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About the book
In honor of the 75th anniversary of *Citizen Kane*, Harlan
Lebo offers an in-depth exploration of Orson Welles' iconic
film in *Citizen Kane: A Filmmaker's Journey*. This
compelling narrative delves into Welles' rapid ascent in New
York, the true motivations behind his Hollywood ambitions,
and the groundbreaking contract that granted him unparalleled
creative control at RKO Studios, along with the challenges he
faced. The book uncovers the contentious debates over the
film's script, the enigmatic "lost" final draft in the author's
possession, and the behind-the-scenes struggles—including
William Randolph Hearst's ruthless attempts to sabotage the
film through intimidation and media manipulation. Drawing
on previously unpublished material from studio archives,
interviews with cast and crew, and the secrets of a production
shrouded in mystery, Lebo illuminates the legacy of *Citizen
Kane* as it rises to its status as an enduring cinematic
masterpiece.
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About the author
Harlan Lebo is an accomplished author, journalist, and film
historian best known for his insightful exploration of classic
cinema, with a particular focus on the groundbreaking film
"Citizen Kane." With a background in media and
communications, Lebo combines his extensive knowledge of
film history with a passion for storytelling, offering readers a
detailed analysis of cinematic techniques and themes. His
work delves into the artistic and cultural significance of
"Citizen Kane," examining its enduring legacy and impact on
the film industry. As a commentator on film and media, Lebo's
writing reflects a deep appreciation for the intricacies of
storytelling and the power of visual art, making his
perspectives valuable to both enthusiasts and scholars alike.
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Summary Content List
Chapter 1 : 1. Asking for the Impossible
Chapter 2 : 2. The Beard and the Contract
Chapter 3 : 3. The Script
Chapter 4 : 4. The Consequences of His Actions
Chapter 5 : 5. RKO Production #281
Chapter 6 : 6. A Great Deal of Doing
Chapter 7 : 7. No Visitors, Please
Chapter 8 : 8. Giggling Like Schoolboys
Chapter 9 : 9. Cryptic Notes and Bigger Hams
Chapter 10 : 10. Conflict
Chapter 11 : 11. Negotiating and Placating
Chapter 12 : 12. Mr. Hearst
Chapter 13 : 13. Release
Chapter 14 : 14. Triumph
Chapter 15 : 15. Walking on the Edge of a Cliff
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Chapter 1 Summary : 1. Asking for the
Impossible
Section Summary
Introduction to Orson Welles and
Citizen Kane Production In August 1940, a reporter meets young director Orson Welles during the production of
"Citizen Kane," marking his significant debut in film.
Early Life and Rise to
Prominence Welles, born in 1915 in Wisconsin, showcased talent early on, moving from school plays
to significant theater engagements in Dublin and New York.
The Mercury Theatre and Radio
Fame Welles gained recognition through the Mercury Theatre and became famous for his radio
work, particularly the impactful "The War of the Worlds" broadcast.
Hollywood Proposals and RKO
Deal Multiple studios approached Welles, but RKO offered him a contract with creative control,
highlighting his ambition to shape his artistic vision.
Conclusion: Beginnings of a
Cinematic Legend The chapter emphasizes Welles' determination for artistic integrity, setting the stage for his
revolutionary impact on the film industry with "Citizen Kane."
Summary of Chapter 1: "Asking for the
Impossible"
Introduction to Orson Welles and Citizen Kane
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Production
In August 1940, during the production of RKO Radio
Pictures' "Citizen Kane," an eager reporter meets the young,
multifaceted director and star, Orson Welles. Despite Welles’
extensive involvement in the film, this was his first foray into
motion pictures, where he would soon leave an indelible
mark on cinematic history.
Early Life and Rise to Prominence
Born in 1915 in Kenosha, Wisconsin, Welles showed
prodigious talent from a young age. His upbringing amidst
art and literature shaped his theatrical ambitions. By his
teenage years, he had already made significant strides in
theater, quickly transitioning from school productions to
professional engagements in Dublin and New York.
The Mercury Theatre and Radio Fame
With the establishment of the Mercury Theatre, Welles
became a notable figure in theater, creating innovative
productions that garnered praise and attention. His shift to
radio brought him nationwide fame, especially following the
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notorious "The War of the Worlds" broadcast, which sparked
widespread panic and solidified his position as a prominent
cultural figure.
Hollywood Proposals and RKO Deal
Welles was approached by multiple studios, yet it was RKO,
under the leadership of George J. Schaefer, that ultimately
offered him a groundbreaking contract allowing creative
control. This partnership was indicative of Welles' growing
influence and ambitions beyond acting, as he sought to shape
his artistic vision through film.
Conclusion: Beginnings of a Cinematic Legend
The chapter outlines Welles’ unyielding quest for artistic
integrity, presenting his journey as an outsider driven to
achieve the impossible. With a distinct voice and an
unwavering vision, Welles prepared to revolutionize the film
industry with "Citizen Kane," a project that would come to
define his legacy.
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Example
Key Point:Artistic Integrity in the Face of Challenges
Example:Imagine stepping into Orson Welles' shoes,
against all odds, as he pursued his unwavering vision
and fought for creative control over 'Citizen Kane.' You
might feel the weight of expectations and judgment, yet
you remain steadfast, innovating and pushing
boundaries to realize your artistic dream. This quest
showcases how true artists like Welles navigate the
tumultuous waters of creativity, undeterred by obstacles,
to leave a lasting impact on their craft.
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Chapter 2 Summary : 2. The Beard and
the Contract
THE BEARD AND THE CONTRACT
Introduction
Orson Welles' contract with RKO gave him unprecedented
creative control, shocking Hollywood and prompting
speculation about his capacity to deliver as a newcomer.
Welles’ Unprecedented Contract
- Welles secured an agreement with RKO that afforded him
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extraordinary creative terms as a director.
- The contract allowed him creative freedom, including the
right to final cut, a privilege previously unavailable to even
established filmmakers.
- Insiders at RKO were outraged, as this marked a departure
from the traditional studio control.
Divisions Within RKO
- The contract polarized RKO executives, with some
vehemently opposing Welles’ newfound freedom while
others supported his artistic aspirations.
- Welles' contract exacerbated existing tensions among
RKO's management, leading to ongoing studio politics.
Contract Specifics
- Welles signed three contracts: one for directing and writing,
one for acting, and one for production management, with
specified salaries and profit shares.
- Although the contract promised creative control, it also
included provisions granting RKO rights over budgets and
story approval for films exceeding $500,000.
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Hollywood’s Reaction
- The contract generated skepticism; many believed it was a
gamble that could lead to Welles’ downfall.
- Welles’ unconventional appearance, particularly his beard,
became a subject of ridicule among Hollywood's established
figures.
Support and Opposition
- While some in Hollywood supported Welles as a champion
of creative freedom, others had deep reservations about his
lack of experience.
- Criticism was not merely jealousy; it reflected concerns
over the implications of granting such freedom to an untested
filmmaker.
Impact of World Events
- The advent of World War II and its subsequent impacts
complicated Welles’ plans, leading to budget cuts and project
postponements.
- Welles transitioned from his first ambition, Heart of
Darkness, to seeking other creative outlets.
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Collaboration with Mankiewicz
- Under pressure to create a film, Welles partnered with
screenwriter Herman Mankiewicz, leading to discussions that
fueled the concept of Citizen Kane.
- The collaboration began informally, demonstrating the
dynamic interplay between Welles’ vision and Mankiewicz’s
expertise.
Development of Citizen Kane
- The story's concept evolved through discussions between
Welles and Mankiewicz, leading to a narrative centered on a
powerful newspaper publisher.
- Welles saw the title character influenced by figures in
American media and politics, aiming to create a complex
portrait of a prominent figure.
Conclusion
The groundwork for Citizen Kane was laid amidst significant
tension and uncertainty in Hollywood, marked by Welles'
contract with RKO and the looming global conflict. As
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Chapter 3 Summary : 3. The Script
Chapter 3 Summary: The Script
Introduction to the Writing Process
- Herman J. Mankiewicz, hired by RKO, plans to craft the
script for "Citizen Kane" in the quiet of Victorville,
accompanied by John Houseman and Rita Alexander.
- The team aimed for an uninterrupted writing retreat, free
from the distractions of Hollywood.
Life at the Verde Guest Ranch
- The Verde Guest Ranch becomes a secluded setting for
writing, where Houseman oversees Mankiewicz's progress
while keeping a close watch on his drinking habits.
- Rita Alexander supports the creative process, handling
dictation and providing a steadying influence on
Mankiewicz.
Development of the Story
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- Mankiewicz dictates a draft titled "American," focusing on
a reporter searching for the meaning behind a newspaper
tycoon’s last word.
- He infuses personal experiences from his journalism career,
creating a complex narrative involving themes of ambition,
love, and the pursuit of truth.
Narrative Structure and Themes
- The script begins with Kane's death and the enigmatic word
"Rosebud," leading to a newsreel portrayal of his life.
- Significant changes and elaborate plot points characterize
the early drafts, although many elements differ from the final
film.
Overhauling the Script with Welles
- Orson Welles critically reviews and revises Mankiewicz’s
drafts while shaping the overall structure.
- Tensions arise as Welles pushes for significant cuts and
changes, leading to a tug-of-war between his vision and
Mankiewicz's original intentions.
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Chapter 4 Summary : 4. The
Consequences of His Actions
Section Summary
Authorship Dispute The release of *Citizen Kane* sparked debate over its screenplay's authorship, with Mankiewicz
claiming he wrote most of it and Welles asserting significant contributions and final editing.
Historical Context
and Industry
Practices
The authorship debates reflect industry practices during Hollywood's golden age, where multiple
writers often worked on scripts without credit, complicated by Mankiewicz's previous agreements.
Resolution of Credit
Disputes After prolonged disputes, the Screen Writers Guild suggested co-credit for Mankiewicz and Welles,
highlighting collaboration complexities in filmmaking.
Collaborative
Contributions Mankiewicz's focus was on detailed dialogue and story structure, while Welles prioritized visual
storytelling and brevity, blending styles that shaped the film.
Script Evolution Mankiewicz's initial drafts evolved into a final script that emphasized character actions over
motivations, with Welles’ revisions focusing on visual elements while maintaining core plot points.
Character
Development and
Themes
Welles portrayed Charles Foster Kane as a tragic figure, showcasing the consequences of his decisions
rather than motivation exposition, leading to a more complex character portrayal.
Critical Reception
and Interpretation *Citizen Kane* received mixed critical responses, with emphasis on ambiguity in characterization, and
how action ramifications often outweigh the reasoning behind those actions.
Conclusion and
Legacy The collaboration between Mankiewicz and Welles in *Citizen Kane* illustrates creative partnership
challenges and the film's lasting influence as a significant exploration of character and consequence.
4 THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIS ACTIONS
Authorship Dispute
The release of *Citizen Kane* sparked a long-standing
debate over the screenplay's authorship, creating a divide
between claims made by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson
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Welles. Mankiewicz insisted he wrote the majority of the
script, while Welles argued that he crafted substantial parts of
it and performed the final editing.
Historical Context and Industry Practices
The arguments regarding *Citizen Kane*’s credit reflect a
broader industry practice during Hollywood’s golden age,
where multiple writers often worked on scripts without
receiving recognition. Mankiewicz’s professional history and
contractual agreements complicated the authorship claims, as
he had previously waived rights to credit.
Resolution of Credit Disputes
After months of contention, the Screen Writers Guild
intervened, ultimately suggesting co-credit for Mankiewicz
and Welles. This resolution highlights the complexity of
collaboration in filmmaking, especially as both men’s
contributions were significant in different ways.
Collaborative Contributions
Both writers brought unique approaches to the film's script.
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Mankiewicz focused on detailed dialogue and story structure,
while Welles emphasized visual storytelling and
succinctness, a blending of styles that ultimately shaped
*Citizen Kane*.
Script Evolution
The discussion of how Mankiewicz’s initial drafts evolved
into the final script reveals a shift in narrative clarity,
focusing more on character actions and their consequences
than on motivations and elaborate explanations. Welles'
revisions maintained core plot points while stripping away
excessive dialogue and focusing on visual storytelling.
Character Development and Themes
Welles viewed Charles Foster Kane as a tragic figure,
depicting his failure through the consequences of his
decisions rather than through exposition of his motivations.
This approach created a deeper, more enigmatic character,
inviting audiences to engage with Kane's complexities
without simple explanations.
Critical Reception and Interpretation
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Upon release, *Citizen Kane* faced varied reactions, with
some critics pointing out its ambiguous characterization.
Welles' style led to questions about Kane's nature,
emphasizing that the ramifications of action often bear more
weight than the reasoning behind those actions, a notion not
fully appreciated by all viewers at the time.
Conclusion and Legacy
Ultimately, the interplay between Mankiewicz and Welles in
crafting *Citizen Kane* reflects the broader challenges of
creative collaboration, the complexities of crediting in
Hollywood, and the film's lasting impact as a landmark
cinematic exploration of character and consequence.
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Critical Thinking
Key Point:The complex authorship dispute of
*Citizen Kane* highlights issues of recognition and
collaboration in filmmaking.
Critical Interpretation:The contention between
Mankiewicz and Welles reveals not only the intricacies
involved in scriptwriting but also reflects a broader
challenge within Hollywood regarding who deserves
credit for creativity. As presented, the resolution of this
dispute with the intervention of the Screen Writers
Guild attempts to recognize both contributors, yet
questions persist regarding the fairness of collaborative
successes in crediting. Importantly, readers should
consider that while Mankiewicz's focus on dialogue and
Welles' emphasis on visuals enhanced the narrative
complexity, the author's portrayal of their interactions
and contributions may not encompass the entire truth.
Other scholars argue, like David Thomson in *The
Whole Equation*, that collaboration in creative
industries is often murky and subjective (Thomson,
2006). Therefore, while the summary offers insight into
this iconic film, it may oversimplify the realities of
artistic collaboration and the very human conflicts that
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arise from it.
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Chapter 5 Summary : 5. RKO
Production #281
5 RKO PRODUCTION #281
Overview of Production Journey
During the filming of "Citizen Kane," Orson Welles
confidently believed he was creating an important film. He
collaborated with RKO executives, performing the story to
gain their approval for production. Initially, it was referred to
as “Orson Welles #3” but later officially became “RKO
Production #281.” With the lessons learned from previous
projects, Welles swiftly moved into the preproduction phase,
incorporating innovative ideas while also embracing the
Hollywood studio system's experience.
