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Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
(NCPCSE-2023)
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
GOVT. COLLEGE FOR MEN (AUTONOMOUS)
GOVT. COLLEGE FOR MEN (AUTONOMOUS)
KADAPA, AP, INDIA
KADAPA, AP, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
GOVT. COLLEGE FOR MEN (AUTONOMOUS)
KADAPA, AP, INDIA
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
(NCPCSE-2023)
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
th th
24 & 25 Feb, 2023
Proceedings the book of Proceedings the book of
National Conference National Conference
on on
Proceedings the book of
National Conference
on
ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency
Editor Editor
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa Kadapa
Editor
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
(NCPCSE-2023)
Pollution Control And Sustainable Environment
(NCPCSE-2023)
Sponsored by
Sponsored by
ICSSR
ICSSR
Editor
Editor
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)
Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa
Kadapa
Sponsored by
ICSSR
Editor
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa
th th
24 & 25 Feb, 2023
Proceedings the book of Proceedings the book of
National Conference National Conference
on on
Proceedings the book of
National Conference
on
This is a reprint of selected articles from the National Conference on “Pollution Control
and Sustainable Environment” published on Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency, New Delhi.
The Editors, Editorial Board is not responsible for the content of any research / review papers.
Copyright © Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
ISBN No. : 978-93-5780-717-3
Raja Rammohun Roy ISBN Agency
Department of Higher Education
Ministry of Education
Room No. 13, Jeevan Deep Building,
4th Floor, Parliament Street,
New Delhi.
For Copies Contact
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa.
EDITOR
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Dept. of Chemistry
Govt. College For Men (A)
Kadapa.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Dr. Puthalapattu Reddy Prasad
Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE)
Hyderabad.
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. G. Ravindranath
Principal,
Govt. College for Men (A),
Kadapa.
Prof. N.Y. Sreedhar
Dept. of Chemistry
S.V.U. Tirupati
Prof. C. Suresh Reddy
Dept. of Chemistry
S.V.U. Tirupati
Smt. J. Venkata Lakshmi
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
Smt. B. Rajeswari
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
G. Ayyavaara Reddy
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
B. Rama Chandra
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
Dr. B. Mahesh
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
D. Ganesh
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
K. Narayana Rao
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
K. Sreenivasulu
Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
Dr. G. Ravindranath
Principal,
Govt. College for Men (A),
Kadapa.
MESSAGE
I am delighted to note that the Department of Chemistry, Govt. College for Men, Kadapa
is organizing a National Conference on “Pollution Control and Sustainable Environment” during
February 24-25th, 2023.
The theme of the conference is more relevant in the present scenario of degradation of the
natural resource base due to over exploitation. This is compounded by industrial Pollution,
Untreated Sewerage, and contamination of ground water. Biodiversity is disappearing rapidly
and with it the genetic pool for future adaption. These problems are compounded by the high
incidence of natural disasters and the increasing influence of climate change.
I am confident that the deliberations in the National conference on “Pollution Control and
Sustainable Environment” will result in definition of scientific gaps, research, priorities,
economic an social priorities in order to provide decision makers in governments, industry,
academia, and especially the mass media.
The deliberations of the conference, I am sure, will go a long way in providing solutions
in solving some of the burning issues relating to Pollution Control and Sustainable Environment.
I congratulate the organizers and wish the Conference a grand success.
(Dr. G. RAVINDRANATH)
Dr. C. Nageswara Reddy
Convener
Lecturer in Chemistry,
Dept. of Chemistry,
Govt. College for Men (A),
Kadapa.
MESSAGE
It is my great pleasure to serve as editor for proceedings of the book of national
conference on “Pollution Control and Sustainable Environment” (Feb 24th-25th, 2023), Organized
by Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. College for Men (A), Kadapa.
It is my pleasure to welcome you to this national conference on a topic of “Pollution
Control and Sustainable Environment”. Conference is aimed at providing a platform to all
researchers to interact, share their research findings and to discuss their research ideas with the
co-researchers from all over the country. It also provides an opportunity to highlight recent
developments and to discuss future directions on these exciting fields.
My sincere thanks to Prof. Y.V. Rami Reddy, S.V. University, Tirupati, Prof. M.V.
Sankar, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Dr. Ramesh L. Gardas, IIT Chennai, Dr. Kumar
Swamy Reddy N. IIT, Tirupati, Dr. Thummala Chandrasekhar, Yogi Vemana University,
Kadapa, Dr. Kiran Devarasetty, Sai Life Sciences, Hyderabad, Dr. Suseela Meesala, Vikrama
Simhapuri University, Nellore.
This conference is unique in the sense that it provides an opportunity to research scholars,
students and scientists to get together and discuss with an open mind about the Pollution Control
and Sustainable Environment. I always encourage research as it opens new avenues for invention
& advancement.
I congratulate to organizing committee had put their efforts to make this even a
successful one.
(Dr. C. NAGESWARA REDDY)
Invited Talks
IRON-BASED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
AND STORAGE
Y. V. Rami Reddya*, R. Chenna Krishna Reddyb
a Enviro-Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati-517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
b Department of Science and Humanities, Mother Theresa Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Melumoi, Palamaner-517408,Andhra Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding author email: dryvrsvu@gmail.com
With the increasing industrial activities, the surge of population, rising global climate
change concerns, as well as the increasing energy consumption and demands, traditional
rechargeable batteries have started losing the capacity to meet the needs of current and future
markets. In order to rise up to this challenge, the development of advanced, flexible and
controllable energy technology has become the need of the hour. Development of
electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) technology is a potential way forward
because of its high energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. One way to improve the
efficiency of EECS devices is to focus on the development and improvement of their
components, such as electrode materials, separators and catalysts. Recently, metal-organic
frameworks (MOFs) have become an emerging class of crystalline materials in materials science
and coordination chemistry due to their unique activity, interesting properties and tunable
structures. Among various transition-metal based MOFs, Fe-based metal organic frame works
(Fe-MOFs) have attracted special attention due to their excellent physicochemical properties and
the abundance of iron. Herein, this article presents the recent applications of Fe-MOFs and their
derivatives in electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
Keywords: Iron based-MOFs; Derivatives; Batteries; Super capacitors
RECOVER OF H2GAS FROM H2S CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL WASTE: CAN
HIERARCHICAL NANOSTRUCTURES FACILITATE EFFECTIVE PHOTO-
EXCITONS SEPARATION AND CATALYST STABILITY
Dr MV Shankar CChem FRSC
Professor
Nanocatalysis and Solar Fuels Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa – 516 005, Andhra Pradesh, India
shankarnano@yvu.edu.inshankar@yogivemanauniversity.ac.in
The current rate of global energy consumption demands the best alternative energy sources,
especially from the sustainable and renewable energy processes, which should be environmentally
benign processes to produce zero carbon emission compared to fossil fuel. Furthermore, hydrogen
(H2) is used as a transportable chemical fuel in many domestic applications, automobile sectors,
industrial and rocket fuel. Over the past few decades, the generation of H2 via water splitting using
photocatalysts has gained much attention, which can be the best alternative fuel to replace carbon-
based oils like diesel, kerosene, and petrol. Over the years, research efforts have been expanded
towards designing novel photocatalysts by varying different parameters in order to boost the
photocatalytic H2 efficiency using homo and heterogeneous, ternary and binary nanocomposites.
Among these, the core-shell structured photocatalysts play the key roles to achieve the
improved photocatalytic properties having large scale applications. In addition to metal oxides, other
noble metals, metal oxy-nitrides, and carbonaceous materials have also been used as non-core/shell
or nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications. However, researchers are yet facing many
challenges such as exciton charge carrier recombination (surface and bulk), photocorrosion,
limited/poor visible/sunlight activity, and inadequate band edge potentials. These drawbacks can be
overcome via the development of core-shell structured photocatalysts, as these can exhibit controlled
photocorrosion properties. Especially, metal chalcogenides can control the excitons recombination
and enhance the reusability and recyclable stability for long hours usages during the photocatalytic
processes.
Present talk will elaborate the need to formulate the design and synthesis of core-shell
structured hierarchical nanocomposites, essential parametric studies on photocatalytic experiments,
benefits of reactor geometry to achieve higher hydrogen conversion efficiency. Testing of selected
photocatalyst and their efficiency using pure chemicals as well as biomass derived crude glycerol or
sulphate containing wastewater as sacrificial agents. The scale-up operation of the photocatalytic
activity is explained using demonstrative photocatalytic reactor.
References
[1] V. Navakoteswara Rao, M.V. Shankar et al., Journal of Hazardous Materials 415 (2021) 125588.
[2] V. Navakoteswara Rao, M.V. Shankar et al., Journal of Hazardous Materials 413 (2021) 125359.
[3]V. Navakoteswara Rao, M.V. Shankar et al., ChemCatChem 12 (2020) 3139-3152.
[4] V. Navakoteswara Rao, M.V. Shankar et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 254 (2019)
174-185.
BENIGN SOLVENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS
Ramesh L. Gardas
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036 INDIA.
Phone: +91 44 2257 4248; e-mail: gardas@iitm.ac.in ;
web: http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/gardas
Abstract
A novel class of molten salts referred to as ionic liquids possess the unique combination
of particular properties, unlike molecular liquids, namely negligible vapor pressure (~ 10-11 to 10-
10 bar at room temperature), wide thermal window (~ -50 °C to +250 °C), wide electrochemical
window (~ ±3 Volt vs. NHE), non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and a highly solvating
capacity for organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds. This unique combination of
particular properties allows them to be exploited as “alternatives to organic solvents” and gives
them increasing attention in academic and industrial research. The research areas on ionic liquids
are growing very rapidly, and the potential applications are numerous, mainly because simple
changes in the cation and anion combinations or the nature of the moieties attached to each ion
allow the physical properties of ionic liquids such as hydrophobicity, viscosity, density,
coordinating ability, ion selectivity, and chemical and electrochemical stability to be tailored for
specific applications. The proposed talk will briefly introduce ionic liquids and understand the
unique thermophysical properties of novel ionic liquids for metal ion extraction, CO2 capture,
desulphurization of fuels, and aqueous biphasic systems for the extraction of value-added
products. Further, the effects of thermophysical properties of ionic liquids on these applications
and current research trends on ionic liquids as solvents for the chemical industry will be
discussed.
A GREENER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ASYMMETRIC
HETEROGENOUS ORGANOCATALYSIS
Dr. Kumar Swamy Reddy N.
Dept. of Chemistry, IIT Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Chemistry plays an essential role in helping society and solve the chemistry challenges
articulated in the sustainable developments to protect the planet. Chemistry enterprise has a
broad reach into technology, the economy, and human health to support global sustainable
development. The sense of social responsibility is crucial for a new chemical research, green and
sustainable chemistry education, green and sustainable chemical manufacturing practices and
necessary requirements for the current and future chemists.
Implementation of sustainability in the production of chemical products and the
application of chemistry and chemical products to enable sustainable development. Green
Chemistry, generally described as the reduction or elimination of the use or generation of
hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Recent
study reveals that, the greener heterogeneous catalysis emerging with high productivity and
catalyst recyclable in the field of organic chemistry. The pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals are
in much interest this technology, due to reusable catalyst, very stable, high activity, easy
separation to minimize the impurities in the products as well reduce the cost and time. The
sustainability of chiral bifunctional organocatalysts immobilization on polymer support has not
been done so far. We developed an efficient sustainable method for the chiral organocatalyst
immobilization on the solid phase polymer support. The active catalysts further utilize for the
systematic asymmetric transformations towards achievement of biologically active/drug
molecules and API development. This technology will be applied further in the electro-organic
chemistry and photocatalysis, target identification of the bioactive molecules/receptors/proteins.
In India, the development asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis, its applications and recycling
technologies with potential to streamline chemical synthesis and applications towards the
chemical biology is endeavor yet to be fulfilled.
BIOENERGY GENERATION FROM BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS AND
THEIR WASTE
Thummala Chandrasekhar
Department of Environmental Science, Yogi Vemana University,
Kadapa-516005, A.P., India
E.mail ID: tcsbiotech@gmail.com
Abstract
The consistent increase in energy requirement due to population explosion followed by
constant depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels, urges the governments to invest more on
renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy, hydroenergy, wind
energy, bioenergy etc., are considered the best alternatives in the present scenario. Bioenergy
sources such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen etc., were developed to some extent from
biological resources and biowaste. At present, our laboratory is focusing on production of
biohydrogen, bioethanol and biodiesel using algae and fish waste. We are using various physico-
chemical conditions to generate biofuels depends on the source materials. Also, we used various
nutrients and rnanoparticles to generate biohydrogen, bioethanol and biodiesel. This presentation
will be useful for commercial application of biofuels as well future research.
SUSTAINABILITY IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES
AND RESEARCH NEEDS
Dr. Kiran Devarasetty
Sai Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana State
Through innovative design, creation, processing, use, and disposal of substances, the
chemical industry plays a major role in advancing applications to support sustainability in a way
that will allow humanity to meet current environmental, economic, and societal needs without
compromising the progress and success of future generations. Based on a workshop held that
brought together a broad cross section of disciplines and organizations in the chemical industry,
the presentation identifies a set of overarching Grand Challenges for Sustainability research in
chemistry and chemical engineering to assist the chemical industry in defining a sustainability
agenda.
Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Challenge: Discover ways to carry out
fundamentally new chemical transformations utilizing green and sustainable chemistry and
engineering, based on the ultimate premise that it is better to prevent waste than to clean it up
after it is formed. Over the next twenty years this will involve replacing harmful solvents or
improving catalytic selectivity and efficiency in chemical reactions that also provides cost
savings. This area will grow in importance as fossil fuels are phased out of use and alternative
and innovative approaches are required.
Research Needed: Identify appropriate solvents, control thermal conditions, and purify, recover,
and formulate products that prevent waste and that are environmentally benign, economically
viable, and generally support a better societal quality of life
Renewable Fuels Challenge: Lead the way in the development of future fuel alternatives
derived from renewable sources such as biomass as well as landfill gas, wind, solar heating, and
photovoltaic technology. This is another long term challenge that will become increasingly
important as fossil fuels are phased out over the next 100 years.
Research Needed:
In the area of solar energy technology:
Reduce the cost and environmental impact of producing photovoltaic systems;
Directly use solar energy for cost-effective splitting of water to produce hydrogen;
Improve heat transfer fluids that enable direct use of solar energy for meeting some of the
heating requirements of the CPI; and
Advance storage systems for solar generated electric power.
• Simultaneously develop biomass derived fuels together with chemical feedstocks, while
addressing the energy intensity of chemical processing (Grand Challenge 6). While the growing
need for sustainable energy can be met by improvements in capturing and utilizing renewable
resources such as solar, wind, and geothermal, and biomass, biomass is the only renewable
resource that produces carbon-based fuels and chemicals.
EMERGING ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINANTS: SINGLE-USE
PLASTICS AS SARS-COV-2 SPREADS
Dr. Suseela Meesala
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Vikrama Simhapuri University College, Kavali, Nellore.
Abstract:
A variety of plastic personal protective equipment (PPE) has played an important role in
protecting people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, single-use
plastics (SUP) such as gloves, medical coveralls, masks, hand sanitizer bottles, takeout plastics,
food and polyethylene product packaging, and medical test kits have become unprecedented.
Concerns about the new corona virus infection are increasing. We are still working hard to fix
and minimize old issues. The current study focus is on environmental pollutants and other "new"
environmental pollutants. This includes single-use plastics (including personal protective
equipment such as masks, gloves, etc.) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, potential health impact
scenarios; addressing key challenges and discussing possible strategies to overcome them, the
use of PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated global plastic pollution, Waste
management by SUPs is an alarming consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, Use of PPE
during the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated global plastic pollution.
Key Words: Environment Contaminants, COVID-19, Single-Use plastics, PPE.
INDEX
Sl.No.
Title of the paper
1.
Need To Shift Towards Clean, Reliable, Accessible And
Affordable Renewable Energy Resources For A Sustainable Future
P. Bhanuprakash, T. Hari Babu, S. Ramakrishna, A. Ramesh
2.
Voltammetric Determination Of Amitraz Pesticide With Go-Fe2o3
Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Sandhya Punyasamudram, Reddy Prasad Puthalapattu, Chennupalli
Nageswara Reddy, S. Joythi and Putta Venkata Nagendra Kumar
3.
Nanotechnology Applications in the Environment
Dr J. Ramadevi & Dr K. Ushasri
4.
Conservation And Management Of Natural Resources
Sana Venkata Lakshmi Reddy, Bhumireddy Renuka Devi
5.
Coordination Compounds In Biology And Medicine
J.Kalpana, Dr.M.Srinivas
6.
A Study On Urban Waste Management With Reference To
Environmental Sustainability Dr. Madiraju Hanumantha Raju
7.
Laws And Institutions Relating To Environmental Protection In
India
Dr.U.Srineetha
8.
Biotechnological Approaches For Climate Change Mitigation And
Adaptation
Dr.K. Ushasri & Dr.J. Ramadevi
9.
Green Manufacturing Technologies
Dr.S.Sunitha
10.
Environmental Degradation And Promoting Sustainable
Development
Dr. S. Sugunamma
11.
Hydrogeochemistry And Groundwater Quality Appraisal Of
Semi-Arid Regions, Andhra Pradesh, India Using WQI, PIG, And
Geospatial Techniques.
P. Ravi Kumar, S. Srinivasa Gowd, C. Krupavathi
12.
Cost – Benefit Analysis Of Ban On Usage Ofplastic Carry Bags Of
< 40 Microns
D.Ganesh
13.
Nanotechnology Applications in The Environment
Dr. J. Ramadevi, Dr K. Ushasri
14.
Impact Of Medicinal Plant Species On Controlling Air Pollution
Dr. D. Veera Nagendra Kumar, S. Prakash Rao and Dr.S. Naresh
15.
The Electrochemical And Textural Properties Of CuCo2O4/CuO
Pavani Suggana
16.
Environmental Impact Assessment And Life Cycle Analysis
S. Jahan Ara, SMD. Gayazuddin
17.
A View on Space Pollution
Dr.G. Swathi and Dr.G. Tirumala Vasu Deva Rao
18.
Impact Of Air Pollution On Health & Environment And Strategies
To Attain Sustainable Approach
B. Meghana & Shaik. Shireen
19.
Emerging Environmental Contaminants Challenges And Strategies
Shaik Aaliya Afreen & Shaik Shireen
20.
Soil pollution management and prevention: A challenge to the
future
Shaik Shireen & B. Meghana
21.
Urban Waste Management System
Shaik Mohammad Ali & Shaik Aaliya Afreen
22.
Environment Sustainable Development Inpharma Companies
Pfizer, Abbvie, Johnson & Johnson – A Theoretical Study
Bande Dasthagiri & Dr. A.Amruth Prasad Reddy
22.
Environment And Sustainable Development In India – An
Overview
G Chandra Sekhar, N Jayasimha, P Suresh, Veera Sudarsan & K
Sanjeeva Reddy
23.
A Review On 2-Arylidene-1,3-Indanediones: Synthesis and Its
Applications
Dr.Chitteti. Divyavani, Dr.P.Padmaja and
Dr.Pedavenkatagari Narayana Reddy
24.
Electronic Garbage– An Emerging Threat To Global Ecology
Dr.B. Mahesh, Mrs. B. Rajeswari, Mr. G. Ayyavara Reddy,
Mr. K. Srinivasulu
25.
Bioremediation And Its Importance In Pollution Control
Dr C. Narasimha Rao and Dr N. Chandra Mohan
26.
Impact Of Pollution On Health
S. Nagendra, M.Obula Reddy & M.Sreekanth Reddy
27.
Flower Market Waste Management And Environmental
Sustainability
Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
28.
Effects Of Acid Rain In Environment
Y.Rajesh III MPC, B.Sailaja
29.
An Overview Of Environmental Monitoring And Its
Significance In Resource And Environmental Management
Smt B.Sailaja
30.
Some Topological Bonding Of Chemistry And Mathematics
Dr. Dhananjaya Reddy
31.
Bio Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles (AG NPS),
Characterization And Its Photo Catalytic Dye Degradation
Studies
Himagirish Kumar S, Uma K, K. Keerthi ,
E A Lohith & N. V. V. Jyothi
32.
Phytoremediation And Pteridophytes – A Brief Review
Saivenkatesh Korlam, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah,
S. Padmavathi
33.
Regulation Of The Male Reproductive System –Organochlorines
And Organophosphates Induced Toxicity In Relation To Abnormal
Male Fertility
Gnana Prakasam Pattem, M. Rajaswi devi,
Dr. S. Anil kumar & P.M. Ravikumar
34.
Effect Of Oil Spill On Environment and Its Control Measures: A
Review
Dr.V. Prabhakar Rao, Dr. C. Nageswar Reddy &
Dr. A. Ramesh Babu
35.
Water Quality Sensors: A Review
Bondigalla. Ramachandra, Ch. Gangu Naidu &
B. Ramakrishna
36.
Nanomaterails For Environmental Remediation-A Mini Review
A.Ramesh Babu, A. Bangaru Babu, M.Sanakara Rao, B.Nagaseshadri,
V.Prabhakar Rao & P.Suresh
37.
Environmental Management And Health Risk In India: A Case
Study On Andhra Pradesh
*Dr. N. Murali & **Dr.S.Haribabu
38.
Negative Effects Of Nanotechnology On The Environment :
Challenges And Future Needs
Mrs.B.Rajeswari, Mr.P.Bayapureddy, Dr.B.Mahesh and
Mr. K. Srinivasulu
39.
Ethnobotany – A Source Of Traditional Knowledge
M Vishnupriya, Saivenkatesh Korlam & J Koteswara Rao
40.
Review On Environmental Sustainability And Pollution Prevention
M.Obula Reddy, S. Nagendra & M.Sreekanth Reddy
41.
