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Table 1: Program types according to program intention for change and focus of learning.
OUTDOOR… RECREATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT THERAPY
Intends to
change !!,'.% &'.+'.% !&7'.% !3'34'.%&.%!
Subject
matter
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Activities
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Survey Findings
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Philosophies
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Learning Goals
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eSR]Msf
5pSO
eSO]Msf
5pSN
eSN]Msf
4:-5+
4&=
4:K<&=
>?<&
>?%-&=
<-&5>&&<-5+
-1-5+
771-5+
57D=,7&-5+
57&-5+
5pNTeTT]Psf
5pNS
eTO]Tsf
5pNS
eTO]Tsf
5pNS
eTO]Tsf
5pNR
eSU]Osf
5pNR
eSU]Osf
5pNQ
eSP]Ssf
5pNP
eRV]Nsf
5pNP
eRV]Nsf
7?<52<->-5+
*&>F
<-5-5+
<-&5>&&<-5+
>?<&
>?%-&=
771-5+
57D=,7&-5+
&<>-K#>-75
2-4"-5+
1--5+
QMiRVs
5pRVYeSP]Qsf
5pRTY
eSN]Psf
5pRQY
eRU]Nsf
5pQUY
eRN]Ssf
5pQOY
eQR]Osf
2-4"-5+
7:&=
&<C-#&&<5
F1-5+
771-5+
5pROeRO]Msf
5pRM
eRM]Msf
5pQP
eQP]Msf
7?<52<->-5+
1--5+
2-4"-5+
5pNOeRQ]Rsf
5pNN
eRM]Msf
5pNN
eRM]Msf
5pNM
eQR]Rsf
5pNM
eQR]Rsf
5pNM
eQR]Rsf
F1-5+
4&=
-1-5+
727=
&<C-#&&<5
7<1E:
F '&' +#%""'&""%'&"!!!
-%%*%(+&I<9 H78&I766 '+,H'&*1&I88
OMiPVs
5pPSYePU]Tsf
5pPRY
ePT]Ssf
5pPRY
ePT]Ssf
5pPOY
ePQ]Qsf
5pOUY
ePM]Nsf
5pORY
eOS]Vsf
5pOPY
eOQ]Tsf
5pNVY
eOM]Qsf
5pNVY
eOM]Qsf
7?<52<->-5+
-1-5+
7<1E:]
*&>F
<-5-5+
57D=,7&-5+
&<>-K#>-75
-=,-5+
<%&5-5+
7<=&-%-5+
5pPTePT]Msf
5pPS
ePS]Msf
5pPS
ePS]Msf
5pPR
ePR]Msf
5pPO
ePO]Msf
5pPN
ePN]Msf
5pPM
ePM]Msf
5pOV
eOV]Msf
5pOQ
eOQ]Msf
5pOQ
eOQ]Msf
5pON
eON]Msf
5pOM
eOM]Msf
<#,&<F
*&>F
<-5-5+
&<>-K#>-75
&<C-#&&<5
-1-5+
D-44-5+
7:&=
-=,-5+
F1-5+
<%&5-5+
1>-5+
-5>&<
&5>-5+
5pUePN]Usf
5pS
eOT]Psf
5pR
eOO]Tsf
7:&=
-5>&<
&5>-5+
-=,-5+
MiNVs
5pNTYeNU]Psf
5pNQY
eNR]Nsf
5pNQY
eNR]Nsf
5pNPY
eNQ]Msf
5pUYeU]Ssf
5pSYeS]Rsf
5pOYeO]Osf
5pNYeN]Nsf
5pNYeN]Nsf
5pMYeMsf
1--5+
1>-5+
7+
727=
*>-5+
C-5+
-5>&<
&5>-5+
7+=2&%%-5+
?5>-5+
5%-+&57?=
#>]
5pNVeNV]Msf
5pNT
eNT]Msf
5pNP
eNP]Msf
5pUeU]Msf
5pUeU]Msf
5pTeT]Msf
5pSeS]Msf
5pReR]Msf
5pMeMsf
7<1E:]
7+
727=
7<=&-%-5+
?5>-5+
*>-5+
7+=2&%%-5+
C-5+
5%-+&57?=
#>]
5pQeNU]Osf
5pQ
eNU]Osf
5pP
eNP]Ssf
5pP
eNP]Ssf
5pOeV]Nsf
5pNeQ]Rsf
5pNeQ]Rsf
5pMeMsf
5pMeMsf
5pMeMsf
5pMeMsf
*>-5+
D-44-5+
7+=2&%%-5+
<%&5-5+
?5>-5+
1>-5+
7+
7<=&-%-5+
C-5+
<#,&<F
5%-+&57?=
#>]
Activities
5 7<%&< >7 ?5%&<=>5% >,& "<&%>, 5% *<&;?&5#F 7* #>-C->-&= 7H&<&% = :<> 7* :<7+<4=Y D& =1&% >D7
;?&=>-75=] -<=>Y D& =1&% <&=:75%&5>= >7 -%&5>-*F 22 >,& #>-C->-&= >,> <& 7H&<&% -5 >,&-< :<7+<4=] K%Y