Collaboration and Casting
Welles sought to cast talent from his Mercury Theatre,
bringing in colleagues like Joseph Cotten and Everett Sloane
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for primary roles. Despite conflicts with the script credit,
Welles recognized and appreciated others' talents, aiming to
create a collaborative environment. His casting choices also
aimed to bring fresh, relatively inexperienced actors into
"Citizen Kane," believing their naivety would prevent
established "movie habits" from interfering with his unique
vision.
Actor Contributions
Welles cast an array of actors for pivotal roles, many of
whom had strong connections to radio and theatre but little
film experience. Notable cast members included Ruth
Warrick, Dorothy Comingore, and Agnes Moorehead. Welles'
choice to play the title role of Charles Foster Kane was
driven by his belief in the significance of the character and
the complexities of the role, which required him to navigate
production tasks alongside his acting responsibilities.
Personal Touches in Casting
The script incorporated names and attributes of real-life
friends and mentors, like Bernstein and Leland, reflecting
Welles' personal connections throughout the production. As a
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result, many characters were designed to embody traits of
Welles’ close associates, enriching the film's narrative and
depth.
Conclusion
"Citizen Kane" stands out not only for its groundbreaking
storytelling and technical innovations but also for the
collaborative spirit fostered by Welles. The project combined
fresh talent with established Hollywood practices, setting a
new standard for filmmaking.
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Chapter 6 Summary : 6. A Great Deal of
Doing
Chapter 6: A Great Deal of Doing
Introduction to Production Team
Welles assembled a talented team for the production of
*Citizen Kane*, consisting of himself, cinematographer
Gregg Toland, and designer Perry Ferguson. They met
frequently to refine the film’s visual plan, which would serve
as the foundation for the project.
Preproduction Planning
During preproduction, Welles, Toland, and Ferguson delved
into detailed planning, crafting storyboards that mapped out
camera angles and scene transitions. Their thorough
preparation was unusual for Hollywood at the time, as most
projects had significantly shorter preparation windows.
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Cinematographic Innovations
Welles selected Toland for his innovative approach to
cinematography. Toland embraced a radical vision for
*Citizen Kane*, leveraging recent advancements in film and
lighting technology to push the boundaries of visual
storytelling. Their cooperative efforts emphasized realism
and a seamless visual flow between scenes.
Deep Focus Techniques
Toland's implementation of deep-focus photography became
a critical element of the film's aesthetic. This technique
allowed for significant depth of field in shots, enhancing both
visual interest and narrative capability. By using specialized
lenses, Toland achieved greater clarity across the entire
frame, aligning with Welles’ vision.
Set Design Challenges
Ferguson's role as set designer was vital, especially under
budget constraints. He aimed to create realistic environments
while reducing costs, often reusing items from existing
resources or filming on studio grounds. The production
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Chapter 7 Summary : 7. No Visitors,
Please
Summary of Chapter 7 - Citizen Kane
Introduction to Filming Process
On July 30, Welles officially began directing RKO
Production #281 with a significant breakfast room sequence.
The filming showcased the decline of Kane's marriage to
Emily over nearly a decade. Despite initial chaos on set,
Welles was a hands-on and charismatic leader who motivated
both cast and crew.
Challenges Faced by Welles
While Welles possessed great vision, he struggled with
practical filmmaking concepts. The complexity of on-set
directions and the nuances of camera movements were new
territory for him, leading to production delays. However,
through mentorship from cinematographer Gregg Toland,
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Welles gradually adapted and learned essential filmmaking
techniques.
Team Dynamic and Production Environment
Welles managed a closed set, controlling the shooting
environment to avoid interference from RKO executives. His
approach aimed at fostering creativity, albeit sometimes
leading to intense and exhausting working conditions for the
cast and crew. Welles demanded numerous takes, pushing
actors to their limits, and often worked long hours,
sometimes well into the next morning.
Innovative Cinematic Techniques
Toland employed advanced techniques for smooth scene
transitions, emphasizing continuity and seamless storytelling.
This included thoughtful set designs that enhanced the film's
depth of field, with detailed backgrounds and props that
reflected character development over time.
Symbolism and Attention to Detail
Much of the film's emotional weight is conveyed through
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symbols and visual details, like the recurring snow globe.
Welles's ability to weave these subtle elements into the
narrative contributed to the storytelling richness of Citizen
Kane. The production drew from various styles, carefully
managing costs while achieving a high level of realism.
End of Production Insights
By fall 1940, the production was progressing well, with
positive feedback from associates and RKO executives.
Despite facing challenges, Welles remained optimistic about
the film's reception, highlighted by growing anticipation and
media coverage surrounding Citizen Kane. The collaboration
between Welles, Toland, and others laid the groundwork for
what would become a legendary film in cinematic history.
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Chapter 8 Summary : 8. Giggling Like
Schoolboys
Summary of Chapter 8: Giggling Like Schoolboys
Filming Techniques and Cost-Saving Measures
The production of "Citizen Kane," particularly under the
cinematography of Gregg Toland, showcases innovative
techniques that economized resources. Toland's expertise
allowed for the illusion of crowds using camera angles,
careful choreography, and painted backdrops, while the
actual number of actors in some scenes ranged from just a
few to thirty. Scenes such as Kane's campaign speech were
meticulously crafted to convey grandeur without excessive
extras on set.
Deep Focus and Creative Staging
Toland's use of deep focus enabled a more intimate and
dynamic storytelling method, allowing for both foreground
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and background action to be captured simultaneously with
clarity. This technique, alongside extended sets and long
takes, allowed Welles to direct his actors in a way that felt
more like theatrical performance than traditional Hollywood
filmmaking. Memorable scenes, such as Kane's argument
with Leland, exemplified this method.
Impact of Budget Constraints
Budget limitations forced the crew to be resourceful,
resulting in ingenious solutions such as elevated sets for
low-angle shots and strategic lighting that created a unique
visual style setting "Citizen Kane" apart from contemporary
films. Delays in production were common due to these
ambitious setups, and logistical challenges often arose from
demands for elaborate shots.
Welles’ Work Ethic and Injuries
Welles’ dedication led him to injuries during filming, notably
an ankle injury that he attempted to work through while
managing the stress of production. His injuries became
almost a rite of passage within the production, symbolizing
the commitment expected during his directorial ventures.
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Makeup Innovations
Maurice Seiderman's groundbreaking makeup techniques
allowed for the realistic aging of characters, utilizing custom
molds and appliances to transform actors. The meticulous
work contributed significantly to the film’s depth, although
Seiderman did not receive screen credit due to union politics.
Costuming Challenges
Costumes were designed to reflect the passage of time and
character development, with specific challenges presented by
the pregnancies of some actors. Welles creatively navigated
these obstacles, ensuring continuity in character portrayal.
Script and Scene Development
Ongoing script revisions were critical as Welles continuously
adapted to keep up with production demands. His ability to
rewrite on-set, often involving the input of his actors,
allowed for a collaborative creative process that reflected in
scenes’ authenticity and emotional impact.
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Conclusion of Production
Filming wrapped up nearly three months after the official
start date, concluding with notable delays, yet remaining
within acceptable budget limits compared to industry
standards. Despite being perceived as behind schedule,
Welles’ production was largely recognized as a significant
achievement in the realm of filmmaking, ultimately
respecting the budget constraints while delivering an
audacious cinematic vision.
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Chapter 9 Summary : 9. Cryptic Notes
and Bigger Hams
9 CRYPTIC NOTES AND BIGGER HAMS
Filming Resumes
A week after principal photography for *Citizen Kane*
concluded, filming resumed for retakes and additional shots.
Notable scenes included clips of Kane's son and Susan and
Kane at the picnic, among others. Gregg Toland filmed his
last scenes on November 16, and filming continued with
cinematographer Harry Wild taking over.
Special Effects in Postproduction
Despite being a drama, *Citizen Kane* utilized numerous
special effects, making up almost 40% of the final footage.
Optical printing and matte paintings, along with techniques
developed by Linwood Dunn, were key to creating
backgrounds and scenes without extensive sets.
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The Role of Editing
Robert Wise, RKO staff editor, was crucial in assembling the
footage into a cohesive film. While Welles captured most of
what he desired in-camera, Wise worked closely with him to
ensure that the final cut respected Welles' vision.
Sound Design
Sound played a pivotal role in *Citizen Kane*, with
innovative techniques developed by Welles and RKO's sound
team. Layered audio, echo effects, and subtle sound cues
enhanced the storytelling.
Musical Score
Bernard Herrmann composed the score, integrating themes
central to the film. His music underscored the emotional
landscape and complemented scenes throughout. Herrmann's
collaboration with Welles on the score contributed
significantly to the film's unique auditory experience.
Theatrical Trailer
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Chapter 10 Summary : 10. Conflict
10 CONFLICT
Overview of the Situation
In 1940, as Orson Welles filmed *Citizen Kane*,
Hollywood's rumor mill circulated whispers that the film was
a thinly veiled biography of powerful newspaper mogul
William Randolph Hearst. The growing speculation
prompted journalists Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons,
initially Welles’ supporters, to rally against the film, claiming
it was a direct attack on Hearst, leading to a campaign aimed
at discrediting Welles and preventing the film's release.
Origins of the Attack
The concern over *Citizen Kane* emerged early due to
Welles’ stylistic reputation and the film’s narrative, raising
alarm in Hearst's circles. Despite Welles denying any
personal affiliation with Hearst, the Hearst organization
began to prepare a systematic strategy to suppress the film,
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involving investigations into Welles’ political ties and
attempting to exert control over the Hollywood film industry
to stifle *Citizen Kane*.
The Role of Media and Gossip Columnists
Hopper's warning to Hearst after viewing an early cut of
*Citizen Kane* intensified the conflict, leading to a
coordinated attack by Hearst’s legal team and journalists
against Welles. Parsons, initially supportive, found herself
caught between her loyalty to Hearst and her allegiance to
Welles, ultimately resulting in a backlash against both her
and the film.
Escalation of Tactics
As the public screening of *Citizen Kane* approached, a
smear campaign began with the tabloid *Friday*, which
published sensationalized claims linking the film to Hearst
without factual basis. Amid rising tension, Welles attempted
to quell concerns through direct communication with
Parsons, but the damage was done as Parsons sought to rally
the industry against Welles.
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Consequences of the Conflict
After Parsons’ screening of the film, she became enraged,
declaring it a “vicious and irresponsible attack” on Hearst. In
retaliation, she called on various studio executives to prevent
*Citizen Kane's* release and threatened severe consequences
for RKO and its personnel. As a result, Hearst’s powerful
media empire enacted a ban on coverage related to RKO,
further complicating Welles’ struggle to bring *Citizen
Kane* to audiences.
Underlying Themes
The chapter illustrates the clash between creative expression
and media power, exemplifying how Hearst, in defending his
empire, blindsided artistic freedom. The conflict surrounding
*Citizen Kane* not only involved corporate interests but also
highlighted personal rivalries and betrayals in Hollywood,
setting the stage for a monumental battle over artistic
integrity.
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Example
Key Point:The conflict between artistic expression
and media power
Example:Imagine standing at the intersection of
creativity and authority, deciding whether to speak your
truth or bow to pressure. You feel the weight of your
ideas, the artistic vision that drives you, but then you
notice the looming shadows of powerful entities like
Hearst, ready to crush dissent. As you present your work
to the world, the stakes rise; will your bold expression
lead to acclaim or stifle your voice under a barrage of
criticism? This struggle captures the essence of *Citizen
Kane*, where Welles, embodying the spirit of
innovation, faces an aggressive media machine intent on
preserving its grip on the narrative, urging every artist to
reflect on the cost of their convictions.
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Critical Thinking
Key Point:The clash between artistic freedom and
corporate power in Hollywood
Critical Interpretation:The chapter reveals a significant
conflict that arose during the production of 'Citizen
Kane', where Orson Welles' artistic vision was met with
fierce resistance from William Randolph Hearst's media
empire. This situation underscores the power dynamics
at play in Hollywood, suggesting that corporate interests
can deeply influence artistic expression. However,
readers should consider that the author's portrayal may
simplify complex relationships—Welles was not merely
a victim, as his own theatrical tactics and the sensational
nature of his work contributed to the backlash. Sources
such as 'Citizen Kane: The Cinema of Orson Welles' by
David Thomson provide additional perspectives on
Welles' creative motivations and his contentious
relationship with Hollywood.
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Chapter 11 Summary : 11. Negotiating
and Placating
Chapter 11 Summary: Negotiating and Placating
Legal Concerns and Strategies
- Attorney Arnold Weissberger advised Orson Welles to
prepare for potential legal challenges from William Randolph
Hearst regarding *Citizen Kane*, asserting there was no
actionable libel since Hearst's likeness was not used.
However, Weissberger warned about the harassment Hearst
could cause even without an actual lawsuit.
- Hearst’s staff perpetuated the threat of legal action to deter
the film's screenings, knowing that legal battles could harm
RKO financially. Weissberger believed that Hearst's
influence would intimidate theaters into not screening the
film.
Studio Dynamics and Negotiations
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- Internally, RKO executives debated the film's release,
fearing its connection to Hearst could be damaging.
Weissberger urged the studio to publicly deny any
suggestions that Kane was modeled after Hearst.
- Amidst this tension, Weissberger explored the option to
legally compel RKO to release the film, assessing its
implications for studio president George Schaefer, who was
hesitant to confront the political implications of their
dilemma.
Publicity Strategies and Studio Support
- An aggressive advertising campaign was announced for
*Citizen Kane*, yet release dates continually got postponed,
creating frustration for Welles and his team.
- Key Hollywood figures screened the film, leading to
positive reactions, which Schaefer hoped would solidify its
support within the industry.
The Hearst Counteroffensive
- Hearst’s organization launched a smear campaign against
Welles and *Citizen Kane*, leveraging its media influence to
stoke fears among theater owners about screening the film.
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- In a drastic but unsuccessful move, MGM's Louis B. Mayer
suggested purchasing and destroying the film. This proposal
was ultimately rejected, and RKO sought minor edits to
appease concerns while preserving the film.
Communist Allegations and Political Pressure
- Amidst the film’s controversy, Welles was targeted by
Hearst for his associations with leftist movements, making
him vulnerable to a broader anti-communist sentiment
stirring in the U.S.
