
Congo (Kinshasa) 139 140 137 134 139 Young Old
Sierra Leone 140 141 136 132 133 Old LowerMiddle
Lesotho 141 138 141 142 138 Young UpperMiddle
Lebanon 142 142 142 141 141 Young Old
Afghanistan 143 143 143 143 143 Young Old
69
Table 18: Numbers of Countries/Territories by Happiest Age Group, Period 2021 to
2023
Region indicator The
Young
Lower
Middle
Upper
Middle
The
Old
Total
Western Europe 10 3 1 6 20
Central and Eastern Europe 15 1 1 0 17
Commonwealth of Independent States 9 0 0 1 10
Southeast Asia 6 0 2 1 9
South Asia 6 0 0 0 6
East Asia 4 0 1 1 6
Latin America and Caribbean 18 0 1 0 19
North America and ANZ 0 0 0 4 4
Middle East and North Africa 12 0 2 3 17
Sub-Saharan Africa 25 1 2 7 35
All 105 5 10 23 143
Table 19: Numbers of Countries/Territories by Least Happy Age Group, Period 2021
to 2023
Region indicator The
Young
Lower
Middle
Upper
Middle
The
Old
Total
Western Europe 6 3 4 7 20
Central and Eastern Europe 0 0 0 17 17
Commonwealth of Independent States 0 2 1 7 10
Southeast Asia 0 4 1 4 9
South Asia 0 1 3 2 6
East Asia 0 4 0 2 6
Latin America and Caribbean 0 0 8 11 19
North America and ANZ 1 3 0 0 4
Middle East and North Africa 0 4 6 7 17
Sub-Saharan Africa 0 9 12 14 35
All 7 30 35 71 143
70
Table 20: Number of Countries/Territories by Happiest Age Group, Period 2006 to
2010
Region indicator The
Young
Lower
Middle
Upper
Middle
The
Old
Total
Western Europe 14 1 1 4 20
Central and Eastern Europe 17 0 0 0 17
Commonwealth of Independent States 10 1 0 1 12
Southeast Asia 8 0 0 0 8
South Asia 6 0 0 0 6
East Asia 5 0 0 1 6
Latin America and Caribbean 21 0 2 1 24
North America and ANZ 0 0 0 4 4
Middle East and North Africa 11 2 2 3 18
Sub-Saharan Africa 21 5 5 3 34
All 113 9 10 17 149
Table 21: Number of Countries/Territories by Least Happy Age Group, Period 2006
to 2010
Region indicator The
Young
Lower
Middle
Upper
Middle
The
Old
Total
Western Europe 1 4 5 10 20
Central and Eastern Europe 0 0 4 13 17
Commonwealth of Independent States 0 1 1 10 12
Southeast Asia 0 0 3 5 8
South Asia 0 2 3 1 6
East Asia 0 1 3 2 6
Latin America and Caribbean 1 0 5 18 24
North America and ANZ 0 3 1 0 4
Middle East and North Africa 1 2 3 12 18
Sub-Saharan Africa 1 2 7 24 34
All 4 15 35 95 149
71
Figure 50: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023 (Part 1)
50. Indonesia(0.410)
49. Morocco(0.411)
48. South Korea(0.414)
47. Niger(0.434)
46. Czechia(0.462)
45. Senegal(0.472)
44. Russia(0.501)
43. Cameroon(0.510)
42. Moldova(0.510)
41. El Salvador(0.513)
40. Taiwan Province of China(0.516)
39. Mozambique(0.524)
38. Chad(0.552)
37. Nepal(0.554)
36. Montenegro(0.560)
35. Paraguay(0.578)
34. Peru(0.583)
33. Kazakhstan(0.593)
32. Slovakia(0.600)
31. Burkina Faso(0.622)
30. Iceland(0.637)
29. Poland(0.638)
28. Tajikistan(0.667)
27. Vietnam(0.683)
26. Portugal(0.702)
25. Uruguay(0.713)
24. Dominican Republic(0.787)
23. Slovenia(0.821)
22. Ivory Coast(0.883)
21. Benin(0.884)
20. Kyrgyzstan(0.885)
19. Uzbekistan(0.970)
18. Armenia(0.981)
17. North Macedonia(1.000)
16. Bosnia and Herzegovina(1.020)
15. Hungary(1.074)
14. Estonia(1.118)
13. Mongolia(1.134)
12. Kosovo(1.141)
11. Nicaragua(1.169)
10. Togo(1.207)
9. Philippines(1.223)
8. Lithuania(1.229)
7. Georgia(1.292)
6. China(1.293)
5. Romania(1.313)
4. Congo (Brazzaville)(1.402)
3. Latvia(1.473)
2. Bulgaria(1.573)
1. Serbia(1.847)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
72
Figure 51: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023 (Part 2)
100. Turkiye(−0.259)
99. Italy(−0.255)
98. Norway(−0.222)
97. Belgium(−0.219)
96. Ukraine(−0.216)
95. United Arab Emirates(−0.200)
94. Greece(−0.199)
93. Netherlands(−0.193)
92. United Kingdom(−0.187)
91. France(−0.138)
90. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(−0.107)
89. Algeria(−0.100)
88. Madagascar(−0.081)
87. Comoros(−0.078)
86. Tanzania(−0.069)
85. Mexico(−0.062)
84. Argentina(−0.054)
83. Namibia(−0.054)
82. Sweden(−0.035)
81. Singapore(−0.027)
80. Laos(−0.022)
79. Japan(0.001)
78. Guatemala(0.010)
77. Mauritania(0.011)
76. Saudi Arabia(0.014)
75. Nigeria(0.025)
74. Uganda(0.058)
73. Luxembourg(0.071)
72. Israel(0.142)
71. Bahrain(0.143)
70. Germany(0.146)
69. Bolivia(0.151)
68. Malaysia(0.152)
67. Finland(0.162)
66. Albania(0.171)
65. Thailand(0.172)
64. Liberia(0.229)
63. Chile(0.232)
62. Kenya(0.250)
61. Cambodia(0.252)
60. Mali(0.265)
59. Ecuador(0.300)
58. Azerbaijan(0.311)
57. Iraq(0.311)
56. Croatia(0.320)
55. South Africa(0.321)
54. State of Palestine(0.366)
53. Kuwait(0.379)
52. Malta(0.386)
51. Honduras(0.404)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
73
Figure 52: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023 (Part 3)
134. Afghanistan(−2.599)
133. Lebanon(−2.324)
132. Jordan(−1.522)
131. Venezuela(−1.316)
130. Malawi(−1.203)
129. Zambia(−1.202)
128. Botswana(−1.197)
127. Yemen(−0.997)
126. Egypt(−0.993)
125. India(−0.920)
124. Bangladesh(−0.887)
123. Congo (Kinshasa)(−0.688)
122. Tunisia(−0.675)
121. Canada(−0.599)
120. United States(−0.545)
119. Colombia(−0.507)
118. Panama(−0.504)
117. Pakistan(−0.479)
116. Zimbabwe(−0.463)
115. Ireland(−0.446)
114. Switzerland(−0.439)
113. Brazil(−0.425)
112. Ghana(−0.416)
111. Sri Lanka(−0.377)
110. Jamaica(−0.366)
109. Cyprus(−0.348)
108. New Zealand(−0.343)
107. Sierra Leone(−0.341)
106. Spain(−0.340)
105. Iran(−0.338)
104. Austria(−0.323)
103. Costa Rica(−0.296)
102. Australia(−0.273)
101. Denmark(−0.273)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
74
Figure 53: Changes in Happiness of the Young (below 30): from 2006-2010 to 2021-
2023 (Part 1)
50. Honduras(0.459)
49. Azerbaijan(0.471)
48. Malaysia(0.485)
47. Niger(0.501)
46. Cambodia(0.507)
45. Mozambique(0.520)
44. Kazakhstan(0.523)
43. Kuwait(0.542)
42. Ecuador(0.550)
41. Chad(0.561)
40. Kenya(0.595)
39. Dominican Republic(0.597)
38. Liberia(0.615)
37. Iraq(0.646)
36. Peru(0.661)
35. Burkina Faso(0.674)
34. Tajikistan(0.710)
33. Montenegro(0.715)
32. Estonia(0.735)
31. Nepal(0.756)
30. Indonesia(0.759)
29. Senegal(0.809)
28. El Salvador(0.815)
27. Ivory Coast(0.823)
26. Vietnam(0.828)
25. Kyrgyzstan(0.841)
24. Paraguay(0.842)
23. Morocco(0.845)
22. Hungary(0.846)
21. Croatia(0.883)
20. China(0.963)
19. Moldova(0.995)
18. Albania(1.001)
17. Uzbekistan(1.003)
16. Philippines(1.067)
15. Nicaragua(1.083)
14. Bosnia and Herzegovina(1.098)
13. Benin(1.099)
12. Kosovo(1.107)
11. Mongolia(1.124)
10. Romania(1.221)
9. Armenia(1.225)
8. Togo(1.255)
7. Latvia(1.393)
6. North Macedonia(1.428)
5. Georgia(1.533)
4. Lithuania(1.547)
3. Congo (Brazzaville)(1.781)
2. Bulgaria(1.845)
1. Serbia(2.418)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
75
Figure 54: Changes in Happiness of the Young (below 30): from 2006-2010 to 2021-
2023 (Part 2)
100. Malta(−0.369)
99. Sweden(−0.363)