D& =1&% >,&4 >7 -%&5>-*F >,& >,<&& 47=> #74475 #>-C->-&= -5 >,&-< :<7+<4=] "2& N =,7D= >,& 5?4"&< 7*
:<7+<4= 5% :&<#&5>+& 7* >,& =&#>7< >,> 7H&< &#, 7* >,& PP #>-C->-&= *<74 7?< 2-=> D,-#, D= %&C&27:&%
'&' +#%""'&""%'&"!!! F
"=&% 75 >,& -5>&<C-&D= 5% =->& C-=->=] >7>2 7* US 7?> 7* VP eVO]Rsf =?44&< #4:= -5#2?%&% #4:K<&=Y TV 7*
NMMeTVsfiNO:<7+<4=-5C72C&%#4:-5+Y5%OM7*OOeVM]Vsf:7=>i=K%<F:<7+<4=7H&<&%#4:-5+]
$8= %'+,'%%'&,!.!,!+!& '-,''*-,!'&+,'*@
& FJG
?44&<4:=5pVP
5pOTeOV]Mf 7:&=7?<=&
5pOReOS]Vf 57&-5+
5pOQeOR]Uf D-44-5+
5pOMeON]Rf 2-4"-5+
5pNUeNV]Qf <#,&<F
iNO5pNMM
5pQMeQM]Mf -1-5+
5pOTeOT]Mf 57&-5+
5pOQeOQ]Mf 4:-5+
5pOPeOP]Mf >?<&>?%-&=
5pNUeNU]Mf 4&=
7=>iK%<F5pOO
5pNMeQR]Rf 57&-5+
5pTePN]Uf 4:-5+
5pReOO]Tf -1-5+
5pQeNU]Rf 1--5+
5pPeNP]Sf F1-5+
"2& O -%&5>-K&= >,& 47=> #74475 #>-C->-&= 7H&<&% "F :<7+<4= -5 &#, =&#>7<] 7:&= #7?<=&= D&<& -%&5>-K&%
= 75& 7* >,& >,<&& 47=> #74475 =?44&< #4: #>-C->-&= "F OT 7* VP eOVsf =?44&< #4: <&=:75%&5>=]
F '&' +#%""'&""%'&"!!!
-4-2<2FY ,-1-5+ D= -%&5>-K&% "F QM 7* NMM eQMsf 7* iNO :<7+<4= = 75& 7* >,& >,<&& 47=> #74475
#>-C->-&=] 5%Y NM 7* OO eQR]Rsf :7=>i=K%<F :<7+<4= -%&5>-K&% #57&-5+ = 75& 7* >,& >,<&& 47=>
#74475#>-C->-&=-5>,&-<:<7+<4=]
5& :<>-#?2<2F -5>&<&=>-5+ K5%-5+ <&+<%-5+ #>-C->-&= -= >,> 57 <&=:75%&5>= -%&5>-K&% -5#2?%-5+
5%-+&57?= #>-C->-&= -5 >,&-< :<7+<4=] ,-= 5&&%= *?<>,&< -5C&=>-+>-75 >7 "&>>&< ?5%&<=>5%] & %%&%
5%-+&57?= #>-C->-&= >7 7?< 2-=> 7* #>-C->-&= "&#?=& 45F :<7+<4= -%&5>-K&% 5%-+&57?= 2&<5-5+ =
:<7+<4 2&<5-5+ +72 -5 >,& -5>&<C-&D =>+&] 5& &E:25>-75 *7< >,-= K5%-5+ 4F "& >,> 5%-+&57?= 2&<5-5+
-= 5 &4&<+-5+ 2&<5-5+ +72 5% 57> F&> >-&% >7 :<>-#?2< #>-C->F] 2>&<5>-C&2FY -> #7?2% "& >,> 7?<
&E:&#>>-75 >,> 5%-+&57?= 2&<5-5+ +72= D7?2% "& %-<&#>2F >-&% >7 5 #>-C->F -= -5#7<<&#>] >,&<Y -> #7?2% "&
>,> >,& 5%-+&57?= 2&<5-5+ +72 -= D7C&5 >,<7?+,7?> 22 =:&#>= 7* >,& :<7+<4 5% >,&<&*7<& 57> 2-51&% >7
:<>-#?2<#>-C->F]
Key Takeaways
,-2& >,&=& K5%-5+= <&+<%-5+ :,-27=7:,-&=Y 2&<5-5+ +72=Y 5% #>-C->-&= <& -5>&<&=>-5+ 75 >,&-< 7D5Y 7?<
:<-4<F +72 *7< >,-= :<70&#> -= >7 %&&:&5 >,& ?5%&<=>5%-5+ 7* -5 5% =7 >,> D& 4-+,> &5,5#&
>,& %&2-C&<F 7* ] ,&<&*7<&Y ,&<& <& =74& 1&F >1&DF= >,> D& ,7:& <& ,&2:*?2 -5 #,-&C-5+ >,> +72]
,7=& 7* F7? *<74 %-H&<&5> =&#>7<= 5% ?5-;?& :72->-#2 5% #?2>?<2 =&>>-5+= 4F ,C& %%->-752 5% :&<,:=
%-H&<&5> >1&DF=] * F7? %7Y &5#7?<+& F7? >7 =,<& >,&4 -5 7<%&< >7 #75>-5?& >,& %&C&27:4&5> 5%
?5%&<=>5%-5+7*-55%]
Undervalued and Misunderstood
F4&5> 5% 7>>&< eOMONfY D<->-5+ "7?> :7=>i=K%<F -5>&<5>-7522FY #2-4 >,> 75& <&=75
:<7+<4= <& 7*>&5 "5%75&% 5% :77<2F =?::7<>&% -= "&#?=& -= *<&;?&5>2F ?5%&<C2?&% 5%
4-=?5%&<=>77%] 5 %%->-75Y >,& ?>,7<= =?++&=> -= 7*>&5 =&&5 = 2#1-5+ :&%+7+-# <-+7< "F 575i