- Hearst's operatives prepared to launch covert investigations
into Welles, framing him as a potential communist
sympathizer, and applying pressure through newspaper
coverage of protests against him.
Turning Points and Release Planning
- As pressure mounted from both sides, Welles prepared legal
actions against RKO for breach of contract due to delays in
releasing *Citizen Kane*.
- Ultimately, accumulating support from Hollywood peers,
Welles realized a significant movement had shifted in favor
of the film. After extensive negotiations and meetings, RKO
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set a release date for *Citizen Kane* on April 9, with a
public premiere on May 1.
Conclusion
- The intense struggle around *Citizen Kane* highlighted the
balance of creative freedom against corporate interests and
the media’s role in shaping narrative and public perception.
Ultimately, the film's release would mark a significant
moment in cinematic history amidst the fear and intimidation
tactics employed by a powerful media mogul.
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Chapter 12 Summary : 12. Mr. Hearst
Section Details
Introduction to Hearst
and Kane Relation The chapter discusses the connection between Charles Foster Kane and William Randolph Hearst,
highlighting Hearst's efforts to undermine the film's success.
Parallels Between Kane
and Hearst
Both have mining origins (gold for Kane, silver for Hearst).
Expulsions from educational institutions and control of newspapers.
Sensational journalism practices are shared.
Similarities in political experiences and management of their empires.
Differences Between
the Characters
Hearst was a successful political figure; Kane faced scandal and failure.
Hearst had a stable relationship with Marion Davies; Kane's relationships were troubled.
Cinematic
Representation of
Hearst
The film reflects aspects of Hearst's life, including his grand estates and policies.
Speculations on
"Rosebud" The meaning of "Rosebud" is controversial, with rumors suggesting it refers to intimate details of
Hearst's life.
Controversies and
Reactions to "Citizen
Kane"
Welles' lack of clarity on Kane might have worsened controversies; suppression attempts increased
public interest.
Conclusions About
Hearst's Influence on
Cinema
Hearst's actions inadvertently linked him to Kane, while Welles and Mankiewicz showed Kane as a
blend of multiple influences, illustrating tensions between art and commerce in early Hollywood.
Summary of Chapter 12 from "Citizen Kane" by
Harlan Lebo
Introduction to Hearst and Kane Relation
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The chapter explores the controversial connection between
Charles Foster Kane, the protagonist of "Citizen Kane," and
the real-life media tycoon William Randolph Hearst. The
impact of Hearst’s response to the film is significant, leading
to attempts to undermine its success, thereby affecting its
creator Orson Welles and RKO’s plans.
Parallels Between Kane and Hearst
- Both Kane and Hearst's fortunes originate from mining;
Kane's from a gold claim, Hearst's from silver.
- They share backgrounds of expulsion from educational
institutions and rising to control prominent newspapers.
- Hearst is known for his sensational journalism akin to
Kane's fictional practices.
- Similarities also extend to their political experiences and
the management of their respective empires.
Differences Between the Characters
- Hearst was a successful political figure, while Kane faced
scandal and failure in his political endeavors.
- Personal lives differed significantly; Hearst's lifelong
relationship with Marion Davies contrasts with Kane's
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Chapter 13 Summary : 13. Release
Section Details
Critical Acclaim and
Controversy Citizen Kane premiered amidst media interest and attempts by Hearst to suppress it, leading
to high press requests for screenings.
Premiere Events The film debuted on various key dates, attracting Hollywood elites and was hailed as a
cinematic masterpiece.
Public Reception and Box
Office Performance Despite positive critical reception, box office performance was poor due to high operational
costs and negative press.
Academy Award Nominations
and Outcomes Citizen Kane received one Oscar for Best Original Screenplay but lost in other categories,
reflecting divided opinions on Welles.
Aftermath of Release The film was withdrawn from circulation within a year due to low profits, and Welles faced
challenges with RKO.
Conclusion The chapter highlights the contrast between Citizen Kane's artistic successes and its financial
difficulties, leading to its obscurity in the 1940s.
Summary of Chapter 13: Release of Citizen Kane
Critical Acclaim and Controversy
Citizen Kane premiered with considerable media interest,
fueled by efforts from the Hearst organization to suppress it.
This controversy led to an influx of press requests for
screenings, culminating in a packed advance preview in New
York attended by numerous reporters and critics. Despite
positive reviews and recognition from rival publications,
many theaters initially refused to show the film, prompting
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Welles to suggest unconventional venues for screening.
Premiere Events
The film debuted in major cities across the U.S. on relevant
dates, including Welles' birthday, and the premieres attracted
a significant gathering of Hollywood elites. Critics hailed
Citizen Kane as a cinematic masterpiece, marking it as a
groundbreaking production that awakened the movie industry
to its potential.
Public Reception and Box Office Performance
While the film garnered rave reviews from critics, its box
office performance was underwhelming. Initial ticket sales
were encouraging, but various factors such as high
operational costs, limited screening opportunities, and
negative press from Hearst hindered its commercial success.
Ultimately, it struggled to sustain momentum and faced
challenges in smaller markets.
Academy Award Nominations and Outcomes
Despite its acclaim, Citizen Kane received only one Oscar for
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Best Original Screenplay, with losses in other categories. The
voting patterns suggested a divided opinion about Welles,
influenced by Hollywood insiders and possibly a backlash
against his outsider status.
Aftermath of Release
Citizen Kane was withdrawn from circulation within a year
due to insufficient profits, despite being critically recognized.
Welles’ subsequent projects under RKO faced challenges as
his once-promising relationship with the studio began to
sour, leading to significant changes in the company and a
long period of obscurity for the film.
Conclusion
Overall, Chapter 13 outlines the dichotomy between Citizen
Kane’s artistic triumphs and its struggles for financial
viability, culminating in the film's initial withdrawal from
theaters and diminishing presence in Hollywood history
during the 1940s.
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Critical Thinking
Key Point:Dichotomy of Artistic Triumph vs.
Financial Struggle
Critical Interpretation:The chapter highlights the
significant contrast between the overwhelming critical
acclaim for 'Citizen Kane' and its disappointing box
office performance, raising questions about the
relationship between artistic merit and commercial
success. While many hailed it as a cinematic
masterpiece, the film's conflicts with established media
power and financial mismanagement ultimately
overshadowed its achievements, suggesting that critical
success does not always translate into financial viability.
This invites readers to ponder the complexities of the
film industry, where politics and business often
intertwine detrimental consequences for innovative
works. Critical examination of these dynamics can be
found in resources like Thomas Schatz's 'Hollywood
Genres' and Peter Biskind's 'Easy Riders, Raging Bulls,'
which explore the intersection of creativity and
commerce in Hollywood.
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Chapter 14 Summary : 14. Triumph
14 TRIUMPH
In the 1992 article from Sight & Sound magazine, "Citizen
Kane" is celebrated as the best film of all time, continuing its
reign for critics and filmmakers alike.
Emergence as a Milestone Film
- "Citizen Kane" gained recognition primarily in France
during the 1950s, where it was appreciated as an iconic
cinematic achievement.
- After being delayed by WWII and not reaching France until
1946, the film found success and admiration among young
film writers like André Bazin and François Truffaut.
Critical Acclaim in France
- French film magazines, particularly La Revue du Cinéma,
praised Welles’ direction and the cinematography of Gregg
Toland, highlighting the film’s impact on cinema as an art
form.
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- The film gradually regained its status as a masterpiece
mostly due to the French film writers' sustained admiration.
Limited Visibility in the U.S.
- In the U.S., "Citizen Kane" struggled for over a decade as
the studio system did not prioritize its re-release.
- RKO's refusal to reissue the film during pivotal moments
impeded its visibility, and it was not screened in American
theaters until 1956.
A Changing Landscape
- The late 1950s saw a shift in film study in the U.S. with
academic institutions beginning to recognize cinematic
works, including "Citizen Kane."
- Television exposure began to revive interest in classic
films, leading to the first broadcast of "Citizen Kane."
Rise to Critical Acclaim
- By the early 1950s, "Citizen Kane" had already gained a
notable ranking among films in critics' polls.
- The film was officially acknowledged as the best film of all
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time in the 1962 Sight & Sound poll and has consistently
ranked near the top since then.
Recognition and Preservation
- The film's continued acclaim was highlighted when the
Library of Congress designated "Citizen Kane" for
preservation due to its cultural significance.
- It topped various polls, including those by film fans, and by
1998, it was voted the number one American film by the
American Film Institute.
Conclusion
- "Citizen Kane" achieved a dual triumph: it became a classic
in critical circles and was embraced by the public, solidifying
Orson Welles' legacy in film history.
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Critical Thinking
Key Point:Cultural Context Affects Reception
Critical Interpretation:The chapter illustrates how
'Citizen Kane' was initially celebrated in France while
struggling in the U.S., suggesting the importance of
cultural context in film appreciation. While critics hail it
as the best film of all time, one can argue that the film's
reverence in certain circles may overshadow its
reception in different cultural landscapes. This raises
questions about the subjectivity of art—a point
supported by film theorist David Bordwell who
discusses how cultural tastes shape critical
interpretations (Bordwell, D. (1997). *On the History of
Film Style*). Therefore, viewers should recognize that
the author’s perspective, while influential, does not
encompass all scholarly views on cinematic
achievements.
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Chapter 15 Summary : 15. Walking on
the Edge of a Cliff
Summary of Chapter 15: Walking on the Edge of a
Cliff
Orson Welles' Impact on Cinema
After the release of *Citizen Kane*, Orson Welles faced a
tumultuous career marked by highs and lows. While initially
enjoying immense power and respect in Hollywood, over
time, he encountered financial struggles and artistic
challenges. Despite receiving little support, Welles was
recognized for his talent with numerous accolades, including
an honorary Oscar.
Welles’ Final Film Appearance
Welles' last film role was in *Someone to Love*, allowing
him to explore themes of life and love shortly before his
passing. He foresaw the danger posed by video colorization
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to *Citizen Kane*, expressing concern that it would
compromise his artistic vision.
Controversy Surrounding Colorization
When Ted Turner announced plans to colorize *Citizen
Kane*, it sparked widespread outrage in the film community,
leading to protests from filmmakers. Ultimately, Turner
backed down due to legal considerations linked to Welles'
original contract.
Preservation of *Citizen Kane
*
Despite the original film negative being lost in a fire, efforts
were made to preserve *Citizen Kane* through fine grain
duplicates. The process of restoring *Citizen Kane* for DVD
and Blu-ray releases resulted in a high-quality version that
honored Welles' original work.
Memorabilia Auctions and Legacy
As interest in *Citizen Kane* memorabilia grew, significant
auction prices for props and scripts emerged. Notable items
include the Rosebud sled and Welles' Oscar, illustrating the
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Chapter 16 Summary : Cast and
Production Credits
Cast and Production Credits Summary
Overview of Cast
The cast of "Citizen Kane" features both main actors
prominently credited and additional performers not included
in the film's on-screen credits. The film opens with a unique
presentation of credits, showcasing the new talent from the
Mercury Theatre.
Notable Characters and Actors
1.
Joseph Cotten
- Jed Leland/reporter
2.
Dorothy Comingore
- Susan Alexander
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3.
Agnes Moorehead
- Mary Kane
4.
Orson Welles
- Kane
5.
Sonny Bupp
- Kane III
Additional Character Notes
Some actors, like Georgia Backus (Miss Anderson), are
featured without name recognition in the script, leading to
descriptive notes in the credits.
Bit Parts and Extras
An extensive list of bit players and extras was compiled, with
names identifying small parts and roles pulled from RKO's
hiring records and the American Film Institute's catalogs.
Production Staff Highlights
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Directed by Orson Welles with contributions from several
notable figures:
-
Screenplay
: Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles
-
Cinematography
: Gregg Toland
-
Editing
: Robert Wise
-
Music
: Bernard Herrmann
Dance and Music
Prominent musicians contributed to the film's sound,
especially during the picnic scenes in Xanadu, showcasing a
diverse lineup of talent.
Support Staff and Departments
The production was supported by various departments and
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roles, including art direction, sound mixing, and script
supervision, showcasing a comprehensive effort in
filmmaking.
Concluding Notes
The AFI Catalog provides a detailed resource for
understanding the film's extensive cast and crew, including
plot summaries and production notes, emphasizing the film's
significance in cinema history.
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Critical Thinking
Key Point:Representation of Talent in Film Credits
Critical Interpretation:The chapter highlights the unique
approach taken by 'Citizen Kane' in crediting both
prominent and lesser-known actors. While the artistic
decision to showcase talent from the Mercury Theatre
demonstrates a commitment to new voices in cinema, it
raises questions about the equity of recognition in
Hollywood. Should every contribution, big or small, be
equally celebrated, or does the focus on marquee names
overshadow the efforts of talented supporting cast?
Therefore, readers ought to critically evaluate whether
the author's portrayal of the film’s crediting system
authentically reflects the industry's practices or merely
romanticizes the effort to include diverse contributions
(see 'Understanding Film's Credits' by Sara A. Williams,
2018). Such considerations foster a deeper exploration
into how films shape narratives around recognition and
merit in creative spaces.
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Best Quotes from Citizen Kane by
Harlan Lebo with Page Numbers
View on Bookey Website and Generate Beautiful Quote Images
Chapter 1 | Quotes From Pages 22-46
1.There but for the grace of God goes God.
2.The word ‘genius’ was whispered into my ear at an early
age, the first thing I ever heard while I was still mewling in
my crib.
3.In some ways… he was never really a young boy.
4.Genius unchecked by practical considerations is its own
worst enemy.
5.If Welles had hopes of producing and directing… he had to
make a decision.
Chapter 2 | Quotes From Pages 47-89
1.A genius is a crackpot on a tightrope. Hollywood is
watching Orson Welles, wondering if his foot will
slip.
2.The producer will, from time to time, notify RKO about
casting, staff, music, labor, material, and supplies needed
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for each production.
3.A good director is a fellow who doesn’t go on trying to get
everything right, who knows when to walk away from
something, and when to stay with something.
4.We stared at each other across a hopeless abyss.
5.No single luxury will be indulged—only absolute essentials
[for the] effectiveness and potency of our story.
6.The actual writing came only after lots of talk. Just the two
of us, yelling at each other—not too angrily.
7.It was an absurd venture.
Chapter 3 | Quotes From Pages 90-129
1.I don’t know—I’m making it up as I go along.
2.Mankiewicz went to the desert to write his, and I stayed in
Hollywood to write mine.
3.You’ll never have another chance to hit me again.