Environment And Sustainable Development
Dr. P. Gayathri
42.
Phytoremediation And Pteridophytes – A Brief Review
Saivenkatesh Korlam, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah &
S. Padmavathi1
43.
A Comprehensive Review On Virus Outbreak Affecting
Human Era During 2000-2022
Challa Gangu Naidu, Bondigalla Ramachandra,
K. Padma Suhasini
44.
Pollution Control And Sustainable Development Of Environment
With Green Human Resources Management
R. Narasimha saptagiri & Dr. P. V. Varaprabhakar
45.
Sustainable Development Through Biofuel As Future Energy
Resource A. Leela
46.
Measures taken for protecting environment – in the Ramayana
Dr. T. Venkateswarlu
47.
Harnessing Solar Energy: A Sustainable Solution To Energy
Needs-Addressing Challenges
K.A.Jamal Basha *, H.Sudhakara Rao
48.
Naphthalimide derivatives as DNA intercalators and anticancer
agents: A Mini Review
Dr. N. Sankara Rao, K. Nageswara Rao, T. Appa Rao
49.
Green Solvents : A Boon To The Researcher In Green Chemistry
M. Renuka1 and V. Saleem Basha2
50
Impact of Pollution on Human Health – A Review
Venkata Lakshmi J1 and Ch.M. Kumari Chitturi2
ABSTRACT
1.
Winter Air Pollution In Delhi
Dr. P. Sachi Devi
2.
Preparation Of Carboxylic Acids By Air Oxidation of Aldehydes
Catalyzed By N-Hetero Cyclic Carbenes
Dr. Gopi Reddy Raveendra Reddy &
Dr. Muram Reddy Subba Reddy
3.
Natural Farming - A New Dimension For Sustainability And
Enhanced Farmer’s Income
G.Sashikala, B.K.K Reddy, B.Chandana, K.Madhavi &
S.N Malleswari
4.
Removal Of Cu(II) And Cd(II) From Aqueous Phase By Silver
Nano Particles Deposited Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon
Nanotubes
Dr.D.K. Venkata Ramana, M. Bhanu Prakash Reddy &
Dr. A L V Ramana Reddy
5.
Pollution And Its Impact On Sustainable Development
Dr.J Rama Devi & Dr.K.Usha Sri
6.
Sustainable Development Through Biofuel As Future Energy
Resource
A.Leela
7.
Conservation And Management Of Natural Resources
Dr.S.Venkata Lakshmi Reddy
8.
Fertilizer Recommendation Based On Soil Fertility Maps
B. Sai Meghana, Dr. G.P. Leelavathy & Dr.B. Vajantha
9.
Role Of Nanotechnology In Pollution Control
L.Raja Mohan Reddy, G.V.Ramana,
B.Purusotham & N.B.Sivarami Reddy
10.
Laws And Institutions Relating To Environmental Protection In
India Dr.U.Srineetha
11.
Biotechnological Approaches For Climate Change Mitigation And
Adaptation
Dr.K. Ushasri & Dr.J. Ramadevi
12.
Flower Market Waste Management And Environmental
Sustainability
*Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
13.
Environment And Sustainable Development In India – An
Overview
G Chandra Sekhar, N Jayasimha, P Suresh, Veera Sudarsan
& K Sanjeeva Reddy
14.
A New Chromatographic Method Development And Validation For
Simultaneous Determination Of Doxylamine Succinate, Pyridoxine
Hydrochloride And Related Impurities
B. Sudharani & N.Y. Sreedhar
15.
Impact of phosphorus fertilizer and biofertilizers on soil fertility
status and yield of finger millet (eleusine coracana l.) In sandy
loam soils of Andhra Pradesh
P. Kejiya, B. Vajantha, M.V.S. Naidu & A.V. Nagavani
16.
Sustainable N- Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Intra Molecular
Condensation
S.Farheen Banu & P. Vasu Govardhana Reddy
17.
Urban Waste Management System
Shaik Mohammad Ali & Shaik Aaliya Afreen
18.
Climate Change Impact On Fungi And Its Consequences On Life
D. Nagaraju , D. Narmada,
KLV Vara Prasada Rao & C. Manoharachary
19.
Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Challenges And Strategies
Shaik Aaliya Afreen & Shaik Shireen
20.
The Electrochemical And Textural Properties of CuCo2O4/CuO
Pavani Suggana
21.
Global Warming- World Under Threat
Vadugu Likhita & Shaik Aaliya Afreen
22.
Role Of Microbial Inoculants Towards Sustainable Agricultural
Development
G. Raviteja, B. Vajantha, A. Prasanthiand &
M. Raveendra Reddy
23.
Solid Waste Management In Urban India
P.Chendrayudu & K.Narayana Rao
24.
Environment Sustainable Development In Pharma Industry – A
Theoretical Study
Dasthagiri Bande
25.
Effect Of Nanoscale Zincoxide Particles On Growth And Yield Of
Groundnut In Alfisols
B. Jayasree, T.N.V.K.V. Prasad, T. Giridhara Krishna
& N. Sunitha
26.
Environmental Impact Assessment And Life Cycle Analysis
S. Jahan Ara & SMD. Gayazuddin
27.
Urban Solid Waste Management
Dr .Sailaja C.S
28.
Impact Of Air Pollution On Health & Environment And Strategies
To Attain Sustainable Approach
B. Meghana & Shaik. Shireen
29.
Flower Market Waste Management And Environmental
Sustainability
*Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
30.
Review On Environmental Sustainability And Pollution Prevention
M.Obula Reddy, S. Nagendra, & M.Sreekanth Reddy
31.
Impact Of Pollution On Health
S. Nagendra, M.Obula Reddy & M.Sreekanth Reddy
32.
A New Chromatographic Method Development And Validation
For Simultaneous Determination Of Doxylamine Succinate,
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride And Related Impurities
B. Sudharani & N.Y. Sreedhar
33.
Characterization Of Physico-Chemical And Microbiological
Parameters Of Tanker Water Samples In A Rural Area In
Bangalore
Atreyee Sarkar & Dr. Shantee Devi K
34.
Phytoremediation And Pteridophytes – A Brief Review
Saivenkatesh Korlam, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah & S. Padmavathi
35.
Impact Of Medicinal Plant Species On Controlling Air Pollution
Dr. D. Veera Nagendra Kumar, S. Prakash Rao & Dr. S. Naresh
36.
Development Of Polymeric Microbeads-Intercalated With
Montmorillonite Nanoclay And Silver Nanoparticles For
Controlled Release Of Levofloxacin-An Antibacterial Drug
Dharmender Pallerla & Sunkari Jyothi
37.
Examining The Production Of Biodiesel From Shrimp Farming's
Contaminated Macro Algae
38.
Green Synthesis Of Copper Nanoparticles By Azadirachta Indica
Leafextract And Their Efficacy Of Catalytic Degradation Of
Methylene Blue Dye
M. Vidya Vani, L. Vijayalakshmi & K. Riazunnisa
39.
Studies On Various Characterization Methods Of Bio-Aerosols
Sayed Altaf Ahmed, Syed Mohammed Shoaib & H Aleem Basha
40.
Ethnobotany – A Source Of Traditional Knowledge
M Vishnupriya, Saivenkatesh Korlam, J Koteswara Rao
41.
Study On Pesticide Content Present In Rice Grown In Northern
Parts Of The India By Using Lc-Ms/Ms and Gc-Ms/Ms
Pasupuleti Venkata Vidya Sagar & K.V.N. Suresh Reddy
42.
Nanomaterails For Environmental Remediation-A Mini Review
A.Ramesh Babu, M.Sanakara Rao, B.Nagaseshadri,
V.Prabhakar Rao, & P.Suresh
43.
Phytoremediation - An Effective Tool To Take Care Of New
Pollutants
P V Krishna Reddy
44.
Biotechnological Approaches To Clean Up Environmental
Pollutants
Panati Kalpana
45.
Elucidating Molecular Interactions In Liquid Mixtures At Different
Temperatures Via Excess Thermodynamic And Ft-Ir Spectroscopic
Approaches
T. Ankaiah, S. Karlapudi, K. Siva Kumar & N.Y. Sreedhar
46.
Impact Of Pollution On Human Health – A Review
Venkata Lakshmi J & Ch.M. Kumari Chitturi
47.
A Study On The Decolorization Of Methylene Blue By Using
Plant (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) Leaf Extracts
C.M.Ugendar, K.Rambabu, A.Sarangapani, M.Hema & K.Sivakumar
48.
Synthesis of three ring based thermotropic mesogens with a
dimethylamino group: structural characterization, photophysical
properties.
M. Venkateswara Reddy & P. Venkateswarlu
49.
Intra And Intermolecular Interactions Between 1-Alkanol And
Benzonitrile: Computational And Thermodynamic Study
K. Sreenivasulu, T. Ankaiah & K. Siva Kumar
50.
Green Solvents - A Boon To The Researcher In Green Chemistry
M. Renuka1 and V. Saleem Basha
51.
“Best ways to reduce air Pollution” Dr. Bashetty Latha,
52.
Role of Forests and Environment in Sustainable development
Dr. Y. Savithri and Dr. P. Ravi Sekhar
NCPCSE-2023 ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
1
NEED TO SHIFT TOWARDS CLEAN, RELIABLE, ACCESSIBLE AND
AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES FOR A
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
P. Bhanuprakasha,*, T. Hari Babua, S. Ramakrishnab, A. Ramesha
aDepartment of Chemistry, PVKN Govt. College (A), Chittoor-517002, A.P., India.
bDepartment of Chemistry, GDC(M), Srikakulam- 532001, A.P., India.
Corresponding author email id: bhanu.reddy15@gmail.com
Abstract:
Non-renewable energy sources are present in limited quantities in nature and once
depleted, they cannot be generated in a short span of time. Renewable energy sources are
energy sources that are produced continuously, inexhaustible and replenished naturally in a
short period of time. Renewable energy sources are the best alternatives to conventional
energy sources as they cause no damage to the environment. Fossil fuel consumption needs to
be controlled not only due to their limited availability but also due to their detrimental effects
on the environment. It would be advantageous for future generations as well as the
environment to conserve fossil fuels by limiting their consumption and also substituting them
with renewable sources to the extent possible. In recent years, the renewable energy industry
in India has grown rapidly. Although India has the fifth-largest installed renewable energy
capacity in the world, there is still a lot of room for growth.
Key Words: Renewable energy, inexhaustible, conventional energy, detrimental effects,
environment, fossil fuel.
1. Introduction
Energy is the ability to perform work. Energy exists in different forms and it is
broadly classified into two types: (i) kinetic energy-energy of movement and (ii) potential
energy-stored energy. Kinetic energy exists in different forms like thermal energy,
mechanical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy, sound energy, etc. Potential energy also
exists in various forms like nuclear energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, gravitational
energy, etc. There exists a strong relationship between energy consumption and the economic
development of a country. The sources of energy can be classified into primary and
secondary sources. The primary sources of energy are the ones captured directly from nature.
Radiant energy in sunlight, kinetic energy in wind, nuclear energy in atoms, natural gas,
crude oil, coal, etc are considered as primary energy sources. The secondary sources of
energy are those derived from a primary source through a transformation. Electricity, petrol,
hydrogen gas, etc are examples of secondary energy sources.
Primary energy sources are further subdivided into (i) Conventional energy sources
and (ii) Non-conventional energy sources. Conventional energy sources are naturally present
in limited quantities and are being used from centuries. They are also called non-renewable
energy sources because once they are depleted, cannot be replenished at the speed which can
sustain their consumption rate. They will all eventually run out one day and can‘t be
regenerated in a short span of time. They cause damage to the environment and natural
ecosystems in the form of pollution and climatic change. At present, non-renewable energy
sources are providing most of our energy requirements. Firewood, oil, natural gas, coal, etc
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are examples of non-renewable energy sources. Judicious use of non-renewable energy
sources is the need of the hour. Non-conventional energy sources (or) Renewable energy
sources are energy sources that are produced continuously and are inexhaustible. They are
constantly replenished naturally in a short span of time. They cause less to no damage to the
environment and ecosystems. They are the best alternatives for conventional energy sources.
Examples of renewable energy sources include wind energy (from the wind), solar energy
(from the sun), tidal energy (from the movement of tides), wave energy (from the movement
of seawater), hydroelectric energy (from the gravitational force of falling water), geothermal
energy (underground water of earth), bioenergy (decaying plant or animal waste), etc [1].
Their acquisition can be sourced only in restricted time limits and commercially not viable
with lower efficiency levels.
2. Types of Renewable energy sources
At present, about 20% of the world‘s electricity comes from different renewable
energy sources as depicted in Fig.1. The energy source to be selected depends on the factors
such as the ease and cost of harnessing energy from the source, the efficiency of the
technology available for using that source of energy, and the environmental impact of using
that source.
Fig.1. Different types of Renewable energy
2.1. Solar energy
Humans have been harnessing solar energy for thousands of years to grow crops,
stay warm and dry foods. Harnessed by converting solar energy directly into electrical energy
by taking advantage of photoelectric effect by using solar cells or Photovoltaic cells (PV).
Solar PVs are made from semiconductor materials like silicon which transforms solar energy
into electrical energy. Solar PV is specially designed with positive and negative layers of
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silicon sandwiched together to create an electric field. This electric field forces the drifting
electron (by sunlight) to flow in a particular direction towards the conducting metal plates
that line the solar cell. This flow of electrons is known as electricity. India is the third largest
in the world and the second largest in Asia for new solar PV capacity. Solar PV capacity has
increased to a record-breaking streak of 25% in 2021 across the globe as compared to 2020.
Solar PV global capacity has increased from 70 Gigawatts (in 2011) to 942 Gigawatts (in
2021) [2]
Solar water heaters are used to harness solar energy into heat energy. Solar
collectors in solar water heaters are made of a series of pipes containing a heat transfer liquid
that turns solar energy into heat energy, which is then used to heat water stored in a water
tank. In 2021, China remained the world‘s largest market for solar thermal capacity additions
followed by India and Turkey.
2.2. Wind energy
Wind energy is harnessed by converting the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy, which in turn into electric energy by using windmills. Windmills are put
up in exposed places, such as hilltops and around the coast as the speed of the wind is usually
higher at higher altitudes. The energy in the wind turns propeller-like blades around a rotor in
a wind turbine. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which turns a generator to produce
electricity. According to Renewables 2022 Global Status report -Wind power global capacity
has increased from 238 Gigawatts (in 2011) to 845 Gigawatts (in 2021) [2,3]. The top five
countries for cumulative wind capacity by 2021 are China, the United States, Germany, India
and Spain
2.3. Hydroelectric energy
Hydroelectric power is one of the largest sources of renewable energy which relies
on the power of fast-moving water in a river or descending water from a higher point of a
dam to generate electricity [4]. It is much more reliable than solar, wind or wave power.
Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines, which in turn drive a
generator to generate electricity. Here, the potential energy of falling water is converted into
mechanical energy, which in turn into electric energy. One-sixth of the electricity production
in the world is generated by using hydroelectric energy. The top three countries for
cumulative hydroelectric producers in the world are China, Brazil and Canada. India occupies
sixth place in the hydroelectric power global capacity in 2021.
2.4. Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is harnessed by utilizing the heat and pressure differences in the
Earth's crust, either to provide thermal energy or to produce electricity. Due to the slow
disintegration of radioactive particles in the rocks at the earth's core, the temperature of the
earth‘s core is about as hot as the sun's surface. Deep well drilling brings extremely hot
underground water to the surface in the form of steam, which is then pumped via a turbine to
generate electricity [5]. The United States, Indonesia, Philippines, New Zealand, and Iceland
have the largest geothermal power plants. India also has geothermal power plants located in
Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh.
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In heat applications, geothermal energy can be used for heating purposes directly or
indirectly through heat exchangers, where the fluid is reinjected into the earth‘s crust. Geo-
exchange pumps in houses use the constant earth's temperature (a few feet below the surface)
to cool houses in the summer (the pump removes heat from the house and returns it to the
soil) and warm houses in the winter (the pump collects heat from the ground and transfers it
into the house).
2.5. Wave energy and tidal energy
Ocean energy refers to all forms of renewable energy derived from wave energy and
tidal energy. To transform wave energy into electricity, numerous different wave energy
technologies are being developed and tested. The two ways in which tidal energy can be
converted into electricity are (i) potential energy produced by the height difference between
high and low tides is harvested by tidal range technology. In this method, tidal energy is
harvested by barrages or dams. A tidal barrage is a big dam built across a river estuary. As
the tide comes in it fills the estuary-the water flows through tunnels so that the turbines are
turned at a controlled speed (ii) kinetic energy of currents flowing in and out of tidal areas is
harvested by tidal stream technologies. Like wind turbines, tidal stream devices operate in
arrays. The market for renewable energy has the least share for ocean power technology.
2.6. Biomass energy
Biomass energy involves the utilization of different biological materials like forestry
and agriculture waste, solid and liquid organic wastes (sewage and municipal solid waste),
and crops grown specifically for energy production. Utilizing these feedstocks can lower
greenhouse gas emissions by providing fossil fuel alternatives for providing heat for
buildings and industrial operations, and producing electricity [6].
The production of bioelectricity grew by 10% in 2021. China was the leading
producer of bioelectricity in 2021. Since 2011, there has been an 88% increase in
bioelectricity generation, in which China is the leading producer.
3. Need for renewable energy
Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to produce electricity and heat
releases greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun‘s heat resulting in global
warming. Combustion of fossil fuels accounts for more than 75% of all greenhouse gas
emissions and almost 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions, making them by far the biggest
cause of climate change in the world. In order to prevent the harmful effects of climate
change, emissions must be cut in half by 2030 and to reach net zero by 2050 [2].
Both energy consumption and demand have significantly increased with the rising
population. The conventional sources of energy are very limited. Renewable energy sources
are necessary to meet the rising demand. Hence, we must stop relying on fossil fuels and
invest in renewable energy sources which are reliable, clean, accessible, and affordable. The
key to a healthy, livable planet today and for future generations is the switch to clean
renewable energy. The energy market dynamics have tilted overnight in favour of renewable
sources of energy. The high growth of the population and the wastage of resources have
depleted conventional sources. Hence, renewable energy sources are being developed and
researched.
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The globe is currently witnessing a significant shift in the total share of global
energy spending towards clean energy technology, with sustainability serving as the key
driver. Being a signatory to the Paris Climate Agreement, India will soon see a sharp rise in
the share of renewable energy sources. In the post-Covid era, renewable and green energy
may prove to be a game-changer.
4. Reasons to shift towards renewable energy for sustainable development
4.1. Renewable energy sources are all around us
The majority of the world's population resides in countries that are net importers of
fossil fuels, making them vulnerable to crises. In contrast, renewable energy sources are
accessible worldwide and their potential is yet to be completely harnessed. By 2050,
according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 90 percent of the world's
electricity should come from renewable sources.
4.2. Renewable energy is cheaper
Today, the cheapest power option in the majority of the world is renewable energy.
Technologies for renewable energy are becoming more affordable quickly. According to
Renewables 2022 Global Status report-between 2010 and 2020, the cost of electricity from
solar energy decreased by 85%. Onshore and offshore wind energy costs decreased by 56%
and 48%, respectively [2]. Renewable energy is more appealing to low- and middle-income
countries like India as a result of falling pricing. In fact, India has the lowest per-unit cost of
producing renewable energy in the Asia-Pacific due to its supportive policies. By 2030, cheap
electricity generated from renewable sources may account for 65 percent of the world's total
electrical production. By 2050, it could decarbonize 90% of the power sector, drastically
reducing carbon emissions and assisting in the fight against climate change.
4.3. Renewable energy is healthier
Fossil fuel consumption needs to be controlled not only due to their limited
availability but also due to their detrimental effects on the environment. Therefore, it would
be advantageous for future generations as well as the environment to conserve fossil fuels by
limiting their consumption and also substituting them with renewable sources to the extent
possible. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 99% of people worldwide
breathe polluted air. There are 13 million deaths worldwide each year due to environmental
causes like air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary cause of the dangerous
levels of fine particulate matter, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides
and nitrogen dioxides. The European Commission said that the effective use of renewable
energy sources would like to reduce such emissions by 80-95% by 2050. Thus, switching to
renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, and ocean energy contributes to
combating climate change and also the health issues of mankind.
4.4. Renewable energy creates jobs
Three times more jobs are created for every dollar invested in renewable energy than
in the fossil fuel sector. By 2030, it is anticipated that 14 million new jobs will be created in
the clean energy sector. An additional 16 million workers would be needed in the energy
sector to trake new positions in the production of electric cars, hyper energy-efficient
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appliances, and cutting-edge technologies like hydrogen. According to Renewables 2022
Global Status report, by 2030, it is possible that more than 30 million jobs in the fields of
clean energy, efficiency, and low-emissions technology would have been created [2].
4.5. Renewable energy makes economic sense
Nearly $4 trillion a year needs to be invested in renewable energy through 2030,
including investments on infrastructure and technology to achieve net-zero emissions by
2050. Renewable energy investments will pay off. By 2030, just reducing the effects of
pollution and climate change could generate annual savings of up to $4.2 trillion [2].
Furthermore, reliable renewable technologies can make a system less vulnerable to market
shocks and enhance energy security by diversifying power supply options. Making renewable
energy a priority can also enhance national security by minimizing a country‘s dependence
on exports from fossil fuel-rich countries. The World Economic Forum estimates that by
switching to renewable energy sources, India can reduce imports by over $90 billion between
2021 and 2030 [2].
Conclusion
When climate change has reached a crucial juncture, the world is striving to modify
the way in which energy is utilized. All stakeholders must come together and pitch to fast-
tract the switching from conventional sources of energy to renewable energy sources. The
main reasons to support renewable energy are: (i) sources are all around us, cleaner, cheaper,
inexhaustible, safe, and healthier, (ii) renewable sources are distributed resources avoiding
geopolitical conflicts, renewable sources create wealth, create jobs, and make economic
sense. India will become more "self-reliant" in terms of its energy needs as a result of
transformation in terms of conserving fossil fuels and producing more renewable energy
through independent endeavour as well as through collaboration across the energy verticals.