#722&+?&= 5% %4-5-=><>7<=] 5& 7* 7?< -5>&<C-&D&&= %&=#<-"&% >,& &%?#>-752 :,-27=7:,F 7* >,&-< :<7+<4
= j 4&== 7* =>?H[k ,&-< :7-5> D= >,> -= 57> 0?=> 75& :,-27=7:,F 7< 75& C2?& 7< -4&% > #,-&C-5+ 75&
2&<5-5+ +72] >,&<Y -= 47<& 1-5 >7 =F5>,&=-G-5+ %-=#-:2-5& 5% 4&>,7% >,> :<7C-%&= 47<& 7<+5-#
*7<4 7* &%?#>-75 >,> -= 4&==F 5% %-I#?2> >7 5&>2F %&=#<-"& 5% %&K5& "?> > >,& =4& >-4& "&?>-*?2] =
iNO 5% :7=>i=K%<F -5=>->?>-75= #75>-5?& >,& 5&C&<i&5%-5+ ;?&=> >7 -4:<7C& =>?%&5> 2&<5-5+Y >,& 4&==F
-5>&+<>&% -5>&<%-=#-:2-5<F ,5%=i75 5>?<& 7* >,> 41&= -> =7 %-I#?2> >7 %&=#<-"&Y %&K5&Y 5% 5&>2F
:#1+&4FY-<75-#22FY"&75&7*m=:<-4<F=><&5+>,=]
,-= =><&5+>, #5 "& 5 -4:7<>5> 47%&2 *7< ,7D >7 &%?#>& 7?< #,-2%<&5 5% F7?>,] 7D&C&<Y -> -=
4?#, &=-&< *7< %4-5-=><>7<= 5% +7C&<54&5>= >7 5&>2F :#1+& &%?#>-75 -5>7 >-%F %-=#-:2-5<F ?5->= D->,
:<&#-=&2F -%&5>-K&% 2&<5-5+ 7?>#74&= >,> :<&=&5> D&22 -5 C-=-75 5% *?5%-5+ %7#?4&5>= "?> :&<,:= %75m>
<&L&#> >,& <&2->F 7* ,7D =>?%&5>= 2&<5 "&=> 7< ,7D >7 :<&:<& =>?%&5>= *7< >,& #,22&5+&= 5% #74:2&E->-&=
'&' +#%""'&""%'&"!!! F
7* >,& 2-C&= >,&F <& 2-C-5+] ,&<&*7<&Y 75& ?>-2->F 7* >,-= <&=&<#, -= >,> -> :<7C-%&= &C-%&5#& 7* ,C-5+
D&22i+<7?5%&% :&%+7+-# <77>= -5 ,5%=i75 &E:&<-&5>-2 2&<5-5+ >,> -= ,72-=>-# 5% -5>&+<>&% -5 5>?<&
5% ,-+,2-+,>= >,> 45F :<7+<4= <& %&=-+5&% >7 #,-&C& C<-&>F 7* -5>&<%-=#-:2-5<F 2&<5-5+ +72=]
,&=& :,-27=7:,-&= 5% +72= <& D&22 2-+5&% D->, &4&<+-5+ :&%+7+-&= >,> -4 >7 "& 47<& &E:&<-&5>-2 5%
-5>&<%-=#-:2-5<FY >7 %&C&27: =7#-2 5% &47>-752 =1-22=Y 5% :<&:<& =>?%&5>= >7 #<&>-C&2F %%<&== :<&==-5+
&5C-<754&5>2 5% =7#-2 -==?&=] 5& =?++&=>-75 *7< 7?>%77< &%?#>7<= -= >7 <&C-&D >,& +72= 5% 4-==-75= 7*
F7?< :<7C-5#-2 &%?#>-75 4-5-=><-&=Y 27#2 =#,772 "7<%=Y 5% -5%-C-%?2 #722&+&= 5% ?5-C&<=->-&= 5% ?=& >,-=
%>>7:<7C-%&&C-%&5#&*7<,7D#5,&2:>,&=&"7%-&=#,-&C&>,&-<=>>&%+72=5%4-==-75=]
> -= &=F >7 -4+-5& >,> =74& #722&+?&= 5% %4-5-=><>7<= 4-+,> :&<#&-C& = :&%+7+-#22F %<-*>
"&#?=& 7* >,& <&#<&>-752 5>?<& 7* >,& :<-4<F #>-C->-&= ==7#->&% D->, =?#, = 7?>%77<i2-C-5+ =1-22=
5% =:7<> 5% <&#<&>-752 #>-C->-&=] ,-= :&<#&:>-75 -= 2-1&2F ,&-+,>&5&% "&#?=& -= 57> D&22i&=>"2-=,&%
%-=#-:2-5& =?#, = 5+2-=, 7< -=>7<F 7< 7>,&< #7<& %-=#-:2-5&=] 7D&C&<Y >,-= <&=&<#, %&475=><>&= >,>
#>-C->-&= <& 47<& >,5 &507F"2& <&#<&>-752 #>-C->-&=] >,&<Y >,& #>-C->-&= 7* <& -5>&5>-7522F ?=&% >7
#,-&C&=:&#-K#5%-4:7<>5>2&<5-5++72=?=-5+#>-C&4&>,7%=>,>&5,5#&=>?%&5>&5++&4&5>]
Discipline or Method
%&">& ,= "&&5 +7-5+ 75 -5 =74& #-<#2&= "7?> D,&>,&< -= %-=#-:2-5& 7< 4&>,7% 7* >&#,-5+
eF4&5> 5% 7>>&<Y OMNR_ 7>>&< 5% F4&5>Y OMNSf] 5 >,& 75& ,5%Y -> %7&=5m> 4>>&<] 5 >,& 7>,&< ,5%Y