4.He was the most honest man that ever lived, with a streak
of crookedness a yard wide.
5.I think it might be fun to run a newspaper.
6.At the rate of a million dollars a year, we’ll have to close
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Chapter 4 | Quotes From Pages 130-164
1.I would say I wrote about 98 percent of the
picture.
2.Combining the two and making a final screenplay from the
best elements of both was, as producer-director, my
responsibility.
3.Without Mank it would have been a totally different
picture.
4.My Citizen Kane would have been much more concerned
with the interior corruption of Kane.
5.Mr. Kane was a man who got everything he wanted, and
then lost it.
6.I guess Rosebud is just a piece in a jigsaw puzzle—a
missing piece.
Chapter 5 | Quotes From Pages 165-189
1.I never doubted it for a single instant."
—INTERVIEW WITH ORSON WELLES, 1966
2.It’s the greatest railroad train a boy ever had!
3.I could never have made Citizen Kane with actors who
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were old hands at cinema.
4.My being a newcomer would have put them on guard and
would have made a mess of the film.
5.Orson had no doubt that he knew it all... Yet he was smart
enough to appreciate the talent he spotted in others.
Chapter 6 | Quotes From Pages 190-221
1.Toland carries himself with a slight stoop which
makes him seem smaller and older than he really
is, and probably indicates something of the
tremendous burden of responsibility that rests on
his shoulders.
2.In life you see everything in focus at the same time, so why
not in the movies?
3.From the moment the production began to take shape in
script form, everything was planned with reference to what
the camera could bring to the eyes of the audience.
4.It took a great deal of doing, but we proved that it can be
done.
5.With such whole-hearted backing, I was able to test and
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Chapter 7 | Quotes From Pages 222-279
1.There’s nothing I can’t teach you in three hours.
2.I have never observed a director who so completely
mesmerized, dominated, cajoled, and seduced an entire
crew as Welles could do.
3.He had a way of making you feel that you were wonderful
and you could do it—and therefore you could.
4.Orson functioned best out of chaos … out of
disorganization.
5.The greatest gift a young director could ever have is a
cameraman who would do anything you ask.
Chapter 8 | Quotes From Pages 280-341
1.Each time, he threw himself into the action with a
fervor I had never seen in him before. It was
absolutely electric; you felt as if you were in the
presence of a man coming apart.
2.The most important result of using deep focus, extended
sets, and deliberate staging was the freedom they provided
to Welles and Toland to photograph actors from angles,
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distances, and positions much different from those used for
most Hollywood motion pictures.
3.It’s impossible to say how much I owe to Gregg,” Welles
recalled in 1971. “He was superb. He was the greatest gift
that any director—young or old—could ever, ever have.
4.The trophy was in such sharp focus that the audience was
able to read the inscription from it.
5.I think I did pretty well under the circumstances.
Chapter 9 | Quotes From Pages 342-384
1.Mark [Robson] and I would be in our cutting
room, running pieces of film through cheesecloth
filled with sand to age it for the newsreel. People
who saw us at work and didn’t know what was
going on must have been thinking, ‘These guys are
crazy.’” —ROBERT WISE, EDITOR OF
CITIZEN KANE
2.Sound became for us an integral part of telling the story,”
said William Alland. “When we walked into the
rerecording studios where the soundmen were, we told
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them what we wanted and how we wanted it. In us, they
found people who cared.
3.The motion picture business as a whole had no concept for
the possibilities for sound,” Stewart said. "You fall into a
pattern and it’s difficult to deviate from that pattern
because it costs money, and no one wanted to spend
money.
4.I had heard of the many handicaps that exist for a composer
in Hollywood ... Not one of these conditions prevailed
during the production of Citizen Kane.” — BERNARD
HERRMANN
5.We can drop from bar four to bar eight, and pick up here,’
and it was done.” — BERNARD HERRMANN
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Chapter 10 | Quotes From Pages 387-418
1.What I saw appalled me. It was an impudent,
murderous trick, even for the boy genius, to
perpetrate on a newspaper giant.
Chapter 11 | Quotes From Pages 419-472
1.This is not a tempest in a tea pot, it will not calm
down, and the forces opposed to us are constantly
at work and will not stop until they succeed in
having the picture withdrawn.
2.There is nothing to prevent Hearst from starting actions to
cause as much trouble as possible, even though he does not
expect to be and is not ultimately successful.
3.This is not about Louella Parsons’ boss. It is the portrait of
a fictional newspaper tycoon.
4.I believe that the public is entitled to see Citizen Kane...
For me to stand by while this picture is being suppressed
would constitute a breach of faith with the public on my
part as a producer.
Chapter 12 | Quotes From Pages 473-512
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1.You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.
2.You provide the prose poems, I’ll provide the war.
3.Kane’s world now is history, and the great yellow
journalist himself lived to be history, outlived his power to
make it.
4.I made Charles Foster Kane a more sympathetic character
than Hearst ever was in real life.
5.I understand he hasn’t seen it. I am sure he hasn’t. If he
had, I think he would agree with me that those who have
advised him that Kane is Hearst have done us both an
injustice.
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Chapter 13 | Quotes From Pages 513-540
1.Seeing [Citizen Kane], it’s as if you never really
saw a movie before; no movie has ever grabbed
you, pummeled you, socked you on the button with
the vitality, the accuracy, the impact, the
professional aim, that this one does.
2.Cecilia Ager wrote, 'Before Citizen Kane, it’s as if the
motion picture was a slumbering monster, a mighty force
stupidly sleeping... to rouse it, shake it, awaken it to its
potentialities, to show it what it’s got.'
3.George Schaefer's letter concluded with a thank-you
directly to Welles: 'Your triumph is one of the great
accomplishments in motion picture history, and proof that
America is still the land of opportunity, where there will
always be room for those with dreams and courage to bring
them to reality.'
4.William Boehnel of the New York World-Telegram
summed up the feelings of most in the film business...
'What matters is that Citizen Kane is a cinema masterpiece.'
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5.Leo Mishkin of the New York Morning Telegraph
predicted the film’s destiny when he wrote, 'Citizen Kane
will be around, will be remembered, will be followed and
copied and imitated and reprinted, so long as the movies, as
we now know them, exist.'
Chapter 14 | Quotes From Pages 541-547
1.To shoot Citizen Kane at 25 years of age... Is this
not the dream of all the young habitués of the
cinématèques?
2.With the changes that mark the distance between the last
poll and this one, it is remarkable that Citizen Kane, which
has topped the last three polls, should reign supreme for
both critics and filmmakers.
3.Citizen Kane had not only risen to the top of surveys of
critics and academics, but also acquired an equally lofty
position with the public.
4.The film that routinely tops critical polls, the motion
picture used most frequently in cinema studies to show
young filmmakers how to create their art, is also first
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among film viewers who have grown to love it.
5.In 1998, in perhaps the most highly publicized tally yet
compiled of cinematic popularity, a survey by the
American Film Institute voted Citizen Kane number one on
its list of the top one hundred American films of all time.
Chapter 15 | Quotes From Pages 548-568
1.I had luck as no one had; afterwards, I had the
worst luck in the history of cinema. But that is in
the order of things. I had to pay for having had the
best luck in the history of cinema.
2.I passionately hate the idea of being ‘with it,’” Welles said.
“I think an artist has always to be out of step with his time.
3.Please do this for me: don’t let Ted Turner deface my
movie with his crayons.
4.Citizen Kane remains a fabulous aberration, the potent
proof that a film of greatness could be produced—even
within the studio system—if led by an individual whose
ideas and methods clashed with the conventional thinking.
5.It was the only chance I had of that kind. I’m glad I had it
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Chapter 16 | Quotes From Pages 571-585
1.The Mercury Theatre is proud to introduce them.
2.Most of the principal actors in Citizen Kane are new to
motion pictures.
3.Adding to the puzzle is the fact that as late as the July 15,
1940, script, Kane’s father was identified as ‘Thomas
Foster Kane.’
4.This invaluable online database describes itself as ‘the most
authoritative filmographic database on the web.’
5.The AFI Catalog of Feature Films are entries for nearly
sixty thousand American feature-length motion pictures.
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Citizen Kane Questions
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Chapter 1 | 1. Asking for the Impossible| Q&A
1.Question
What motivated Orson Welles to reach out for a position
in Hollywood despite his initial reluctance?
Answer:Orson Welles was primarily motivated by
the desire for creative authority and the opportunity
to produce and direct his own projects. His
experiences in theater and radio made him yearn for
control over his artistic vision, something he felt he
could achieve through the right opportunities in
Hollywood. After the success of his radio broadcast
'The War of the Worlds' and the ensuing fame, he
knew he had the leverage to negotiate terms that
aligned with his ambitions.
2.Question
How did Welles' early life and upbringing influence his
creative genius?
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Answer:Welles' upbringing was marked by a near-bohemian
lifestyle that included exposure to art, music, literature, and
theater. With his parents separating early and losing both
before he reached adulthood, he cultivated a self-reliant and
independent spirit. This lack of traditional guidance allowed
him to explore his creativity without boundaries, fostering a
strong artistic expression that would later define his career.
3.Question
What significance did the broadcast of 'The War of the
Worlds' have on Welles’ career?
Answer:The broadcast of 'The War of the Worlds' catapulted
Welles into international fame. Although it incited panic
among listeners, this controversy elevated his public profile
and established him as a prominent figure in media. The
attention garnered from this event convinced Hollywood
executives of his star potential, leading to significant film
offers that he had previously declined.
4.Question
Can you explain the contrasts in the story of 'Citizen
Kane' and its creation?
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Answer:The story of 'Citizen Kane' reflects contrasts between
artistic innovation and corporate challenges. On one hand, it
showcases the exceptional vision of Orson Welles as a young
filmmaker creating a groundbreaking film; on the other hand,
it details the lengths to which powerful media interests were
willing to go to stifle that creative expression. The battle over
the film also symbolizes broader themes of personal ambition
versus institutional control.
5.Question
How did Welles’ persona contribute to his artistic
presence in Hollywood?
Answer:Welles had an undeniable charisma that resonated
with audiences—his commanding physical presence, rich
voice, and perceived genius all contributed to a strong aura
around him. His ability to switch between roles as an actor,
director, and producer allowed him to engage deeply with his
projects and connect with both the studio executives and the
public, making him a highly sought-after figure in
Hollywood.
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6.Question
What does the phrase 'There but for the grace of God
goes God' imply about Welles?
Answer:This phrase suggests a sense of irony regarding
Welles' talent and potential. It highlights the perception that
Welles was so extraordinarily gifted that he seemed almost
god-like in his abilities. However, it also carries a cautionary
undertone, implying that despite his brilliance, he navigated a
precarious path in a competitive industry where even the
most talented can stumble.
7.Question
How did Welles negotiate his contract with RKO and
what did he ultimately seek from it?
Answer:Welles sought a contract that granted him not just
financial compensation but, crucially, creative control over
his projects. Understanding Hollywood’s potential for both
artistic freedom and compromise, he aimed for 'the
impossible'—to obtain authority as a filmmaker. Ultimately,
he succeeded in securing a deal that allowed him a
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significant degree of latitude in his work.
8.Question
Reflect on the early comparisons made about Welles as a
genius. How did they shape the public's perception of
him?
Answer:The early labels of genius placed on Welles shaped
the public’s perception by establishing high expectations and
a narrative of prodigy around him. This not only heightened
his mystique but also placed immense pressure on him to
continually deliver on that perception. The duality of being
seen as unparalleled talent yet facing inevitable human
challenges became a defining aspect of his career.
Chapter 2 | 2. The Beard and the Contract| Q&A
1.Question
What does Welles' extraordinary creative control
contract with RKO symbolize for the future of
filmmakers?
Answer:Welles' contract represented a
revolutionary shift in the film industry by granting
unprecedented creative freedom to a director, which
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could inspire future filmmakers to pursue artistic
control over their work, thus potentially changing
the dynamics of the entire studio system.
2.Question
How did other Hollywood directors react to Welles'
contract?
Answer:Many established directors supported Welles,
viewing him as an advocate for artistic freedom, while others
expressed concern over granting final cut rights to a
newcomer, feeling it undermined their own positions and the
traditional studio authority.
3.Question
What were some of the main challenges Welles faced after
signing his contract?
Answer:Welles encountered skepticism from studio
executives, pressure due to the looming financial risks
associated with his ambitious projects, and the need to prove
his capabilities as a filmmaker despite his lack of direct
Hollywood experience.
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4.Question
Analyze the significance of Welles agreeing to a budget
under $500,000 for his projects. How does it reflect on
Hollywood’s structure at the time?
Answer:The stipulation of a budget cap indicates the
conservative nature of Hollywood's financial practices during
that era, where studios were hesitant to risk large sums on
untested talent, but it also allowed Welles a degree of
creative liberty to experiment within manageable financial
constraints.
5.Question
In what ways did Welles' background in theater influence
his filmmaking?
Answer:Welles' theatrical experience equipped him with
innovative ideas about visual storytelling and character
development, as he had mastered techniques in directing that
emphasized depth and visual interplay, which he carried into
his cinematography and storytelling style in film.
6.Question
What were the implications of granting Welles the right
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of final cut?
Answer:Granting Welles final cut rights was revolutionary
but also risky for RKO, as it jeopardized the studio's control
over the film's final version, raising concerns about the
financial ramifications if Welles' artistic choices failed
commercially.
7.Question
How did the Hollywood community react to Welles
personally, particularly in relation to his appearance and
reputation for creative control?
Answer:Welles' arrival with a notable beard, along with his
lavish contract, drew mixed reactions; while some found him
amusing or intriguing, many in Hollywood resented what
they saw as an arrogant young upstart being given authority
that eclipsed more experienced directors.
8.Question
Discuss the relationship dynamics between Welles and
Mankiewicz in the creation of Citizen Kane. How did
their collaboration contribute to the film’s development?
Answer:The collaboration was marked by humor and mutual
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respect, allowing Welles' ambitious ideas to merge with
Mankiewicz's writing skill, which ultimately shaped the
innovative narrative structure and character depth in Citizen
Kane, showcasing a blend of creative energies that
emphasized new storytelling methods.
9.Question
What does the phrase ‘a genius is a crackpot on a
tightrope’ suggest about the perception of Welles'
creative approach?
Answer:It underscores the precarious balance Welles had to
maintain between his innovative artistic vision and the
traditional expectations of the Hollywood system, reflecting
the mixed perceptions of him as a visionary capable of
greatness but also at risk of failure.