98. Italy(−0.357)
97. Cyprus(−0.350)
96. Austria(−0.336)
95. Greece(−0.331)
94. Turkiye(−0.318)
93. Mexico(−0.308)
92. Zimbabwe(−0.296)
91. United Arab Emirates(−0.276)
90. Jamaica(−0.253)
89. United Kingdom(−0.253)
88. Panama(−0.235)
87. Sri Lanka(−0.190)
86. Singapore(−0.162)
85. Laos(−0.117)
84. Guatemala(−0.112)
83. Japan(−0.111)
82. Algeria(−0.099)
81. Madagascar(−0.056)
80. Chile(−0.048)
79. Luxembourg(−0.045)
78. Mauritania(−0.006)
77. Nigeria(0.012)
76. Saudi Arabia(0.013)
75. Iran(0.026)
74. Argentina(0.032)
73. Iceland(0.046)
72. Slovenia(0.063)
71. Bahrain(0.077)
70. Poland(0.084)
69. Ukraine(0.102)
68. Israel(0.157)
67. Bolivia(0.168)
66. Czechia(0.184)
65. Portugal(0.185)
64. Namibia(0.220)
63. Taiwan Province of China(0.299)
62. Mali(0.305)
61. Tanzania(0.354)
60. Uruguay(0.357)
59. Uganda(0.360)
58. State of Palestine(0.379)
57. Comoros(0.392)
56. Russia(0.396)
55. Cameroon(0.411)
54. Thailand(0.421)
53. South Korea(0.444)
52. Slovakia(0.449)
51. South Africa(0.452)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
76
Figure 55: Changes in Happiness of the Young (below 30): from 2006-2010 to 2021-
2023 (Part 3)
134. Afghanistan(−2.534)
133. Lebanon(−2.502)
132. Venezuela(−1.225)
131. Jordan(−1.162)
130. Canada(−1.140)
129. Malawi(−1.062)
128. United States(−1.057)
127. Zambia(−1.002)
126. Egypt(−0.992)
125. Yemen(−0.918)
124. India(−0.793)
123. Botswana(−0.792)
122. Tunisia(−0.787)
121. Bangladesh(−0.708)
120. Colombia(−0.691)
119. Spain(−0.642)
118. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(−0.569)
117. Congo (Kinshasa)(−0.561)
116. Ireland(−0.544)
115. Denmark(−0.539)
114. France(−0.505)
113. New Zealand(−0.489)
112. Germany(−0.474)
111. Brazil(−0.463)
110. Norway(−0.459)
109. Costa Rica(−0.456)
108. Ghana(−0.448)
107. Pakistan(−0.435)
106. Finland(−0.426)
105. Australia(−0.416)
104. Sierra Leone(−0.407)
103. Belgium(−0.399)
102. Switzerland(−0.388)
101. Netherlands(−0.375)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
77
Figure 56: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 30 and 44: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 1)
50. Malta(0.379)
49. Czechia(0.396)
48. Indonesia(0.399)
47. Azerbaijan(0.419)
46. Nepal(0.447)
45. Chile(0.454)
44. Honduras(0.502)
43. Chad(0.516)
42. Taiwan Province of China(0.532)
41. Kazakhstan(0.566)
40. Russia(0.568)
39. El Salvador(0.578)
38. Cameroon(0.637)
37. Poland(0.650)
36. Mozambique(0.660)
35. Burkina Faso(0.686)
34. Benin(0.687)
33. Iceland(0.687)
32. Moldova(0.704)
31. Portugal(0.704)
30. Paraguay(0.726)
29. Tajikistan(0.742)
28. Vietnam(0.771)
27. Peru(0.789)
26. Uzbekistan(0.831)
25. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.853)
24. Montenegro(0.862)
23. Kyrgyzstan(0.873)
22. Slovenia(0.881)
21. Slovakia(0.894)
20. Uruguay(0.902)
19. Ivory Coast(0.910)
18. Togo(1.056)
17. Armenia(1.077)
16. Mongolia(1.114)
15. Dominican Republic(1.115)
14. Kosovo(1.130)
13. Estonia(1.181)
12. Congo (Brazzaville)(1.209)
11. Georgia(1.220)
10. Nicaragua(1.238)
9. Philippines(1.293)
8. Hungary(1.306)
7. China(1.312)
6. North Macedonia(1.318)
5. Lithuania(1.450)
4. Romania(1.492)
3. Latvia(1.691)
2. Bulgaria(1.791)
1. Serbia(1.975)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
78
Figure 57: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 30 and 44: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 2)
100. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(−0.333)
99. Ghana(−0.291)
98. Belgium(−0.290)
97. Switzerland(−0.290)
96. Australia(−0.286)
95. Denmark(−0.244)
94. Norway(−0.238)
93. Liberia(−0.223)
92. Sweden(−0.218)
91. Netherlands(−0.201)
90. Algeria(−0.198)
89. Italy(−0.195)
88. Argentina(−0.180)
87. Costa Rica(−0.180)
86. Turkiye(−0.171)
85. Japan(−0.171)
84. United Arab Emirates(−0.139)
83. France(−0.137)
82. Saudi Arabia(−0.104)
81. Finland(−0.094)
80. Uganda(−0.092)
79. United Kingdom(−0.083)
78. Mauritania(−0.074)
77. Ukraine(−0.058)
76. Laos(−0.032)
75. Luxembourg(−0.031)
74. Singapore(−0.028)
73. Kenya(−0.024)
72. Iraq(−0.009)
71. Bahrain(0.009)
70. Cambodia(0.037)
69. Albania(0.051)
68. Malaysia(0.069)
67. Thailand(0.089)
66. Morocco(0.105)
65. Mexico(0.112)
64. Guatemala(0.115)
63. Nigeria(0.133)
62. Mali(0.139)
61. Bolivia(0.214)
60. South Africa(0.222)
59. Kuwait(0.270)
58. Germany(0.272)
57. Croatia(0.280)
56. Ecuador(0.301)
55. Senegal(0.330)
54. Israel(0.339)
53. South Korea(0.373)
52. Niger(0.373)
51. State of Palestine(0.378)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
79
Figure 58: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 30 and 44: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 3)
134. Afghanistan(−2.700)
133. Lebanon(−2.227)
132. Jordan(−1.723)
131. Malawi(−1.614)
130. Venezuela(−1.314)
129. Zambia(−1.268)
128. Yemen(−1.235)
127. India(−1.124)
126. Bangladesh(−1.092)
125. Botswana(−1.084)
124. Egypt(−1.004)
123. Congo (Kinshasa)(−0.880)
122. Tanzania(−0.777)
121. Canada(−0.697)
120. Tunisia(−0.647)
119. United States(−0.635)
118. Austria(−0.578)
117. Comoros(−0.576)
116. Zimbabwe(−0.532)
115. Cyprus(−0.514)
114. Panama(−0.510)
113. Spain(−0.499)
112. Sri Lanka(−0.444)
111. Pakistan(−0.437)
110. Namibia(−0.427)
109. Ireland(−0.422)
108. New Zealand(−0.404)
107. Greece(−0.403)
106. Brazil(−0.401)
105. Colombia(−0.367)
104. Jamaica(−0.367)
103. Iran(−0.361)
102. Madagascar(−0.352)
101. Sierra Leone(−0.338)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
80
Figure 59: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 45 and 59: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 1)
50. Burkina Faso(0.350)
49. Honduras(0.351)
48. South Africa(0.369)
47. Morocco(0.372)
46. Chile(0.402)
45. Croatia(0.423)
44. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.426)
43. Paraguay(0.446)
42. El Salvador(0.451)
41. Peru(0.460)
40. Benin(0.546)
39. Chad(0.559)
38. Moldova(0.562)
37. South Korea(0.594)
36. Vietnam(0.604)
35. Tajikistan(0.630)
34. Kazakhstan(0.642)
33. Czechia(0.651)
32. Cameroon(0.680)
31. Armenia(0.689)
30. Montenegro(0.707)
29. Uruguay(0.715)
28. Malta(0.756)
27. Slovakia(0.834)
26. Taiwan Province of China(0.852)
25. Kyrgyzstan(0.881)
24. Ivory Coast(0.882)
23. Uzbekistan(0.989)
22. Iceland(1.009)
21. Dominican Republic(1.082)
20. Portugal(1.091)
19. Bosnia and Herzegovina(1.095)
18. Kosovo(1.111)
17. North Macedonia(1.134)
16. Poland(1.166)
15. Slovenia(1.201)
14. Congo (Brazzaville)(1.235)
13. Georgia(1.286)
12. China(1.304)
11. Mongolia(1.375)
10. Estonia(1.432)
9. Philippines(1.466)
8. Lithuania(1.478)
7. Hungary(1.484)
6. Latvia(1.506)
5. Nicaragua(1.515)
4. Romania(1.517)
3. Togo(1.534)
2. Bulgaria(1.737)
1. Serbia(1.963)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
81