4F"& -> -= #<->-#2] F =&5=& -= >,> 7?>%77< &%?#>7<= ,C& "&&5 ><F-5+ *7< %&#%&= >7 %-=>-5+?-=, =
%-=#-:2-5& =-4-2< >7 ><%->-752 D&22i&=>"2-=,&% %-=#-:2-5&=] * >,& 47=> -4:7<>5> 7?>#74& 7* >,-= %&">& -=
>7 :<7C-%& #,-2%<&5 5% F7?>, D->, >,& >F:&= 7* 2&<5-5+ 7::7<>?5->-&= >,> H7<%=Y :&<,:= D& =,7?2%
#75=-%&< *<4-5+ = 4&>,7% 7* >&#,-5+ D,&<& D& #5 #,-&C& >,& +72= 7* D-%& C<-&>F 7* &4&<+-5+ 5%
><%->-752 %-=#-:2-5&=] 5 >,-= DFY D& <& :<747>-5+ 5 #>-C& -557C>-C& :&%+7+F >,> 2-+5= D->, &4&<+-5+
><&5%=Y <>,&< >,5 #75>-5?-5+ >,& ">>2& >7 &=>"2-=, = =>5%i275& %-=#-:2-5&] ,-= =><>&+F ,= 5% -=
D7<1-5+-5=74&:2#&==?#,=-5>&+<>&%,-+,i=#,772:<7+<4=5%5?4"&<7*?5-C&<=->F:<7+<4=]
= >,&=& K5%-5+= <&C&2Y 5% ,= 57 =-5+2& >&4:2>& *7< ] ,-2& >,&<& <& =-4-2<->-&= 5% #74475
:,-27=7:,-&=Y 2&<5-5+ +72=Y 5% #>-C->-&=Y >,&<& -= 2=7 +<&> %-C&<=->F] ,& 57>-75 7* = =F5>,&=-G-5+
4&>,7% >,> -= 472%&% >7 &#, ?5-;?& #4:Y iNOY 5% :7=>i=K%<F =&>>-5+ e&]+]Y +&7+<:,-#2Y #?2>?<2Y
,-=>7<-#2f 4F "& j5%-5 F]k 5 7>,&< D7<%=Y j5%-5 Fk >,> -= +?-%&% "F >,& :,-27=7:,-&=Y
2&<5-5+ +72= 5% #>-C->-&= -%&5>-K&% -5 >,& =>?%FY "?> > >,& =4& >-4&Y >,-= j5%-5 Fk -= =,:&% 5%
472%&% >7 27#2 +&7+<:,-&=Y ,-=>7<-&=Y 5% #?2>?<&= D,-#, <&=?2>= -5 57> 75& =:&#-K# j5%-5 Fk 7*
"?> 45F j5%-5 F=]k <74 >,-= :&<=:&#>-C&Y >7 >,& ?5><-5&% &F&Y 4-+,> 2771 2-1& 4&==F :<7#&==Y
D,-2& >7 >,& ><-5&% &F&Y -> -= j"&?>-*?2 4&==F :<7#&==k D->, :?<:7=&] ,&<&*7<&Y -> 4F "& 47<& ##?<>& >7
=->?>&=4&>,7%<>,&<>,5%-=#-:2-5&===47<&%-%-5NVTO]
F '&' +#%""'&""%'&"!!!
Reconciliation, Racism, and Privilege
5% 5% 5%-5= ,C& 4%& #744->4&5> >7 <K#-2->-75 D->, 5%-+&57?= 5%-5= = <&L&#>&%
-5 >,& <&#&5> 254& . !/.','4'/. !0/24 e<?>, 5% K#-2->-75 744-==-75Y OMNRf] 75=-%&<-5+
>,& :,-27=7:,-&= 5% C2?&= >,> %<-C& #7?:2&% D->, m= #74475 2&<5-5+ +72=Y -= D&22 :7=->-75&%
>7 %%<&== <K#-2->-75 = D&22 = <#-=4 5% :<-C-2&+& 47<& +&5&<22F] 7< &E4:2&Y ,C-5+ =>?%&5>= D7<1
>7+&>,&< -5 %-C&<=& +<7?:= %?<-5+ =&2*i:<7:&22&% <&47>& ><C&2 &E:&<-&5#&= 75 ><%->-752 25%= D,-2& 2&<5-5+
"7?> >,& ,-=>7<F 5% #?2>?<& 7* >,& ><C&2 <7?>& 7< 27#2 =:#&= -= 2<&%F #75><-"?>-5+ >7 >,& :<7#&== 7*
<K#-2->-75] 5++-5+ =>?%&5>= -5 =?#, ,5%=i75 &E:&<-&5#&= 7* %-C&<=& :&7:2& 5% :2#&= #5 "& :7D&<*?2
2&<5-5+ &E:&<-&5#&] ,-2& >,-= #5 "& -5>-4-%>-5+ 5% #,22&5+-5+ D7<1Y >,&<& <& -5#<&=-5+ <&=7?<#&= "&-5+
%&C&27:&% 5% C-2"2& >7 ==-=> ?= -5 >,-= >=1] &<& <& =74& <&=7?<#&= >,> ,C& "&&5 ,&2:*?2 *7< 4& e<-#1=75
v F2-& <7>GY OMON_ &5%&<=75 v 2&51-5=7:Y OMOO_ 7D&5i<?%&?Y OMNQ_ 7D&5i<?%&?Y OMNV_ &&<>=i
<5%=4&>2]YOMOMf]
Revisiting Humility
F4&5> 5% 7>>&< eOMONf &5#7?<+& 7?>%77< &%?#>7<= >7 "& 2&== ,?4"2&] & 5&&% >7 "&2-&C& -5 D,> D& %7