10.Question
How did external factors like the outbreak of World War
II impact Welles' film projects?
Answer:The war resulted in significant economic concerns
for studios, leading to tighter budgets and increased scrutiny
on projects, ultimately affecting Welles' plan for ambitious
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films like Heart of Darkness and pushing him toward more
conventional narratives to mitigate financial risks.
11.Question
What can be inferred about Welles's financial habits
during the early stages of his Hollywood career?
Answer:Welles exhibited extravagant spending habits that
did not correlate with his income, leading to financial
pressures that complicated his early efforts in film
production, highlighting a lack of fiscal restraint amidst
creative ambitions.
Chapter 3 | 3. The Script| Q&A
1.Question
What does Herman Mankiewicz's approach to writing
Citizen Kane reveal about the creative process?
Answer:Mankiewicz's reply, 'I don’t know—I’m
making it up as I go along,' highlights a key aspect
of creativity: the journey is often unstructured and
evolves with time and effort. His unconventional
method of dictating rather than typing also
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emphasizes that creativity can take many forms and
that collaboration—especially with assistance from
Rita Alexander—was crucial to translate thoughts
into words.
2.Question
How did the setting in Victorville influence the writing of
Citizen Kane?
Answer:Victorville, away from the distractions of
Hollywood, provided Mankiewicz and Houseman with a
focused environment for intense writing sessions. The
isolation helped foster creativity and allowed them to
concentrate on developing the complex narrative of Kane’s
life without external pressures.
3.Question
What role did Mankiewicz's personal experiences play in
shaping the script for Citizen Kane?
Answer:Mankiewicz incorporated real-life incidents from his
career, such as his struggle with alcoholism affecting his
work as a drama critic, into the character of Jed Leland. This
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personal detail added depth and authenticity to the
screenplay, illustrating how personal struggles can inform
and enrich creative storytelling.
4.Question
What does the snow globe symbolize in Citizen Kane, and
how does that relate to Kane's character?
Answer:The snow globe symbolizes Kane's lost childhood
and innocence; it triggers memories of a simpler, happier
time. This detail reflects Kane's lifelong quest for love and
acceptance, contrasting with the power and wealth he
ultimately attained, yet failed to find happiness in.
5.Question
What challenges did Orson Welles face while directing
Citizen Kane, particularly regarding script revisions?
Answer:Welles faced the monumental task of reshaping over
310 pages of loosely drafted material into a coherent final
script. Additionally, he encountered pushback from both
Mankiewicz and RKO's studio bosses, who were concerned
about the project's budget and content. Welles' vision
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required significant revisions without compromising the
film's integrity.
6.Question
How did the production code of 1940 affect the script and
scenes in Citizen Kane?
Answer:The Production Code strictly monitored content
related to morality, leading to the removal of explicit scenes,
such as the initial brothel setting envisioned by Welles. This
censorship created challenges in portraying Kane's complex
character and relationships but also pushed the filmmakers to
creatively imply themes rather than explicitly show them.
7.Question
What lessons can be drawn about collaboration from the
developing screenplay of Citizen Kane?
Answer:The collaboration between Welles, Mankiewicz, and
Houseman illustrates that compromise and constructive
debate can lead to a richer narrative. Despite differing
opinions, they learned to value each other's contributions,
showcasing the importance of open communication and
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flexibility in creative partnerships.
8.Question
What can the transformation of the title from American
to Citizen Kane tell us about the film's evolving identity?
Answer:The shift in title reflects the filmmakers' recognition
of the film's deeper themes related to identity and the
American experience. 'Citizen Kane' emphasizes the
intertwining of personal and public life, examining the
complexities of fame and the individual's place in society.
9.Question
In what ways does Citizen Kane explore the themes of
power and its consequences?
Answer:The film follows Kane's rise as a media mogul using
his influence to shape public opinion, yet simultaneously
portrays the loneliness and disconnection that accompany his
success. This duality highlights the emptiness of power when
it leads to the alienation of personal relationships and inner
fulfillment.
10.Question
How does the screenplay of Citizen Kane encapsulate the
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idea of regret and lost opportunities?
Answer:Through Thompson's investigation and the
fragmented memories of those who knew Kane, the
screenplay delves into themes of regret. Characters reflect on
missed connections and failed relationships, urging viewers
to consider how one's choices can lead to lifelong
consequences and unfulfilled dreams.
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Chapter 4 | 4. The Consequences of His Actions|
Q&A
1.Question
What was the main contention between Herman J.
Mankiewicz and Orson Welles regarding the authorship
of 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The main contention was over who deserved
credit for the screenplay of 'Citizen Kane'.
Mankiewicz asserted that he wrote the majority of
the script, claiming he authored '98 percent of the
picture', while Welles insisted that he contributed
significantly to the final screenplay, merging
elements from both their drafts. This conflict
sparked a longstanding debate about authorship
that continues to this day.
2.Question
How did Welles and Mankiewicz's collaboration influence
the final film?
Answer:Welles and Mankiewicz's collaboration was crucial
in creating the film's unique narrative structure and character
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depth. Mankiewicz laid the groundwork with the initial story
and key plot points, while Welles refined these elements
through significant editing and additional writing, bringing a
tighter focus on Kane's emotional arc and the consequences
of his actions.
3.Question
In what ways did Welles modify the original script to
enhance the film's themes?
Answer:Welles modified the script to emphasize the
mysterious nature of Kane's character and the impact of his
decisions rather than providing explanations for his
motivations. He trimmed unnecessary dialogue and focused
on visual storytelling, allowing the consequences of Kane's
actions to speak louder than his reasons, thereby enhancing
the film's exploration of the themes of power, loss, and
self-destruction.
4.Question
What does the debate over the screenplay authorship tell
us about the Hollywood studio system at the time?
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Answer:The debate highlights the often chaotic and
collaborative nature of scriptwriting in Hollywood during the
studio era, where multiple writers frequently contributed to a
single film without receiving individual credit. It reflects a
system where personal recognition could be overshadowed
by corporate interests and the collaborative dynamics of
filmmaking.
5.Question
Why did Welles and Mankiewicz's diverging visions for
Kane create tension during production?
Answer:Welles envisioned Kane as a complex, flawed
character whose tragic flaws would resonate emotionally
with the audience, while Mankiewicz's writing often treated
Kane more as a caricature of egotism. This difference in
perspective led to tension as Welles sought to deepen the
character's psychological exploration and convey the
consequences of his actions, against Mankiewicz's more
simplistic portrayal.
6.Question
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How did the theme of lost potential manifest in the
character of Charles Foster Kane?
Answer:The theme of lost potential is central to Kane's
character, illustrated through his relentless pursuit of power
and love that ultimately leads to his isolation and
unhappiness. As the story unfolds, it becomes clear that
despite his grand successes, Kane's inability to maintain
meaningful relationships and attain true satisfaction reflects
his profound personal failures.
7.Question
What impact did the reduced focus on Kane's motivations
have on audience understanding of the character?
Answer:By reducing focus on Kane's motivations, the film
invites the audience to grapple with the ambiguity and
complexity of his character. This lack of clear explanations
adds to Kane's mystique, prompting viewers to ponder the
implications of his choices and the tragic consequences they
yield, rather than adhering to a straightforward narrative.
8.Question
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What can we learn about creative collaboration from the
experiences of Welles and Mankiewicz?
Answer:The experiences of Welles and Mankiewicz illustrate
the complexities and challenges of creative collaboration,
especially under the pressures of the film industry. It shows
how differing artistic visions can lead to conflict, but also
how they can ultimately result in a richer and more nuanced
final product when managed effectively.
Chapter 5 | 5. RKO Production #281| Q&A
1.Question
What was Orson Welles' confidence level regarding the
importance of Citizen Kane during its production?
Answer:Welles never doubted for a single instant
that they were making an important film.
2.Question
How did Welles approach the collaboration with other
talents during the making of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Welles recognized the tremendous talent within the
Hollywood studio system and actively sought collaboration,
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emphasizing the importance of his team while also
appreciating their expertise in various aspects of production.
3.Question
What did Welles mean by saying ‘It’s the greatest
railroad train a boy ever had’?
Answer:Welles was expressing his excitement about the vast
array of talent and resources available in Hollywood,
likening it to a child's dream of operating a magnificent
train—full of endless possibilities and power.
4.Question
How did Welles ensure that Citizen Kane was a
collaboration of creativity despite his strong personality?
Answer:While Welles had strong opinions and desires for
recognition, he was able to set aside conflicts for the sake of
collaboration, often giving credit to others for their
contributions, particularly in unfamiliar aspects of
preproduction.
5.Question
Why did Welles prefer to work with relatively new actors
for Citizen Kane?
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Answer:Welles believed that the inexperience of these actors
in the film industry allowed him the freedom to cultivate
original and unconventional performances without the
constraints of 'terrible movie habits' usually seen in seasoned
Hollywood actors.
6.Question
What advantage did Welles find in casting his friends and
associates in Citizen Kane?
Answer:The actors' familiarity and trust in Welles' vision and
methods created an environment that fostered creativity and
spontaneity, essential for the film's unique style.
7.Question
What was the significance of casting himself as Charles
Foster Kane?
Answer:Welles' choice to play Kane was crucial as it made
the film hinge on his performance, landing one of film
history's defining roles and encapsulating the entire
narrative's complexity.
8.Question
How did the casting of Citizen Kane reflect Welles'
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commitment to personalizing the film?
Answer:Welles infused personal connections into the casting,
using names and roles that honored friends and mentors,
thereby creating a vibrant family-like atmosphere within the
production.
9.Question
What did Welles mean by saying he wanted to ‘find the
right people to lay the track’ for Citizen Kane?
Answer:Welles was acknowledging his lack of experience in
studio filmmaking while simultaneously recognizing that
assembling a skilled team was essential for executing his
vision effectively.
10.Question
Why was Welles' directing style significant to the
production of Citizen Kane?
Answer:His dynamic directorial style, combined with the
innovative ideas and techniques he brought to the project,
established Citizen Kane as a revolutionary film that would
set a new standard in cinema.
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Chapter 6 | 6. A Great Deal of Doing| Q&A
1.Question
What role did preproduction meetings play in the making
of Citizen Kane?
Answer:The preproduction meetings were crucial as
they served as a rigorous classroom where Welles
learned from cinematographer Gregg Toland and
designer Perry Ferguson. This collaboration allowed
them to refine the visual plan, create storyboards,
and plan every shot in detail. The meetings ensured
that every element—from camera angles to set
design—was meticulously prepared, which was
necessary due to the unconventional nature of the
film's methods and the technical challenges they
posed.
2.Question
How did Orson Welles’ approach differ from
conventional Hollywood filmmaking practices?
Answer:Welles' approach was innovative and highly
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collaborative. Unlike the typical factory-like production of
Hollywood at the time, he engaged deeply with his team and
prioritized the visual storytelling aspect, allowing the
cinematography and design to enhance the narrative. He was
willing to break free from standard cinematic conventions
and experimented with techniques that pushed the boundaries
of cinematic art.
3.Question
What was Gregg Toland's perspective on the limitations
of conventional cinematography?
Answer:Gregg Toland believed that conventional Hollywood
cinematography often sacrificed depth of field for clarity,
focusing on a narrow area of interest while allowing the
background to fade out. He aimed to capture scenes as the
human eye would see them, utilizing deep-focus techniques
to enhance visual storytelling and create a more immersive
experience for the audience.
4.Question
In what way did Perry Ferguson contribute to the set
design of Citizen Kane?
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Answer:Perry Ferguson's contribution was significant in
pushing the boundaries of design while adhering to a tight
budget. He aimed to create realistic environments that
reflected true life rather than the typical spacious Hollywood
sets. Ferguson utilized existing RKO stock items,
collaborated with Welles and Toland to maximize the
camera's power of suggestion, and applied creative solutions
to meet the artistic and financial demands of the production.
5.Question
Describe the significance of using ceilings in the set
designs for Citizen Kane.
Answer:The inclusion of ceilings in the set designs added a
layer of realism and allowed for more dynamic camera shots.
By using ceilings, Welles and Toland could incorporate
low-angle shots that enhanced the dramatic effect of the
scenes. Additionally, these ceilings hid microphones and
created a more immersive atmosphere, contributing to the
film's overall artistic vision.
6.Question
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What innovations did Welles and Toland implement to
achieve deep-focus cinematography in Citizen Kane?
Answer:Welles and Toland implemented several innovations,
including the use of coated lenses that allowed for better light
distribution and greater depth of focus. They utilized
wide-angle lenses and adjusted camera settings to ensure that
both foreground and background elements remained in sharp
detail, thus creating an immersive experience for viewers by
mimicking the way the human eye perceives depth.
7.Question
Why was the planning phase for Citizen Kane longer than
is typical in Hollywood productions?
Answer:Welles was granted a rare luxury of an extended
preproduction phase, lasting several months, which is
unusual in the Hollywood studio system. This allowed him to
meticulously plan every aspect of the film's visual
storytelling, refine cinematographic techniques, and
collaborate deeply with his artistic team, ultimately leading
to the groundbreaking techniques seen in Citizen Kane.
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8.Question
How did financial constraints impact the production of
Citizen Kane?
Answer:Financial constraints forced Welles, Toland, and
Ferguson to be innovative in their approach to set design and
production. Budget cuts required Ferguson to find
cost-effective solutions, such as reusing items from existing
stock and filming on studio grounds. These limitations led to
creative decisions that enhanced the film's realism while
keeping costs down.
9.Question
What was a key lesson that Welles learned during the
production of Citizen Kane?
Answer:A key lesson Welles learned was the importance of
collaboration in bringing his artistic vision to life. By
working closely with talented experts like Toland and
Ferguson, he realized how crucial it was to communicate and
refine his ideas through discussion, experimentation, and
planning.
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Chapter 7 | 7. No Visitors, Please| Q&A
1.Question
What is the significance of Orson Welles' approach to
directing during the filming of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Orson Welles' approach to directing was
significant because it was marked by a combination
of creative chaos and demand for excellence from
his crew and actors. Welles inspired a passionate
atmosphere on set, often pushing actors and
technicians to unlock hidden talents and preserve a
sense of enthusiasm, which ultimately led to the
highly innovative nature of Citizen Kane. His
dedication forged a strong collaborative spirit,
boosting the creativity of everyone involved, as
noted by cast members who appreciated his ability
to bring out the best performances.