References
1. E. Omar, A.R. Haitham, B. Frede, Renewable energy resources: Current status, future
prospects and their enabling technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. 39, 2014, 748–764.
2. REN21 Renewables Global Status Report, 2022, 1-308.
3. www.ren21.net
4. A. Tze-Zhang; S. Mohamed; K. Mohamad; Das, H. Shekhar; N. M Alhuyi, P.
Natarajan, A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications,
challenges and suggestions, Energy Strategy Reviews. 43, 2022, 100939.
5. S.T. Dye, Geoneutrinos and the radioactive power of the Earth, Reviews of
Geophysics. 50 (3), 2012, 1-3.
6. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Recycle: Bioenergy – A Report
for the G20 Energy Sustainability Working Group, September 2020,
https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Sep/ Recycle-Bioenergy.
NCPCSE-2023 ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
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VOLTAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF AMITRAZ PESTICIDE
WITH GO-FE2O3 MODIFIED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE
Sandhya Punyasamudram1,2, Reddy Prasad Puthalapattu3*, Chennupalli Nageswara
Reddy4*, S. Joythi4and Putta Venkata Nagendra Kumar1*
*1Department of Chemistry, GITAM University, Hyderabad-502329, Telangana, India.
2Department of Chemistry, Sri Padmavathi MahilaVisvavidyalayam, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh., India.
*3Department of Chemistry, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043, Telangana,
*4 Dept. Of Chemistry Govt. College for Men, Kadapa, A.P. – 516004
4Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa-516005, A.P., India
Corresponding author email:sanrchem@gmail.com; venkatanagendrakumar.putta@gitam.edu.
Abstract
In this study, the voltammetricbehavior of amitraz pesticidewas investigated at a glassy
carbon electrode (GCE) and a nafion-graphene modified glassy carbon electrode (n-
GR/GCE). The electrochemical characterization of amitraz pesticidewas carried out using
cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. For the determination studies performed with GCE, the
differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was employed, while the differential pulse
voltammetry (DPV) method was used for the determination studies with n-GR/GCE. First of
all, optimal experimental conditions were established for both electrodes, a calibration curve
was plotted and linear working ranges were identified. For the 1st peak current of amitraz
pesticide, the working range of the calibration curve drawn by DPV technique with GCE was
1.56×10-6-1.08×10-3 M with the limit of detection (LOD) value calculated as 3.09×10-5 M.
For the 2nd peak current of amitraz pesticide, the working range of the calibration curve
created by DPV technique with GCE was 1.56×10-6-9.73×10-4 M and the LOD value was
found to be 3.36×10-6 M. For the 1st peak current of amitraz pesticide, the working range of
the calibration curve constructed by DPAdSV technique with n-GR/GCE was determined to
be 1.76×10-6-4.01×10-4 M with the LOD value being 8.69×10-6 M. For the 2nd peak current
of amitraz pesticide, the working range of the calibration curve obtained by DPAdSV
technique with n-GR/GCE was 1.96×10-9-7.53×10-4 M with the LOD value calculated as
1.05×10-9 M.
Keywords: Votlammetry, Amitraz, electrode, Nafion, graphene
Introduction
Amitraz (N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)iminomethyl]-N-methyl-
methanimidamide) is a formamidine derivative insecticide and acaricide, which has been
widely used in agriculture and horticulture for control of ticks and manage mites in
animals.[1,2] mitraz poisoning of human beings occurs in many countries, especially in China,
where it is authorized for numerous applications. [3] In the body, it interacts with the -2
adrenocepter and causes a series of symptoms, such as central nervous, respiratory systems
depression, bradycardia, hypotension and convulsions.[4,5] The amitraz undergoes a rapid
degradation or/and metabolism in the body yielding N- [2,4-(dimethylphenyl)-N -
methylformamidine (DMPF) which is also used as insecticide, 2,4-dimethylformamidine
(DMF), and end product 2,4-dimethylaniline (DMA). The chemical structures of amitraz and
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its metabolites are shown in Fig. VI.2.1. Subchronic toxicity studies with metabolites showed
that their toxicity on molar base is comparable to that of the parent compound.[6,-10]
Numerous methods available for determination of pesticide residues have been
described such as spectrophotometric methods,[11,12] high performance thin layer liquid
chromatographic technique (HPTLC),[13] high performance capillary zone electrophoresis,[14]
high performance liquid chromatographic technique (HPLC)[15-19] and gas chromatographic
technique (GC).[20-22] However, these methods are usually time consuming and require
complicated pretreatment. On the other hand, voltammetric techniques are rapid, relatively
chip and highly sensitive. In the group of voltammetrics methods various working electrodes
for the determination of pesticides[23-25].
In this study, we have prepared a novel modified GO, Fe2O3, GO-Fe2O3nanosensor,
following by a directly electrochemically reduction of amitraz pesticide. The electrochemical
behaviour of GO-Fe2O3/GCE and its rapid determination of amitraz were investigated. This
electrode was successfully used to the detection of amitraz in environmental samples.
Compared with the bare GCE, GO/GCE, Fe2O3/GCE and GO-Fe2O3/GCE effectively
enhances the cathodic peak current of amitraz, indicating a conspicuous enhancement effect
upon the reduction reaction of amitraz, which may be contributed to the excellent electrical
conductivity of GO-Fe2O3 at the modified electrode surface. The proposed research results
have further revealed that GO-Fe2O3/GCE prepared in this work could be a promising
candidate for electrochemical nanosensor applications.
Fig.1. Chemical structure of amitraz; (N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[(2,4-
dimethylphenyl)iminomethyl]-N-methylmethanimidamide)
EXPERIMENTAL
Apparatus
MotrohmAutolab B.V. Netherlands provide the Autolab PG STAT 101 for electrochemical
measurements. The working electrode was a three-electrode setup that included a modified
glassy carbon electrode, the reference electrode was saturated Ag/AgCl/KCl, while the
counter electrode was Pt wire. The morphology of electrode surface was carried out using a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) of OXFORD INCA PANTA FET X3 CARL ZEISS
from Japan. The pH meter model ELICO LI-120, supplied by ELICO Ltd. Hyderabad, India,
was used to determine the pH of the buffer solution.
Reagents and solutions
All the reagents of analytical grade or HPLC grade used in the present work wereobtained
from Merck Chemicals Ltd. Ametridione (99 %) was purchased from Siddarth Inc.
Hyderabad, India. MWCNTs (i.d.×length 2-15 nm×1-10 µm) purchased from DropSens.
Pesticide stock solutions (1000 ppm) and subsequent dilutions were made with ultrapure
CH3
CH3
NC
NCH3
C
N
CH3
H3C
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water on a regular basis and kept in the refrigerator. Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution
(acetic, boric and phosphoric acids) was made according to the literature (Costa et al., 2017),
and the pH values were adjusted (from 2.0 to 12.0) by adding appropriate amounts of 1.0 mol
L-1 NaOH solution, and were employed as supporting electrolyte. All solutions were prepared
by using ultra-purified water from a Millipore Milli-Q system (resistivity10 megaohm). All
electrochemical experiments were performed at room temperature (25 ± 1 oC).
Synthesis of nickel oxide nanocomposite
The NiO prepared from NiNO36H2O precursor by drop wise addition of 0.1 mol L-1,
KOH to a 0.1 M NiNO36H2O solution was kept vigorously stirred until the pH becomes 10.0.
The precursor was filtered and rinsed with ultrapure water for twice and with ethanol once. Wet
cake obtained was dried in oven at 100 °C overnight and was heated at 400 °C for 4 h to form
black NiOnanopar-ticles.
Preparation of Pd-CuO/MWCNTs/GCE
The GCE was first cleaned using 0.3 µm alumina powder using a BAS polishing kit followed
by an ultrasonic bath in ethanol for 10 min. 10 mg of Pd-CuO/MWCNTs nanocomposites
was ultrasonicated in 10 mL acetone and 10 µL of Pd-CuO/MWCNTs was then dropped on
the surface of cleaned GCE and dried under the lamp for 30 minutes and rinsed in ultra-pure
water several times. A similar procedure was repeated to modify the GCE with Pd, CuO and
MWCNTs sensor for the electrocatalytic reduction of pesticide. Modified GCE was washed
with ultrapure water and dried at room temperature for voltammetry study. A volume of 10.0
mL of Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer was added to the electrochemical cell for the
experiments. Before the start of the experiments, the electrochemical cell was deoxygenated
for 5 min using nitrogen gas.
Voltammetric procedure
After 10 mL of pH 5.0 phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L) was placed in the voltammetric
cell, the required volume of amitraz standard solutions was added by a micropipette. The
solution was deaerated with nitrogen for 5 min and accumulation was carried out under an
open-circuit for 40 s. The reduction-peak current was measured at –1.24 V. Prior to and after
every measurement, the GO-Fe2O3 coated GCE was activated by five successive cyclic
voltammetric sweeps between -0.40 to –2.0 V at 50 mV/s in a pH 5.0 phosphate buffer to
produce a reproducible electrode surface.
Results and Discussion
The electrochemical behaviors of amitraz at a bare GCE and GO/GCE, Fe2O3/GCE
and GO-Fe2O3 coated GCE have been investigated by cyclic and adsorptive stripping
voltammetry at pH 5.0 phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L). Fig. VI.2.2 showed the CVs of the bare
GCE there are no characteristic peak observed (Fig. VI.2.2a), and similarly Fe2O3 modified
GCE (Fig. VI.2.2b), GO (Fig. VI.2.2c) coated GCE in pH 5.0 phosphate buffer solution in the
presence of 4.0 µg mL-1 amitraz.The strong cathodic peak at -1.24V was observed at the
GO-Fe2O3 coated GCE (Fig. VI.2.1d), which is more projecting than those obtained at the
bare GCE. In this connection the incorporation of Fe2O3 into GO nanocomposite possesses
most prominent peak indication that the use of GO can significantly enhance the electron
transfer between GO-and the electrode. Upon a reverse scan, no corresponding oxidation
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peak is observed, revealing that the electrode reaction of amitraz is totally irreversible.
According to accepted mechanism for the electrochemical reduction of aromatic azomethine
compounds, the reduction peak is attributed to a four-electron reduction of the azomethine
group to the saturated alkane (Scheme VI.2.1). This phenomenon may be caused by the fact
that the adsorption of amitraz, or its reductive product, occurs at the electrode surface, and
hence inactivates the electrode surface. The technique of millicoulometry has been employed
in the present investigation to evaluate the number of electrons involved in the reduction
process. From the comparison of the wave heights observed, the number of electrons
consumed in the overall reduction process of amitraz is found to be 4H+, 4e- at pH 5.0 as a
phosphate buffer system.
To isolate the reduction product, approximately 50 mg of the substance under
investigation is dissolved in minimum amount of solvent methanol and required quantity of
supporting electrolyte (pH 5.0) was added and placed in the cell. The applied potential was
set at -1.40V vs. SCE for amitraz. During the electrolysis, nitrogen gas was kept bubbling
through the solution. When the current was lower than 1 µA the electrolysis was stopped and
then 10 ml of water was added to the solution and extracted three times with 100 ml of ether.
The ethereal extracts were dried with magnesium sulphate and evaporated. The isolated
product was characterized as >C-N- and confirmed by FTIR spectral studies where the
characteristic peaks for >C-N- group are obtained at the wave length of 2942.2, 3397.6 cm-1
in KBr.
The voltammetric response of 5.0 µg.mL-1 amitraz at bare GCE, GO/GCE,
Fe2O3/GCE and GO-Fe2O3 modified GCE was compared by DPV. In a pH 5.0 phosphate
buffer and after 40 s of open-circuit accumulation, no reduction peak appeared on –1.40 V at
the bare GCE (Fig. VI.2.3a), Fe2O3/GCE (Fig. VI.2.3b) and GO/GCE (Fig. VI.2.3c).
However, it increased at the GO-Fe2O3 film coated GCE (Fig. VI.2.3d). The peak current
increase may have been caused by the fact that the GO-Fe2O3 forms a perfect film on the
GCE surface, and thus enhance electron transfer. Compared with bare GCE, GO and Fe2O3
the reduction peak for the GO-Fe2O3 coated GCE increases significantly enhanced. The
remarkable peak current enhancement undoubtedly attributes to the extraordinary properties
of GO and Fe2O3 such as restrained electronic properties, good aspect ratio and strong
absorptive ability.
The electrochemical properties of 5.0 µg.mL-1 amitraz in various mediums, such as
pH 3.0‒8.0 phosphate buffer, pH 2.0‒8.0 Macllvaine buffer, Britton–Robinson buffer and pH
2.0‒11.0, Universal buffer (each 0.1 mol/L) were investigated by DPV. It was found that the
peak current is highest and the peak shape is well-defined in pH 5.0 phosphate buffer as
shown in Fig. VI.2.4. The reduction peak potential (Epc) shifts positively as the pH decreases
from 3.0 to 10.0, and indicates that an equal number of electrons and protons are involved in
the reduction of amitraz.
Typically, the depth of the Fe2O3/GO deposited film, which is determined by the
amount of the Fe2O3/GO suspension on the GCE surface, has an obvious effect on the current
responses of amitraz. The reduction-peak current responses for various amounts of the
Fe2O3/GO suspension. The reduction peak current gradually increases while gradually
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increasing the volume of the Fe2O3/GO suspension from 0 to 30 µL. When the amount of
Fe2O3/GO suspension increases from 10 to 30 µL, the peak current changes slightly.
However, when it exceeds 10 µL, the peak current conversely decreases. Fe2O3/GO are ideal
electrode materials with excellent electrical conductivity. In principle, the reduction peak
current is almost independent of the thickness of the Fe2O3/GO deposited film.
Fig. VI.2.5 shows the effect of deposition potential varied in the range from 0.4 V to -
2.0 V on the differential pulse response of amitraz at a deposition time of 40 s. It can be seen
that when the selected deposition potential was -1.24 V, not enough impetus was used to
accelerate the reduction of amitraz on the electrode surface resulted in the low peak current.
When shifting the potential more negative, the peak current of amitraz increased curiously.
The highest differential pulse peak current for amitraz could be obtained when using -1.42 V
as the deposition potential. Further negative shifting the potential, the differential pulse
response began to decrease due to other chemical species that may be reduced at these
potentials and interfere with the detection. The influences of the accumulation time on the
reduction peak current of 5 µg mL-1 amitraz have been examined. The reduction peak current
increases greatly within the first 50 s and then levels off, suggesting that the accumulation of
amitraz is very rapid to reach saturation at the Fe2O3GO/CE as shown in Fig. VI.2.6.
Effect of interferences
To evaluate the interferences of foreign compounds on the determination of amitraz at
the 5.0 µg mL-1 level, a systematic study was carried out and the results are not tabularized. It
is found that a 500-fold concentration of other species like vitamin E, vitamin A,
progesterone, caffeine and cholesterol almost do not influence the current response of 5 µg
mL-1 amitraz (signal change below 5%). However, some of the azomethine group compounds
do not affect the corresponding peak potential for the determination of amitraz.
Calibration graph
The calibration curve for different concentration of amitraz from 0.5-70 µg mL-1 in
pH 5.0 phosphate buffer was measured by DPV as shown in Fig. VI.2.7. The best parameters
on the Fe2O3/GO coated GCE are an accumulation time of 40s , a pulse amplitude of 50 mV,
a scan rate of 20 mV/s, and a pulse width of 50 mV. The linear segment increases from 0.5 to
70.0 µg mL-1 (r = 0.9903) with a slope of 0.3864 µA (mol/L) and intercept of 6.220 µA. The
detection limit of 0.024 µg mL-1 was obtained at 3 min of accumulation (Fig. VI.2. 8.). The
relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.8% for 5 µg mL-1 amitraz (n = 5) showed good
reproducibility.
The long-term stability of the Fe2O3-GO/GCE was evaluated by measuring the current
responses at a fixed amitraz concentration of 5.0 µg mL-1 over a period of 4 weeks. The
Fe2O3/GO film coated GCE was used daily and stored in the air. The experimental results
indicated that the current responses deviated by only 5%, suggesting that the Fe2O3-GO-film
coated GCE possesses long-term stability.
Applications
The water samples were evaluated by analyzing tap, river water samples collected
from Srikalahsti, Chittoor district, A.P., India. These water samples were collected in glass
bottles during the season and kept under refrigeration (4oC) for no longer then one two
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weeks. These samples were filtered through a Whatman No.41 filter paper. Aliquots of water
samples were taken in a 25 mL graduated tube, to its buffer solution was added and analyzed
as described above. The recoveries of amitraz ranged from 99.45 to 99.95% and the results
are summarized in Table. VI.2.1.
Agricultural food samples, each of 25 gm were taken, which is collected from
agricultural field and spiked with different amount of amitraz pesticide. The samples were
macerated with two 20 mL portions of ethanol-demineralized water (1+1), filtered through a
Whatman filter paper No.41 and the filtrate were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for10 min. In the
filtrate was quantitatively transferred into a 50 mL calibrated flask and made up to the mark
with 50% ethanol. Washings were collected in a 25 mL calibrated flask and aliquots were
analysed as recommended procedure. The residue of amitraz was dissolved in
dimethylformamide and transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Results obtained for the
determination of the amitraz in vegetable samples are presented in Table VI.2. 2. Recoveries
of amitraz ranged from 99.45 to 99.92%, which indicates the accuracy and reproducibility of
the proposed differential pulse voltammetric method.
CONCLUSIONS
The electrochemical reduction of amitraz was successfully studied by cyclic and
differential pulse voltammetry using Fe2O3/GO nanosensor. Electrocatalytic performance of
graphene-based semiconductor metal nanohybrid materials characterized by cyclic and
differential pulse voltammetry. Various voltammetric parameters were optimized and their
influence in the peak current or peak potential were adequately described by theoretical
models involving electrode process, with the pesticide strongly adsorbed on the surface and
the transference of four electrons per amitraz molecule. In the electroanalytical application,
differential pulse voltammetry showed to be a very rapid and sensitive technique that allows
reaching detection limits in the range of trace analysis in environmental samples. This is one
major advantage of this electroanalytical technique since it allows rapid, time consuming and
promising methodology for the environmental monitoring.
Fig.2. Typical cyclic voltammogram of amitraz at bare GCE(a); Fe2O3/GCE (b); GO/GCE
(c); Fe2O3-GO/GCE (c); scan rate: 20 mVs-1; concentration: 5.0 µg mL-1; pH: 5.0 (phosphate
buffer); accumulation time:40 s: pulse amplitude: 25 mV.
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Fig.3. DPV of amitraz at bare GCE(a); Fe2O3/GCE (b); GO/GCE (c); Fe2O3-GO/GCE (c);
scan rate: 20 mVs-1; concentration: 5.0 µg mL-1; pH: 5.0 (phosphate buffer); accumulation
time:40 s: pulse amplitude: 25 mV.
Fig.4. Effect of pH on amitraz at Fe2O3-GO/GCE; scan rate: 20 mVs-1; concentration: 5.0 µg
mL-1; pH: 5.0 (phophate buffer); accumulation time:40 s: pulse amplitude: 25 mV.
Fig.5. Influence of accumulation potential of amitraz at Fe2O3-GO/GCE; scan rate: 20 mVs-1;
concentration: 5.0 µg mL-1; pH: 5.0 (phosphate buffer); accumulation time:40 s: pulse
amplitude: 25 mV.
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Fig.6. Influence of accumulation of time at Fe2O3-GO/GCE; scan rate: 20 mVs-1;
concentration: 5.0 µg mL-1; pH: 5.0 (phosphate buffer); accumulation time:40 s: pulse
amplitude: 25 mV.
Fig.7. DPV of the Fe2O3-GO/GCE by (a) 0.2, (b) 0.4, (c) 5 (d) 10 (e) 20 (f) 30, (g) 40, (h) 50,
(i) 60 (j) 70 µg mL-1 of amitraz scan rate: 20 mVs-1; pH: 5.0 (phosphate buffer);
accumulation time:40 s: pulse amplitude: 25 mV.
Fig. 8. Calibration plot of DPV of amitraz.
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Scheme1. Reduction mechanism of amitraz.
Table 1. Determination of amitraz in water samples
Sample
Amount added
(µg/mL)
Amount found
(µg/mL)
Recovery
(%)*
RSD
(%)
Tap water
10.0
9.99
99.90
1.04
20.0
19.99
99.95
0.86
40.0
39.90
99.75
1.20
River water
10.0
9.95
99.50
0.66
20.0
19.89
99.45
1.16
40.0
39.98
99.75
0.89
*Average of five determinations ± standard deviation.
Table 2. Determination of amitraz in agricultural samples
Sample
Amount added
(µg/mL)
Amount found
(µg/mL)
Recovery
(%)
RSD
(%)
Tomato
10.0
9.99
99.90
1.46
20.0
19.89
99.45
0.82
40.0
39.96
99.90
1.84
Potato
10.0
9.96
99.60
0.90
20.0
19.94
99.70
1.06
40.0
39.97
99.92
2.02
*Average of five determinations ± standard deviation.
REFERENCES
1. S. Vucinic, D. Jovanovic, Z. Vucinic, D. Joksovic, Z. Segrt, M. Zlatkovic, M.
Jovanovic, Forensic Toxicol. 25 (2007) 41.
2. D.D. Schaffer, W.H. Hsu, D.L. Hopper, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 104 (1990) 543.
3. R. Brimecombe, J. Limson, Talanta 71 (2007) 1298.
4. F.M. Young, M.F. Menadue, T.C. Lavranos, Hum. Reprod. 20 (2005) 3018.
5. E. Elinav, Y. Shapira, Y. Ofran, T. Hassin, I.Z. Ben-Dov, Basic Clin. Pharmacol.
Toxicol. 97 (2005) 185.