5% D& 5&&% >7 "& D-22-5+ >7 %C7#>& *7< =?::7<> 7* 7?< :<7+<4=] ,-= #5 "& &E,?=>-5+ D7<1] 7D&C&<Y
75& #2&< 7"=&<C>-75 *<74 7?< -5>&<C-&D= 5% =->& C-=->= -= >,> 7?>%77< &%?#>7<= <& #744->>&% 5%
:==-75>& +<7?: 7* >&#,&<= 5% 2&%&<= D,7 <& :<7C-%-5+ :<7*7?5%2F 4&5-5+*?2 &E:&<-&5#&= *7< =>?%&5>=
5% #4:&<=] 5%Y = D& 22 157DY >,&<& <& &=-&< DF= >7 1&&: 7?< 07"= = >&#,&<= 5% *#?2>F 4&4"&<=
>,5 >1-5+ =>?%&5>= 75 7Hi#4:?= 2&<5-5+ 07?<5&F=] ?<>,&<47<&Y = ,7:& F7? ,C& <+5-G&%Y D,-2&
=74& #722&+?&= 5% %4-5-=><>7<= 4F ?5%&<C2?& 7?< D7<1 5% ;?&=>-75 >,& :&%+7+-#2 =?"=>5#& 7*
Y >,-= %> >&22= C&<F %-H&<&5> =>7<F] ?>%77< &%?#>7<= <& %7-5+ +<&> D7<1 = 45F iNO =#,772= 5%
?5-C&<=->-&= <& :2F-5+ :&%+7+-#2 #>#,i?: = >,&F -4 >7 -4:2&4&5> 47<& &E:&<-&5>-2 -5>&+<>&% 2&<5-5+
>,> #,-&C& -5>&<%-=#-:2-5<F 2&<5-5+ 7"0&#>-C&=] * #7?<=&Y >,&<& -= <774 *7< >7 -4:<7C&Y "?> D& ,C& "&&5
5%#75>-5?&>7"&75+77%:>,[
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-5 =2-C<F #7<>-=72 2&C&2= 5% ,&<> <>& C<-"-2->F e75+ &> 2]Y OMNSf] ,& -4:#> 7* >,&=& :,F=-727+-#2
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+!&+,+1"51
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#7C-%iNVD&<&<&%?5%5>5%2#1&%#?<<&5#F] /52.,/$,'.',0' !-'/,/%:YNQSYOOiPN]
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&5C-<754&5>2-=4-5>D&5>-&>,i#&5>?<F4&<-#] .7'2/.-!.4,'34/2:YTePfYQSOiQUQ]
7<>,Y ]Y &<5-5+Y ]Y <1i2<1&Y ]] v HY ] ] eOMOPf] &C& 7 <#& 5% =?=>-5"-2->F
&%?#>-75X 1-5+ -2&#>-#2 ::<7#,] /52., /$ 54 //2 !2!4'/.K 54'/.K . ! !23&'0Y NReNf]
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-#1=Y ]]Y <>75Y ]]Y 5%<&D=Y ]Y <"&22Y ]Y 5%&<#7#1Y ] v 77%Y ]] eOMOPf] ,& -4:#> 7* >,&
#7<75C-<?= :5%&4-# 75 >,& #75><-"?>-75 7* 27#2 +<&&5 =:#& 5% 5>?<& #755&#>-75 >7 4&5>2 ,&2>,]
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Editors’ noteE$%0$-1 /"+20 0+*1$ )+/ / 0 /$ 8 (+"+21++/( /*%*#'*+4*0
+21++/1$ /-6LM1$1%*(2 0*12/ 1$ /-6F3 *12/ 1$ /-6F4%( /* 001$ /-6F*
+1$ /)+(%1% 0H
C&< >,& 2=> K*>F F&<=Y 7?>%77< >,&<:-&= e=f ,C& "&&5 >,& =?"0&#> 7* &E>&5=-C& <&=&<#,Y D,-#, ,= <&C&2&%
>,&-< :7=->-C& -5L?&5#& 75 4?2>-:2& *#&>= 7* +&5&<2 D&22i"&-5+ e&]+]Y =&2* &=>&&4Y =&2*i&I##FY 2&%&<=,-:fY =
D&22 = =7#-2Y #%&4-#Y 5% *4-2F *?5#>-75-5+ e<+57Y OMOO_ <:&< v 7"?%Y OMONf] 52F <&#&5>2FY
<&=&<#,&<= ,C& "&+?5 -5C&=>-+>-5+ >,& *#>7<= #75><-"?>-5+ >7 >,&=& &H&#>=] 7%FY 5>?<& &E:7=?<&Y
%C&5>?<&Y +<7?: &E:&<-&5#&Y :,F=-#2 #>-C->FY ><5=*&<Y 5% >,& <&2>-75=,-: "&>D&&5 *#-2->>7<= 5% >,&
:<>-#-:5>= <& <+5-G&% *7< >,&-< -4:7<>5#& -5 = e<-&=>Y OMOP_ ?==&22 &> 2]Y OMNT_ ,&I&2% v ?4"&<Y