2.Question
How did Welles' inexperience in filmmaking impact the
early days of production for Citizen Kane?
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Answer:Welles' inexperience initially hindered his ability to
direct effectively. He faced practical problems, such as
understanding stage directions and coordinating the
movement of actors on set, often creating confusion. His lack
of formal training in film techniques led to notable setbacks
during shooting, compelling him to take breaks to
comprehend basic filming logistics. However, this also
became an opportunity for his cinematographer, Gregg
Toland, to mentor him, and Welles quickly adapted and
overcame these challenges.
3.Question
What role did secrecy play in Welles' direction style
during the production?
Answer:Secrecy played a crucial role in Welles' direction
style. By limiting access to the set and controlling the flow of
information, Welles ensured that the production moved at his
pace and remained free from external pressures or
interferences from studio executives. This allowed him to
cultivate an environment focused on creativity without
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outside distractions, which contributed to the efficiency and
uniqueness of Citizen Kane.
4.Question
How did Orson Welles manage to draw performances
from his actors, according to their recollections?
Answer:Actors recalled that Welles had a unique ability to
connect deeply with them, often spending considerable time
discussing lines and nuances to help them achieve the best
performance. He filled them with enthusiasm and self-belief,
instilling a sense of wonder that made many actors feel they
could perform beyond their known capabilities. This resulted
in powerful and authentic portrayals in the film.
5.Question
Why did many crew members feel their time on Citizen
Kane was the most productive of their careers?
Answer:Crew members felt their time on Citizen Kane was
exceptionally productive due to Welles' magnetic influence
and the intense, stimulating work environment he fostered.
Despite the demanding schedule and challenges, the
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collaborative spirit, innovative techniques being employed,
and the chance to work under a visionary director
reinvigorated their creative instincts, leading to an
unprecedented level of artistic output.
6.Question
How does Welles' experience reflect the transition from
theater to film direction?
Answer:Welles' experience highlights both the challenges
and learning curve involved in transitioning from theater to
film direction. While his stage background imbued him with
a strong grasp of performance, he struggled with
film-specific techniques like camera placement and
movement logistics. His lack of familiarity with filming
practices created initial difficulties, but ultimately led to
growth as he learned to adapt his approach to fit cinematic
storytelling.
7.Question
What were some of the production challenges faced
during the filming of Citizen Kane?
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Answer:Production challenges during the filming of Citizen
Kane included Welles’ inexperience leading to confusion
over basic filmmaking techniques, a demanding shooting
schedule that often extended into the next morning, the
pressure of television and film industry expectations, and
managing a tight budget. These challenges tested the
resilience and adaptability of Welles and his crew, ultimately
creating a more innovative framework for the film.
8.Question
Describe a memorable dilemma Welles faced while
directing Citizen Kane and how he resolved it.
Answer:A memorable dilemma Welles faced involved
staging a tense confrontation scene in a confined space,
which he initially found boring and uninspiring. When he
didn't know how to add visual interest, he left the set to clear
his mind. Upon his return, he resolved the situation by
cleverly sketching a staging plan that allowed for natural
movement and came up with a more dynamic arrangement
for the actors, creating a visually compelling and engaging
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sequence that effectively conveyed tension.
9.Question
How did Welles and Toland collaborate to achieve the
visual goals of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Welles and Toland collaborated closely, with Welles
providing creative vision while Toland offered technical
know-how regarding camera techniques and lighting. Toland
served as a mentor, guiding Welles through complex notions
of cinematography and design, helping to translate Welles'
abstract ideas into practical visual storytelling. Their
partnership laid the foundation for the film's groundbreaking
deep focus photography and seamless transitions, enhancing
the narrative's emotional depth.
10.Question
What were some of the innovative filming techniques used
in Citizen Kane?
Answer:Innovative filming techniques in Citizen Kane
included deep-focus photography that allowed foreground
and background elements to be in sharp focus
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simultaneously, sophisticated dissolves created through
careful lighting to link scenes, and intricate staging that
utilized spatial depth creatively. Additionally, Welles and
Toland's use of sound bridges and continuity cuts contributed
to a fluent, immersive storytelling style that transformed
conventional cinematic techniques.
11.Question
What legacy did Welles' work on Citizen Kane leave for
future filmmakers?
Answer:Welles’ work on Citizen Kane established a new
standard for narrative complexity and visual storytelling in
cinema. His innovative techniques in cinematography,
editing, and narrative structure paved the way for future
filmmakers to explore deeper themes and more sophisticated
techniques, influencing generations of directors who sought
to break away from traditional storytelling methods and
embrace a more artistic, experimental approach to
filmmaking.
Chapter 8 | 8. Giggling Like Schoolboys| Q&A
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1.Question
What innovative techniques did Gregg Toland and Orson
Welles use in Citizen Kane to create the illusion of large
crowds on a limited budget?
Answer:Toland and Welles utilized clever camera
angles, lighting effects, and the choreography of a
small number of extras to create the illusion of
massive crowds. For example, they achieved the
appearance of hundreds of spectators at Kane’s
campaign rally using a backdrop painting and
strategic placement of a few actors to suggest
movement, along with deep focus shots that
captured depth and detail without needing many
performers.
2.Question
How did deep focus contribute to the storytelling in
Citizen Kane?
Answer:Deep focus allowed Welles and Toland to keep
foreground and background elements in sharp focus
simultaneously, enhancing the visual narrative. This
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technique gave characters the freedom to move within the
scene, allowed for complex compositions that drew viewers
into the action, and created a sense of realism and
immediacy. For instance, in the heated argument between
Kane and Leland, their spatial dynamics become a powerful
part of the dialogue's emotional intensity.
3.Question
What challenges did Welles face during the production of
Citizen Kane, and how did he overcome them?
Answer:Welles faced numerous challenges including budget
constraints, production delays due to complex scenes, and his
own injuries. He managed to overcome these issues through
innovative planning, utilizing unconventional filming
techniques, and rewriting scenes on the fly to fill gaps in the
narrative as they arose. For instance, he adapted the shooting
schedule around his ankle injury by directing from a
wheelchair and filmed parts to accommodate his recovery.
4.Question
Can you explain the significance of the use of lighting and
makeup techniques in shaping the characters’
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appearances throughout the film?
Answer:Lighting played a crucial role in Citizen Kane by
reflecting the emotional states of characters and enhancing
storytelling. For instance, low lighting during Kane's
confrontations emphasizes his descent into darkness and
despair. Similarly, Maurice Seiderman's makeup techniques
allowed the characters to visibly reflect aging over decades,
capturing the physical and emotional toll of their
experiences, and allowing viewers to visually track the
passage of time and character evolution.
5.Question
How did the collaboration between Orson Welles and
Gregg Toland influence the visual style of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Welles and Toland’s collaboration was instrumental
in forging a visually groundbreaking style for Citizen Kane.
Toland's mastery of deep focus and complex choreography
enabled unique shot compositions that were rare in
Hollywood, while Welles' vision drove the narrative
structure. Their teamwork led to creative innovations such as
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extended takes and seamless transitions that enhanced the
dramatic impact of the film, setting a new standard for
cinematic storytelling.
6.Question
What is the importance of the character Rosebud in
Citizen Kane, and how is it symbolically represented?
Answer:Rosebud symbolizes Kane's lost innocence and the
yearning for a simpler, happier time in his life. It represents
the emotional core of the film, encapsulating Kane's
complexities and regrets. The snow globe, which appears in
Kane's moment of despair, serves as a tangible reminder of
his childhood and the sled named Rosebud, highlighting the
theme of lost dreams and the pursuit of happiness.
7.Question
In what ways did the film Citizen Kane reflect Welles’
innovative approach to filmmaking, compared to
conventional Hollywood practices at the time?
Answer:Citizen Kane broke away from conventional
Hollywood norms through its use of deep focus, complex
camera movements, and unconventional narrative structure.
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Welles' emphasis on visual storytelling through meticulously
planned shots and the integration of lighting, makeup, and set
design were groundbreaking. This allowed for a more
immersive and emotionally resonant viewing experience that
contrasted starkly with the more formulaic and visually
straightforward films typical of that era.
8.Question
How did personal dynamics and experiences of the cast
and crew influence the film's production environment?
Answer:The production environment of Citizen Kane was
marked by a high-stress, collaborative atmosphere where
creative input was encouraged. Welles' intense dedication to
his vision, coupled with the physical and emotional
experiences of his cast—such as his ankle injury and
interactions with the crew—fostered a sense of camaraderie
and urgency. This led to an innovative and sometimes
chaotic shooting process, filled with spontaneous moments
that contributed to the film's unique energy and authenticity.
Chapter 9 | 9. Cryptic Notes and Bigger Hams| Q&A
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1.Question
What does the term 'special effects' in film development
entail, and why was it significant for Citizen Kane?
Answer:In the context of film, 'special effects' refers
to techniques used to create visual illusions that
cannot be achieved by standard filming methods.
For Citizen Kane, special effects were crucial as they
comprised nearly 40% of the final film's footage.
Techniques such as matte paintings and optical
printing allowed the filmmakers to create stunning
visuals that enhanced the storytelling without the
need for costly sets. The innovative use of these
effects contributed to the film's groundbreaking
reputation and visual style, proving that a drama
could successfully employ such techniques.
2.Question
How did Orson Welles view the importance of sound in
film based on the production of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Orson Welles believed that sound was integral to
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storytelling in film. His background in radio made him
appreciate the depth and complexity that sound can bring to a
scene. He emphasized that sound should not merely support
the visuals but complement and enhance the narrative. For
instance, the echoing tones in Kane's speeches and subtle
sound effects during pivotal scenes were meticulously crafted
to build atmosphere and emotion.
3.Question
What role did Robert Wise play in the editing process of
Citizen Kane?
Answer:Robert Wise served as the editor for Citizen Kane,
responsible for assembling Welles' multitude of footage into
a coherent narrative. His close collaboration with Welles
allowed him to understand the director’s vision while
exercising his own creative input. Notably, Wise achieved
significant sequences like the breakfast table montage that
encapsulated Kane's changing marriage over time,
showcasing his editing expertise.
4.Question
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Describe the innovative use of music in Citizen Kane and
how it contributed to the film's narrative.
Answer:Music in Citizen Kane was a central element crafted
by composer Bernard Herrmann, whose score interwove
various themes throughout the film. The music was not only
background but also part of character development,
particularly the motifs associated with Kane and the
symbolic 'Rosebud' sled. Herrmann's ability to compose
music that matched the film's emotional beats—like the waltz
theme illustrating the deterioration of Kane’s
marriage—reinforced the narrative's themes and enriched the
viewer's experience.
5.Question
What significance does the scene with Kane's sled
'Rosebud' hold in Citizen Kane?
Answer:The sled 'Rosebud' symbolizes Kane's lost childhood
innocence and the deeper emotional themes of the film
regarding wealth and unfulfilled desires. Its burning at the
film's conclusion serves as a stark reminder of Kane's
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inability to recapture his past, encapsulating the tragic
essence of his character. This poignant moment helps solidify
Citizen Kane's exploration of the interplay between
materialism and emotional fulfillment.
6.Question
How did the collaborative environment during the
production of Citizen Kane influence its overall quality?
Answer:The collaborative environment fostered by Orson
Welles allowed for a confluence of creative ideas across
various departments—editing, sound, and production design.
Welles encouraged contributions from his team, leading to
innovative techniques like the intercutting of old and new
footage for the News on the March sequence. This
collaboration, alongside the tireless efforts of artists like
Wise and Herrmann, contributed to a rich, cohesive film that
has retained its status as a cinematic masterpiece.
7.Question
What unusual methods did Robert Wise use for aging
film footage in Citizen Kane’s newsreel sequence?
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Answer:Robert Wise employed creative, unconventional
methods to simulate the aging of film footage intended for
the newsreel sequence in Citizen Kane. He ran pieces of film
through cheesecloth filled with sand to artificially wear down
the material, creating a realistic archival look for the
newsreel. This process demonstrates the lengths the team
went to in order to achieve authenticity, emphasizing the
attention to detail that defines the film.
8.Question
Why was the breakfast table montage a crucial editing
moment in the narrative of Citizen Kane?
Answer:The breakfast table montage effectively depicts the
evolution of Kane's first marriage over time within a concise
two-minute sequence. It showcases the transition from
mutual adoration to silent resentment and highlights the
deterioration of their relationship. This powerful editing
choice not only conveys significant emotional shifts but also
serves to advance the narrative without lengthy exposition,
showcasing the skill of editor Robert Wise.
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Chapter 10 | 10. Conflict| Q&A
1.Question
What motivated Hearst and his organization to suppress
Citizen Kane?
Answer:The primary motivation behind Hearst and
his organization's effort to suppress Citizen Kane
was their belief that the film portrayed William
Randolph Hearst himself in a negative light. They
feared it would damage his reputation and influence
as a media giant. This perception triggered a series
of aggressive actions to discredit Orson Welles and
hinder the film's release, which they viewed as a
threat to their power and credibility.
2.Question
How did the rivalry between Hedda Hopper and Louella
Parsons influence the situation surrounding Citizen
Kane?
Answer:Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons, two prominent
Hollywood columnists, initially supported Welles but became
embroiled in a rivalry that escalated after Hopper perceived
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Citizen Kane as an attack on Hearst, whom Parsons wrote
for. Their competitive natures led Parsons to align with
Hearst in an effort to protect her own career, while Hopper
sought to advance her standing by alerting Hearst to the
perceived threat posed by Welles' film.
3.Question
How did Orson Welles' relationship with influential
columnists change during the production of Citizen
Kane?
Answer:Initially, Orson Welles had a supportive relationship
with columnists like Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons,
who praised his talent. However, as rumors about Citizen
Kane's connection to Hearst escalated, his relationship
soured. Hopper's anger following a private screening caused
her to become one of Welles' fiercest critics, while Parsons
felt betrayed and humiliated, ultimately leading to her calling
for the film's suppression.
4.Question
What impact did the early screenings and reviews have
on the reception of Citizen Kane?
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Answer:Early screenings of Citizen Kane garnered rave
reviews from influential magazine writers, fostering
optimism among Welles and his team. These positive
reactions were crucial for establishing a strong initial
reputation for the film, giving its creators hope for success
despite the growing hostility from Hearst and his supporters.
However, this initial positivity clashed with the intense
backlash that followed, demonstrating the volatile landscape
of Hollywood politics.