Figure 60: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 45 and 59: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 2)
100. Cyprus(−0.257)
99. Colombia(−0.257)
98. Liberia(−0.249)
97. Namibia(−0.237)
96. Costa Rica(−0.235)
95. Sierra Leone(−0.220)
94. Belgium(−0.217)
93. Argentina(−0.212)
92. Australia(−0.209)
91. Albania(−0.187)
90. Netherlands(−0.171)
89. Mexico(−0.166)
88. Kenya(−0.135)
87. Turkiye(−0.102)
86. Spain(−0.100)
85. Jamaica(−0.096)
84. United Kingdom(−0.078)
83. United Arab Emirates(−0.059)
82. Japan(−0.046)
81. Ecuador(−0.032)
80. Thailand(−0.027)
79. Mauritania(0.009)
78. Malaysia(0.021)
77. Azerbaijan(0.021)
76. France(0.051)
75. Israel(0.057)
74. Iraq(0.058)
73. Senegal(0.064)
72. Indonesia(0.068)
71. Sweden(0.122)
70. Madagascar(0.123)
69. Cambodia(0.133)
68. Singapore(0.149)
67. Laos(0.150)
66. Bolivia(0.155)
65. Luxembourg(0.158)
64. Guatemala(0.175)
63. Greece(0.185)
62. State of Palestine(0.212)
61. Nigeria(0.213)
60. Mozambique(0.220)
59. Mali(0.223)
58. Niger(0.225)
57. Kuwait(0.239)
56. Germany(0.245)
55. Saudi Arabia(0.293)
54. Russia(0.296)
53. Nepal(0.310)
52. Finland(0.315)
51. Bahrain(0.340)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
82
Figure 61: Changes in Happiness of Those Age between 45 and 59: from 2006-2010
to 2021-2023 (Part 3)
134. Afghanistan(−2.597)
133. Lebanon(−1.998)
132. Jordan(−1.936)
131. Botswana(−1.762)
130. Zambia(−1.520)
129. Venezuela(−1.453)
128. Malawi(−1.404)
127. Yemen(−1.223)
126. Bangladesh(−1.005)
125. Egypt(−0.981)
124. India(−0.941)
123. Zimbabwe(−0.683)
122. Iran(−0.675)
121. Ukraine(−0.631)
120. Congo (Kinshasa)(−0.617)
119. Uganda(−0.560)
118. Panama(−0.541)
117. Switzerland(−0.537)
116. Canada(−0.525)
115. Pakistan(−0.458)
114. Italy(−0.456)
113. Tanzania(−0.455)
112. Tunisia(−0.453)
111. Ghana(−0.424)
110. Sri Lanka(−0.417)
109. Algeria(−0.414)
108. Austria(−0.413)
107. New Zealand(−0.397)
106. Ireland(−0.382)
105. Norway(−0.332)
104. Comoros(−0.317)
103. United States(−0.310)
102. Denmark(−0.302)
101. Brazil(−0.279)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
83
Figure 62: Changes in Happiness of Old (60 and over): from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023
(Part 1)
50. Thailand(0.503)
49. Niger(0.526)
48. Bahrain(0.528)
47. Tajikistan(0.529)
46. Chad(0.531)
45. Mali(0.536)
44. Peru(0.539)
43. Burkina Faso(0.577)
42. Liberia(0.579)
41. North Macedonia(0.591)
40. Taiwan Province of China(0.606)
39. Finland(0.617)
38. Kazakhstan(0.627)
37. Mozambique(0.636)
36. Malta(0.642)
35. Dominican Republic(0.683)
34. State of Palestine(0.695)
33. Tanzania(0.737)
32. Honduras(0.762)
31. Nepal(0.770)
30. Algeria(0.791)
29. South Korea(0.793)
28. Benin(0.797)
27. Togo(0.867)
26. Czechia(0.880)
25. Lithuania(0.888)
24. Hungary(0.909)
23. Iceland(0.931)
22. Poland(0.954)
21. Uruguay(0.979)
20. Bosnia and Herzegovina(1.008)
19. Portugal(1.036)
18. Mongolia(1.038)
17. Russia(1.066)
16. Kuwait(1.076)
15. Slovenia(1.087)
14. Armenia(1.099)
13. Ivory Coast(1.169)
12. Kyrgyzstan(1.176)
11. Kosovo(1.220)
10. Uzbekistan(1.239)
9. Estonia(1.252)
8. Romania(1.367)
7. Philippines(1.399)
6. Georgia(1.457)
5. Serbia(1.514)
4. Bulgaria(1.554)
3. Latvia(1.652)
2. China(1.695)
1. Nicaragua(1.699)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
84
Figure 63: Changes in Happiness of Old (60 and over): from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023
(Part 2)
100. Australia(−0.240)
99. Kenya(−0.223)
98. New Zealand(−0.207)
97. Sierra Leone(−0.142)
96. Comoros(−0.142)
95. Greece(−0.107)
94. Denmark(−0.089)
93. Senegal(−0.077)
92. Spain(−0.073)
91. Singapore(−0.062)
90. Netherlands(−0.061)
89. Morocco(−0.040)
88. Namibia(−0.030)
87. Costa Rica(0.006)
86. Ukraine(0.008)
85. Belgium(0.021)
84. Italy(0.034)
83. Austria(0.043)
82. Ecuador(0.055)
81. France(0.063)
80. Norway(0.077)
79. Iraq(0.079)
78. Montenegro(0.115)
77. Israel(0.125)
76. El Salvador(0.168)
75. Paraguay(0.170)
74. South Africa(0.183)
73. Luxembourg(0.184)
72. Sweden(0.190)
71. Bolivia(0.192)
70. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.196)
69. Moldova(0.199)
68. Japan(0.219)
67. Argentina(0.241)
66. Laos(0.243)
65. Madagascar(0.247)
64. Guatemala(0.286)
63. Indonesia(0.302)
62. Croatia(0.344)
61. Cameroon(0.349)
60. Germany(0.385)
59. Vietnam(0.390)
58. Azerbaijan(0.398)
57. Chile(0.424)
56. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.445)
55. United Arab Emirates(0.453)
54. Cambodia(0.459)
53. Mauritania(0.459)
52. Mexico(0.476)
51. Slovakia(0.502)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
85
Figure 64: Changes in Happiness of Old (60 and over): from 2006-2010 to 2021-2023
(Part 3)
134. Afghanistan(−2.703)
133. Lebanon(−2.182)
132. Zambia(−1.701)
131. Jordan(−1.524)
130. Botswana(−1.484)
129. Venezuela(−1.102)
128. Congo (Kinshasa)(−1.071)
127. Nigeria(−1.038)
126. Jamaica(−0.998)
125. India(−0.871)
124. Pakistan(−0.804)
123. Egypt(−0.782)
122. Uganda(−0.741)
121. Panama(−0.719)
120. Saudi Arabia(−0.687)
119. Ghana(−0.686)
118. Iran(−0.584)
117. Switzerland(−0.547)
116. Bangladesh(−0.528)
115. Zimbabwe(−0.512)
114. Tunisia(−0.504)
113. Sri Lanka(−0.465)
112. Colombia(−0.449)
111. Brazil(−0.414)
110. Ireland(−0.400)
109. Cyprus(−0.391)
108. United States(−0.390)
107. Malawi(−0.387)
106. Malaysia(−0.383)
105. United Kingdom(−0.369)
104. Turkiye(−0.324)
103. Albania(−0.312)
102. Canada(−0.291)
101. Yemen(−0.283)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2021−2023 95% confidence interval
86
Figure 65: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 1); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
48. Argentina(6.188)
47. Uzbekistan(6.195)
46. Latvia(6.234)
45. Slovakia(6.257)
44. Brazil(6.272)
43. Nicaragua(6.284)
42. Guatemala(6.287)
41. Italy(6.324)
40. Malta(6.346)
39. Panama(6.358)
38. Chile(6.360)
37. Serbia(6.411)
36. Spain(6.421)
35. Poland(6.442)
34. Estonia(6.448)
33. El Salvador(6.469)
32. Romania(6.491)
31. Taiwan Province of China(6.503)
30. Singapore(6.523)
29. Kosovo(6.561)
28. Saudi Arabia(6.594)
27. France(6.609)
26. Uruguay(6.611)
25. Mexico(6.678)
24. Germany(6.719)
23. United States(6.725)
22. United Arab Emirates(6.733)
21. Slovenia(6.743)
20. United Kingdom(6.749)
19. Lithuania(6.818)
18. Czechia(6.822)
17. Ireland(6.838)
16. Belgium(6.894)
15. Canada(6.900)
14. Austria(6.905)
13. Kuwait(6.951)
12. Costa Rica(6.955)
11. New Zealand(7.029)
10. Australia(7.057)
9. Switzerland(7.060)
8. Luxembourg(7.122)
7. Norway(7.302)
6. Netherlands(7.319)
5. Israel(7.341)
4. Sweden(7.344)
3. Iceland(7.525)
2. Denmark(7.583)
1. Finland(7.741)
012345678
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.58) + residual 95% confidence interval
87
Figure 66: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 2); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