OMNV_ 5 %&5 &<+ &> 2]Y OMNVf] 7D&C&<Y <&=&<#, -= 2-4->&% 75 ,7D >7 -4:2&4&5> >,&=& *&>?<&= D->,-5
:<7+<4=YD,-#,%-4-5-=,&=>,&-<::2-#>-75&I##F-5&E-=>-5+:<#>-#&]
,-= #,:>&< -4= >7 %%<&== >,-= =->?>-75 "F %-=#?==-5+ >,& %&K5->-75 7* =Y -%&5>-*F-5+ >,& 1&F *&>?<&=Y
5% #75=-%&<-5+ >,& -4:2&4&5>>-75 7* &#,] ,& -4:#> 7* 1&F &2&4&5> 5% >,&-< =?"i%-4&5=-75= <& *?<>,&<
&E4-5&% 5% >,&7<&>-#22F &E:2-5&% *7< >,&-< #75><-"?>-75= >7 "&5&K#-2 7?>#74&=] ,& &2&4&5>= <&;?-<&% >7
7:&<>-752-G& &#, *&>?<& 5% >,& #,22&5+&= ==7#->&% D->, -5#7<:7<>-5+ >,&=& -5>7 :<7*&==-752 :<#>-#& <&
,-+,2-+,>&%]-522FY<&L&#>-75>772-=:<&=&5>&%>7==-=>*#-2->>7<=-5:255-5+:<7+<4=]
<-7?= =F575F4= ,C& "&&5 7H&<&% >7 %&=#<-"& :<7+<4= >1-5+ :2#& -5 5 #75>&E>] 7< &E4:2&Y >,&=&
-5#2?%& jD-2%&<5&== >,&<:Fk eC-=i&<45 v &<45Y NVVQfY j"?=, %C&5>?<& >,&<:Fk e<F7< &> 2]Y OMMRfY
7< j%C&5>?<& >,&<:Fk e== &> 2]Y OMOMf] ,-= #,:>&< ?=&= >,& >&<4 7?>%77< >,&<:-&= e=f >7 4-5>-5
"<7% :&<=:&#>-C& 7* 5>?<& 5% %C&5>?<& = 5 -5>&<C&5>-75 47%2->FY = :<7:7=&% "F <:&< 5% 7"?%
eOMONf] ,-= >&<4 #7C&<= <5+& 7* :=F#,7=7#-2 :<#>-#&= #75%?#>&% -5 5>?<2 =&>>-5+=Y D->, 7< D->,7?>
%C&5>?<&Y -4&% > :<747>-5+ 7C&<22 ,&2>, 5% #75%?#>&% *<74 5 &+2-><-5 :&<=:&#>-C& &4:,=-G-5+
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"7E :,&574&575Yk ,= =:<1&% >,& -5>&<&=> 7* C<-7?= +<7?:= 7* ?>,7<= e&<5&& &> 2]Y OMNV_ <+57Y OMOM_
#&5G-&Y OMMM_ &D45 &> 2]Y OMOP_ 7<>75 &> 2]Y OMNQ_ ?==&22 &> 2]Y OMNTf] -H&<&5> 2"&2= D&<& >>#,&%
>7 -4:7<>5> :<7+<4 &2&4&5>=Y %&=#<-"&% = j1&F #74:75&5>=k e7<>75Y OMNMfY j1&F *#>7<=k e7<>75 &>
2]Y OMNQfY j1&F *&>?<&=k e<+57Y OMOMfY j:<7#&== *#>7<=k e?==&22 &> 2]Y OMNTfY 5% j*#-2->>-C& :<#>-#&=k
e&D45 &> 2]Y OMOPf] ,& >&<4 j1&Fi*&>?<&=k D-22 "& ?=&% ,&<& >7 &5#74:== 5>?<& &E:7=?<&Y %C&5>?<&Y
+<7?:&E:&<-&5#&Y:,F=-#2#>-C->FY><5=*&<Y5%>,&:<>-#-:5>i*#-2->>7<<&2>-75=,-:=2-=>&%-5-+?<&N]
&*7<& &E4-5-5+ >,& -4:#> 7* &#, 1&F &2&4&5> -5 =Y -> -= -4:7<>5> >7 #75=-%&< >D7 =>&:= -5 :<7+<4
:255-5+X %&>&<4-5-5+ >,& :?<:7=& >7 "& #,-&C&% 5% <+5-G-5+ >,& #,<#>&<-=>-#= 7* >,& :<>-#-:5>=] ,&=&
=>&:=D-22,C&%-<&#>-5L?&5#&75>,&-4:2&4&5>>-757*1&F*&>?<&=]
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OMNVfY =-5#& >,-= D-22 +?-%& >,& -5>&<C&5>-75 :<7#&==Y "7>, -5 %&=-+5 5% %?<-5+ %&2-C&<F] = *7< :<>-#-:5>
#,<#>&<-=>-#=Y >,&=& #75=-%&<>-75= <& #&5><2 >7 :<7+<4 =?##&==] &<5-5+ "7?> >,&-< :,F=-#2Y
:=F#,727+-#2Y &47>-752Y 5% =7#-2 "-2->-&=Y = D&22 = >,&-< =><&5+>,= 5% 5&&%=Y <& #<->-#2 >7 &=>"2-=,-5+
+?-%&2-5&= >7 =&2&#> +<7?: 4&4"&<= 5% %&K5& -5#2?=-75 5% &E#2?=-75 #<->&<-] 2>,7?+, >,&=& #75=-%&<>-75=
#74& *<74 >,& 2->&<>?<& 75 +<7?: -5>&<C&5>-75 e?<#7>>& v -5%=FY OMNVfY &#, -= 0?=> = <&2&C5> D->, <&=:&#>