5.Question
What role did misinformation play in shaping public
perception of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Misinformation significantly shaped public
perception of Citizen Kane, as rumors about its connection to
Hearst circulated despite a lack of factual basis. Columnists
like those at Friday magazine published unfounded claims
comparing the film to Hearst's life, which fueled anger and
paranoia within Hearst's camp. This created a narrative that
stirred public sentiment against Welles and the film even
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before its release.
6.Question
How did the pressure from Hearst's organization affect
RKO's decision-making regarding Citizen Kane?
Answer:The pressure exerted by Hearst's organization forced
RKO to reconsider their position on Citizen Kane. Faced
with the threat of blackmail and the potential loss of
advertising and support from major studios, RKO executives
felt compelled to weigh their options cautiously. Ultimately,
this led to a tense environment where decisions about the
film's future would be heavily influenced by Hearst's
retaliatory tactics.
7.Question
What does the conflict surrounding Citizen Kane reveal
about the relationship between power, media, and
censorship?
Answer:The conflict surrounding Citizen Kane reveals a
precarious interplay between power, media, and censorship
in Hollywood during the 1940s. It illustrates how individuals
in positions of power, like Hearst, could leverage their
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influence over media outlets to stifle dissent and suppress
narratives that threatened their reputation. This instance
highlights the broader implications of censorship over artistic
expression and the lengths that those in power will go to
maintain their image.
8.Question
What did Orson Welles mean when he said, 'Kane isn’t
any of them'?
Answer:When Orson Welles claimed that 'Kane isn’t any of
them,' he aimed to clarify that the character of Charles Foster
Kane was a fictional creation and not an explicit
representation of Hearst or any other specific individual.
Welles wanted to assert the artistic and creative independence
of his film, emphasizing it should not be interpreted as a
direct attack on any living person.
9.Question
In what ways did Hedda Hopper's actions serve her
ambition in Hollywood?
Answer:Hedda Hopper's actions against Citizen Kane can be
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interpreted as a strategic move to elevate her standing in
Hollywood by positioning herself as influential and
powerful. By alerting Hearst to the film's perceived threats,
she aimed to align herself with powerful interests, potentially
securing her position over rival Louella Parsons and asserting
her relevance in the industry during a time of intense
competition.
10.Question
Reflecting on the tactics employed to suppress Citizen
Kane, what can we learn about the ethical responsibilities
of media and the consequences of their influence?
Answer:The tactics used to suppress Citizen Kane showcase
how media can wield significant influence over public
perception and artistic expression. Ethical responsibilities
within media include maintaining journalistic integrity,
avoiding sensationalism, and ensuring accurate reporting.
The consequences of failing to uphold these values can lead
to censorship, damage to reputations, and the silencing of
voices that challenge the status quo, reflecting the dangers of
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unchecked media power.
Chapter 11 | 11. Negotiating and Placating| Q&A
1.Question
What tactics did Hearst use to suppress 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:Hearst resorted to intimidation rather than
direct legal action. His organization employed
threats of lawsuits, orchestrated damaging publicity,
and encouraged censorship of the film, creating a
hostile environment that deterred theaters from
screening 'Citizen Kane'. Even after allowing
mentions of RKO films, a strict ban against 'Citizen
Kane' persisted for months, exemplifying his
influence over the media.
2.Question
How did Orson Welles and his legal counsel prepare for
potential legal battles with Hearst?
Answer:Welles and attorney Arnold Weissberger strategized
meticulously. Weissberger assessed that Hearst lacked a
strong libel case, reinforcing this belief with support from
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RKO's lawyers. They prepared for the worst by exploring
options to legally pressure RKO to release 'Citizen Kane',
utilizing the threat of a counter-lawsuit against Hearst for
interference.
3.Question
Why was George Schaefer, RKO's president, uncertain
about releasing 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:Schaefer faced a complex environment filled with
conflicting pressures from shareholders, RKO's board, and
external threats from Hearst. His tendency to adopt a passive
'laissez-faire' approach often made him hesitant to take
decisive action, increasing his insecurity amidst divided
opinions regarding the film's journey.
4.Question
What seemed to eventually change the sentiment about
'Citizen Kane' among RKO executives?
Answer:The shift came after various private screenings
showcasing the film's quality generated enthusiasm among
Hollywood executives. Remarkable responses from these
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influential figures heightened the pressure on Schaefer to
support the film's release, despite the ongoing threats from
Hearst.
5.Question
What role did the media play in the controversy
surrounding 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The media acted as both platforms for Hearst's
retaliatory strikes and advocates for Welles. While Hearst's
publications advanced damaging narratives, national outlets
like 'Time' and 'Life' began publishing supportive articles,
framing the film in a positive light. This dual role intensified
public interest and scrutiny over the censorship issue.
6.Question
How did Orson Welles respond to the accusations that
'Citizen Kane' was about Hearst?
Answer:Welles vehemently denied that 'Citizen Kane' was a
character study of Hearst. In his rebuttal to
misrepresentations in the media, he articulated that the film
was a fictional portrait unrelated to any real-life individuals,
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emphasizing that the narrative sought to explore the personal
character of a public man without specific reference to
Hearst.
7.Question
In what way did the contradictions in the actions of the
Hearst organization reveal a broader issue with
censorship?
Answer:The Hearst organization exemplified how powerful
media moguls could manipulate public discourse to suppress
artistic expression while feigning victimhood. The use of
censorship not only stifled 'Citizen Kane' but also highlighted
a troubling precedent where corporate interests exerted undue
influence over media narratives, challenging constitutional
freedoms.
8.Question
What was the eventual result of the pressing challenges
faced by 'Citizen Kane' at RKO?
Answer:The relentless advocacy for 'Citizen Kane' from
within Hollywood, coupled with waning threats from Hearst,
culminated in the film’s release being finally secured after
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multiple delays. RKO scheduled a premiere that ultimately
leveraged the film’s artistic merit and celebrity
endorsements, deflating Hearst's campaign against it and
allowing 'Citizen Kane' to achieve recognition.
9.Question
How did Welles leverage his celebrity status and
connections to bolster support for 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:Orson Welles capitalized on his prominence to host
private screenings for influential figures, showcasing the
film’s strengths and fostering enthusiasm among
Hollywood's elite. His persuasive abilities during meetings,
combined with the assistance of established media
personalities like Henry Luce, helped rally crucial support for
the film amidst the ongoing controversy.
10.Question
What significant legal strategy did Welles consider to
ensure the release of 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:Welles contemplated filing a breach-of-contract
lawsuit against RKO, asserting his rights under his agreement
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to compel the studio to release the film. He threatened to take
legal action if his requests were ignored, indicating his
determination to ensure that 'Citizen Kane' reached audiences
despite the significant opposition he faced.
Chapter 12 | 12. Mr. Hearst| Q&A
1.Question
What was the impact of Hearst's attempts to suppress
'Citizen Kane' on Orson Welles' career?
Answer:Hearst's attempts to suppress 'Citizen
Kane' significantly damaged Welles' career as a
producer-director. Originally, Welles had the
potential to be a prominent figure in Hollywood, but
the backlash from Hearst's actions derailed these
prospects, limiting his opportunities to produce
high-quality films in the future.
2.Question
How does 'Citizen Kane' reflect real-life events and
personalities of the early 20th century?
Answer:'Citizen Kane' mirrors real-life events such as
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Hearst's role in instigating the Spanish-American War and his
over-the-top lifestyle, including owning a private hilltop
estate filled with valuable art. The character of Kane
represents a composite of several historical figures, primarily
Hearst, showcasing the ethical boundaries crossed in media
and personal ambition.
3.Question
Why was the character of 'Rosebud' significant, and what
were the conflicting interpretations of its meaning?
Answer:'Rosebud' is significant as it serves as Kane's last
word, symbolizing lost innocence and the ultimate yearning
for happiness and fulfillment. Interpretations of its meaning
vary widely; some believe it reflects Hearst's hidden
affection for Marion Davies, while others suggest it derives
from Mankiewicz's personal experiences or even a
completely fabricated origin.
4.Question
What parallels can be drawn between Charles Foster
Kane’s method of acquiring power and wealth and that of
William Randolph Hearst?
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Answer:Both Kane and Hearst ascended to power through
the acquisition of media outlets; Kane assumed control of a
failing newspaper, while Hearst transformed the 'San
Francisco Examiner' into a profitability stream. They both
exhibited aggressive and often unethical tactics in dealing
with rivals and consolidating their influence.
5.Question
How does the portrayal of Kane's relationships in 'Citizen
Kane' differ from Hearst's real-life relationships?
Answer:Kane’s relationships are depicted as tumultuous and
destructive, particularly with Susan Alexander, whereas
Hearst’s long-term relationship with Marion Davies was
reportedly affectionate and loyal. This discrepancy highlights
the artistic license taken in the film to portray Kane as a
tragic and isolated figure opposite Hearst's complex but
loving partnership.
6.Question
What does the phrase 'You furnish the pictures, and I’ll
furnish the war' imply about the relationship between
media and public perception during the era of Hearst?
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Answer:This phrase reflects the manipulative power of media
in shaping public narratives and public sentiment. It
underscores Hearst's role in sensationalizing events, often
instigating conflicts to generate interest and circulation,
illustrating how media can control public discourse and
influence historical events.
7.Question
What role did manipulation and ethical boundaries play
in Hearst's journalism, as shown in comparison to Kane’s
character?
Answer:Both Hearst and Kane pushed the limits of
journalistic ethics, using their media platforms to craft
narratives that served personal interests or agenda, often
prioritizing sensationalism over truth. This manipulation is a
central theme in 'Citizen Kane,' demonstrating the potential
for media to corrupt and distort reality for power.
8.Question
Why is it important to consider the multiple influences
behind Kane's character rather than attributing him
solely to Hearst?
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Answer:Recognizing the multiple influences allows for a
more nuanced understanding of Kane’s character as a
composite of various traits of powerful men of the time,
showing that 'Citizen Kane' is not just a biography of Hearst
but a broader commentary on media power and the
complexities of American life.
9.Question
How did the suppression efforts by Hearst ultimately
affect the legacy of 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The suppression efforts by Hearst backfired, leading
to greater interest and scrutiny of 'Citizen Kane,' solidifying
its reputation as a groundbreaking film in cinematic history.
The controversy surrounding its release increased its
visibility and ensured its place as a classic rather than
allowing it to fade away in obscurity.
10.Question
In what ways did Hearst’s financial mismanagement
parallel Kane’s downfall in the film?
Answer:Both Hearst and Kane faced significant financial
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crises due to their extravagant lifestyles and decisions that
ultimately led to diminished influence and power. Hearst's
financial troubles were compounded by his inability to let go
of outdated business practices, mirroring Kane's decline from
a powerful media mogul to a man who struggled to maintain
his empire.
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Chapter 13 | 13. Release| Q&A
1.Question
What impact did the Hearst organization have on the
initial perception and promotion of Citizen Kane?
Answer:The Hearst organization actively sought to
suppress Citizen Kane, which only fueled public
interest. Their efforts to ban the film created a
media frenzy, leading to a heightened demand for
screenings across the country, with reporters and
critics clamoring to see what the controversy was
about. This situation turned Citizen Kane into a
symbol of artistic expression fighting against
censorship.
2.Question
How did Citizen Kane's release demonstrate the
challenges of marketing innovative films in 1941?
Answer:RKO struggled to effectively market Citizen Kane,
often resorting to generic slogans that failed to capture the
film's revolutionary storytelling techniques. The advertising
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campaigns lacked the boldness needed to draw audiences in,
especially given the movie's innovative nature. Limited
screenings further hampered box office success and failed to
leverage the strong positive reviews from critics.
3.Question
What was George Schaefer's significance in the release of
Citizen Kane?
Answer:George Schaefer, as the president of RKO, stood
firmly behind Welles despite the controversies. He took pride
in the film's artistic achievements and aimed to ensure its
release against considerable opposition. Schaefer's support
was crucial in facilitating the film's grand premieres in major
cities, and his public acknowledgment of Welles'
contributions shifted perceptions within Hollywood.
4.Question
What was the outcome of Citizen Kane's initial box office
performance despite its critical acclaim?
Answer:Despite rave reviews, Citizen Kane struggled at the
box office. Initial screenings in major cities showed promise,
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but the film's overall commercial performance was lackluster
due to factors like poor marketing, limited screening times,
and ongoing threats from the Hearst organization, leading to
RKO reporting a loss of over $150,000.
5.Question
In what ways did Citizen Kane influence future
filmmaking?
Answer:Citizen Kane is often considered a benchmark for
cinematic innovation and storytelling. Critics noted that it
awoke the film industry from a 'slumbering monster' state,
showcasing techniques like nonlinear storytelling, deep focus
cinematography, and sophisticated character development
that would become staples of future films.
6.Question
What was the significance of Academy Award
nominations for Citizen Kane, and how did the film fare
during the awards?
Answer:Citizen Kane received nine Academy Award
nominations, showcasing its critical acclaim and the high
expectations surrounding it. However, it only won the Oscar
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for Best Original Screenplay, highlighting the
disappointment of Welles and his supporters, especially
given the competition from other films that evening that
overshadowed it.
7.Question
How did public sentiments about Orson Welles change
after the release of Citizen Kane?
Answer:Initially criticized and condemned, Welles was
celebrated after Citizen Kane's release. His triumph was
recognized as a significant achievement in filmmaking,
shifting public opinion from skepticism to admiration, with
many acknowledging him as a major talent in cinema.
8.Question
What role did the controversy surrounding the film play
in its legacy?
Answer:The controversy with the Hearst organization not
only generated publicity but also contributed to Citizen
Kane's reputation as a bold and daring work. The debates
over its content and the resistance it faced from powerful
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figures in Hollywood became essential aspects of its
narrative, influencing its status as a classic and setting a
precedent for discussions about artistic freedom.
9.Question
What were some of the key criticisms faced by Citizen
Kane from early reviewers?
Answer:A minority of critics deemed Citizen Kane 'cold,'
'unemotional,' and 'unsatisfying,' contrasting sharply with the
overwhelming praise from the majority. This divide
highlighted the film's challenging narrative style and the era's
expectations from commercial cinema.
Chapter 14 | 14. Triumph| Q&A
1.Question
What significance does Citizen Kane hold in the history of
cinema according to the text?