6. European Medicines Agency (EMEA), Amitraz (Extrapolation to goats) Summary
Report (4), EMEA/MRL/872/03-Final, London, UK, June 2004.
7. O. Osano, A.A. Oladimeji, M.H.S. Kraak, W. Admiraal, Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 43 (2002) 42
8. C. Hugnet, F. Buronrosse, X. Pineau, J.L. Cadore, P.J. Berny, Am. J. Vet. Res. 57
(1996) 1506.
9. M.E.C. Queiroz,C.A.A.Valad‘ao,A. Farias, D.Carvalho, F.M. Lancas, J.Chromatogr. B
794 (2003) 337.
10. C.-P. Chou, H.-P. Li, S.-S. Wong, G.-C. Li, J. Food Drug Anal. 12 (2004) 212.
CH3
CH3
NC
NCH3
C
N
CH3
H3C
CH2
NCH3
CH2
NH
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
NH
4H+, 4 e-
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NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
* Dr J. Ramadevi, **Dr K. Ushasri,
*Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce
**Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology
Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials, devices, and systems through the
control of matter on the nanometer-length scale at the level of atoms, molecules, and
supramolecular structures. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at these
levels to generate larger structures with fundamentally new properties and molecular
organization. These ―nanostructures,‖ made with fundamental building blocks, are among the
smallest human-made objects and exhibit novel physical, chemical, and biological properties
and phenomena. Nanotechnology‘s goal is to exploit these properties and efficiently
manufacture and employ the structures. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly
affect environmental protection through understanding and control of emissions from a wide
range of sources, development of new ―green‖ technologies that minimize the production of
undesirable byproducts, and remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources.
Nanotechnology has the potential to remove the finest contaminants from water supplies and
air as well as to continuously measure and mitigate pollutants in the environment.
Nanotechnology will make important contributions to science and engineering for the next
century and fundamentally will restructure many current technologies. Control of matter on
the nanoscale already plays an important role in scientific disciplines as diverse as physics,
chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and computer simulation. A
number of environmental and energy technologies already have benefited substantially from
nanotechnology in the areas of reduced waste and improved energy efficiency,
environmentally benign composite structures, waste remediation, and energy conversion.
Complex physical processes involving nanoscale structures are essential to phenomena that
govern the sequestration, release, mobility, and bioavailability of nutrients and contaminants
in the natural environment. Processes at the interfaces between inorganic and biological
systems have relevance to health and biocomplexity issues. Increased knowledge of the
dynamics of processes specific to nanoscale structures in natural systems not only will
improve understanding of transport and bioavailability, but also will lead to the development
of nanotechnologies useful in preventing or mitigating environmental harm.
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly affect environmental protection
through understanding and control of emissions from a wide range of sources, development
of new ―green‖ technologies that minimize the production of undesirable byproducts, and
remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources. Nanotechnology has the
potential to remove the finest contaminants from water supplies and air as well as
continuously measure and mitigate pollutants in the environment. However, nanotechnology
may pose risks to the environment and human health, and these risks should be examined as
the technology progresses.An increasing variety of nanoscale materials with environmental
applications has been developed over the past several years. For example, nanoscale materials
have been used to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites,
such as sites contaminated by chlorinated solvents or oil spills. As indicated above, many
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types of nanoscale materials are being applied across various fields of science and
technology; this website focuses on the use of engineered nanoscale materials for
environmental site remediation. Nanoscale materials are of interest for environmental
applications because the surface areas of the particles are large when compared with their
volumes; therefore, their reactivity in chemical or biological surface mediated reactions can
be greatly enhanced in comparison to the same material at much larger sizes. They can be
manipulated for specific applications to create novel properties not present in particles of the
same material at the micro- or macroscale. Nanoscale materials can be highly reactive in part
because of the large surface area to volume ratio and the presence of a larger number of
reactive sites; but may also exhibit altered reaction rates that surface-area alone cannot
account for. These properties allow for increased contact with contaminants, thereby resulting
in rapid reduction of contaminant concentrations. Furthermore, because of their minute size,
nanoscale materials may pervade very small spaces in the subsurface and remain suspended
in groundwater if appropriate coatings are used. Appropriate coating may allow the particles
to travel farther than macro-sized particles, achieve wider distribution, and therefore improve
contaminant reduction.
Nanotechnology has the potential to play a significant role in environmental
protection and sustainability by enabling new and improved methods for monitoring, cleaning
up, and mitigating environmental pollutants. It can also help to reduce resource consumption
and energy use through the development of more efficient technologies. For example,
nanoparticles can be used to clean up oil spills, remediate contaminated soil and groundwater,
and capture and remove air pollutants. Nanotechnology can also be used to create more
efficient and effective methods for solar energy capture and storage, as well as for producing
biofuels from renewable resources. Additionally, nanotechnology-enabled products, such as
stronger and lighter materials, can reduce energy consumption in transportation and
manufacturing. Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to make a positive impact on the
environment and sustainability, but it is essential to approach its development and application
with caution and a commitment to responsible use.
Nanotechnology could make battery recycling economically attractive
Batteries still contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel,
which can contaminate the environment and pose a potential threat to human health when
batteries are improperly disposed of. Not only do the billions upon billions of batteries in
landfills pose an environmental problem, they also are a complete waste of a potential and
cheap raw material. Used cathode particles from spent lithium-ion batteries are recycled and
regenerated to work as good asnew. Researchers have managed to recover pure zinc oxide
nanoparticles from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries alkaline batteries.
Nanomaterials for radioactive waste clean-up in water
Scientists are working on nanotechnology solution for radioactive waste cleanup,
specifically the use of titanate nanofibers as absorbents for the removal of radioactive ions
from water. Researchers have also reported that the unique structural properties of titanate
nanotubes and nanofibers make them superior materials for removal of radioactive cesium
and iodine ions in water.
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Nanotechnology-based solutions for oil spills
Conventional clean-up techniques are not adequate to solve the problem of massive
oil spills. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a potential source of novel
solutions to many of the world's outstanding problems. Although the application of
nanotechnology for oil spill cleanup is still in its nascent stage, it offers great promise for the
future. In the last couple of years, there has been particularly growing interest worldwide in
exploring ways of finding suitable solutions to clean up oil spills through use of
nanomaterials.
Water applications
The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water applications are divided into
three categories, treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention
and the improvement of desalination technologies is one key area thereof.
Nanotechnology-based water purification devices have the potential to transform the
field of desalination, for instance by using the ion concentration polarization phenomenon
Another, relatively new method of purifying brackish water is capacitive deionization (CDI)
technology. The advantages of CDI are that it has no secondary pollution, is cost-effective
and energy efficient. Nanotechnology researchers have developed a CDI application that uses
graphene-like nanoflakes as electrodes for capacitive deionization. They found that the
graphene electrodes resulted in a better CDI performance than the conventionally used
activated carbon materials.
Carbon dioxide capture
Before CO2 can be stored in Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) schemes, it
must be separated from the other waste gases resulting from combustion or industrial
processes. Most current methods used for this type of filtration are expensive and require the
use of chemicals. Nanotechnology techniques to fabricate nanoscale thin membranes could
lead to new membrane technology that could change that.
Hydrogen production from sunlight – artificial photosynthesis
Companies developing hydrogen-powered technologies like to wrap themselves in the
green glow of environmentally friendly technology that will save the planet. While hydrogen
fuel indeed is a clean energy carrier, the source of that hydrogen often is as dirty as it gets.
The problem is that you can't dig a well to tap hydrogen, but hydrogen has to be produced,
and that can be done using a variety of resources.
Artificial photosynthesis, using solar energy to split water generating hydrogen and
oxygen, can offer a clean and portable source of energy supply as durable as the sunlight. It
takes about 2.5 volts to break a single water molecule down into oxygen along with
negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. It is the extraction and
separation of these oppositely charged electrons and protons from water molecules that
provides the electric power.Working on the nanoscale, researchers have shown that an
inexpensive and environmentally benign inorganic light harvesting nanocrystal array can be
combined with a low-cost electrocatalyst that contains abundant elements to fabricate an
inexpensive and stable system for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
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Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials. One example of this is
how researchers have demonstrated that the use of silver nanoclusters as catalysts can
significantly reduce the polluting byproducts generated in the process used to manufacture
propylene oxide. Propylene oxide is used to produce common materials such as plastics,
paint, detergents and brake fluid.
Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost. Researcher have
demonstrated that an array of silicon nanowires embedded in a polymer results in low cost
but high efficiency solar cells. This, or other efforts using nanotechnology to improve solar
cells, may result in solar cells that generate electricity as cost effectively as coal or oil.
Increasing the electricity generated by windmills. Epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is
being used to make windmill blades. The resulting blades are stronger and lower weight and
therefore the amount of electricity generated by each windmill is greater.
Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater. Researchers have shown that iron
nanoparticles can be effective in cleaning up organic solvents that are polluting
groundwater. The iron nanoparticles disperse throughout the body of water and decompose
the organic solvent in place. This method can be more effective and cost significantly less
than treatment methods that require the water to be pumped out of the ground.
Clearing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air. Researchers have demonstrated a
catalyst that breaks down VOCs at room temperature. The catalyst is composed of porous
manganese oxide in which gold nanoparticles has been embedded.
Reducing the cost of fuel cells. Changing the spacing of platinum atoms used in a fuel cell
increases the catalytic ability of the platinum. This allows the fuel cell to function with
about 80% less platinum, significantly reducing the cost of the fuel cell.
Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars. Using graphene layers to increase the
binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank results in a higher amount
of hydrogen storage and a lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the development of
practical hydrogen-fueled cars.
Conclusion:
Environmental protection is one of the critical challenges faced by the human race. Over the
years, we have unintentionally devastated our surroundings by creating and discarding plastics,
contributed to climate change by mining and burning fossil fuels, and polluted our air and waterways
with human-made creations. Currently, nanoscale materials is being used in environmental
remediation. Researchers are developing a variety of other nanoscale materials for potential
use to adsorb or destroy contaminants as part of either in situ or ex situ processes
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References:
1. Mazur Group, Harvard University. 2008. Availableat: http://www.nsf.gov/od/
lpa/news/03/ pr03147.htm. Accessed May 2009.
2. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). 2008. What is Nanotechnology? Available
at: http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. Accessed September 25,
2008.
3. Powell, M.C. and M.S Kanarek. 2006. Nanomaterial Health Effects - Part 2:
Uncertainties and Recommendations for theFuture. Wisconsin Medical Journal.
105(3):18-23.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS). Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. 2006. Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: An Information
Exchange with NIOSH. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2008. Nanotechnology for Site
Remediation Fact Sheet. Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA 542-F-08-009.
October 2008. Available at: http://www.clu-in.org/download/remed/542-f-08-009.pdf
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CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Sana Venkata Lakshmi Reddya , Bhumireddy Renuka Devib
aDepartment of Chemistry, Govt.Degree College for Women,Rayachoty-516269, A.P., India.
bDepartment of Computer Science, Govt. College for Men(A), Kadapa-516004, A.P., India.
Corresponding author email id: svlreddy2003@gmail.com
Abstract:
Natural resources, especially water and soil, are essential for the function and structure of
agricultural production systems and for the overall social and environmental sustainability.
Agriculture accounts for roughly 70% of total freshwater withdrawals globally. Most of this
freshwater is used by agriculture operations in Least Developed Countries (FAO, 2011). Farming also
contributes to water pollution from nutrient and pesticide run-off and soil erosion. Without improved
efficiency measures, agricultural water consumption is expected to rise by about 20% globally by
2050 (WWAP, 2012). With increased pressure from urbanization and industrialization, agriculture
will face more competition for scarce water resources.
Key Words: Natural Resources, Agriculture Operations, Soil Erosion, Industrialization.
1. Introduction
Nature has bestowed us with many gifts. They are commonly called as natural resources. The
natural resources have made this planet livable and have supported the evolution and sustenance of
living organisms. Natural resources are of utmost importance to all living beings particularly to
humans.The consumption of natural resources is increasing because of many factors such as
increasing population, increasing pace of development including industrialization, urbanization,
mining and related activities etc. However, the amount of natural resources is limited and they are
depleting at a very fast rate. Thus, there is an urgent need for their conservation and Management.
An increase of agricultural productivity and agricultural goods nutrition quality can help push
progress towards future food security and the general wellbeing of producers and rural communities
globally but given the limited natural resource base on which agriculture and livestock depend,
sustainable development will ultimately depend on the responsible management of the planet‘s natural
resources. Sustainable use of natural resources proposes a series of good practices to help reduce
agriculture‘s pressure on natural resources and build more efficient and resilient production systems,
which includes:
• Encouraging the protection and restoration of water sources, and promote water use optimization;
• Supporting the implementation of systems for wastewater treatment before reuse or disposal;
• Fostering soil conservation and improved carbon stocks; and
• Promoting waste reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal.
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2. Soil Restoration and Management
Consequences
Procedures
Agricultural practices do
not degrade the soil and
enhance its condition.
Only grow crops and graze livestock where soils are proven to be suitable for that crop,
and in rotations or with intercrops when feasible.
Minimize the risk of contamination or depletion of soils within their scope and related to
their activities, including the management of soil exhaustion risks.
Implement practices to minimize soil erosion, including:
- ground covers;
- mulches;
- re-vegetation of steep areas;
- terracing, contour farming;
- strip-cropping;
- sediment control basins;
- filter strips; and/or
- minimization of herbicide use.
Design and install drainage systems to divert water away from vulnerable areas and drains
to run across slopes.
Implement practices to reduce soil compaction. All sites with evidence of soil compaction
are subject to control measures.
Implement practices to maintain or enhance soil condition, including: - crop rotation;
- planting of nitrogen-fixing ground covers or cover crops;
- application of compost or mulch;
- application of green manures; and
- minimized tillage.
Increase and manage soil carbon (organic matter) by using organic fertilizers and
amendments, and low toxicity substances.
2.1 Water Conservation
Consequences
Procedures
All water sources
areprotected.
Implement actions to conserve and protect water sourcesfrom sedimentation, soil erosion
and contamination.
Identify and map all surface and ground water sourceswithin their scope.
Ensure that productive activities do not contaminate,degrade, or destroy water sources.
Demonstrate that water withdrawal complies withapplicable legislation.
Water consumption
is efficient
Implement practices to conserve and retain soil moisture,such as:
- establishment of ground covers;
- application of organic mulches; and
- crop and pasture grazing rotations.
Design and implement efficient irrigation systems, tooptimize productivity, reduce water
waste and avoid soil erosion andsalinization.
2.2 Wastewater Management
Consequences
Procedures
Wastewaters aremanaged
tominimizeenvironmental,
human, or animalhealth
risks.
Monitor service providers that are handling operations wastewater to ensure their
compliance with applicable legislation forsafe wastewater treatment or disposal.
Do not discharge untreated wastewater withagrochemical residues to natural ecosystems.
Greywater, and sewage is treated to avoid negative effects toenvironmental and human
health.
Map all pit latrines, sewage drainages and wastewaterdisposal sites.
Do not use untreated sewage in production and/orprocessing activities.
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2.3 Responsible Waste Management
Consequences
Procedures
Waste is managedto
minimizeenvironmental,
human, or animalhealth
risks.
Implement a monitor mechanism for all wastemanagement activities.
Reduce the volume of hazardous waste streams.
Store prohibited, obsolete and expired hazardoussubstances until safely returned to
thesupplier. If suppliers do not receive such substances back, operationslabel the
containers, and store them separately in dedicated safeareas or sealed pits for their
disposal.
Minimize the purchase or use of inputs that generate waste.
Conclusion:
Climate change is already affecting water supply and agriculture through changes in the
seasonal timing of rainfall and snowpack melt, as well as with higher occurrence and severity of
droughts, floods, and fires. As the supply of healthy and productive land decreases and the population
grows, competition is also intensifying for land and soil resources. One-third of the planet‘s land is
severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of 24 billion tons a year because of bad
farming practices, such as heavy tilling, multiple sequential harvests, and abundant use of
agrochemicals (UNCCD, 2017).
References:
1. Adams VM, Setterfield SA. 2016. Approaches to strategic risk analysis and management of
invasive plants: lessons learned from managing gamba grass in northern Australia. Pacific
Conservation Biology 22:189–200.
2.Kala, C.P. 2015. Nanda‘s Neelkanth.Partridge Publishing, Bloomington, USA.340 pp.
3. Glikson, A. (2012) Is Another Mass Extinction Event on the Way? The Conservation.
http://theconversation.com/is-another-mass-extinction-event-on-the-way-5397
4.Jain, S.K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany.Deep Publications, New
Delhi, India.
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COORDINATION COMPOUNDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
J.Kalpana1, Dr.M.Srinivas2
1. Lecturer in Chemistry, K.V.R GC(W)(A), Kurnool, Kalpu.chem@gmail.com,7386308749
2. Lecturer in Chemistry, SR Junior College, Kurnool, msriict@gmail.com, 8985413723.
ABSTRACT:
The interaction of transition metal ions with biological molecules provides most
important areas of coordination chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry is the interface between
biology and inorganic chemistry which is also referred to as metals and metal binding in
biology. The application of this to biomedical is the use of metal complexes as drugs and
chemotherapeutic agents. The ability of metal ions to coordinate and then release ligands and
to oxidize and reduce in some processes makes them good for their use in biological systems.
From most of the metal complexes formed, Pt complexes act as anticancer and, antitumour
drugs. There are wide applications of transition metal ions and in particular, in medicinal and
biomedical applications. Coordination complexes composed of metal ion and biologically
relevant ligands called bioligands have significant roles in biological pathway. The biological
ligands for metal ions are Peptides with its amino acids, macrocylic chelate ligands, and
nucleic acids. Impartant progresses have been made in the inorganic and organic chemistry
concerning the synthesis, characterization, and application of the metal complexes of
pharmaceutical substances. From the wide range of fields in which these coordination
compounds find their application, many efforts were focused on the study of their importance
in the biological processes. The coordination complexes of many pharmaceutical substances
having different pharmacological effects e.g., pyrazinamide (PZA), nicotinamide (NAM),
nicotinic acid (NIC) etc. with transition metals were synthesized and used in order to
improve their pharmacological properties and also for the drug analysis and control. Several
techniques were used for the physicochemical characterization of the complex composition.
There is a significant interest in the development of metal complex-based drugs with research
and therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities which currently observed in the medicinal
inorganic chemistry area. This review article focuses on some important roles of metal
complex in biological pathways and life processes, application for biomedical field, and
explored for development of new application in bioinorganic field.
Key words: metal binding, bioligands, biomedical application, pharmacological effects.
INTRODUCTION:
Coordination chemistry is a study of compounds formed between metal ions and
neutral or negatively charged molecule called ligand, and this resulting compound is called
metal complex or coordination compound. The Coordination compounds play important
roles in nature. Chlorophyll , which is involved in photosynthesis in plants, is one of the
coordination complexes of magnesium. Hemoglobin, the oxygen transporter in the human
body, which is a coordination complex of iron. Vitamin B12, a coordination complex of
cobalt necessary for the prevention and cure of anemia. In all three compounds, the metal ion
is in an approximately octahedral environment, its coordination number is 6, and bonded to it
are the four nitrogen atoms of a planar porphyrin -like ring.
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Coordination complexes of Pharmaceutical substances:
The coordination complexes of many pharmaceutical substances having different
pharmacological effects e.g., pyrazinamide (PZA), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinic acid
(NIC), theophylline (TEO), captopril (CPL), tolbutamide (TBA), clonidine (CLN),
guanfacine (GUAF), etc. with transition metals were synthesized and used in order to
improve their pharmacological properties and also for the drug analysis and control. Several
techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy,
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray spectroscopy, mass spectrometry,
ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, electrochemical methods, thermal
methods, and scanning electron microscopy were used for the physicochemical
characterization of the complex composition.
Bioligands and their complexes in biology:
Biologically relevant ligands are categorized as bioligands. Coordination complexes
composed of metal ion and bioligands have significant roles in biological pathway. Most of
all functional proteins and enzyme in our body requires metal ion to perform its role. These
proteins have metal binding site in the 3D-structure provides the metals to covalently bound
to the polypeptide backbone by the ligand provided by amino acid, such as histidine,
methionine, cysteine, tyrosine, aspartate, and glutamate etc. The typical coordination
numbers are 4 or 6. The amino acid ligand will not completely coordinated in the enzyme.
This incomplete coordination is a fundamental structure for catalytic activity of enzyme, as
the open site remains available for coordination with substrate. But, this open site structure is
not observed in protein that function in electron transfer.
Another type of bioligands are Macrocylic ligands, these are polydentate ligands containing
their donor atoms, attached to the cyclic backbone. Generally, macrocylic ligands contain at
least three donor atoms and the macrocylic rings should contain minimum of nine atoms.
Macrocylic ligand containing complexes are involved in number of fundamental biological
systems. Macrocylic derivatives enhance the kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of
complexes as the metal ion is held tightly in the cavity of macrocyles such that the biological
function is not interupt binding with other metal ion or demetallation to be happened. There is
selectivity for metal ion according to the chelate ring size in binding to certain macrocylic
chelate. According to , which then crucial in ligand recognition. These macrocylic chelate
ligands are crucial in biological pathway such as porphyrin ring of the iron-containing heme
proteins for oxygen transport of red blood cell and magnesium in chlorophyll for
photosynthesis of plant.