96. Ivory Coast(5.080)
95. Gabon(5.106)
94. Laos(5.139)
93. Nepal(5.158)
92. Iraq(5.166)
91. Georgia(5.185)
90. Mozambique(5.216)
89. Congo (Brazzaville)(5.221)
88. Tajikistan(5.281)
87. Albania(5.304)
86. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.316)
85. Algeria(5.364)
84. North Macedonia(5.369)
83. South Africa(5.422)
82. Armenia(5.455)
81. Bulgaria(5.463)
80. Indonesia(5.568)
79. Venezuela(5.607)
78. Colombia(5.695)
77. Mongolia(5.696)
76. Montenegro(5.707)
75. Kyrgyzstan(5.714)
74. Ecuador(5.725)
73. Bolivia(5.784)
72. Russia(5.785)
71. Moldova(5.816)
70. Mauritius(5.816)
69. Dominican Republic(5.823)
68. Peru(5.841)
67. Jamaica(5.842)
66. Libya(5.866)
65. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.877)
64. Greece(5.934)
63. Croatia(5.942)
62. Bahrain(5.959)
61. Honduras(5.968)
60. China(5.973)
59. Malaysia(5.975)
58. Thailand(5.976)
57. Paraguay(5.977)
56. Hungary(6.017)
55. Portugal(6.030)
54. Vietnam(6.043)
53. Philippines(6.048)
52. South Korea(6.058)
51. Japan(6.060)
50. Cyprus(6.068)
49. Kazakhstan(6.188)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.58) + residual 95% confidence interval
88
Figure 67: Ranking of Happiness: 2021-2023 (Part 3); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
143. Afghanistan(1.721)
142. Lebanon(2.707)
141. Lesotho(3.186)
140. Sierra Leone(3.245)
139. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.295)
138. Zimbabwe(3.341)
137. Botswana(3.383)
136. Malawi(3.421)
135. Eswatini(3.502)
134. Zambia(3.502)
133. Yemen(3.561)
132. Comoros(3.566)
131. Tanzania(3.781)
130. Ethiopia(3.861)
129. Bangladesh(3.886)
128. Sri Lanka(3.898)
127. Egypt(3.977)
126. India(4.054)
125. Jordan(4.186)
124. Togo(4.214)
123. Madagascar(4.228)
122. Mali(4.232)
121. Liberia(4.269)
120. Ghana(4.289)
119. Cambodia(4.341)
118. Myanmar(4.354)
117. Uganda(4.372)
116. Benin(4.377)
115. Tunisia(4.422)
114. Kenya(4.470)
113. Chad(4.471)
112. Gambia(4.485)
111. Mauritania(4.505)
110. Burkina Faso(4.548)
109. Niger(4.556)
108. Pakistan(4.657)
107. Morocco(4.795)
106. Namibia(4.832)
105. Ukraine(4.873)
104. Cameroon(4.874)
103. State of Palestine(4.879)
102. Nigeria(4.881)
101. Azerbaijan(4.893)
100. Iran(4.923)
99. Senegal(4.969)
98. Turkiye(4.975)
97. Guinea(5.023)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.58) + residual 95% confidence interval
89
Table 22: Countries that used imputed corrupt based on WGI control of corruption
indicators
Country name Imputation indicator: corrupt is imputed based on WGI’s
control of corruption in
Saudi Arabia 1
China 1
Kuwait 1
United Arab Emirates 1
Table 23: Countries/territories that are not covered in the decomposition exerise due
to missing factors; an empty table means all countries are covered
Country name Country Missing factors
Bahrain 92 Perceptions of corruption,
Tajikistan 185 Freedom to make life choices,
State of Palestine 39 Healthy life expectancy,
Note: Any countries/territories that are missing per-capita GDP automatically miss Generosity,
because we adjust the latter to filter out the influence of per-capita GDP. In addition, any
countries/territories that are missing the variable of corruption perception are indeed missing the
perception on both business and government.
90
Ranking of the Six Factors Used to Explain Happiness Scores
The next set of figures are rankings of countries by the six underlying factors used to
explain international differences in happiness scores, namely GDP per person, healthy
life expectancy, social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and
perception of corruption. The ranking figures do not show imputed data. As we
explain when describing our imputation algorithm, we do not use the imputed values
in any of our headline results including the happiness rankings. The only place where
we use them is when we try to decompose a country’s average happiness score into
components explained by the six factors. The imputation involves only a small num-
ber of countries. Here, we avoid relying on the imputation to generate the rankings.
If a country is missing the information about corruption perceptions, for example,
they won’t show up in the corruption ranking, thus the ranking for corruption will
cover a smaller number of countries than the ranking of overall happiness. Finally,
we note that the healthy life expectancy time series from the WHO cover up to 2019,
before the pandemic. We rank countries based on the 2019 information without
extrapolation.
91
Figure 68: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2021-2023; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 1)
48. Bulgaria( 26,639)
47. Russia( 27,634)
46. Malaysia( 27,926)
45. Greece( 31,139)
44. Romania( 32,515)
43. Latvia( 32,633)
42. Turkiye( 32,753)
41. Panama( 32,766)
40. Slovakia( 33,127)
39. Croatia( 33,562)
38. Hungary( 34,732)
37. Portugal( 35,282)
36. Poland( 36,321)
35. Estonia( 37,822)
34. Lithuania( 39,349)
33. Spain( 39,406)
32. Czechia( 41,371)
31. Slovenia( 41,658)
30. Japan( 41,672)
29. Cyprus( 42,647)
28. Italy( 43,429)
27. Israel( 43,776)
26. New Zealand( 44,715)
25. South Korea( 45,313)
24. France( 45,750)
23. United Kingdom( 46,260)
22. Malta( 46,889)
21. Canada( 48,637)
20. Saudi Arabia( 49,011)
19. Finland( 49,244)
18. Kuwait( 49,388)
17. Australia( 50,703)
16. Belgium( 52,743)
15. Bahrain( 52,937)
14. Germany( 53,243)
13. Sweden( 54,291)
12. Iceland( 54,692)
11. Austria( 55,409)
10. Netherlands( 57,904)
9. Denmark( 59,100)
8. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China( 59,254)
7. United States( 64,595)
6. Norway( 67,061)
5. Switzerland( 70,670)
4. United Arab Emirates( 73,318)
3. Singapore(107,891)
2. Ireland(111,256)
1. Luxembourg(115,041)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
92
Figure 69: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2021-2023; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 2)
96. Bolivia( 8,185)
95. Philippines( 8,541)
94. Iraq( 8,961)
93. Eswatini( 9,132)
92. Guatemala( 9,243)
91. Jordan( 9,316)
90. El Salvador( 9,391)
89. Namibia( 9,425)
88. Jamaica( 9,806)
87. Tunisia( 10,571)
86. Ecuador( 10,847)
85. Algeria( 11,101)
84. Vietnam( 11,324)
83. Ukraine( 11,971)
82. Mongolia( 12,067)
81. Sri Lanka( 12,356)
80. Indonesia( 12,375)
79. Kosovo( 12,472)
78. Egypt( 12,679)
77. Peru( 12,702)
76. Lebanon( 12,926)
75. Moldova( 13,250)
74. South Africa( 13,392)
73. Paraguay( 13,743)
72. Gabon( 13,953)
71. Brazil( 15,035)
70. Azerbaijan( 15,181)
69. Iran( 15,281)
68. Colombia( 15,356)
67. Albania( 15,399)
66. Armenia( 15,652)
65. Botswana( 15,702)
64. Bosnia and Herzegovina( 16,629)
63. Georgia( 16,733)
62. North Macedonia( 17,140)
61. Thailand( 17,582)
60. China( 18,230)
59. Dominican Republic( 19,295)
58. Mexico( 19,520)