>7=e<+57YOMONf]
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5% :,&574&5 7<-+-5>-5+ *<74 >,& 25%Y D>&<Y 7< "-7%-C&<=->FY -5#2?%-5+ K<&Y D&>,&<Y 5% +&727+FY
F *#!!+&'%!"'&""%&%#+
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#722&+?&=eOMNOf]
,&>,&< <&=?2>-5+ *<74 ,?45 -5>&<C&5>-75 7< 57>Y 5>?<2 &5C-<754&5>= ,C& >,& :7>&5>-2 >7 :<747>&
5% =?::7<> 7C&<22 ,&2>, e<>-+ &> 2]Y OMNQf] -H&<&5> ,F:7>,&=&= 5% >,&7<-&= ,C& "&&5 :<7:7=&% >7
&E:2-5 ,7D >,&=& &H&#>= 7##?<Y -5#2?%-5+ >,& -7:,-2- F:7>,&=-=Y ><&== &%?#>-75 ,&7<FY 5% >>&5>-75
&=>7<>-75 ,&7<F] ,& =&5=7<F &E:&<-&5#& -= 5 -4:7<>5> :-&#& 7* 5>?<& -44&<=-75 5% #5 "& %%&% >7 22
7* >,&=& >,&7<-&=Y =-5#& >,& ?=& 7* ,?45 =&5=&= ><5=C&<=22F &E>&5%= #<7== C<-7?= -5>&<:<&>>-75= 7* 5>?<& =
-5-+?<&O]
-7:,-2- -= %&K5&% "F >,& -55>& ,?45 -5=>-5#> >7 #755&#> D->, &C&<F>,-5+ <&2>&% >7 5>?<& e&]+]Y 5-42=Y
<>,f] =&% *7< >,& K<=> >-4& -5 NVSQ "F >,& :=F#,752F=> <744 eNVSQfY >,-= >&<4 D= %&C&27:&% -5
7::7=->-75 >7 >,& >&<4 j5&#<7:,-2-k 7< >,& j27C& 7* 2-*& -5 #75><=> >7 27C& 7* %&>,] c>d <&:<&=&5>= >7>2
7<-&5>>-75Y 5 &5>-<& DF 7* "&-5+] > -= 45-*&=>&% -5 :&<=75m= "7%-2F :<7#&==&=Y -5 ,-= &47>-75=Y -5 ,-=
>,7?+,>=Y-5,-=+&=>?<&=ke:] QRf]
5 >,& UM=Y =7#-7"-727+-=> -2=75 eNVUQf :?> *7<D<% >,& "-7:,-2- ,F:7>,&=-=Y D,-#, =>>&= >,& "&2-&* >,>
,?45= <& +&5&>-#22F :<&%-=:7=&% >7 "& >><#>&% >7 5>?<& 5% j>,& -55>& >&5%&5#F >7 *7#?= 75 2-*& 5%
2-*&2-1& :<7#&==&=k e-2=75Y NVUQY :] Nf] 7 %>&Y =74& =>?%-&= ,C& =?++&=>&% >,> 2#1 7* #755&#>-75 D->,
5>?<& -5%?#&% "F 47%&<5 2-*&=>F2&= 2&%= >7 =&5=& 7* %-=#755&#>-75 -5 ,?45=Y <&=?2>-5+ -5 =><&== <&=:75=&
e<#F &> 2]Y OMNVf] &=:->& >,& "?5%5> 2->&<>?<& 75 >,-= #75#&:>Y >,& ,F:7>,&=-= ,= 57> F&> "&&5 C2-%>&%
5% <&4-5= >,& =?"0&#> 7* 4?#, #<->-#-=4 e&1D% &> 2]Y OMOO_ 7F& v & 27#1Y OMNN_ #7:&22->- &> 2]Y
OMNUf] ,-2& <&=&<#, ,= F&> >7 =?::7<> >,& "-7:,-2- ,F:7>,&=-=Y >,& -%& %7&= #<<F #75=-%&<"2& :?"2-#
-5>&<&=>5%,-+,2-+,>=>,&"&5&K>=7*5>?<&75,?45,&2>,]
><&== &%?#>-75 ,&7<F =>>&= >,> -5 >,& "=&5#& 7* +&5?-5& >,<&> e&]+]Y 5-42 >>#1Y =>7<4fY 5>?<&
:<747>&= >,& <&%?#>-75 7* =><&== 5% *C7<= #7+5->-C& <&=>7<>-75 e:25 v :25Y NVUV_ 7+&<=75 &> 2]Y
OMNV_ 2<-#,Y NVUNf] ,-= -= %&K5&% =X j,& :<7#&== 7* <&5&D-5+Y <C&<-5+Y 7< <&&=>"2-=,-5+ :,F=-#2Y
:=F#,727+-#2Y 5% =7#-2 <&=7?<#&= 7< #:"-2->-&= %-4-5-=,&% -5 75+7-5+ &H7<>= >7 4&&> %:>-C& %&45%=k
e<>-+YOMMQY:] OTPf]
>>&5>-75 &=>7<>-75 ,&7<F =?++&=>= >,> >,& "-2->F >7 %-<&#> C72?5><F D<&5&== %&#<&=&= D->, ?=&Y
:<>-#?2<2F "&#?=& -> <&;?-<&= #7+5->-C& &H7<> >7 -+57<& %-=><#>-75=] -5%-5+ 75&=&2* -5 =->?>-75 >,> %7&=