Nucleobases as biological ligands of another type. Role of metal ions in nucleic acid
such as DNA replication, transcription, translation, denaturation, renaturation, RNA
polymerization. The cellular regulation of DNA requires metallonuclease to catalyze and
repair DNA. Nucleobases can exist in tautomeric forms and can be mono or multidenate
ligands. As the overall charge of nucleic acid is negative, positive charged metal ions can
bind and affect hydrogen-bond interactions of base pairing in DNA. The most important
function of metal-nucleobase complex can be seen in the chemotherapy of cancer cells.
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Cisplatin and bimetallic rhodium acetate exert antitumor activity. cis-diamminedi-
chloroplatinum(II) or cisplatin is widely used DNA-damaging agent in cancer therapy.
Cisplatin will bend the DNA and damage DNA and will result in cell-cycle arrest. However,
one of the drawback of cisplatin and its derivatives are the damaging side effects to healthy
cells. Better understanding of biological pathway involved in cisplatin toxicity will bring a
development of new cisplatin therapeutic strategy for the better use of this complex.
Coordination complexes in medicine:
Many coordination complexes have been used in medicine containing metals such as
platinum containing cisplatin as anticancer chemotherapy drug, gold as auranofin complex
used for rheumatoid arthritis, technetium and rhenium complexes as radiopharmaceuticals
used in imaging and radiotherapy, ruthenium complex as anticancer drug, gadolinium, cobalt,
lithium, bismuth, iron, calcium, lanthanum, gallium, tin, arsenic, rhodium, copper, zinc,
aluminum, lutetium, vanadium, manganese, etc. Only a few number of Co(III) complexes can
be mentioned as having biochemical properties: vitamin B12, a natural organometallic
complex of Co(III) with glyoxime. Other important examples are the series of Co(III)
complexes containing N- and O-donor ligands based on a chelating Schiff base as imidazole,
methylimidazole with efficiency in the treatment of epithelial herpetic keratitis, and human
immunodeficiency virus type 1. [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 shows potent antiviral activity. Some studies
reported also the antibacterial activity of Co(II) and Co(III) complexes against Bacillus
subtilis, Enterobacter aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, etc.
CONCLUSION:
Complex compounds formed by various metals and bioligands plays a key role in
Biological path way and medicine. Mainly in cancer therapy these complexes are widely
used. One of such complex is Pt metal complex namely cisplatin which has damaging side
effects of healthy cells. Only few study have been done on this cisplatin-induced biological
pathway. Recent advances in the chemotherapy and also in the development of anticancer
agents, Metal complex compounds which are used in the treatment of cancer, with hope to
reduce the side effect. This reduction in side effects is obtained by study of several transition
metal complex towards biomolecules associated with cancer. The rhodium metalloisertors is
one of the such success compounds, which can specifically bind to nucleic acid base
mismatched in DNA. The current research shows the replacement of cisplatin such as
trans,trans-[{PtCl2(NH3)}2(piperazine) and [PtCl2(hpip)], which are potential antitumor
agents. Hope the further research on this field will bring enormous potential towards a better
cancer therapy with reduced side effects.
REFERENCE:
1. Riordan, J.F. The role of metals in enzyme activity.Ann Clin Lab Sci.1997, 7(2): 119-
29.
2. Buchler, J. W.; Hemoglobin An Inspiration for Research In Coordination Chemistry.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.1978, 17, pp 407–423.
3. Jordan, P.; Fonseca-Carmo, M. Molecular mechanism involved in cisplatin
cytotoxicity, CMLS, 2000, 57(8-9): 1229-1235.
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4. Cohen, S.M.; Lippard, S.J. Cisplatin: from DNA damage to cancer chemotherapy,
Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol.2001, 67, pp 93–130.
5. Weidmann, A.G.; Komor, A.C.; Barton, J.K. Targeted Chemotherapy with Metal
Complexes, Comments on Inorganic Chemistry, 2014
6. Haas, K.L.; Franz,K.J..Application of Metal Coordination Chemistry to Explore and
Manipulate Cell Biology, Chem Rev. 2009, 109(10): 4921–4960.
7. Holm, R.H.; Kennepohl, P.; Solomon, E.I. Structural and Functional Aspect of Metal
Sites in Biology, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96: 2239-2314
8. Brabec, V.; Christofis, P.; Slámová, M.; Kostrhunová, H.; Nováková, O.; Najajreh,
Y.; Gibson, D.; Kaspárková, J. DNA interactions of new cytotoxic
tetrafunctionaldinuclear platinum complex trans,trans- [{PtCl2(NH3)}2(piperazine)],
Biochem Pharmacol, 2007, 73(12):1887-900.
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A STUDY ON URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH REFERENCE
TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Dr. Madiraju Hanumantha Raju
Assistant Professor in Zoology, Government College for Women (A), Guntur. Phone: 9441130264
ABSTRACT
Urbanization is a process of transfer of people from rural areas to cities for better
employment, studies, and upgradation of health & socio-economic conditions. It is estimated that
nearly 35% of people are living in cities& urban areas and this percentage may increase to 50% by
2030. Urban areas require housing, sanitation, electricity, water, health, and business infrastructure
along with food. To meet this requirements, problems like deforestation, destruction of agricultural
lands for dwelling of water, exploitation of fossil fuels,sand and fertile land (i.e., depletion of natural
resources) ariseand produces lot of urban waste. In this present scenario urban waste management is
essential by minimizing the over use of natural resources, control over pollution is required nationally.
Hence taking this as a serious problem, a brief study was conducted on waste management and its
recycling to achieve sustainable environment.
Keywords: urbanization, urban waste management, sustainable environment.
INTRODUCTION
Urbanization is a process which started in 1980s after globalization, modernization, and post
industrialization. Transfer of people from rural areas to urban areas for education, better employment
of skilled& non skilled, for health facilities and for better economic growth and settlement. The
percentage of people is increasing year by year and it is estimated that 50% population may settle in
cities or urban areas by the year 2030 in India. Urbanization has become a threat for social, economic
& political progress or settlement and it causes socio-economic problems like poverty,
unemployment, food crisis, social evils and environment concerned problems like deforestation and
destruction of agricultural lands for housing, over exploitation of natural resources like water, energy,
minerals, sand, fertile land & fossil fuels for the benefit and settlement of human population in cities&
urban areas.(Abhishek2016), (Datt n.d),(Natural resources in India2012), (ITP& ES division June
2016), (Randhawa et.al 2020) and (Municipal solid waste 2022 CPHEEO)
Increasing urban population leads to production of urban waste in their daily lives and creates
severe problems like dumping of solids in water bodies, production of liquid and solid bio degradable
and non-biodegradable, hazardous & nonhazardous, bio medical, chemical & industrial and house
hold waste products increased twice and its reduction or treatment became a global problem.
In this scenario urban waste management became essential to conserve natural resources and
to reduce environmental health risks for betterment of human life on planet and to provide all the
facilities to urbanization which is increasing day by day. (Kumar et.al 2017) and (Narayana 2009).
Developing and the third-party countries should follow some processes for better
management of urban waste and for the conservation of the nature.
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MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WASTE
In order to manage the waste, one should know the types & categories of waste being
produced in urban areas. Generally, the urban waste is of solid, liquid and residual. According to
Centre for science & environment waste management data the waste is 50% organic, 6% plastic, 6%
metal, 4% paper, 1% glass and 33% inorganic or non-biodegradable and the material produced by
construction and demolition of buildings may be 4-5%. (Centre for science & environment 2008) and
(CPCB OF India report 2010, 2015 and 2017)
Solid waste coming from human quarters, business areas, gardens, schools and working
places which is bio degradable and recyclable and non-hazardous. Liquid waste coming from
factories, pesticides, agricultural lands, hospitals, leather units and bio-medical waste arising from
hospitals are non-recyclable, non-usable and environmental hazardous materials and should be treated
before dumping into different ecosystems.(Census of India 2010& 2016), (natural resources in India
(n.d) 2012) and (Randhawa et.al 2020)
VARIOUS METHODS TO TREAT / MANAGE URBAN WASTE
The government bodies and policy makers should follow these management methods while
treating the urban waste to make it nonhazardous and recyclable;
1. To treat and recycle solid and liquid waste materials, many treatment centres are required.
2. Provision to collect, separate and manage wastes with efficient monitoring systems.
3. Introduction of new non-hazardous, bio-degradable, and recyclable management techniques.
4. To arrange waste management campaigns among the student and youth for awareness.
5. Making the waste pickers in urban areas as the main participants in waste management and
giving them incentives for their activeinvolvement. (UNEP 2010) (Wilson, Costas and
Cheeseman 2006) (WTER 2014) and (Waste wise cities report Niti Aayog 2021& 2022)
Generally, the collected and separated urban waste is managed in eco-friendly and sustainable
methods as following.
1. Land-filling: dumping the organic & biodegradable & non-hazardous waste consisting of
leaves, paper etc. in low lying areas and cover them with soil for anaerobic treatment.
2. Waste disposal method by recyclable, reusable, non-chemical solid waste through microbial
decomposing. (Municipal solid waste 2022) and (CPHEEO)
3. Bio waste composting by vermiculture and aerobic methods.
4. Treatment of domestic and house hold waste water by physical, mechanical, and biological
methods to produce reusable water for agriculture and fish culture purpose.
5. The least preferable is incineration, where the waste is burned at high temperature in presence
of oxygen by combustion. (Akella et.al 2009) and (Kumar et.al 2017) and (Bhargava, Gupta
& Kumar 2012).
BENEFITS AND END PRODUCTS OF WASTE TREATMENT OR MANAGEMENT.
1. Conservation of natural resources for environmental sustainability through 3R MANTRA
of waste treatment process i.e., reduce, reuse & recycle the production & management of
waste for sustainable development goals (SDG).
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2. Energy production from waste which is eco-friendly and sustainable. (Planning
commission 2014) and (Randhawa et.al 2020)
3. Treatment of domestic sewage water before entering into freshwaters.(Kundu& Thakur
2006)
4. Regularization of livelihood facilities, reduce of poverty, increasing the health facilities
and policies for better environment health. (Census of India 2001& 2015)
5. Finally, the reduction of environment contamination which is an obstacle for human
sustainabilityhas to be addressed. (Natural resources in India (n.d)) and (waste
management in India report 2016 by Ministry of external affairs)
CONCLUSION
Waste management practices should start from the origin of waste and from the distribution
areas itself. But the literature reveals that there are no sufficient treatment places, implementation
methods, techniques, policies, and trained workers. So, the government and the local bodies are facing
various problems and challenges in managing the waste.
It can conclude that waste management is not a problem if it is pre planned and implemented
in a proper way for sustainable environment and for socio-economic and holistic development of
human kind.
REFERENCES
1. Abhishek 2016, utilization of natural resources & its roles in sustainable development.
2. Datt, M. B. (n.d.). Indian Economy. , pp. pp. 90,97,98,100
3. Natural resources in India. (n.d.). Retrieved march 2012, from www.wikipedia.org
4. Report of external affairs June 2016, waste management in India.
5. Centre for Science and Environment. http://www.cseindia.org/html/lab_air_pollution.htm last
accessed on 6.08.2008
6. CPCB, India report 2010, 2015 and 2017
7. Randhawa et.al 2010, pathways for sustainable urban waste management and reduced
environmental health risks in India.
8. Kumar, S., Stephen, R., Smith, G., Costas, V. S., Jyoti, K., Shashi, A., et al. (2017).
Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India. R Soc. Open Sci.
4:160764. Doi: 10.1098/rsos.160764.
9. Narayana, T. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in India: from waste disposal to
recovery of resources?‖ Waste Manag. 29, 1163–1166. Doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.038.
10. Planning Commision (2014). Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy (Volume
Government of India. Available online at:
http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_energyvol2.pdf
11. Census of India (2001). Analytical Report on Housing Amenities, Series 1, India.
12. UNEP (2010). Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. Osaka:
International Environmental Technology Centre, Division of Technology, Industry and
Economics.
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LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN INDIA
Dr.U.Srineetha
Assistant professor in zoology, Govt. College for men (A), Kadapa, A.P
Srineetha.ummadi@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article reviews the significant changes India has achieved in environmental
policy in the past years, especially in terms of regulatory procedures and organizational
structure. Despite these changes, however, environmental quality has continued to
deteriorate, largely because a wide gap persists between the intent of policy and the actual
achievement and because major problems have eluded serious attention. The paper analyzes
major problems in the implementation of Indian environmental policy, with particular
attention to policy design, policy analysis, and standard setting. Political problems are
identified that underlie difficulties in policy formulation and implemetation, and strategies to
improve implemetation are proposed. Since independence, Indian policymakers have
attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as
per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. Air pollution in
urban areas arises from multiple sources, which may vary with location and developmental
activities. Anthropogenic activities as rampant industrialization, exploitation and over c
However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation,
environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s.
But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in
India‘s approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in
India‘s perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on
Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972.consumption of natural
resources, ever growing population size are major contributors of air pollution. The down
sides related to enforcement mechanism for the effective implementation of environmental
laws for air pollution control have been highlighted.
Keywords: Constitution, policy, Air pollution, Acts, Environmental laws
Introduction
Harmful substances that pollute the environment should be controlled through legal
and social interventions. While appropriate legislative regulations will compel polluters to act
in line with the provisions of the laws which specifically prohibit acts of pollution, there is
social responsibility on the part of the would-be polluter to know that the act of pollution
would likely cause irreparable damage and could lead to permanent health problems and
death. Republic of India is one of the largest democratic nations in the world being the first
country to insert an amendment into its constitution allowing the state to protect and improve
the environment for safeguarding the public health, forests and wild life. There were some
Articles (39, 42, 47, 48 and 49) indirectly dealing with the subject of environmental pollution
and protection in the former constitutional law of India [1].However, in the year 1976, 42nd
constitutional amendment was adopted in response to the Stockholm International
Conference on Human Environment in 1972 and came into effect on 3rd January, 1977. The
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Directive principles of State Policy (Article 48-A) 38 and Fundamental Duties (Article 51-
Ag) 39 under the Constitution of India explicitly announced the national commitment to
protect and improve environment and preserve air quality [1]. Nowadays through judicial
interpretations, the right to clean air has been identified as element of right to life under
Article 21 of the Constitution. The language of the Directive Principles of State Policy
(Article 47) requires not only a protectionist stance by the state but also compels the State to
look for the improvement of the polluted environment. Policy statement for the amendment
of pollution (1992) declares the objective of the government to integrate environmental
considerations into decision makings at all levels.
BEGINNING OF POLICY MAKING IN INDIA
One of the schools of thoughts has gained grounds which considers environment as an
integral part of development and argues that economic objectives should be blended with
environmental imperatives. Hence, the major concern is with optimal resource use and
efficient environmental management which would be conducive to mitigating the costs of
development [29]. The environmental problems that countries face vary considerably; among
the factors that affecting them are the stages of development, the structure of the economies
and environmental policies [30]. Two international conferences-one at Stockholm in 1972
and another at Rio de Janerio in 1992 on Environment and Development have influenced
environmental policies in India. Many countries have followed the ‗polluter pays‘ principle,
the precautionary principle and the concept of intergenerational equity as guidelines for
framing environmental policies. Environmental policy varies from country to country. By
and large policies are influenced by research, culture and tradition and political institution of
the country concerned as shown in.
Basics of Air Pollution: World Development Report (WDR, 1992) ―Development and
Environment‖ (published for the World Bank by OUP) on Scale and Legislations
Level and Scale of Air Pollution Problem[2]
Level Vertical scale Time scale Level of action Local Height of stacks Hours Municipal
Urban Lower kilometers Days District Regional Troposphere Months State/National
Continental Stratosphere Years National/International Global Atmosphere Decades
International & Nikhil Kulkarni nikhil.nature@gmail.com 1 Civil & Environmental
Engineering Department, VeermataJijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Mumbai 400019,
India 2 Thane Municipal Corporation, Thane, Maharashtra, India 123
S.No
Level
Vertical scale
Time scale
Level of action
1
Local
Height of stacks
Hours
Municipal
2
Urban
Lower kilometers
Days
District
3
Regional
Troposphere
Months
State/National
4
Continental
Stratosphere
Years
National/International
5
Global
Atmosphere
Decades
International
Table:1 Level and Scale of Air Pollution Problem
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Level Vertical scale Time scale Level of action Local Height of stacks Hours
Municipal Urban Lower kilometers Days District Regional Troposphere Months
State/National Continental Stratosphere Years National/International Global Atmosphere
Decades International & Nikhil Kulkarni nikhil.nature@gmail.com 1 Civil & Environmental
Engineering Department, VeermataJijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Mumbai 400019,
India 2 Thane Municipal Corporation, Thane, Maharashtra, India 123
Basic principles of environmental laws and treaties:
1. The polluter pays principle
2. Principle of non-discrimination
3. Precautionary principle
4. Principle-common but differentiated responsibility
5. Principle of intergenerational equity [3]
History of Legislation in India Kautilya, the prime minister of Magadh, during the
regime of Chandra Gupta Maurya, 300 B.C. in his ‗Arthshastra‘ revealed the question of
environment protection. Mauryan King Ashoka, Emperor Shivaji depicted compassion for
environment [4].
Depicts a history of legislation and regulation in India starting from 1905 to 2020.
Pre Internet-Era (1905-1989)
1.1905-Bengal smoke Nuisance Act
2.1912-Bombay smoke Nuisance Act
3. 1923- Indian Boilers Act
4.1934- Indian petroleum Act
5.1939- Motor vehicle Ac
6.1948-Factories act
7. 1857-Oriental gas company Act[5]
8. 1963- Gujarat smoke nuisance Act
9. 1974-CPCB&SPCBs under water Act
10.1981-Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act
11.1982- Air (Prevention & control of pollution) rules
12.1982-National ambient Air quality standards
13.1983- Air (Prevention & control of pollution) (Union Territories) Rules
14.1986-Environment (protection) Act[6]
15.1987-Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Amendment Act
16.1988-Motor Vehicles Act[5]
Transition Era (1990-1999)
1.1995-National Environment Tribunal Act
2.1997-National Environmental Appellate Authority Act
3.1994-Revised Air Quality
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4.1994-Environmental Impact Assessment Notification
5.1998-Environment Pollution Control Authority (EPCA)
Internet Era (2000-2020)
1.2006-Environment Impact Assessment Notification
2.2009-National Ambient Air Quality Standards
3.2010-National Green Tribunal Act
4.2017-graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
5.2019-Motor Vehicles Act
6.2019-National clean Air Programme (NCAP)
7.2020-Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
Some of the International Conventions/Treaties
i..Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) or their transboundary fluxes, 1991 In November 1991, the Protocol to the
convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on the control of emissions of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs i.e. hydrocarbons) or their transboundary fluxes, the second
major air pollutant responsible for the formation of ground level ozone, was adopted. It has
entered into force on 29 September 1997. This Protocol specifies three options for emission
reduction targets that have to be chosen upon signature or upon ratification: 1. 30 % reduction
in emissions of VOCs by 1999 using a year between 1984 and 1990 as a basis. 2. The same
reduction as for (i) within a Tropospheric Ozone Management Area (TOMA) specified in
Annex I to the Protocol and ensuring that by 1999 total national emissions do not exceed
1988 levels. 3. Finally, where emissions in 1988 did not exceed certain specified levels,
Parties may opt for stabilization at that level of emission by 1999.
ii.Helsinki Protocol on the reduction of Sulfur emissions or their transboundary fluxes, The
need to Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (Signed by India on
14 May, 2002)
iii.Sofia Protocol to control the emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their transboundary fluxes,
1988 In1988 the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their
transboundary Fluxes was adopted in Sofia (Bulgaria). This Protocol required a first step, to
freeze emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes. The general reference year
was 1987. Nineteen of the 25 Parties to the 1988 NOx Protocol have reached the target and
stabilized emissions at 1987 (or in the case of the United States 1978) levels. The second step
to the NOx Protocol required the application of an effects-based approach. Applying the
multi-pollutant, multi-effect critical load approach, a new tool being prepared which should
provide for further reduction of emissions of nitrogen compounds, including ammonia, and
volatile organic compounds. While developing this importance should be given to their
contribution to photochemical pollution, acidification and eutrophication, and their effects on
human health, the environment and materials, by addressing all significant emission sources.
iv. Montreal Protocol on Ozone depleting substances, 1985 (Signed by India on: 19 June
1992) In 1977 the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) concluded a World Plan
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of Action on the Ozone Layer, which called for intensive international research and
monitoring of the ozone layer, and in 1981, UNEP‘s Governing Council authorized UNEP to
draft a global framework convention on stratospheric ozone protection. The Vienna
Convention, concluded in 1985, is a framework agreement in which States agree to cooperate
in relevant research and scientific assessments of the ozone problem, to exchange
information, and to adopt ‗‗appropriate measures‘‘. The Montreal Protocol controls the
production and consumption of specific chemicals, none of which occur naturally. This
protocol resulted into The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
in India and categorized 95 ozone depleting substances in groups with their ozone depleting
potential.
v. United nations framework convention on climate change, 1992 [7] (signed by India on 1
November 1993) UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the ‗‗Earth
Summit‘‘, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective ofthetreatyisto
‗‗stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system‘‘. It was opened for signature
on 9 May 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of 2014, UNFCCC has 192
parties.
vi. Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto), 1997 (Signed by
India in: 1997) At COP 1 (Berlin, March/April 1995), in a decision known as the Berlin
Mandate, Parties discussed on stronger and more detailed commitments for industrialized
countries. After two and a half years of intense negotiations, The Kyoto Protocol was adopted
in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
Recognizing that developed countries are predominantly responsible for the current high
levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of industrial activity, the Protocol
places a burden on developed nations under the principle of ‗‗common but differentiated
responsibilities.‘‘ Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. As on April
2012 more than 4000 projects registered under Clean Development Mechanism; India at
second amongst the 74 countries. India benefited from transfer of technology and additional
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (July–September 2015) 96(3):259–265 261 123 foreign investments
in the sectors like renewable energy, energy generation—efficiency promotion and
afforestation projects. The Kyoto Protocol facilitated India to take up clean technology
projects with external assistance in accordance with national sustainable development
priorities [8].
vii.Basel convention, 1989 (Signed by India on: 15 March 1990) The convention designed to
reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, especially from developed to less
developed countries indirectly helping to air pollution problem. This convention is intended
(i) to minimize the generation of toxic waste (ii) to ensure the ecofriendly waste management
as close as to the source (iii) to assist less developed countries for waste management.
viii.Helsinki Protocol on the reduction of Sulfur emissions or their transboundary fluxes, The
need to Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (Signed by India on
14 May, 2002.
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ix. Lima Climate Change Conference, UNFCCC, COP20—December 2014 The key
outcome of the conference—Invites Developing Country Parties and Least Developed
Country Parties to communicate the outcomes and process of formulation along with
implementation of National Adaptation Plan on Climate Change. COP 20 reiterates that the
national adaptation plan process is a country-driven, gender sensitive, participatory and fully
transparent approach. It should consider vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems on
the basis of and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional and
indigenous knowledge. Parties must view to integrating adaptation into relevant social,
economic and environmental policies and actions, where appropriate [9]. Government of
India has published a National Action Plan for Climate Change with eight National Missions
in 2008 as a response to the multilateral negotiations in UNFCCC for climate change [10].