57. Libya( 19,797)
56. Serbia( 20,498)
55. Costa Rica( 21,882)
54. Argentina( 21,951)
53. Mauritius( 22,502)
52. Montenegro( 22,509)
51. Uruguay( 24,182)
50. Chile( 25,671)
49. Kazakhstan( 26,119)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
93
Figure 70: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2021-2023; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 3)
139. Congo (Kinshasa)( 1,158)
138. Mozambique( 1,247)
137. Niger( 1,295)
136. Chad( 1,413)
135. Malawi( 1,469)
134. Liberia( 1,477)
133. Madagascar( 1,516)
132. Afghanistan( 1,517)
131. Sierra Leone( 1,635)
130. Mali( 2,134)
129. Zimbabwe( 2,140)
128. Gambia( 2,152)
127. Burkina Faso( 2,186)
126. Togo( 2,203)
125. Lesotho( 2,282)
124. Uganda( 2,290)
123. Ethiopia( 2,422)
122. Tanzania( 2,628)
121. Guinea( 2,708)
120. Congo (Brazzaville)( 3,231)
119. Comoros( 3,261)
118. Zambia( 3,293)
117. Benin( 3,434)
116. Senegal( 3,572)
115. Cameroon( 3,738)
114. Nepal( 3,983)
113. Tajikistan( 4,119)
112. Myanmar( 4,125)
111. Cambodia( 4,538)
110. Kenya( 4,885)
109. Nigeria( 4,956)
108. Kyrgyzstan( 5,137)
107. Pakistan( 5,351)
106. Ghana( 5,474)
105. Mauritania( 5,492)
104. Ivory Coast( 5,531)
103. Honduras( 5,701)
102. Nicaragua( 5,809)
101. Bangladesh( 6,228)
100. India( 7,076)
99. Laos( 7,986)
98. Uzbekistan( 8,060)
97. Morocco( 8,101)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
94
Figure 71: Ranking of Social Support: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. France(0.876)
47. Russia(0.878)
46. Japan(0.879)
45. Luxembourg(0.879)
44. Mauritius(0.880)
43. Saudi Arabia(0.881)
42. Singapore(0.881)
41. Kuwait(0.882)
40. Portugal(0.884)
39. Chile(0.884)
38. South Africa(0.885)
37. Costa Rica(0.886)
36. Argentina(0.889)
35. Germany(0.893)
34. Ireland(0.893)
33. Serbia(0.893)
32. United States(0.893)
31. Panama(0.893)
30. Uzbekistan(0.894)
29. Paraguay(0.900)
28. Poland(0.903)
27. Switzerland(0.906)
26. Uruguay(0.909)
25. Belgium(0.912)
24. Malta(0.914)
23. Croatia(0.914)
22. Lithuania(0.917)
21. Kazakhstan(0.919)
20. Canada(0.919)
19. Australia(0.920)
18. Netherlands(0.921)
17. Bulgaria(0.923)
16. Spain(0.924)
15. Kyrgyzstan(0.927)
14. Sweden(0.936)
13. Slovenia(0.936)
12. Latvia(0.939)
11. Mongolia(0.940)
10. Czechia(0.940)
9. Israel(0.941)
8. Norway(0.942)
7. Denmark(0.944)
6. New Zealand(0.946)
5. Estonia(0.946)
4. Hungary(0.947)
3. Slovakia(0.951)
2. Finland(0.964)
1. Iceland(0.981)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
95
Figure 72: Ranking of Social Support: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Gabon(0.755)
95. Nigeria(0.770)
94. El Salvador(0.772)
93. Libya(0.779)
92. Iran(0.794)
91. Malaysia(0.796)
90. Philippines(0.797)
89. Ecuador(0.799)
88. Uganda(0.799)
87. Armenia(0.801)
86. United Arab Emirates(0.804)
85. Guatemala(0.806)
84. Turkiye(0.809)
83. South Korea(0.810)
82. Sri Lanka(0.810)
81. Bolivia(0.810)
80. Peru(0.811)
79. Indonesia(0.812)
78. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.812)
77. Algeria(0.815)
76. Bahrain(0.816)
75. Namibia(0.823)
74. Cyprus(0.825)
73. Romania(0.832)
72. China(0.834)
71. Colombia(0.834)
70. Mexico(0.835)
69. Nicaragua(0.843)
68. Vietnam(0.845)
67. State of Palestine(0.845)
66. Brazil(0.845)
65. Dominican Republic(0.846)
64. Greece(0.848)
63. North Macedonia(0.848)
62. Kosovo(0.848)
61. Moldova(0.849)
60. Yemen(0.850)
59. Ukraine(0.863)
58. Montenegro(0.865)
57. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.865)
56. Venezuela(0.866)
55. Jamaica(0.867)
54. United Kingdom(0.868)
53. Italy(0.869)
52. Austria(0.872)
51. Tajikistan(0.873)
50. Taiwan Province of China(0.875)
49. Thailand(0.876)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
96
Figure 73: Ranking of Social Support: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(0.350)
142. Benin(0.400)
141. Bangladesh(0.448)
140. Comoros(0.478)
139. Malawi(0.510)
138. Morocco(0.534)
137. Sierra Leone(0.571)
136. Lebanon(0.575)
135. Ivory Coast(0.576)
134. Togo(0.579)
133. Pakistan(0.585)
132. Guinea(0.593)
131. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.593)
130. India(0.605)
129. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.610)
128. Liberia(0.613)
127. Niger(0.615)
126. Gambia(0.617)
125. Burkina Faso(0.618)
124. Mali(0.619)
123. Mauritania(0.625)
122. Tanzania(0.626)
121. Ghana(0.642)
120. Senegal(0.643)
119. Chad(0.665)
118. Zambia(0.666)
117. Madagascar(0.672)
116. Laos(0.681)
115. Zimbabwe(0.682)
114. Lesotho(0.682)
113. Cameroon(0.684)
112. Azerbaijan(0.692)
111. Mozambique(0.695)
110. Kenya(0.700)
109. Ethiopia(0.707)
108. Albania(0.711)
107. Eswatini(0.711)
106. Tunisia(0.723)
105. Botswana(0.728)
104. Jordan(0.734)
103. Myanmar(0.736)
102. Georgia(0.737)
101. Nepal(0.737)
100. Egypt(0.739)
99. Iraq(0.739)
98. Cambodia(0.748)
97. Honduras(0.754)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
97
Figure 74: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 1)
48. Hungary(67.200)
47. Bosnia and Herzegovina(67.200)
46. Uruguay(67.500)
45. Jordan(67.600)
44. Thailand(68.300)
43. Turkiye(68.400)
42. China(68.500)
41. Ecuador(68.500)
40. Slovakia(68.500)
39. Croatia(68.600)
38. Panama(68.700)
37. Poland(68.700)
36. Czechia(68.800)
35. Colombia(69.000)
34. Albania(69.100)
33. Estonia(69.200)
32. Peru(69.500)
31. Costa Rica(70.000)
30. Chile(70.000)
29. Kuwait(70.100)
28. United Kingdom(70.100)
27. New Zealand(70.200)
26. Belgium(70.600)
25. Slovenia(70.700)
24. Australia(70.900)
23. Greece(70.900)
22. Austria(70.900)
21. Germany(70.900)
20. Denmark(71.000)
19. Finland(71.000)
18. Portugal(71.000)
17. Ireland(71.100)
16. Canada(71.300)
15. Netherlands(71.400)
14. Norway(71.400)
13. Malta(71.500)
12. Luxembourg(71.600)
11. Italy(71.900)
10. Sweden(71.900)
9. Iceland(72.000)
8. Spain(72.100)
7. France(72.100)
6. Cyprus(72.400)
5. Israel(72.400)
4. Switzerland(72.500)
3. South Korea(73.100)
2. Singapore(73.600)
1. Japan(74.100)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (2019)
98
Figure 75: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 2)
96. Philippines(62.000)
95. Tajikistan(62.000)
94. Guatemala(62.300)
93. Iraq(62.700)
92. Indonesia(62.800)
91. Honduras(63.000)
90. Egypt(63.000)
89. Bolivia(63.300)
88. Azerbaijan(63.600)
87. Morocco(63.700)
86. Mauritius(63.900)
85. Dominican Republic(64.000)
84. Saudi Arabia(64.000)
83. Russia(64.200)
82. Ukraine(64.300)
81. Bangladesh(64.300)
80. Venezuela(64.400)
79. Moldova(64.500)
78. Uzbekistan(64.700)
77. Georgia(64.700)
76. El Salvador(64.900)
75. Kazakhstan(65.000)
74. Libya(65.200)
73. Vietnam(65.300)
72. Brazil(65.400)
71. Nicaragua(65.500)
70. Malaysia(65.700)
69. Paraguay(65.800)
68. Mexico(65.800)
67. Kyrgyzstan(65.800)
66. Bahrain(65.900)
65. Lebanon(66.000)
64. United Arab Emirates(66.000)