57> <&;?-<& C72?5><F >>&5>-75 D7?2% >,&5 :<747>& >,& <C&<F 7* #7+5->-C& <&=7?<#&= e>>=Y OMNOf] 7
#,-&C& >,-=Y %-H&<&5> :<4&>&<= #74& -5>7 :2F e27+-?<- &> 2]Y OMNV_ :25Y NVVR_ &5<%7 &> 2]Y OMNV_
#,&<>G v &<45Y OMNVfY -5#2?%-5+ >,& =>>& 7* =7*> *=#-5>-75] ##7<%-5+ >7 :25 v :25 eNVUVfY >,-=
=>>& -= *C7<&% "F >,& 5>?<2 &5C-<754&5>Y = -> <&;?-<&= 4-5-42 #7+5->-C& <&=7?<#&=Y :<>-#?2<2F D,&5 ->
*7#?=&= 75 >,& 5>?<2 &2&4&5>= :<&=&5> -5 >,& &5C-<754&5>] ,<&& :=F#,727+-#2 #74:75&5>= -5L?&5#& >,-=
=>>&X >,& *&&2-5+ 7* "&-5+ -5 >,& <-+,> :2#&Y >,& %&+<&& 7* #7,&<&5#& D->, >,& &5C-<754&5>Y 5% >,& %-=>5#&
*<74>,&7"2-+>-75=7*%-2F2-*&e27+-?<-&>2]YOMNVf]
*#!!+&'%!"'&""%&%#+ F
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47C&4&5>= -5 =:#& e<7?==&Y OMOOfY -= #744752F ?=&% >7 %&=#<-"& >,& =&5=7<F &E:&<-&5#& <&2>&% >7 =]
7D&C&<Y 47<& ##?<>& >&<4-5727+F -= j=&5=7<F &E:&<-&5#&k >7 <&:<&=&5> 22 >,& =&5=&= -5C72C&% -5 = 5%
57> 0?=> >,& "7%F] 27=&2F 2-51&% >7 >,& >,&7<F 7* =7*> *=#-5>-75Y =&5=7<F &E:&<-&5#&Y >,& 47"-2-G>-75 7* >,&
=&5=&= =?#, = =-+,>Y ,&<-5+Y =4&22Y >7?#,Y >=>&Y 2=7 :2F= <72& D,&5 &E:&<-&5#-5+ 5>?<& 5% -= >,7?+,> >7
:<747>+5->-C&<&=>7<>-755%+&5&<2D&22i"&-5+e,-5&>2]YOMOOf]
->, <&=:&#> >7 &F&=-+,>X >,& ,-+, %&+<&& 7* "<-+,>5&==Y #75><=>Y 2-+,> =>?<>-75 :7-5>= e֯ &> 2]Y
OMNVfY >,& 2?4-57?= #727<= *7?5% -5 5>?<&Y =?#, = +<&&5 e7,<Y OMNMf] <#>2= 7< #74:2&E =,:&= *7?5%
5>?<22F -5 #27?%=Y DC&=Y 2&C&=Y 7< L7D&<=Y *C7< >,&=& "&5&K>= eF27<Y OMON_ 7=-47C v F4=,&CY NVVRf]
##7<%-5+ >7 &?<75> eOMNMY :] NfX j *<#>2 =&> >&5%= >7 K22 >,& D,72& =:#& -5 D,-#, -> -= &4"&%%&% 5% ,=
,-+,2F -<<&+?2< =><?#>?<&Y D,-2& -> :7==&==&= #&<>-5 %&+<&& 7* =&2*i=-4-2<->F c5%d ::&<= >7 "& >,& ?5-75 7*
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>,> :<747>& =>>&= 7* #24 5% +&5&<2 D&22i"&-5+ D,&5 -5 #75>#> D->, 5>?<& e>#2-H&Y OMON_ 5 &%+&<
&> 2]Y OMNVf] 5 >,& 72*#>7<F 2&C&2Y C72>-2& 7<+5-# %&<-C>-C&= &45>-5+ *<74 45F :25> =:&#-&=Y #22&%
:,F>75#-%&=Y <& 2=7 #75=-%&<&% >7 :7=->-C&2F -5L?&5#& :,F=-727+-#2 5% :=F#,727+-#2 ,&2>, e- &> 2]Y OMMS_
7+&<=75&>2]YOMNVf]
7 =?44<-G&Y %&=:->& =>?%-&= -5C&5>7<F-5+ >,& <&2>-75=,-:= "&>D&&5 ><&== &%?#>-75 ,&7<FY >>&5>-75
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Table 2: Potential Contraindications for Participants Engaged in Ecohealth Promotion (Priest, 2020)
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1. Create a dynamic learning environment that is engaging, motivating, and intellectually
stimulating.
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professional practice to develop solutions to real-world challenges.
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