Goals of Indian Environmental Laws and policies
The forest conservation act 1980, aims at checking deforestation and deflection of forest land.
The Environmental protection act in 1986, legislation of environment in India imparts focus
in order to conserve the environment and the purpose of plugging the rules in the existing
legislation. The Wildlife protection act in 1972 introduced rational and modern wildlife
management. The air prevention and control of pollution act in 1981, to monitor air pollution.
The water prevention and control of pollution act, 1974 provides for the formation of
pollution control boards at center and states in order to act as safeguards for preventing and
controlling water pollution. The public liability act in 1991 provides compulsory insurance to
provide immediate relief to the people who are affected by accidents while handling any
dangerous substance.The Biological diversity act in 2002 for the security of threatened
species to hold back frombio - piracy and water scarcity, it also performed for the
regularization usage of natural resources and to avoid its over-fatigue.The National green
tribunal act in 2010 provides the effective and immediate results for the disposal of instances
which are related to protection of forests,environmental conservation and implementation of
any legal rights which are relating to the environment. The act also provides proper
compensation and reassurance to the people and property and their connected matters. The
act is all about proper point on the jurisdiction power and proceedings of the tribunal and
penalties of the actions against the law.
Landmarks in Public Interest Litigations
1. TajPollution Matter: M.C.Mehta Vs Union Of India (UOI) & Ors. W.P. (C) No.13381/1984
2. Ganga Pollution Matter: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 3727/1985 (M.C.MehtaVs UOI &Ors.)
3. Vehicular Pollution in Delhi: Writ Petition (Civil) No.13029/1985 (M.C.MehtaVs UOI &Ors.)
4. Pollution by Industries in Delhi: M.C.MehtaVs Union of India &Ors. Writ Petition (Civil)
No.4677/1985, 5. Pollution in river Yamuna: Writ Petition (Civil) No.725/1994, News Item ‗HT‘,
dated 18.7.1994, A.Q.F.M. Yamuna Vs Central Pollution Control Board &Ors.
5. Pollution in Noida, Ghaziabad area: Writ Petition (Civil) No.914/1996, Sector 14 Residents‘
Welfare Association &Ors. Vs State of Delhi &Ors.
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6. Noise pollution by firecrackers: Writ Petition (Civil) No.72/1998 (Noise Pollution– Implementation
of the laws for restricting use of loudspeakers and high volume producing sound systems) Vs UOI &
Ors.
7. Import of Hazardous waste: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 657/1995 (Research Foundation for Science,
Technology and Natural Resource Policy Vs UOI &Ors.)
8. POLLUTION IN PORBANDAR, GUJARAT: Dr. KiranBediVs Union of India &Ors. Writ
Petition (Civil) No. 26/98
9. Management of municipal solid waste: Writ Petition (Civil) No.286/1994, Dr. B.L. WadehraVs
Union of India &Ors.
10. Management of solid waste in class-1 cities – Writ Petition (Civil) No.888/1996
(AlmitraH.PatelVs Union of India &Ors.)
11. Pollution in Medak District, Andra Pradesh: Writ Petition (Civil) No.1056/1990 (Indian Council
for Enviro Legal Action & Others Vs. UOI & Others)
12. Pollution by Chemical industries in Gajraula Area: Writ Petition (Civil) No.418/1998 (Imtiaz
Ahmad Vs UOI &Ors.) – Pollution by Chemical Industries in Gajraula area
13. Pollution of Gomti River: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 327/1990 (Vineet Kumar MathurVs UOI
&Ors.)
14. The formulation of different authorities: Various Authorities have been constituted under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in compliance with the directions of the Hon‘ble Supreme Court
during the pendency of the public interest litigations. These Authorities have been constituted for
specific assignments, which are:
(1) The DahanuTaluka Environment Protection Authority – In the District of Thane, Maharashtra, to
protect the ecologically fragile areas in DahanuTaluka and to control pollution in the area (Constituted
on 19.12.1996);
(2) The Central Ground Water Authority - For the purpose of regulation and control of Ground Water
Management and Development (Constituted on 14.1.1997);
(3) Aqua Culture Authority – To deal with the situation created by the shrimp culture industry in the
Coastal States and Union Territories (Constituted on 6.2.1997);
(4) The Water Quality Assessment Authority - To direct the agencies (Govt./local
bodies/nonGovernmental) for taking action in accordance with the powers and functions of the
Authority (Constituted on 29.5.2001); International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi
Languages [Author: Dr. Minal H. Upadhyay] [Subject:Law] Vol. 2, Issue: 3, March2014 (IJRSML)
ISSN: 2321 - 2853 6 International, Refereed (Reviewed) & Indexed Print Monthly Journal
www.raijmr.com RET Academy for International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research (RAIJMR)
(5) The Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for NCR of Delhi - for protecting
and improving the quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental
pollution (Constituted on 29.01.1998);
(6) The loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authority for the State of Tamil
Nadu; to assess the loss to the ecology and environment in the affected areas and also identify the
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individuals and families who have suffered because of the pollution and assess the compensation to be
paid to the said individuals and families (Constituted on 30.9.1996); and
(7) The Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority- The Authority should
within the geographical limits of Agra Division in the Taj Trapezium Zone in the State of Uttar
Pradesh, to monitor progress of the implementation of various schemes for protection of the Taj
Mahal and programmes for protection and improvement of the environment in the said area
(Constituted on 17.5.1999).
6. The Supreme Court’s Activist Role
The Supreme Court of India is undoubtedly the most activist court in the world, which
has led it to issue sweeping decisions in favor of environmental protection. In the Ganges
water pollution case, a bench of the Supreme Court, while directing that several tanneries be
closed down for discharging untreated effluents into the Ganges river, held that ―we are
conscious that closure of tanneries may bring unemployment (and) loss of revenue, but life,
health and ecology have greater importance to the people.‖ M. C. Mehta v. Union of India
(Kanpur Tanneries) 1988. The justices appear to have exceeded their constitutional
boundaries (and customary separation of powers) in at least two areas, however. In the so-
called Delhi Pollution Case (2002), the Court preempted executive authority over air
pollution and ordered all bus companies in the capital city of Delhi to power their buses with
compressed natural gas (CNG) rather than petroleum or diesel fuel. In T. N. Godavarman
Thirumulkpad v. Union of India, instituted in 1995, the Supreme Court took on the issue of
forest cover and found itself issuing orders dealing with the rights of forest dwellers,
employment in the wood products and timber industries, and the respective powers of federal
and state forestry officials. The case is on a ―continuing mandamus,‖ meaning that the case
remains open for court orders and actions relating to it; the Court has issued new orders
flowing from the case virtually every week since 1995.
Judicial Responses for Environmental Issues as Public Interest Litigations (PIL)
Judgments relating to air pollution issues have provided a great deal of momentum to
improve air quality.
(i) Taj Trapezium Case, Agra: Taj pollution matter: M.C.MehtaVs UOI and Ors.
W.P.(C) No.13381/1984 This writ Petition was filed by Mr. M.C.Mehta, regarding pollution
caused to the TajMahal in Agra. The sources of air pollution were particularly iron foundries,
ferro-alloys industries, rubber processing, lime processing, engineering, chemical industries,
brick kilns, refractory units and automobiles especially the Mathura Refinery and Ferozabad
bangles and glass industries. Acid rain in this area has a corroding effect on the gleaming
white marble. The Honorable Supreme Court after examining the reports from National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Varadarajan committee, Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) and Utter Pradesh (U.P.) Board, on 31.12.1996 directed that the
industries in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) were the active contributors of air pollution. All
the 292 industries had to approach either to the GAIL for grant of industrial gas-connection
or to the U.P. Government for allotment of alternative plots outside TTZ or stop functioning
using coke/coal. Constitution Of Mahajan Committee The Honorable Supreme Court on
30.8.1996 directed the Mahajan Committee to inspect the progress of the green belt
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development and the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority to
monitor progress of the implementation of various schemes. (Constituted on 17.5.1999) [11].
(ii) Delhi air pollution case: Vehicular pollution in Delhi: writ petition (civil) no.13029/1985
(M.C.Mehtavs UOI and ors.) This writ petition was filed in the year of 1985 under Article 21
of the Constitution of India regarding air pollution in Delhi. The Petitioner challenged the
inaction on the part of the Union of India, Delhi Administration (Government of National
Capital Territory of Delhi) and other Authorities whereby smoke, highly toxic and other
corrosive gases were allowed to pass into the air due to which the people of Delhi were put to
high risk. During the pendency of this Writ Petition, the Honorable Supreme Court passed
several orders/ directions to deal with the situations arising from time-to-time and impressed
upon the concerned authorities to take urgent steps to tackle the acute problem of vehicular
pollution in Delhi on 26.7.1998 which include elimination of leaded petrol, replacement of
old autos, taxies and buses, construction of new Interstate Bus Terminus at entry points,
along with strengthening the air quality monitoring [12].
(iii) Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum VSUnion of India and Others (1996) 5 SSC 64 On
5.4.2002, the Honorable Supreme Court has relied on the judgment in which 262 J. Inst. Eng.
India Ser. A (July–September 2015) 96(3):259–265 123 precautionary principle and ‗polluter
pays principle‘ was discussed. The Honorable Supreme Court issued the directions for
compliance emphasizing that, the Union of India would give priority to transport sector
including private vehicles all over India with regard to the allocation of CNG [13].
(iv) Pollution by industries in Delhi: M.C.Mehta VS Union of India and Ors. Writ Petition
(Civil) No.4677/1985 This Writ Petition was filed by Mr. M.C.Mehta in 1985 regarding the
pollution in Delhi by the Industries located in residential areas of Delhi. The Honorable
Supreme Court after considering the reports submitted by the CPCB and the Delhi Pollution
Control Committee, finally ordered vide its various orders, dated 8.7.1996, 6.9.1996,
10.10.1996, 26.11.1996 and 19.12.1996. These orders include: 168 industries falling in ‗Ha‘
and ‗Hb‘ categories which were hazardous/noxious/heavy and large industries, 513 industries
falling under ‗H‘ category 43 Hot Mix Plants, 246 brick kilns falling under category ‗H‘, 21
arc/induction furnaces falling under ‗H‘ category industries under the Master Plan of Delhi
(MPD-2001) were directed to close down and stop functioning and operating in Union
Territory of Delhi. However, those industries could relocate to any other industrial estate in
the NCR or may change their technology to cleaner one [14].
(v) Noise pollution by firecrackers: Writ Petition (Civil) No.72/1998 (Noise Pollution—
Implementation of the laws for restricting use of loudspeakers and high volume producing
sound systems) VS UOI &Ors The Honorable Court after hearing the matter on 27.9.2001
issued directions to all the States and the Union Territories to control noise pollution arising
out of bursting of firecrackers, stressing on time period of the day, area (silence zones), and
public awareness. The rules have been framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
as noise standards for firecrackers mentioned at S. No. 89 of Notification No.GSR 682(E),
dated 5.10.1999 [15].
(vi)Air pollution from Chembur, Mumbai, India Chembur was identified as ‗critically
polluted area‘ in 1990 with air pollution being the dominant problem. The major industries in
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this area are oil refineries, fertilizer, chemical and large power generating units;The four
major industries in this area are BPCL, HPCL, RCF &Oswal Petrochemicals for which action
plans were prepared for monitoring the status of pollution control measures in these
industries [16].
(vii)Oleum Gas leak case: Oleum gas leak case on strict liability: Writ Petition (Civil)
No.12739 of 1985, M.C.MehtaVs Union of India and Ors In M.C.Mehta vs. Union of India &
Shri Ram Fertilizer vs. Union of India also known as ‗Oleum Gas leak case‘, the significant
questions raised were related to the scope of Article 21 and Article 32 of the Constitution of
India. The basis on which damages in case of such liability should be quantified, whether
such large enterprises should be allowed to continue to function in thickly populated areas
and if so permitted, what measures should be adopted to reduce the risks to minimum to the
workers and community. The court recommended that a national policy for location of
hazardous industries in areas of scarce pollution highlighting the need of setting up neutral
scientific expertise body which could act as an information bank for the courts and the
government departments and recommended for establishing ‗environmental courts‘ to deal
with cases of environmental pollution [17].
(viii)M/s Navin Chemical Manufacturing & Trading Co.Ltd. initially against two respondents
namely Okhla Industrial Development Authority and M/s Detchem Mineral Corporation In
Navin Chemical Manufacturing & Trading Co. Ltd. vs. New Okhla Industrial Development
Authority the Supreme Court directed the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board to inspect
the site of alleged air pollution industries and take necessary action against the industries that
were causing pollution by grinding stones [18].
(ix) Union Carbide Corporation vs. Union of India (BhopalCASE-III)AIR 1992 SC 248
RanganathMisra C. J., K.N. Singh, M. N. Venkatachalliah, A.M. Ahmadi and N. D. Ojha, JJ.
In Union Carbide vs. Union of India, review petitions under Article 137 and writ petitions
under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, raised certain fundamental issues as to the
constitutionality, legal validity, propriety, fairness and conceivability of the settlement of the
claims of the victims in a mass-tort action relating to what is known as the ‗‗Bhopal Gas Leak
Disaster,‘‘ considered as the world‘s worst industrial disaster, unprecedented to its nature and
magnitude [18].
(x)MurliDeora vs. Union of India and others, 2002 AIR 40, 2001(4)Suppl.SCR 650,
2001(8)SCC 765, 2001(8)SCALE6, 2001(9)JT 364 In MurliDeora vs. Union of India and
others, while prohibiting smoking in public places the Supreme Court stated that
‗‗fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution of India provides that no one shall be
deprived of his life without due process of law. In any case there is no reason to compel non-
smokers to be the helpless victims of air pollution. Realizing the gravity of the situation the
Honorable Supreme Court directed and prohibited the smoking in public places and issue J.
Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (July–September 2015) 96(3):259–265 263 123 directions to the
Union of India, State governments as well as the union territory to take effective steps [19].
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Issues in Focus
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Following a gap of 15 years, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests has notified the Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards in
the official Gazette under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on 16.11.2009 [20].
Some of the salient features include:
(I)The previous standards for residential area have been uniformly applied for fine particulate
matter (PM10), Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia. More stringent limits for Lead, SO2 and
NO2 have been prescribed even for residential areas.
(ii) The standards shall be applicable uniformly with the exception of stringent standards for
NO2 and SO2 in the Ecologically Sensitive Areas.
(iii) Area classification based on land-use has been done away so that industrial areas have to
conform to the same standards as residential areas.
(iv)Implementation of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations for large scale
industries
(v) Standards for short duration, just one tofew hours, have been set to reduce peak exposure
to some deadly gases like Ozone and Carbon Monoxide.
(vi) Indian cities are reeling under heavy particulate pollution with 52 % of cities (63 cities)
hitting critical levels (exceeding 1.5 times the standard), 36 cities with high levels (1–1.5
times the annual standard) and merely 19 cities are at moderate levels, which is 50 % below
the standard. The revised standards are stricter than previous; hence it will increase the
number of highly polluted or critically polluted cities in India downgrading itsinto Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) as parameter has been replaced by fine particulate matter
(PM2.5).(v) Other new parameters like, Ozone, Arsenic, Nickel, Benzene and Benzo (a)
Pyrene have been included.national image [21].
(vii) Implementation of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations for large scale
Industries
(ix) Monitoring of heavy metals in ambient air quality for large scale industries as a
compliance condition
(x) Implementation of Continuous Emission Monitoring System for large scale industries
(xi) Vehicular emission standards: Regulation of Emission Norms in India
(xii) Promoting low carbon transport in India: Project by UNEP, Government of India (2011)
[22].
(xiii) National Noise Monitoring Program, 2010: In pursuance to National Environmental
Policy-2006 (Sect. 5.2.8(iv), ambient noise inclusion as an environmental quality parameter
and its monitoring in specified urban areas is regularly needed. CPCB established the
National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network (NANMN) covering 35 locations in seven
metro cities. In the second phase, 35 more stations shall be added in 2011 in the same seven
cities, while in the third phase, 90 more locations in 18 other cities are planned which become
a largest Real Time Ambient Noise Monitoring Network in world [23].
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Some of the Gaps/Drawbacks Technical
National air monitoring plan CPCB is executing a nation-wide program of ambient air
quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP). The
network consist of 342 operating stations covering 127 cities/towns in 26 States and 4 Union
Territories of the country [24]. Due to the revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards
the common platform of comparison for air quality monitoring data needs to be redefined.
Facilities to monitor PM2.5 (new parameter) are again limited.
Laboratory facilities are inadequate (e.g. Dioxins and furans) CPCB is addressing
some of the industries to monitor dioxins and furans (e.g. cement industries) as a compliance
condition through the consent in India. The laboratory facilities for analysis of these
chemicals/pollutants are very limited in India.
Unavailability of proper and efficient technology for vehicular emissions.Asthe
available technology is not that much efficient and economic it is very difficult to prevent and
control the automobile pollution.
No data about agricultural sensitive area some of the agricultural species of Plan (crops) are
sensitive to the air pollution. These are not considered. AnyWhereinpolicy formation. The damage to
these crops gives rise to theBiologicalloss in terms of food and economic loss as well.Economic loss
due to air pollution is not considered in policy formation No policy developed on the basis of
economic loss due to air pollution. Any law is considering only one objective at a time like
land use pattern, health etc. 264 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (July–September 2015) 96(3):259–
265 123
Indoor air pollution several international studies have documented, indoor air
pollution leads to 400,000–550,000 premature deaths in India from acute lower respiratory
infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [25–28]. It is observed that regulatory
agencies have failed to focus on it.
Non-technical
(I)Top to down approach of policy formation. Some of the policies are developed with top to
down approach without considering the root level situation or they are enforced by
considering only some of the part of whole area. So, it fails to achieve objectives of the
policy or generates some other environmental issues.
(ii)Public awareness and participation in legislation. In some of the countries people make
government to develop the policies but in India policy comes first then people get to know
about it.
(iii)Implementation of enforced policy, law, rules. The history shows that the Acts, laws,
rules prepared are theoretically paramount but fails in implementation. Some of the reasons
for this are, lack of willingness of authorized agencies, lack of awareness in community,
topographic- cultural-economic variations of the country, public participation etc.
(iv) Need of composite law Environmental legislation in India is not a composite one. It
means, it is limited in scope and deals with only one aspect of environmental protection at a
time, e.g. water, air etc. Despite the piecemeal approach towards environmental protection,
the Indian policy should be reasonable to form a comprehensive policy.
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(v) Time consumption in Judiciary responses Judiciary responses on Environmental issues
discussed above concludes that the time required is a key concern in such PILs. Many of the
Environmental laws and regulation in India are the result of reactive approach to the public
interest litigations, international treaties and pressure groups being another cause of time
consumption. There is a crucial need of proactive, participatory; time bound decisions
making system to deal with environmental issues in India.
Conclusion
Thus, even a cursory study of the judgments of the Indian courts especially the Supreme
Court would reflect the consistent commitment of the courts towards the protection of the
environment. Very often the courts have had to not only lay down the law but also closely monitor its
implementation due to the political compulsions of the Government. The executive needs to show
stronger commitment towards implementation of environment related laws. However, its needs to be
appreciated that the efforts of the courts can only achieve marginal success unless there is social,
political and economic change in the Government as well as of people towards adhering to a model of
sustainable development us to maintain our commitment to the protection of our environment.
References
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2. S.P. Mahajan, Book of Air Pollution Control (TERI Press, New Delhi, 2009), p.4
3. V. Kulkarni, T.V. Ramchandra, Book of Environmental Management (TERI Press, New
Delhi, 2009)
4. The Energy and Resources Institute, Environmental justice: scope and access workshop on
sustainable development for the subordinate judiciary (19th–21st Aug 2006). (The Energy
and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 2006)
5. http://lawmin.nic.in/. Accessed December 2013
6. Central Pollution Control Board, Pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued
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10. National Action Plan on Climate Change, Prime Minister‘s Council on Climate Change,
Government of India (2008)
11. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/legislation/ch4dec02a.htm. Accessed January 2013
12. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/legislation/ch6dec02a.htm. Accessed January 2013
13. http://judis.nic.in/SupremeCourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=15202. Accessed December 2014
14. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/legislation/ch7dec02a.htm. Accessed January 2013
15. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/legislation/ch10dec02a.htm. Accessed January 2013
16. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/2658 Accessed January 2013
17. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/legislation/ch18dec02a.htm Accessed January 2013
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
1. Dr.K. Ushasri, 2. Dr.J. Ramadevi,
1.Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology,Smt. NPS Govt college (W), Chittoor. .