63. North Macedonia(66.100)
62. United States(66.100)
61. Latvia(66.200)
60. Bulgaria(66.300)
59. Iran(66.300)
58. Algeria(66.400)
57. Jamaica(66.600)
56. Lithuania(66.700)
55. Romania(66.800)
54. Serbia(66.900)
53. Tunisia(66.900)
52. Montenegro(67.000)
51. Sri Lanka(67.000)
50. Argentina(67.100)
49. Armenia(67.100)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (2019)
99
Figure 76: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 3)
139. Lesotho(44.200)
138. Eswatini(50.100)
137. Mozambique(50.400)
136. Chad(52.000)
135. Sierra Leone(52.900)
134. Zimbabwe(53.100)
133. Guinea(53.300)
132. Afghanistan(53.900)
131. Botswana(53.900)
130. Congo (Kinshasa)(54.100)
129. Nigeria(54.400)
128. Zambia(54.400)
127. Cameroon(54.500)
126. Mali(54.600)
125. Ivory Coast(54.800)
124. Liberia(54.900)
123. Burkina Faso(54.900)
122. Benin(55.500)
121. Niger(55.500)
120. Namibia(56.100)
119. South Africa(56.200)
118. Togo(56.200)
117. Congo (Brazzaville)(56.200)
116. Pakistan(56.900)
115. Gambia(57.000)
114. Malawi(57.100)
113. Madagascar(57.300)
112. Yemen(57.500)
111. Gabon(57.600)
110. Kenya(57.700)
109. Ghana(58.000)
108. Uganda(58.200)
107. Tanzania(58.500)
106. Comoros(58.900)
105. Senegal(59.400)
104. Mauritania(59.800)
103. Ethiopia(59.900)
102. Mongolia(60.300)
101. India(60.300)
100. Laos(60.500)
99. Myanmar(60.900)
98. Nepal(61.300)
97. Cambodia(61.500)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (2019)
100
Figure 77: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Honduras(0.854)
47. Panama(0.854)
46. Mexico(0.855)
45. Netherlands(0.858)
44. Malta(0.859)
43. Zambia(0.859)
42. Mozambique(0.860)
41. Belgium(0.860)
40. Dominican Republic(0.861)
39. Canada(0.861)
38. Kazakhstan(0.863)
37. Guatemala(0.865)
36. Kosovo(0.868)
35. Bahrain(0.870)
34. Singapore(0.871)
33. New Zealand(0.872)
32. Thailand(0.880)
31. Australia(0.880)
30. Portugal(0.881)
29. Ireland(0.881)
28. Switzerland(0.882)
27. India(0.888)
26. Bangladesh(0.894)
25. Uruguay(0.894)
24. Indonesia(0.897)
23. Czechia(0.902)
22. Saudi Arabia(0.903)
21. Paraguay(0.903)
20. Slovenia(0.904)
19. Nicaragua(0.907)
18. Laos(0.909)
17. Costa Rica(0.909)
16. Luxembourg(0.913)
15. Estonia(0.916)
14. United Arab Emirates(0.923)
13. El Salvador(0.924)
12. Iceland(0.925)
11. Denmark(0.928)
10. Philippines(0.931)
9. Kuwait(0.931)
8. Malaysia(0.933)
7. Kyrgyzstan(0.937)
6. Uzbekistan(0.937)
5. Norway(0.938)
4. Sweden(0.940)
3. Vietnam(0.943)
2. Finland(0.955)
1. Cambodia(0.958)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
101
Figure 78: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Botswana(0.743)
95. Benin(0.743)
94. Malawi(0.746)
93. North Macedonia(0.752)
92. Hungary(0.753)
91. Sri Lanka(0.755)
90. Mali(0.756)
89. United States(0.757)
88. Uganda(0.758)
87. Libya(0.761)
86. Jordan(0.762)
85. Poland(0.767)
84. Ecuador(0.771)
83. Senegal(0.772)
82. Niger(0.777)
81. Peru(0.778)
80. Spain(0.781)
79. Bulgaria(0.782)
78. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.782)
77. Ghana(0.784)
76. Ukraine(0.789)
75. Morocco(0.789)
74. Japan(0.790)
73. Montenegro(0.790)
72. Mauritius(0.796)
71. Israel(0.797)
70. Colombia(0.799)
69. Jamaica(0.801)
68. Taiwan Province of China(0.802)
67. France(0.803)
66. Armenia(0.803)
65. Chile(0.804)
64. Nepal(0.805)
63. Serbia(0.813)
62. Latvia(0.815)
61. Azerbaijan(0.816)
60. Georgia(0.825)
59. Argentina(0.825)
58. Brazil(0.829)
57. Albania(0.832)
56. Moldova(0.836)
55. Germany(0.839)
54. Austria(0.841)
53. China(0.843)
52. Tanzania(0.846)
51. United Kingdom(0.849)
50. Romania(0.851)
49. Bolivia(0.854)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
102
Figure 79: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
142. Afghanistan(0.331)
141. Comoros(0.456)
140. Lebanon(0.457)
139. Turkiye(0.478)
138. Algeria(0.511)
137. Madagascar(0.513)
136. Tunisia(0.516)
135. Eswatini(0.538)
134. Greece(0.576)
133. Mauritania(0.580)
132. Yemen(0.594)
131. Iran(0.597)
130. Chad(0.630)
129. Iraq(0.639)
128. Ethiopia(0.651)
127. Myanmar(0.658)
126. Togo(0.660)
125. Gambia(0.664)
124. Sierra Leone(0.672)
123. Croatia(0.672)
122. Namibia(0.672)
121. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.674)
120. Burkina Faso(0.682)
119. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.683)
118. Zimbabwe(0.685)
117. Egypt(0.687)
116. Mongolia(0.695)
115. State of Palestine(0.702)
114. Italy(0.704)
113. Gabon(0.706)
112. Venezuela(0.707)
111. Kenya(0.708)
110. Cameroon(0.710)
109. Guinea(0.710)
108. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.711)
107. Lesotho(0.711)
106. Cyprus(0.715)
105. Lithuania(0.718)
104. South Africa(0.721)
103. Pakistan(0.725)
102. Liberia(0.727)
101. Ivory Coast(0.728)
100. Russia(0.732)
99. South Korea(0.734)
98. Nigeria(0.742)
97. Slovakia(0.742)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
103
Figure 80: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Nepal(0.385)
47. Cyprus(0.389)
46. South Korea(0.390)
45. Kazakhstan(0.398)
44. Taiwan Province of China(0.405)
43. Finland(0.425)
42. Kyrgyzstan(0.436)
41. Israel(0.440)
40. Slovenia(0.446)
39. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.449)
38. Estonia(0.458)
37. North Macedonia(0.458)
36. Ethiopia(0.474)
35. Serbia(0.482)
34. Czechia(0.486)
33. Belgium(0.492)
32. Luxembourg(0.495)
31. Germany(0.498)
30. Switzerland(0.516)
29. Uzbekistan(0.521)
28. Mongolia(0.521)
27. Iran(0.534)
26. Kenya(0.547)
25. Kuwait(0.548)
24. Kosovo(0.557)
23. Malaysia(0.558)
22. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.563)
21. Denmark(0.566)
20. Bahrain(0.570)
19. Gambia(0.577)
18. Austria(0.582)
17. Singapore(0.586)
16. New Zealand(0.592)
15. United Arab Emirates(0.596)
14. Sweden(0.596)
13. Australia(0.600)
12. Canada(0.606)
11. United States(0.613)
10. Ireland(0.614)
9. Norway(0.617)
8. Ukraine(0.620)
7. Thailand(0.644)
6. Netherlands(0.654)
5. Iceland(0.675)
4. United Kingdom(0.677)
3. Malta(0.678)
2. Myanmar(0.779)
1. Indonesia(0.857)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
104
Figure 81: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Croatia(0.240)
95. Mexico(0.245)
94. Dominican Republic(0.245)
93. Turkiye(0.245)
92. Liberia(0.248)
91. Mauritania(0.249)
90. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.252)
89. Nicaragua(0.254)
88. Argentina(0.256)
87. Senegal(0.258)
86. Sierra Leone(0.261)
85. Bulgaria(0.264)
84. Burkina Faso(0.270)
83. Pakistan(0.272)
82. Bangladesh(0.276)
81. Azerbaijan(0.278)
80. Poland(0.278)
79. Uganda(0.279)
78. Zambia(0.285)
77. Costa Rica(0.299)
76. Uruguay(0.302)
75. Iraq(0.303)
74. Slovakia(0.305)
73. Montenegro(0.307)
72. Paraguay(0.313)
71. Cambodia(0.318)
70. Brazil(0.318)
69. Tanzania(0.318)
68. Libya(0.321)
67. Chile(0.328)
66. Mauritius(0.329)
65. Chad(0.330)
64. Sri Lanka(0.331)