Answer:Citizen Kane is celebrated as a milestone
film, recognized not only for its artistic
achievements but also for its influence on the
medium of cinema. It was initially embraced by
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French film critics and later solidified its status in
the U.S., topping various critics' polls and being
recognized by the U.S. Library of Congress for its
cultural significance.
2.Question
How did the re-emergence of Citizen Kane in the 1950s
affect its legacy?
Answer:The film's re-emergence in the 1950s, particularly
after being reissued in theaters and aired on television,
helped revive its reputation among audiences and critics
alike. This exposure led to Citizen Kane being consistently
ranked among the greatest films in various international
polls, marking a significant shift in its legacy.
3.Question
Why was Citizen Kane initially not available to American
audiences during the 1950s, and what changed?
Answer:Initially, Citizen Kane was not available to
American audiences due to lackluster box office performance
and decisions by RKO not to reissue the film after its initial
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release. This changed with cultural shifts in film studies, the
emergence of university film schools, and the film's later
television broadcasts that introduced it to new audiences.
4.Question
What role did French filmmakers and critics play in the
revival of Citizen Kane's reputation?
Answer:French filmmakers and critics, particularly through
publications like La Revue du Cinéma, played a pivotal role
in analyzing and appreciating the film as a significant work
of art. Their insights and admiration helped initiate a
re-evaluation of Citizen Kane that eventually influenced its
recognition in the United States.
5.Question
In what ways has Citizen Kane influenced modern
filmmaking and cinema studies?
Answer:Citizen Kane is routinely used in cinema studies as a
model for filmmakers on narrative structure,
cinematography, and innovative storytelling techniques. Its
enduring presence in film education has shaped how new
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generations of filmmakers understand and create cinema.
6.Question
What does the text suggest about the relationship between
critics and general audiences regarding Citizen Kane?
Answer:The text suggests that Citizen Kane has transcended
the divide between critics and general audiences. It is not
only celebrated in critical circles but has also become a
beloved film among the public, demonstrating its universal
appeal and impact on both sectors.
Chapter 15 | 15. Walking on the Edge of a Cliff|
Q&A
1.Question
What does Orson Welles mean by saying he had the best
and worst luck in cinema?
Answer:Welles refers to his early career's
extraordinary success with 'Citizen Kane,' which
gave him unprecedented creative power in
Hollywood, as the best luck. However, he also faced
numerous artistic and financial challenges in the
years following that success, leading him to feel he
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had the worst luck in cinema due to the constant
struggle associated with maintaining that artistic
integrity and success.
2.Question
How did Orson Welles' contract with RKO protect
'Citizen Kane' from colorization?
Answer:Welles' original 1939 contract granted him complete
creative control over 'Citizen Kane,' including a clause that
specified it was to be a 'black and white picture.' This legal
stipulation ultimately prevented Turner Entertainment from
colorizing the film, as colorization would violate the terms of
that contract.
3.Question
What was the impact of the uproar against the
colorization of 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The uproar over the potential colorization of 'Citizen
Kane' united many filmmakers and artists in defense of the
original work. This collective action, which included threats
of legal action, successfully led to the cancellation of the
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colorization project. It was a demonstration of the film
community's commitment to preserving artistic integrity.
4.Question
Why is 'Citizen Kane' considered a landmark film in
cinema history?
Answer:'Citizen Kane' is considered a landmark film because
it broke traditional filmmaking conventions through its
narrative structure, use of deep focus cinematography, and
innovative editing techniques. It showcased Welles' unique
artistic vision and became a template for future filmmakers
who sought to push the boundaries of cinematic storytelling.
5.Question
How has 'Citizen Kane' inspired future filmmakers?
Answer:Many renowned filmmakers cite 'Citizen Kane' as a
source of inspiration for their own work. For instance,
directors like Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg
emphasize that the film's innovative approach to storytelling
and filmmaking techniques opened their eyes to the
possibilities within cinema, motivating them to pursue
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careers in film.
6.Question
What does Welles' quote about 'the confidence of
ignorance' reveal about his filmmaking journey?
Answer:Welles' reflection on 'the confidence of ignorance'
highlights the idea that his lack of experience in filmmaking
allowed him to approach directing without the fears that
often hinder more seasoned professionals. He viewed his
inexperience as a form of liberation, enabling him to
experiment and innovate boldly, leading to the
groundbreaking creation of 'Citizen Kane.'
7.Question
How has the perception of 'Citizen Kane' evolved over the
years, particularly in relation to the Hearst Corporation?
Answer:Initially, 'Citizen Kane' faced harsh criticism and
opposition from the Hearst Corporation due to its portrayal of
its owner, William Randolph Hearst. However, over the
years, perceptions have softened, culminating in a screening
of the film at Hearst Castle in 2015, which marked a
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symbolic reconciliation between Welles and the Hearst
legacy, showcasing the film's importance in American
cinema.
8.Question
What significance does the auction of memorabilia from
'Citizen Kane' hold?
Answer:The auction of memorabilia from 'Citizen Kane'
signifies the enduring legacy and cultural impact of the film.
High auction prices demonstrate not only the film's historical
value in cinema but also the deep emotional and artistic
connections people maintain with its artifacts, reinforcing its
status as a treasure of American filmmaking.
9.Question
What does Welles’ legacy demonstrate about the potential
of creative control in filmmaking?
Answer:Welles' legacy illustrates that with creative control,
filmmakers can produce works of significant artistic merit
and innovation that challenge norms. 'Citizen Kane' stands as
proof that when given the opportunity, filmmakers can create
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Chapter 16 | Cast and Production Credits| Q&A
1.Question
What significance do the credits of 'Citizen Kane' hold in
the context of the film's history?
Answer:The credits of 'Citizen Kane' are significant
because they represent a revolutionary moment in
filmmaking, showcasing many actors who were
relatively new to the industry. It highlights Orson
Welles' dedication to emerging talent and is
emblematic of the innovative spirit that
characterized the film's production. The film’s
credits not only acknowledge cast members but also
serve as a reflection of the changing landscape of
Hollywood and the idea of introducing new voices to
the medium.
2.Question
How did the production credits illustrate the teamwork
involved in creating 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The extensive production credits list showcases the
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vast network of individuals who contributed to 'Citizen
Kane', from actors and directors to technicians and assistants.
This highlights the collaborative nature of filmmaking, where
a multitude of roles come together to create a single
cinematic vision. The film’s successful integration of various
talents—from the screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz and
Orson Welles to the artistry of cinematographer Gregg
Toland—underscores the importance of teamwork in
achieving artistic excellence.
3.Question
Why might the casting of new actors be considered a bold
choice by Orson Welles?
Answer:Orson Welles’ decision to cast new actors was a bold
choice because it deviated from the norm of relying on
established stars, which was commonplace at the time. This
gamble not only challenged Hollywood conventions but also
allowed for fresh performances that contributed to the film's
unique storytelling style. It signified Welles' commitment to
authenticity and a belief in the potential of diverse talent.
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4.Question
In what ways does the detailed list of credits enhance our
understanding of the film 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The detailed list of credits provides insight into the
extensive effort and collaboration that went into making
'Citizen Kane'. It reveals the complexity of film production
and acknowledges the contributions of both credited and
uncredited individuals, thus painting a fuller picture of the
film’s creation. This transparency not only honors the hard
work behind the camera but also enriches the audience's
appreciation for the film’s artistry.
5.Question
What role does the AFI Catalog of Feature Films play in
relation to the film 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The AFI Catalog of Feature Films serves as a crucial
resource for understanding 'Citizen Kane' by providing
comprehensive data, including credits, production notes, and
historical context. It helps researchers, film enthusiasts, and
students access in-depth information that enhances their
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knowledge of the film, thereby solidifying its status as a
landmark in cinematic history.
6.Question
How does the diversity in background roles contribute to
the overall narrative of 'Citizen Kane'?
Answer:The diversity in background roles adds richness to
the overall narrative of 'Citizen Kane' by creating a
multi-dimensional world that reflects the complexities of
society. The inclusion of various characters in small roles
helps ground the film in a believable reality, illustrating the
varied social dynamics at play in the story of Charles Foster
Kane. This rich tapestry of characters serves to enhance the
narrative and provide depth to the protagonist’s journey.
7.Question
What does the notable inclusion of specific roles, such as
'Kane III', suggest about the film's narrative structure?
Answer:The inclusion of specific roles like 'Kane III'
suggests a layered narrative structure that invites viewers to
engage with the complexities of identity and legacy in
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'Citizen Kane'. It indicates a deliberate choice to highlight
familial connections and historical references that enrich the
storytelling. Such details add depth to Kane's character and
illustrate the recurring themes of familial expectations and
the search for personal meaning within the broader context of
public life.
8.Question
How should the work of lesser-known contributors be
perceived in light of the film's success?
Answer:The work of lesser-known contributors should be
perceived as integral to the film's success, as even the
smallest roles and behind-the-scenes tasks are essential to
creating a coherent and impactful cinematic experience.
Their contributions, though perhaps lesser acknowledged, are
vital in establishing the film’s overall aesthetic and narrative
flow, highlighting the communal effort necessary in
filmmaking.
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Citizen Kane Quiz and Test
Check the Correct Answer on Bookey Website
Chapter 1 | 1. Asking for the Impossible| Quiz and
Test
1.Orson Welles began his career in filmmaking at
the age of 25 with 'Citizen Kane'.
2.Welles achieved fame through his work with the Mercury
Theatre and his radio broadcasts, especially 'The War of the
Worlds'.
3.RKO was the only studio that offered Welles a contract for
creative control during his rise to prominence.
Chapter 2 | 2. The Beard and the Contract| Quiz and
Test
1.Orson Welles' contract with RKO granted him the
final cut privilege, a first for any filmmaker.
2.Welles signed a single contract with RKO for directing,
writing, acting, and production management.
3.Hollywood reacted positively to Welles' beard, viewing it
as a symbol of his creative freedom.
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Chapter 3 | 3. The Script| Quiz and Test
1.Herman J. Mankiewicz was hired by RKO to
create the script for 'Citizen Kane'.
2.The script of 'Citizen Kane' was not significantly changed
from its original draft after Orson Welles reviewed it.
3.The final title of the film was settled on before any writing
process began.
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Chapter 4 | 4. The Consequences of His Actions|
Quiz and Test
1.The screenplay of *Citizen Kane* was solely
written by Orson Welles without any significant
contributions from Herman J. Mankiewicz.
2.The Screen Writers Guild suggested co-credit for
Mankiewicz and Welles after a long dispute about the
screenplay's authorship.
3.Welles' approach in *Citizen Kane* emphasized elaborate
dialogue and character motivations over visual storytelling.
Chapter 5 | 5. RKO Production #281| Quiz and Test
1.Orson Welles believed he was creating an
important film while working on 'Citizen Kane.'
2.Welles exclusively cast well-known actors with extensive
film experience for 'Citizen Kane.'
3.The characters in 'Citizen Kane' were inspired by Welles'
real-life friends and mentors.
Chapter 6 | 6. A Great Deal of Doing| Quiz and Test
1.Welles assembled a team consisting of himself,
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cinematographer Gregg Toland, and designer
Perry Ferguson for the production of Citizen
Kane.
2.The preproduction planning for Citizen Kane was shorter
than the average Hollywood project of its time.
3.Toland's deep-focus photography technique was a critical
element of Citizen Kane’s aesthetic.
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Chapter 7 | 7. No Visitors, Please| Quiz and Test
1.Orson Welles faced no significant challenges
during the filming of Citizen Kane.
2.The filming of Citizen Kane was characterized by a
hands-on leadership style from Orson Welles.
3.The production environment of Citizen Kane was open to
interference from RKO executives.
Chapter 8 | 8. Giggling Like Schoolboys| Quiz and
Test
1.Gregg Toland's cinematography in 'Citizen Kane'
used innovative filming techniques to economize
resources by creating an illusion of crowds without
needing a large number of actors.
2.The budget constraints during the production of 'Citizen
Kane' had no impact on the visual style and techniques
used in the film.
3.Welles' injuries during filming were a result of a lack of
commitment to his directorial role.
Chapter 9 | 9. Cryptic Notes and Bigger Hams| Quiz
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and Test
1.Filming for *Citizen Kane* resumed for retakes
and additional shots after principal photography
concluded.
2.Special effects made up almost 30% of the final footage in
*Citizen Kane*.
3.Bernard Herrmann composed the score for *Citizen Kane*
and his music played an essential role in the film's
emotional impact.
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Chapter 10 | 10. Conflict| Quiz and Test
1.The conflict surrounding 'Citizen Kane' was
primarily driven by William Randolph Hearst's
desire to protect his reputation.
2.Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons were initially against
'Citizen Kane' and rallied media against it from the start.
3.The smear campaign against 'Citizen Kane' was started by
Hearst's legal team to discredit Welles after the film was
released.
Chapter 11 | 11. Negotiating and Placating| Quiz and
Test
1.Attorney Arnold Weissberger believed there was
no actionable libel against William Randolph
Hearst since Hearst's likeness was not used in
*Citizen Kane*.
2.Hearst’s organization did not attempt to influence theater
owners regarding the screenings of *Citizen Kane*.
3.RKO initially planned to destroy *Citizen Kane* after
receiving pressure from Louis B. Mayer of MGM.
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Chapter 12 | 12. Mr. Hearst| Quiz and Test
1.Charles Foster Kane and William Randolph
Hearst both made their fortunes through mining,
with Kane’s fortune stemming from a gold claim
and Hearst’s from silver.
2.William Randolph Hearst was a political failure, whereas
Charles Foster Kane was a successful political figure.
3.The meaning behind 'Rosebud' in 'Citizen Kane' is widely
accepted as referring to Hearst's intimate aspects and is not
subject to controversy.
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Chapter 13 | 13. Release| Quiz and Test
1.Citizen Kane premiered with major media interest
primarily because of efforts from the Hearst
organization to suppress it.
2.Citizen Kane won multiple Academy Awards, reflecting its
commercial success and overwhelming positive reception.
3.Despite critical acclaim, Citizen Kane performed
exceptionally well at the box office and sustained its initial
momentum in theaters.
Chapter 14 | 14. Triumph| Quiz and Test
1.'Citizen Kane' gained recognition primarily in
France during the 1950s.
2.'Citizen Kane' was screened in American theaters before
1956.
3.The Library of Congress designated 'Citizen Kane' for
preservation due to its cultural significance.
Chapter 15 | 15. Walking on the Edge of a Cliff|
Quiz and Test
1.Orson Welles faced financial struggles and artistic
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