2.Assistant Professor,Department of Commerce, Smt. NPS Govt college (W), Chittoor.
ABSTRACT:
The rapid anthropogenic climate change that is being experienced in the early twenty-
first century is intimately entwined with the health and functioning of the biosphere.Climate
change associated factors including temperature increases, changes in rain fall pattern and
occurrence of pest and diseases negatively influence agricultural production, productivity and
qualityat some point this century, as human civilization faces the decarbonization challenge,
global atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are likely to stabilize, and global
temperatures will peak.The variety of the Earth‘s living species is declining at an alarming
rate due to human activity, from habitat destruction to the emission of greenhouse gases
resulting in climate change. Climate change is impacting ecosystems through changes in
mean conditions and in climate variability, coupled with other associated changes such as
increased ocean acidification and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It also interacts
with other pressures on ecosystems, including degradation, defaunation and fragmentation.
One of the most pressing and globally recognized challenges is how to mitigate the effects of
global environment change brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases,
especially CO2. The effects of climate change on agriculture may depend not only on
changing climate condition, but also on the ability to adapt through changes in technology
and demand for food. Biotechnology positively reduced the effects of climate change by
using modern biotechnology. The ultimate climate change effects on agriculture are reduction
crop yield due to rainfall, extreme temperature, emergence of weeds, occurrence pest and
disease. One of the possible ways of adapting to such global problem is apply agricultural
biotechnologies that combat the negative effects of such changes is by using genetic
engineering offer new opportunities for improving stress resistance. Modern biotechnology
through the use of genetically modified stress tolerant and high yielding transgenic crops also
stand to significantly counteract the negative effects of climate change. Convectional
biotechnology such as bio fertilizer and energy efficient farming are among reasonable
options that could solve problems of climate change. Finally, the paper highlighted the
current challenges and future perspective of biotechnology for climate change adaptation and
mitigation.
Key words: Climate change, Ecosystems, Biotechnology, Mitigating approaches
Introduction
Adaptation to climate change can be done by reducing the vulnerability of natural and
human systems. Climate change mitigation is another policy retort to climate change which
reduces the negative impact of climate change through involvement of human action
particularly by reducing the concentration of greenhouse gasses either by decreasing the
source and increasing their sink (plants). Currently one of the most pressing and globally
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recognized challenges we face is how to mitigate the effects of global environment change
brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO2. A number of
strategies have been proposed to deal with this problem. The most obvious way in which
CO2 emissions can be reduced is by switching from burning fossil fuels to using non-fossil-
fuel sources of energy such as nuclear energy, wave and wind power, and geothermal
sources. In response, a variety of schemes have been proposed to either draw-down the
amount of CO2 in the atmosphere or mitigate the effects of global warming.Climate change
can be mitigated by reforestation and other sink to remove concentration of CO2 from the
atmosphere and shifting from biomass to renewable energy in addition to these geo-
engineering approaches, there is a suite of biology-based potential solutions (biogeo-
engineering) to mitigating global environment change. Crop yield and quality is decreased as
frequent and intense precipitation events, elevated temperature, drought, and other type of
damaging weather, which is making the challenge of feeding fast growing population
intricate. To feed the ever-increasing world‘s population, there must be a need to boost
agricultural production.
Agricultural biotechnology involves the practical application of biological organisms,
or their sub-cellular components in agriculture. The techniques currently in use include tissue
culture, convectional breeding, and molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic
engineering. Biotechnology is a promise way for mitigating the negative effects of climate
change through reduction of greenhousegasses,use of bio fuels carbon sequestration , less use
of fertilizers , tolerance of a biotic and biotic stress . Under this context the present paper
emphasizes the intervention of biotechnology in climate change adaptation and mitigation for
sustainable yield production and food security.
Reduction GHGS emission
Agricultural practices such as use of synthetic fertilizer, cultivation rice crops, over
grazing and deforestation are contributes 25% of Greenhouses gasses (carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide) emission to atmosphere. Biotechnology is one of the most reliable
answers to mitigate climate change through use energy efficient farming, carbon
sequestration and reduced synthetic fertilizer usage. Planting genetically modified crops has
shown significant reduction in the amount of greenhouse gases emitted. This is owing to the
fact that since genetically modified crops does not need as much maintenance as regular
crops; farmers are not wasting as much fuel to power their equipment, resulting in a reduction
of greenhouse gases emitted. The simple yet effective implementation of genetically modified
crops in farming leads farmers to expend less fuel as a result of not demanding to ride on
farm equipment as long, leading to a reduction of the carbon footprint that is left behind.
Use of energy efficient farming
Now a day‘s green biotechnology has been used in eradicating world hunger by using
different technologies which enable the production of more fertile and resistant plants
towards both biotic and abiotic stress. This technology allows farmers to use less and
environmentalfriendly energy and fertilizer, and practice soil carbon sequestration.
Production of bio fuels, both from traditional and GMO crops such as oilseed, sugarcane,
rape seed and jatropha will help to reduce the adverse effects of pollution by the transport
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sector. Efficient farming will therefore help in cleaning the atmosphere through plantation of
perennial non edible oil-seed. Thus, directly get involved in production of bio diesel for direct
use in energy sector. Then it blends along with fossil fuels, which helps to reduce the
emission of carbon dioxide
Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the uptake of carbon containing substances particularly
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It helps to collect CO2 from the atmosphere and
increase the soil organic carbon content with implication of that increased soil carbon storage
mitigates climate change. From this point of view carbon sequestration is one the best way to
mitigate climate change impact by sequestering the ever increasing concentration of CO2
from the atmosphere. One way of increasing carbon sequestering is by conservation tillage,
any tillage and planting system that covers more than 30% of the soil surface with crop
residue after planting to reduce erosion by water there by enhances methane consumption and
sequesters soil carbon.
Reduced use of synthetic fertilizer
Uses of synthetic fertilizer in agriculture sector have led to contaminate the
environment with hazardous toxic chemicals. These synthetic fertilizers contribute for the
formation as well as releases of certain greenhouses gasses (N2O) by bringing from the soil
to surrounding atmosphere when they interact with common soil bacteria. Ammonium
chloride, Ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate are the examples of inorganic
fertilizers that are responsible for the formation and releases of greenhousegasses.
Biotechnological option bids an advantage to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizer. Nitrogen
fixing characteristics of Rhizobium inoculants were improved by using genetic engineering.
Another strategy is planting crops in the use of nitrogen more efficiently. An example of such
crops is genetically modified Canola which has shown significant reduction in the amount of
nitrogen fertilizer that lost into atmosphere and leached into soil and water ways, and
maximizing the economies of farmers through the improved profitability.
Adaptation to abiotic stresses
Climate change causes a lot of challenges in agricultural land water uses. Of these
challenges, abiotic stress including like salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, and chemical
toxicity have negative impact on agriculture production.Climate change creates a gigantic
challenge in terms of available agricultural land and fresh water use. The agricultural sector
uses about 70% of the available fresh water and this is likely to increase as temperature rises.
Furthermore, about 25 million acres of land is vanished each year owed to salinity caused by
unsound irrigation technique. Molecular control mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance are
based on activation and regulation of specific stress-related genes. Already, a number of
abiotic stress tolerant, high performance GM crop plants have been developed. These include
tobacco, Tomato, rice, maize, cotton, wheat and oilseed rape. With the availability of whole
genome sequences of plants, physical maps, genetics and functional genomics tools,
integrated approaches using molecular breeding and genetic engineering offer new
opportunities for improving stress resistance.This functional genomics approach provided a
new strategy for improving drought tolerance in plants.
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Mycobiotechnology
Mycobiotechnology is fungal application of biotechnology which is used mainly for
solving environmental problems and restore degraded ecosystem. These technique endeavour
to use fungi for restoration harmed ecology. Myco restoration attempts to use fungi to help in
restoration of ecologically injured environments. Both endo and ectomycorrhizal symbiotic
fungi together with actinomycetes have been used as inoculants in regeneration of degraded
forests. Consequently, both mycorrhizal fungi and actinorhizal bacteria technologies can be
applied with the aim of increasing soil fertility and improving water uptake by plants.
Conclusions:
Plant biotechnology can contribute positively towards climate change adaptation and
mitigation through reduction of greenhouses gas emissions, carbon sequestration, less fuel
use and energy efficient farming and reduced artificial use. These measures help to improve
agricultural productivity and protecting the ecosystem from extreme weather event. Sound
application of modern biotechnology will help to counteract climate related problems and
thereby securing crop production for fast growing population. An approach to safe
applications of modern agricultural biotechnologies will contribute to increased yield, food
security and also it will also significantly contribute to climate change adaptation and
mitigation initiatives.
References
1. IPCC (2014) Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (Eds. J Houghton,). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2. Sallema RE, Mtui GYS (2008) Adaptation technologies and legal instruments to address
climate change impacts to coastal and marine resources in Tanzania. Afr J Environ Sci
Technol 2(9): 239-248.
3. Lybbert T, Sumner D (2010) Agricultural technologies for climate change mitigation and
adaptation in developing countries: Policy options for innovation and technology diffusion.
ICTSD-IPC Plat form on Climate Change.
4.Kleter GA, Harris C, Stephenson G, Unsworth J (2008) Comparison of herbicide regimes
and the associated potential environmental effects of glyphosate-resistant crops versus what
they replace in Europe. Pest Manage Sci 64(4): 479-488.
5.Yan Y, Yang J, Dou Y, Chen M, Ping S, et al. (2008) Nitrogen fixation island and
rhizophere competence traits in the genome of root associated Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501.
Proc Nat Acad Sci 105(21): 7564-7569.
6.Hsieh TH, Lee JT, Yang PT, Chiu, LH, Charng YY, et al. (2002) Heterogy expression of
Arabidopsis C-repeat/dehydration response element binding factor I gene confers elevated
tolerance to chilling and oxidative stresses in transgenic tomato. Plant Physiol 129: 1086-
1094.
7. Barrows G, Sexton S, Zilberman D (2014) Agricultural Biotechnology: The Promise and
Prospects of Genetically Modified Crops. J Economic Perspectives 28(1): 99-120.
8.Fares S (2014) Prairie farmer Penton. Study: Biotech Crops Return Benefits to Farmers,
Economy.
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GREEN MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
Dr.S.Sunitha
Lecturer in Botany, KVR Govt. College for Women(A), Kurnool, Mail ID: sunijehu@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Green manufacturing or clean production is a new trend in manufacturing field that
minimizes the waste and pollution within the manufacturing field like usage of fewer natural
resources, reduction of pollution and waste, recycle and reuse of materials, and moderate
emissions in their processes by using latest technologies and practices. It considers both
environmental impact and resource efficiency so that the resource utilization rate is the
highest and energy consumption is the lowest. The traditional manufacturing model is an
open loop system, which requires measures to heal the environment after getting damage. But
green manufacturing technology is a closed loop system keeping the environment in a safe
and sustainable manner. The present paper deals with need of green manufacturing
technology, types of green manufacturing technologies, significance and conclusion.
Key Words: Green manufacturing, clean production, Green manufacturing Technology,
recycle and reuse, environmental impact, Open loop and Closed loop system
Introduction
Green manufacturing is a new trend in manufacturing field i.e., the renewal of
production processes and the establishment of environmental-friendly operations that
minimizes the waste and pollution within the manufacturing field like usage of fewer natural
resources, reduction of pollution and waste, recycle and reuse of materials, and moderate
emissions in their processes. It is a holistic endeavour adopting the green alternatives of
―Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Rot and Recycle‖ by utilizing the technologies and practices to
lessen their impact on the environment.
Green manufacturing technology (GMT)is technologies and practices that are used for the
effective utilization of all available resources to manufacture useful finished products
leaving behind reusable waste and thus helping for environmental sustainability.
Need for green manufacturing technology:
With the rapid development of the manufacturing industry, environmental issues have
become increasingly prominent with the traditional manufacturing methods and with high
consumption and high emission development mode, and consume a great amount of
resources and energy. In the context of industrial economic development, traditional
manufacturing has gradually declined with technological upgrading, no longer has a
competitive advantage, and the resulting ecological environment problems are becoming
increasingly serious.
Therefore, it is urgent to speed up the transformation of the manufacturing industry
from resource consumption manufacturing to green manufacturing, and realize great leap
forward development.The "green wave" makes the manufacturing industry change the
traditional manufacturing mode and promote green manufacturing technology(3).Green
manufacturing is the mainstream of national development strategy and development policy,
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and it is an inevitable choice in manufacturing industry. It is an effective way to protect
resources and environment by highest resource utilization and lowest energy consumption
(1,2) and is a new engine to realize the leaping development of economy.
Green Manufacturing is also known by a variety of names: clean production,
environmentally-friendly production, ecologically friendly production, environmentally
friendly production and sustainable manufacturing. The objective of GMT is to develop
and supply goods that, via their manufacture, use and disposal, minimize adverse impacts
on the environment.
Figure : Evolution and overview of Green Manufacturing practices(4)
Different types of green manufacturing technologies
1. Usage of alternative energy resources: As we are in the verge of extinction of non-
renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas, usage of alternative
energy resources or renewable energy resources like solar, wind, hydropower,
geothermal, ocean, biomass, landfill gas(5) and municipal solid waste has been increased
in the manufacturing industry to generate heat and electricity to manufacture various
goods in the manufacturing industry. For example, usage of solar panels to generate heat
instead of using Coal. Technology explosion and innovative practices improved the
energy efficiency within their establishment.
2. Energy audit: Implementation of energy audit as a mandatory process for industries by
replacing conventional light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and
other energy saving measures. Usage of energy star appliances that have superior
energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Green goods not only
consume less energy but also improve the carbon emission reduction when used in
manufacture and production.
3. Collect and Recycle the waste products that are liberated from the industry into reusable
products by specific technologies so that to prevent the environmental pollution.
4. Minimal usage of water: Water is polluted heavily by various industries like textile,
leather and chemical industries which are liberated to the nearby water resources which
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cause harm to environment, plants, animals and human beings. To reduce this,
technologies have been developed to develop products with minimal usage of water.
5. Electric bikes and electric cars manufacturing industries have been developed to reduce
the usage of fossil fuels, there by conserving the natural resources.
6. Construction sector: it is one of the leading pollution resource centre which releases 4%
of the airborne particulate pollutants which pollutes air as well as water. Usage of eco-
friendly building materials like lime/ limestone-based building products instead of
cement can reduce the carbon emissions and re-absorb the Carbon dioxide during the
production process. Lime has been utilized as a construction material for more than 5000
years.
Benefits of green manufacturing:
1. Creates Sustainable environment: Green Manufacturing technology reduces pollution
and waste, recycle and reuse materials and minimise emissions in their processes thus
keeping the environment in a sustainable manner.
2. Tax Benefits: Many state and national governments offer incentives to companies that
use green manufacturing methods. The move to go green can have significant upfront
costs, but there are lots of incentives to help you make a start.
3.Green manufacturing technologies ensure the survival of the business or industry in a long
run by means of lower material costs, decreased overhead expenses, increased employee
morale, reduced down time, job creation etc.,
4. Earning of Carbon credits: Carbon credits are awarded to countries that have reduced
greenhouse gases below their emission quota. These credits can be traded at a price fixed
from time to time by UNEP. By using green manufacturing technologies, Carbon credits
can be achieved.
5. Social impact: Green manufacturing is a commitment to use fewer environmental
pollutants and natural resources and do not hurt the environment. By implementing this
concept, future generations ultimately benefit from improved air and water quality, fewer
lands fills and more renewable energy resources(6)
Conclusions
A green manufacturing approach is concerned with objectives including minimising
emissions, waste, injuries, and use of non-renewable resources, total life-cycle cost, and
product and service innovation. Technology has improved green manufacturing processes
greatly, and the public‘s buying preferences are being influenced more and more by
sustainability.Couple this with the fact that governments are eager to encourage
manufacturers to go green, and it is possible to make changes while improving our bottom
line. Going green isn‘t something we can do overnight, but it is something we can achieve,
and it‘s possible to start making the first steps now.However, it is not feasible for an industry
which is already established to make the immediate switch from conventional manufacturing
methods to green manufacturing techniques because the latter requires substantial start-up
costs, but it is feasible for a budding industry to do so as the long-term maintenance costs of
the industry are reduced and our environment is protected.
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References
1. Wang Zheneng. Development Direction of Modern Manufacturing -- Green Manufacturing [J].
Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2010, (03):35-38
2. NiuYinbao. Research on Tool Evaluation Scheme for Green Manufacturing [J]. CombinedMachine
Tool and Automatic Processing Technology, 2014 (8): 1-4
3. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/94/1/012112/pdf
4. http://ignited.in/I/a/304970
5. https://www.goodwin.edu/enews/what-is-green-manufacturing
6.https://www.nist.gov/blogs/manufacturing-innovation-blog/five-benefits-embracing-
sustainability-and-green-manufacturing
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND PROMOTING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Dr. S. Sugunamma
Lecturer in Economics, Ysr Vivekananda Govt Degree College, Vempalli Kadapa Dist. AP., Cell
No.8074471388, Suguna1126@gmail.com
Abstract:
After Independence, India launched a series of economic plans for rapid expansion in
agriculture, industry, transport and other infrastructure, with a view to increase production
and employment, to reduce establish a socialist society based on equality and justice. To
bring about increase in agriculture production and also to increase employment opportunities
in agriculture, the five Year Plans in India brought additional land under cultivation,
expanded irrigation facilities and used increasingly chemical fertilizers, pesticides and high
yielding hybrid seeds,- all collectively known as the New Agricultural Strategy. In the sphere
of industries, new industries have been set up, existing industries have been expanded and
technology is being continuously upgraded, Development of agriculture and industry has
been accompanied by development and expansion of infrastructure-namely, of power,
transport and communication, banking and finance, etc.
At the same time, because of growing population and high degree of mechanization,
mindless and ruthless exploitation of natural resources, we have degraded our physical
environment. By physical environment we mean the whole complex of climate, soil, water
and biotic factors on which we all subsist, and on which our entire agriculture and industrial
development depends. Rapid economic development is actually turning India into a vast
wasteland.
Keywords: Environment Degradation, Sustainable Development, Natural Resources,
Economic Development, Agriculture, Industry,
INTRODUCTION
Water, soil, air, biological, forest and fisheries resources are collectively called as
environment. The environment quality has a strong impact on the efficient working of the
economy. Environmental degradation results in output and human capital losses.
India, with its geographic, climatic and biological diversity has a unique
environmental heritage. After independence, India launched a series of economic plans for
achieving rapid economic development. However, the development based on intense
utilization of natural resources, energy intensive industrial technology resulted in
environmental degradation over the years. In addition to the problems created locally, the
country also has to cope with issues related to Global environmental concerns on Global
Warming and Ozone Layer Depletion.
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Major Forms of Environmental Degradation
The different forms of environmental degradation that are found at present in our country are
1. Land/Soil Degradation
2. Deforestation
3. Loss of bio-diversity,
4. Atmosphere pollution
5. Water pollution and
6. Coastal and marine pollution.
1. Land /Soil Degradation:
Land area is the productive resource base of an economy. In India, out of the total
geographical area of 329 million hectares, 175 million hectares are considered degraded.
Erosion by water and wind is the most significant contributor to soil erosion. This happens on
account of deforestation, over grazing, mining, etc. Soil erosion results in land slides, floods
and destruction of crops. Intensive agriculture and irrigation cause salination, alkalization and
water logging in the irrigated areas of the country.
2. Deforestation
Forests are a renewable resource and contribute substantially to the economic
development and employment generation. Forests also enhance the quality of environment by
checking soil erosion, conserving water, controlling floods, balancing carbon dioxide and
oxygen content in atmosphere, etc.
The rich forest belt in our country is dwindling due to over grazing, over exploitation,
encroachments, forests fire and indiscriminate sitting of development projects in the forest
areas. The actual forest cover in our country is 63.3 million hectares, which constitutes only
19.3% of the total land area as against the National Forest Policy 1988 stipulation of target
33%.
Loss of Bio-Diversity
India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity centres in the world. India stands tenth
in the world in plant diversity and in number of mammalian species. Our country is a rich
repository of biological resources on account of its unique bio diversity? These plants and
animal species represent a considerable socio-economic and monetary asset value. The bio-
diversity is being lost due to the expansion of agriculture, impoundment of water, mining and
development projects in areas of rich bio-diversity.
Atmospheric Pollution
The main causes for the deterioration of air quality are growing industrialization and
increasing vehicular pollution. The toxic nature of the air pollutants in industrialized region is
adversely affecting human health and country‘s ecology.
Water Pollution
The major sources of water pollution in our country are, discharge of domestic
sewage and industrial effluents. The major water polluting industries include fertilizers,
refineries, leather, pulp, paper and chemical industries. Contaminated water causes diseases
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like hepatitis, diarrhea, and intestinal worms and so on. Nearly 21% of all communicable
diseases in India are water-borne.
Coastal and Marine Pollution
The coastal areas of India, with a coastline of over 7500 km are commercially
important with marine flora and fauna. These areas are under environment stress, due to
discharge of sewage and industrial effluents, offshore petroleum and gas exploration, oil
spills, shipping and sea based activities, aqua-culture farms along the coastal land and so on.
Sea level rise results in global warming, coastal flooding, erosion, etc.
Causes of Environmental Degradation
The causes for environmental degradation may broadly be classified into
1. Social Factors
2. Economic Factors and
3. Institutional factors
Social Factors
1. Population: population is an important source of development, yet it is a major source
of environmental degradation when it exceeds the limits of the support systems.
Population of wastes. It also causes loss of bio-diversity, air and water pollution. India
supports 17% of the world population on just 2.4% of world land area. India current
rate of population growth is 1.83 percent. Therefore, a vigorous drive for population
control is needed.
2. Poverty: Poverty is both the cause and effect of environment degradation. There is a
circular link between poverty and environment. Though there has been a significant
drop in the poverty ratio from 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1994-95.