63. China(0.335)
62. Albania(0.335)
61. Honduras(0.340)
60. Ghana(0.353)
59. India(0.354)
58. Guinea(0.356)
57. Italy(0.356)
56. Laos(0.357)
55. France(0.360)
54. Hungary(0.361)
53. Spain(0.363)
52. Latvia(0.364)
51. Saudi Arabia(0.368)
50. Russia(0.377)
49. Nigeria(0.382)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
105
Figure 82: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Yemen(0.055)
142. Georgia(0.057)
141. Tunisia(0.074)
140. Afghanistan(0.082)
139. Botswana(0.083)
138. Lesotho(0.083)
137. Egypt(0.089)
136. Morocco(0.094)
135. Zimbabwe(0.107)
134. Jordan(0.137)
133. Eswatini(0.137)
132. Gabon(0.137)
131. Greece(0.139)
130. State of Palestine(0.140)
129. Mali(0.157)
128. Namibia(0.158)
127. Armenia(0.159)
126. Malawi(0.161)
125. Japan(0.169)
124. Niger(0.173)
123. Togo(0.174)
122. Benin(0.175)
121. Lebanon(0.177)
120. El Salvador(0.182)
119. Tajikistan(0.184)
118. Venezuela(0.187)
117. Romania(0.191)
116. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.193)
115. Mozambique(0.195)
114. Colombia(0.198)
113. Peru(0.198)
112. Moldova(0.201)
111. South Africa(0.202)
110. Jamaica(0.203)
109. Ecuador(0.204)
108. Portugal(0.207)
107. Comoros(0.210)
106. Cameroon(0.210)
105. Bolivia(0.211)
104. Lithuania(0.211)
103. Philippines(0.212)
102. Algeria(0.217)
101. Ivory Coast(0.223)
100. Vietnam(0.224)
99. Guatemala(0.227)
98. Panama(0.234)
97. Madagascar(0.235)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
106
Figure 83: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Argentina(0.824)
47. Latvia(0.827)
46. Ecuador(0.827)
45. Guatemala(0.828)
44. Chile(0.831)
43. Liberia(0.832)
42. Pakistan(0.833)
41. Italy(0.833)
40. Kosovo(0.835)
39. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.835)
38. Cambodia(0.837)
37. Senegal(0.840)
36. Kenya(0.840)
35. Czechia(0.841)
34. Hungary(0.842)
33. Paraguay(0.845)
32. Namibia(0.850)
31. Bolivia(0.851)
30. Cameroon(0.851)
29. Colombia(0.854)
28. Slovakia(0.855)
27. Mongolia(0.858)
26. Indonesia(0.859)
25. Uganda(0.860)
24. Sierra Leone(0.861)
23. Cyprus(0.867)
22. Albania(0.867)
21. Iraq(0.869)
20. Gambia(0.869)
19. Moldova(0.873)
18. Croatia(0.875)
17. Panama(0.876)
16. Portugal(0.886)
15. South Africa(0.887)
14. Sri Lanka(0.892)
13. Kyrgyzstan(0.893)
12. Lebanon(0.894)
11. Peru(0.895)
10. Jamaica(0.895)
9. Ghana(0.896)
8. Ukraine(0.899)
7. Thailand(0.901)
6. Nigeria(0.908)
5. Tunisia(0.909)
4. North Macedonia(0.914)
3. Romania(0.925)
2. Bulgaria(0.925)
1. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.934)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
107
Figure 84: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Myanmar(0.696)
95. Armenia(0.698)
94. United States(0.703)
93. Bangladesh(0.705)
92. Laos(0.707)
91. Ivory Coast(0.710)
90. Vietnam(0.716)
89. Comoros(0.716)
88. South Korea(0.718)
87. Togo(0.721)
86. Niger(0.734)
85. Brazil(0.739)
84. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.746)
83. Philippines(0.748)
82. Malawi(0.749)
81. Montenegro(0.754)
80. Zimbabwe(0.756)
79. Slovenia(0.756)
78. Mexico(0.761)
77. Malta(0.764)
76. Iran(0.765)
75. Madagascar(0.766)
74. Costa Rica(0.766)
73. India(0.767)
72. Russia(0.769)
71. Kazakhstan(0.770)
70. Malaysia(0.771)
69. Mauritius(0.773)
68. Eswatini(0.776)
67. Lithuania(0.776)
66. Nepal(0.777)
65. Turkiye(0.777)
64. Yemen(0.779)
63. Chad(0.780)
62. Zambia(0.785)
61. Guinea(0.787)
60. Ethiopia(0.796)
59. Serbia(0.797)
58. Gabon(0.798)
57. Greece(0.807)
56. Mali(0.812)
55. Afghanistan(0.813)
54. Venezuela(0.816)
53. Lesotho(0.818)
52. State of Palestine(0.822)
51. Botswana(0.822)
50. Morocco(0.822)
49. Honduras(0.824)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
108
Figure 85: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
138. Singapore(0.149)
137. Denmark(0.186)
136. Finland(0.189)
135. Sweden(0.219)
134. Switzerland(0.255)
133. Norway(0.274)
132. New Zealand(0.279)
131. Luxembourg(0.344)
130. Ireland(0.364)
129. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.386)
128. Estonia(0.386)
127. Netherlands(0.426)
126. Canada(0.432)
125. Germany(0.432)
124. United Kingdom(0.455)
123. Tajikistan(0.462)
122. Australia(0.493)
121. Belgium(0.510)
120. Austria(0.518)
119. France(0.551)
118. Egypt(0.580)
117. Tanzania(0.583)
116. El Salvador(0.589)
115. Benin(0.590)
114. Nicaragua(0.591)
113. Uruguay(0.633)
112. Japan(0.635)
111. Uzbekistan(0.641)
110. Libya(0.656)
109. Taiwan Province of China(0.658)
108. Algeria(0.661)
107. Azerbaijan(0.662)
106. Mauritania(0.663)
105. Mozambique(0.666)
104. Dominican Republic(0.667)
103. Israel(0.671)
102. Jordan(0.675)
101. Iceland(0.685)
100. Burkina Faso(0.690)
99. Spain(0.692)
98. Poland(0.695)
97. Georgia(0.696)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
109
Figure 86: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Belgium(0.711)
47. Vietnam(0.713)
46. Saudi Arabia(0.714)
45. Nigeria(0.716)
44. Austria(0.718)
43. United States(0.719)
42. Sri Lanka(0.720)
41. Gambia(0.723)
40. Australia(0.728)
39. New Zealand(0.730)
38. Dominican Republic(0.732)
37. Uzbekistan(0.732)
36. Switzerland(0.734)
35. Kuwait(0.734)
34. Luxembourg(0.735)
33. Cambodia(0.736)
32. Czechia(0.736)
31. Canada(0.736)
30. Finland(0.736)
29. Venezuela(0.737)
28. Ireland(0.737)
27. Kenya(0.742)
26. Bolivia(0.743)
25. South Africa(0.747)
24. Sweden(0.751)
23. Malaysia(0.752)
22. Colombia(0.758)
21. Uruguay(0.759)
20. Ecuador(0.761)
19. Norway(0.762)
18. Chile(0.763)
17. Niger(0.764)
16. Estonia(0.765)
15. Peru(0.769)
14. Thailand(0.770)
13. Denmark(0.778)
12. Honduras(0.784)
11. Nicaragua(0.788)
10. Iceland(0.790)
9. Costa Rica(0.792)
8. Mexico(0.793)
7. Philippines(0.808)
6. Indonesia(0.812)
5. Senegal(0.814)
4. Paraguay(0.820)
3. El Salvador(0.824)
2. Panama(0.829)
1. Guatemala(0.843)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
110
Figure 87: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Ghana(0.616)
95. India(0.617)
94. Poland(0.619)
93. Zimbabwe(0.620)
92. Liberia(0.623)
91. Slovenia(0.627)
90. Burkina Faso(0.632)
89. Italy(0.632)
88. Gabon(0.634)
87. Botswana(0.641)
86. Romania(0.642)
85. Portugal(0.643)
84. Spain(0.643)
83. Ivory Coast(0.643)
82. Myanmar(0.647)
81. Kazakhstan(0.648)
80. Malta(0.650)
79. Namibia(0.651)
78. Mali(0.652)
77. Zambia(0.657)
76. Hungary(0.658)
75. Cyprus(0.661)
74. Japan(0.662)
73. Eswatini(0.662)
72. Kyrgyzstan(0.663)
71. Tajikistan(0.668)
70. Slovakia(0.668)
69. Mauritania(0.671)
68. Bahrain(0.671)
67. Latvia(0.672)
66. Guinea(0.672)
65. Brazil(0.680)
64. France(0.684)
63. Singapore(0.684)
62. Mauritius(0.686)
61. Tanzania(0.687)
60. Germany(0.693)
59. United Arab Emirates(0.696)
58. Laos(0.700)
57. China(0.702)
56. Jamaica(0.702)
55. Netherlands(0.706)
54. Madagascar(0.707)
53. United Kingdom(0.709)
52. Lesotho(0.709)
51. Argentina(0.710)
50. Taiwan Province of China(0.710)
49. Uganda(0.711)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
111
Figure 88: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Afghanistan(0.215)
142. Lebanon(0.311)
141. Turkiye(0.318)
140. Egypt(0.437)
139. Bangladesh(0.446)
138. Nepal(0.450)
137. Yemen(0.453)
136. Tunisia(0.458)
135. Montenegro(0.483)
134. Pakistan(0.497)
133. Jordan(0.507)
132. Sierra Leone(0.512)
131. Georgia(0.520)
130. Azerbaijan(0.522)
129. Iran(0.523)
128. Ukraine(0.531)
127. Malawi(0.535)
126. Serbia(0.536)
125. Algeria(0.537)
124. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.541)
123. Israel(0.542)
122. North Macedonia(0.546)
121. Lithuania(0.549)
120. Ethiopia(0.551)
119. Mongolia(0.553)
118. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.554)
117. Armenia(0.559)
116. Morocco(0.562)
115. Chad(0.565)
114. Albania(0.568)
113. Comoros(0.568)
112. Iraq(0.576)
111. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.576)
110. Benin(0.581)
109. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.581)
108. State of Palestine(0.582)
107. South Korea(0.586)
106. Moldova(0.590)
105. Bulgaria(0.590)
104. Togo(0.591)
103. Cameroon(0.597)
102. Kosovo(0.602)
101. Libya(0.606)
100. Russia(0.607)
99. Greece(0.607)
98. Croatia(0.610)
97. Mozambique(0.615)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
112
Figure 89: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 1)
48. Egypt(0.327)
47. Myanmar(0.328)
46. Malawi(0.332)
45. Tunisia(0.334)
44. Bahrain(0.336)
43. Zambia(0.340)
42. Ukraine(0.340)
41. Nepal(0.346)
40. Ivory Coast(0.347)
39. Mozambique(0.350)
38. Burkina Faso(0.353)
37. Cameroon(0.354)
36. Brazil(0.354)
35. Mauritania(0.360)
34. Pakistan(0.364)
33. Gambia(0.366)
32. Madagascar(0.366)
31. Malta(0.369)
30. State of Palestine(0.370)
29. Ecuador(0.371)
28. Peru(0.372)
27. Comoros(0.378)
26. Libya(0.386)
25. Mali(0.388)
24. Morocco(0.389)
23. Cambodia(0.390)
22. Niger(0.392)
21. Uganda(0.393)
20. Eswatini(0.395)
19. Togo(0.399)
18. Gabon(0.399)
17. Bolivia(0.402)
16. Turkiye(0.403)
15. India(0.414)
14. Liberia(0.433)
13. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.434)
12. Benin(0.434)
11. Jordan(0.435)
10. Iran(0.439)
9. Bangladesh(0.443)
8. Lebanon(0.461)
7. Sierra Leone(0.461)
6. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.477)
5. Iraq(0.482)
4. Armenia(0.483)
3. Chad(0.484)
2. Guinea(0.488)
1. Afghanistan(0.548)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
113
Figure 90: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 2)
96. Czechia(0.246)
95. Slovakia(0.246)
94. Belgium(0.247)
93. Mexico(0.248)
92. France(0.249)
91. Slovenia(0.253)
90. Croatia(0.255)
89. United Arab Emirates(0.256)
88. Kenya(0.259)
87. Algeria(0.260)
86. Romania(0.261)
85. Moldova(0.263)
84. Serbia(0.264)
83. Uruguay(0.265)
82. Botswana(0.266)
81. Greece(0.269)
80. United Kingdom(0.269)
79. Senegal(0.270)
78. Albania(0.274)
77. Indonesia(0.276)
76. United States(0.277)
75. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.280)
74. Ghana(0.280)
73. Dominican Republic(0.280)
72. Honduras(0.281)
71. Guatemala(0.281)
70. North Macedonia(0.284)
69. Lesotho(0.288)
68. Jamaica(0.289)
67. Canada(0.289)
66. Costa Rica(0.290)
65. Cyprus(0.291)
64. Yemen(0.298)
63. El Salvador(0.301)
62. Italy(0.303)
61. Portugal(0.303)
60. Israel(0.304)
59. Azerbaijan(0.308)
58. Argentina(0.310)
57. Colombia(0.312)
56. Ethiopia(0.315)
55. Philippines(0.316)
54. Laos(0.317)
53. Montenegro(0.317)
52. Nicaragua(0.322)
51. Spain(0.323)
50. Sri Lanka(0.326)
49. Venezuela(0.327)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
114
Figure 91: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2021-2023 (Part 3)
143. Taiwan Province of China(0.110)
142. Kazakhstan(0.123)
141. Kosovo(0.132)
140. Mauritius(0.155)
139. Vietnam(0.169)
138. Iceland(0.175)
137. Lithuania(0.177)
136. Japan(0.177)
135. Finland(0.180)
134. Estonia(0.182)
133. Switzerland(0.182)
132. Kuwait(0.182)
131. Sweden(0.183)
130. Singapore(0.187)
129. Malaysia(0.189)
128. Poland(0.193)
127. Russia(0.197)
126. Kyrgyzstan(0.198)
125. Latvia(0.200)
124. Netherlands(0.201)
123. Mongolia(0.203)
122. Bulgaria(0.204)
121. Zimbabwe(0.204)
120. Luxembourg(0.206)
119. Hungary(0.210)
118. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.213)
117. Denmark(0.214)
116. New Zealand(0.215)
115. Norway(0.215)
114. Tanzania(0.218)
113. Uzbekistan(0.221)
112. South Africa(0.221)
111. Saudi Arabia(0.224)
110. Germany(0.228)
109. China(0.229)
108. Tajikistan(0.230)
107. Namibia(0.233)
106. South Korea(0.233)
105. Georgia(0.235)
104. Nigeria(0.237)
103. Austria(0.241)
102. Ireland(0.242)
101. Paraguay(0.242)
100. Australia(0.242)
99. Thailand(0.243)
98. Panama(0.243)
97. Chile(0.245)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
115
Table 24: Decomposing the happiness difference between a hypothetical average coun-
try and Dystopia
Average
country
Dystopia Explained
excess
happiness
over
Dystopia
due to
Share of
explained
excess
happiness
over
Dystopia
due to
Happiness 5.53 1.58
Logged GDP per capita 9.47 5.53 1.38 .35
Social support .79 .35 1.13 .29
Healthy life expectancy 64.95 46.15 .52 .13
Freedom to make life choices .78 .33 .62 .16
Generosity .03 -.27 .15 .04
Perceptions of corruption .72 .93 .15 .04
Sum of explained excess over Dystopia 3.95 1
Table 25: Decomposing the happiness difference between the group of top 10 coun-
tries/territories and the group of bottom 10 countries/territories in the ranking of
happiness scores
Top 10 Bottom
10
Difference
in
happiness
due to
Share of
explained
difference
due to
Happiness 7.34 3.13
Logged GDP per capita 11 8.08 1.02 .33
Social support .93 .61 .83 .27
Healthy life expectancy 71.89 55.44 .46 .15
Freedom to make life choices .9 .64 .36 .12
Generosity .14 -.05 .09 .03
Perceptions of corruption .37 .81 .32 .1
Total explained difference in happiness 3.08 1
Total difference in happiness 4.21
116
Figure 92: Predicted happiness and actual happiness in 2021-2023
2 4 6 82 4 6 82 4 6 82 4 6 8
3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7
Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States
Southeast Asia South Asia East Asia
Latin America and Caribbean North America and ANZ Middle East and North Africa
Sub−Saharan Africa Total
45 degree line
Actual happiness, average 2021−2023
Predicted happiness from Table 2.1, average 2021−2023
Note: These average actual (predicted) happiness scores by country/territory for the
2021-2023 period are weighted averages of the yearly averages by county/territory used in
(predicted by) column (1)’s regression in Table 8. The yearly weights are the sums of
Gallup-assigned individual weights by country/territory in that year.
117