3. Urbanization: Lack of opportunities for gainful employment has lead to the
movements of poor families to cities. Urban slums are therefore expanding. India‘s
urban population is estimated to reach 300 million by 2000AD. Expansion of cities
has resulted in degradation of urban environment.
Economic Factors:
1. The level and pattern of economic development also affects the nature of environment
problems. Most industries have adopted manufacturing technology that has caused
depletion of natural resources, contamination of air water and land, health hazards and
degradation of natural eco-system.
2. Transport infrastructure in India has expanded considerably in terms of network and
services. Roads traffic because air and noise pollution and marine shipping cause oil
spills and damage to natural eco-system.
3. Agricultural development in the name of Green Revolution and Intensive agriculture
has promoted extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. It led to over exploitation of
land and water resources. It has contributed to land degradation.
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Institutional Factors
The Ministry of Environment and Forests is responsible for protection, conservation
and development of the environment. The ministry works in close collaboration with other
ministries, State Governments, Pollution Control Boards and a number of other institutions.
Environment (protection) Act, 1972 were all enacted to protect the environment. But the Acts
could not be enforced effectively on account of lack coordination amongst various Ministries
/Institutions. Many State Government institutions are suffering inadequacy of technical staff
and resources. Enhancement of the quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
procedure will make it a more effective instrument for environment protection and
sustainable development.
Policy Measures of the Government
India has awakened towards the need to conserve and protect the environment and the
forests of the country. As a result several Environmental laws have been created. Prominent
amongst these Acts are the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. The Environment Protection
Act,1986, the National Environmental Appellate Authority Act 1997 and such others. The
Governments has taken up preventive as well as promotional measures to improve
environment.
Various fiscal and monetary incentives are provided to encourage the installation of
pollution abating equipment. The Central Pollution Control Board regularly monitors the air,
water and noise pollution levels of various units. Legal action is taken against the defaulting
units. Mining, Industry, Power, Hydro and other Infrastructure projects require
comprehensive Environmental impact assessment and clearance from the Ministry of
Environment and Forests.
National Afforestation and Eco-development Board undertakes the task of
regenerating the degraded forest areas and implementation of eco-development programmes.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has set up a clean technologies Division for
identifying cleaner technologies that can be introduced in different development sectors.
National River Conservation plan has also been launched for abatement of pollution
in 18 major rivers in ten states.
The National Environmental Tribunal Act providing relief, compensation and
restitution to victims of accidents while handling hazardous substances and for
Environmental damages has come into force from June 1995.
The Concept of Sustainable Development
Economic development without Environmental considerations can cause serious
damages to the Environment, in turn impairing the equality of life present and future
generations. Sustainable development attempts the quality of life of present and future
generations. Sustainable developments attempt to strike a balance between the demands of
the economic development and the need for protection of the Environment. Sustainable
development was defined by 1987 Brundt land Commission as the meeting of ― the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖.
The concept of sustainable development aims at maximizing the net benefits of economic
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activities, subject to maintaining the stock of productive assests (physical, human and
Environmental) over time and providing and a social safety net to meet the basic needs of the
poor. It therefore attempts to accelerate development in an environmentally responsible
manner keeping in mind the intergenerational equity requirements.
REFERENCES
1. Economic Development of India Telugu Academy
2. India Development Report- Radha Krishna
3. Centre for Science and Environment: The State of India‘s Environment—1982
4. Economic Survey
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HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY
APPRAISAL OF SEMI-ARID REGIONS, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
USING WQI, PIG, AND GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES.
P. Ravi Kumar*, S. Srinivasa Gowd**, C. Krupavathi***
*Research Scholar, Dept. of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, AP, India.
**Associate Professor, Dept. of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, AP, India.
***Research Scholar, Dept. of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, AP, India.
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the drinking and household water quality of
semi-arid areas in Andhra Pradesh. The study area is a portion of Andhra Pradesh drought-
prone Rayalaseema region and is located between Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 57F/5 and
57F/9, which is bound by latitudes 14°45‘00" - 14°55‘00" N and longitudes 77°25‘00" -770
45‘ 00"E. Thus, a total of 30 groundwater samples from open wells and bore wells were taken
from the research region to evaluate the water quality. The collected sample was analyzed for
various physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3¯, Cl¯, F¯,
NO3-, and SO42- were analyzed to know the water suitability for drinking purposes. The
results showed that all the water samples in the study region are alkaline in nature, evidenced
by a pH value above 7.Pollution Index Groundwater levels vary between 0.88 and 1.48, with
an average of 1.36, categorize low contamination in 17 % of the research area and
groundwater that is fit for human consumption. Additionally, 83 % of the groundwater
samples have drinking qualities that are only slightly acceptable. Water Quality Index values
range from 53.34 to 131.21 mg/L, indicating that 67% of the samples are safe for drinking,
while the other 33% are not. Groundwater samples are found in the field of rock dominance,
according to the Gibbs plot. GIS techniques are being used to analyze the spatial variation of
groundwater quality, and the results show that the majority of groundwater samples
marginally meet standards for potable water, necessitating prior treatment before use.
Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry, WQI -Remote sensing, and GIS- Spatial distribution maps
Introduction
Groundwater is a natural and vital resource for life on the planet. Water pollution and
contamination have become major sources of disease in recent decades. Protected and non-
polluted water for drinking is essential for a healthy life (Gowd, 2005; Adimalla, 2020).
Therefore, the presence of pollutants or contaminants in natural freshwater continues to be
one of the most important environmental issues in many areas of the world, especially in
developing nations like India, where the majority of the population dwells in rural areas and
relies on natural water sources, particularly on groundwater which is relatively safer than the
surface. According to Morris et al., 2003, around 2 billion people get drinking water directly
from aquifers, and forty percent of global food production comes from groundwater-
dependent irrigated agricultural lands. In many Indian states, approximately 90% of the
population relies on groundwater resources for drinking and other purposes (Balaji et al.,
2017). However, major developing nations' populations rely on shallow and bore wells,
which are highly polluted (WHO, 2012) due to excess usage of fertilizers and pesticides for
farming in rural areas and industrial effluents from urban areas. A unified approach of PIG,
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WQI, and the GIS can be used to provide a simple and valuable tool for decision-making on
groundwater excellence. The pollution index of groundwater (PIG) is a useful tool for
assessing the appropriateness of potable water in any region and disseminating data on the
general quality of water. WQI is a scientific tool that can convert a significant quantity of
data on water superiority into a single amount that signifies the level of water excellence.
Several researchers have previously used the WQI as a tool to determine groundwater
excellence (Chaurasia et al., 2018). GIS can be used to map the spatial distribution of various
hydrochemical parameters. It has already proven to be effective for a number of authors
(Golla et al., 2022; Anusha et al., 2022).
Water, as a natural resource, is used for a variety of purposes, including drinking,
domestic, irrigation, and industrial use, among others. So, it is of prime importance to know
the quality and quantity of water resources for sustainable development in any area (Etikala et
al., 2019). Therefore, an attempt is made to know the major ionic physicochemical
characteristics of the groundwater and its suitability in semi-arid regions in Anantapur
district, a drought-prone region in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Study region
The research area is located in the north portion of the Anantapur district in the state
of Andhra Pradesh and covers an area of 305 Km2.Anantapur has a tropical climate, with
temperatures ranging from 24 to 46°C throughout the summer months of March to May
(Badapalli et al., 2022). The majority of people in Anantapur rely on agriculture for their
livelihood. The research area is situated between 14° 45‘00'' - 14° 55‘ 00'' N and 77°25‘ 00'' -
77°40‘00'' E, with a mean elevation of 516 meters (Fig. 1). The research region falls in the
Survey of India (SOI) topographic sheets 57 F/5 and 57 F/9. The lithology of the research
region comprises of hornblende biotite gneiss, hornblende gneiss, biotite gneiss, migmatite,
metabasalt, grey granite and pink granite (Kumar et al., 2021) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Sample location map of the study area.
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Fig. 2. Geological map of the research region.
Methodology
Thirty groundwater samples were taken from open wells and bore wells at different
locations in the semi-arid regions, of the Anantapur district during the post-monsoon period
of November 2022. The laboratory analysis of the groundwater samples, which were taken in
well-cleaned one-liter polyethylene bottles, is provided in Table 1, which also includes
statistical summaries of the physiochemical characteristics. The latitude and longitude of the
sample locations are identified with a global positioning system. pH and EC are determined
by pH meter, conductivity meter, TDS are determined by tds meter, Total Hardness, Ca2+,
Mg2+, HCO3- and Clare determined by titration method. Na+ and K+ are determined by flame
photometry and SO42- and NO3- are measured by spectrophotometry and F-is determined
using an ion-selective electrode. The spatial distribution maps are created using the
interpolation method of the Arc GIS tool Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) to evaluate
groundwater quality (Thakur et al., 2016; Etikala et al., 2021; Golla et al., 2021).
Water quality index
WQI computations are divided into 3 stages. The first stage is to "assign weight" to all
of the 13 criteria by assigning a weight (wi) depending on how important they are in relation
to groundwater resources (Singaraja, 2017; Krupavathi et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2022). The
second stage involves calculating relative weights using the following equation.
 = 
󰇛wi 󰇜
=1 ---------------------- (1)
The "quality rating (qi)" for the third stage is calculated using the calculation below.
 = 󰇡
󰇢×100----------------- (2)
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If Ci represents the concentration of each characteristic in each water sample, then Si
represents the recommended WHO 2012 value for each characteristic. The subsequent
equations will calculate WQI because Wi and qi were combined to estimate the SIi for each
characteristic independently.
 = ×  --------------------(3)
 = 
=1 --------------------- (4)
The sub-index of each parameter is here designated as SIi.
Pollution index of groundwater
Subba Rao (2012) first introduced the pollution index of groundwater (PIG), and it is
now extensively applied to investigate changes in groundwater quality caused by a variety of
geochemical variables. The PIG is computed in five steps. The first step is to give each
chemical property a relative weight (RW). RW often varies from 1 to 5, based on how much
of an influence it has on people's health. Cl-, SO42-, F-and NO3- received the highest weight
(5), and K+, HCO3-received the lowest weight (1). In the second stage, the weight parameter
(WP) is generated for each chemical parameter to assess its relative influence to the
groundwater's entire purity. The WP is calculated using the formula below:
 = 
 -------------------- (5)
 =
 --------------------(6)
 = -----------------(7)
 =  -------------------(8)
Each groundwater sample's proportionate chemical contribution will be considered for
evaluating PIG. Water with an overall chemical quality (Ow) greater than 0.1 equates to 10%
of the PIG's 1.0-point value. This is a straightforward explanation of the impact of
groundwater body (Verma et al., 2020).According to Table 7, the PIG has been categorized
as an insignificant contamination (<1.0), low contamination (1.0 - 1.5), moderate
contamination (1.5 - 2.0), high contamination (2.0 - 2.5), and very high contamination (>2.5).
Additional chemical variable intensities are used to describe the gradual infiltration of
airborne particles into an aquifer system.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of physicochemical parameters of the study area for post-monsoon are
shown in Table 1 and the statistical summary of physicochemical parameters and ion
concentrations have been compared with the World Health Organization (WHO, 2012) and
the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) is shown in Table 2.
Table 1. Results of Physicochemical parameters of the study area.
S.
No
Sample locations
pH
EC
TDS
Ca2+
Mg2+
Na+
K+
HCO3-
F-
Cl-
SO42-
NO3-
TH
1
Penakacherla
7.2
1156
825
84
65
86
1.58
287
1.42
131
38
76
477
2
Penakacherla dam
7.8
2058
1384
94
49
142
7.5
341
1.38
244
28
110
436
3
Kottapalli
7.4
1128
780
52
55
74
3.21
236
1.21
112
32
84
356
4
Mukundapuram
7.2
1024
728
54
32
58
4
347
1.11
90
34
22
266
5
Kamalapuram
8.2
1660
880
85
38
108
10
448
0.6
203
57
32
368
6
Yarragutala
7.9
1840
940
98
62
118
5
454
0.9
213
47
28
499
7
Thimampeta
7.7
1380
720
84
74
112
12
369
0.8
216
39
34
513
8
Garladinne
(ZPHS)
8.2
2580
1320
78
36
128
10
468
1.23
146
65
18
343
9
Garladinne
8.1
2742
1849
101
78
201
5
548
1.6
294
58
22
572
10
Marthadu
7.8
1872
1328
78
57
128
8
621
0.71
213
93
24
429
11
Muntimadugu
7.9
1880
980
124
42
184
5
732
0.47
231
78
28
482
12
Kalluru (RBK)
7.6
1736
1237
83
66
116
7
533
1.1
107
32
84
478
13
Kalluru
7.8
1670
880
128
78
112
6
528
0.65
160
48
32
640
14
Illuru
7.5
1530
780
109
82
128
10
489
0.74
155
54
40
609
15
Kanampalli
7.9
1750
890
98
45
146
7
468
0.84
148
97
32
430
16
Krishnapuram
7.8
1680
860
105
48
121
2
621
0.72
169
82
22
459
17
Sirivaram
7.4
890
480
116
32
142
7
549
0.86
178
96
28
421
18
Kotanka
8.3
1860
980
182
54
106
6
519
0.81
244
90
38
676
19
Jambuladinne
7.6
960
510
96
46
118
9
389
0.84
172
88
18
429
20
Guddalapalli
7.8
1315
680
121
112
104
8
562
0.49
160
58
15
762
21
Sangivapuram
8.1
1460
790
108
92
198
5
658
0.38
289
47
22
647
22
Koppalakonda
7.9
1020
640
96
84
118
9
488
0.76
193
58
24
584
23
Sanjeevapuram
8.1
1150
590
85
74
108
3
427
1.1
195
97
35
516
24
J.D. Kottala
7.4
1608
1146
78
45
150
2
658
1.2
276
32
74
380
25
Budedu
7.1
3040
2048
160
72
111
1
466
1.0
308
41
21
695
26
Yeguvapalli
7.9
2667
1785
153
84
156
2
658
0.9
276
33
22
727
27
K.Agraharam
8.1
1603
1141
53
23
131
3
674
1.1
248
21
39
227
28
Kesavapuram
7.1
1719
1227
85
52
115
6
481
1.2
166
32
49
426
29
Papinepalyam
7.2
2482
1604
108
75
110
4
368
1.6
187
34
85
578
30
Obulapuram
7.4
2095
1409
82
93
97
4
369
1.4
190
35
68
586
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Table 2: Concentrations of physicochemical parameters and their comparison with the WHO and
BIS.
Parameter
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
SD
WHO
(2012)
BIS (2012)
pH
7.1
8.3
7.71
0.35
6.5-8.5
6.5-8.5
EC
890
3040
1718.50
556.91
−
−
TDS
480
2048
1047.03
402.87
500
500
Ca2+
52
182
99.27
29.58
75
75
Mg2+
23
112
61.50
21.36
30
30
Na+
58
201
124.20
31.68
200
−
K+
1
12
5.74
2.92
−
−
HCO3-
236
732
491.87
123.02
−
−
F-
0.38
1.6
0.97
0.32
1.5
1.5
Cl-
90
308
197.13
57.32
250
250
SO42-
21
97
54.80
24.24
250
200
NO3-
15
110
40.87
25.51
45
45
TH
227
762
500.32
132.52
−
200
pH
The pH of water is the most significant parameter and gives valuable in estimating the
overall quality of water (Hem, 1991; Tiwari et al., 2017). The pH values range between 7.1 to
8.3 with a mean value of 7.71 indicating the alkaline nature of the water (Fig. 3a). All the
water samples in the study area are within the recommended levels of 6.5- 8.5 (BIS 2012, &
WHO, 2012).
EC
Electrical conductivity is a measure of ion concentrations, that depends on
temperature and type of ions and their concentrations in the water (Hem, 1991; Morris et al.
2003). The EC values in the study area range between 890–3040μS/cm (Fig.3b). About 23%
of the samples exceeded the permissible limit (2000 μS/cm).
TDS
The salinity of the groundwater depends on the amount of total dissolved solids
(Sawyer et al., 1978). Water conducting more than 1000mg/L of TDS is not considered
desirable for drinking water supplies. TDS of groundwater is varied from 480 mg/L to 2048
mg/L (Fig. 3c). Around 31% of the samples exceeded the permissible limits.
Total Hardness
Total hardness is determined by the quantity of magnesium and calcium-containing
suspended particulates in the water (Khatri et al., 2020; Kumari et al., 2020). The permissible
limit of Hardness in drinking water is 300mg/L. The research region's total hardness ranges
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from 227 to 762 mg/L (Fig.3d). About 88% of samples in the study area are exceeding the
permissible limits.
Calcium
The amount of Calcium present in the water mainly depends on carbonates, sulfate,
and chlorides (Sridharan and Senthil, 2017; Madhav et al., 2018). Further, Calcium and
magnesium salts control the hardness of the water. The standard limit for calcium in drinking
water varies between 75-200 mg/L. calcium values in the study area range from 52 -182
mg/L (Fig.3e). All the samples fall within the permissible limits and are suitable for drinking
(200 mg/L).
Magnesium
Magnesium has unique geochemical behavior due to its smaller ion areal extent
compared to sodium and calcium. In sedimentary terrains especially limestone/dolomite is the
major source of Mg content in groundwater (Umar, 2016; Panaskar et al., 2016). In the study
area Mg concentration varies from 23-112 mg/L (3f). All the locations are within the
permissible limits of WHO 2012 (30-150mg/L).
Sodium and Potassium
The Sodium concentrations in groundwater samples range from 58 - 201 mg/L (Fig.
3g). According to the WHO 2012 guidelines, the maximum permissible limit is 200 mg/L.
The potassium concentration of the groundwater samples in the study area is ranging from
62.5 to 174.1 mg/L (Fig. 3h).
Total alkalinity (Bicarbonates)
It is the capacity to neutralize a strong acid. The alkalinity is primarily a measure of
dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate in unadulterated water; concentrations of other acid-
consuming solutes are generally very minute in comparison with bicarbonate and carbonates
(Sawyer et al., 1978). The probable sources of bicarbonate include the amount of organic
substance oxidized to yield carbon dioxide that promotes mineral dissolution (Sahoo et al.
2022). The alkalinity limit in drinking water is prescribed 300-600 mg/L for typical drinking
water. In the present study,236 -732 mg/L was found in the study area (Fig. 3i).
Fluoride
Fluoride is an indispensable element for a healthy life of humans and animals, yet
long exposure to exceeding the permissible limits leads to fluorosis. In contrast, its shortage
may have a harmful influence on the growth of teeth. Leaching of and dissolution of fluorine
in groundwater during weathering would be the possible source for high fluoride
concentration in Indian waters (Prasad et al. 2014; Rajasekhar et al., 2019). Moreover, 1.5
mg/L is the permissible limit set by the world health organization (WHO, 2012). Fluoride
concentration varies from 0.38 to 1.6 mg/L in the study area (Fig. 3j).
Chloride
Maximum chloride in groundwater is present in the form of NaCl, however, due to
base exchange phenomena chloride may exceed the sodium (Karanth, 1985) and also
domestic sewage and phosphate mineral weathering (Karanth, 1987). 250mg/L to 600mg/L is
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the standard limit for chloride in drinking water (WHO, 2012). The present study area water
samples have a chloride range between 90 -308 mg/L (Fig. 3k).
Sulfate
Sulfate is one of the major dissolved components of rain, some soils and rocks contain
sulfate minerals. Recommended levels of 250 to 400 mg/L are suggested by the World Health
Organization (WHO, 2012). The sulfate level of groundwater in the study area is ranging
from 21 to 97 mg/L (Fig. 3l). All the samples fall within the permissible limit.
Nitrate
Nitrates are an indispensable source of nitrogen (N) for vegetation. Anthropogenic
and animal wastes can add to nitrate contamination of groundwater (Reddy et al., 2019).
Nitrate concentrations over 45 mg/L will have an effect on the freshwater aquatic
environment. The nitrate concentration of groundwater in the study area is ranging from 15 –
110 mg/L (Fig. 3m). 23% of the water samples fall above the permissible category in the
study area.
(3a) (3b)
(3c) (3d)
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(3e) (3f)
(3g) (3h)
(3i) (3j)
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(3k) (3l)
(3m) (3n)
(3o)
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution maps of pH (a), EC (b), TDS (c), TH (d), Ca2+(e), Mg2+ (f), Na+
(g), K+ (h), HCO3- (i), F- (j), Cl- (k), SO42- (l), NO3- (m), WQI (n) and PIG (o).
Water quality index (WQI)
The Water Quality Index is divided into five categories: excellent type (0-50), good
type (50-100), poor type (100-200), extremely poor type (200-300), and unfit for
consumption (>300). The range of the WQI is 53.34 to 131.21 (Table 4). Table 5 shows that
67 % of the samples have high water quality, whereas 33 % have low water quality. Fig. 3n
shows the spatial distribution map of WQI. The water quality index of relative weights for
each parameter is given in Table 3.
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Table.3. Relative weights for each parameter
S.No
Chemical
parameters
wi
Wi
Wi = wi/
∑ wi
Ci
Si
qi = (Ci/Si)
*100
SIi =
Wi*qi
∑SIi
1
pH
3
34
0.0882
7.2
8.5
84.71
7.47
102.85
2
TDS
3
34
0.0882
825
500
165.00
14.56
3
Ca2+
3
34
0.0882
84
75
112.00
9.88
4
Mg2+
3
34
0.0882
65
30
216.67
19.12
5
Na+
2
34
0.0588
86
200
43.00
2.53
6
HCO3-
1
34
0.0294
287
300
95.67
2.81
7
F-
4
34
0.1176
1.42
1.5
94.67
11.14
8
Cl-
5
34
0.1471
131
250
52.40
7.71
9
SO42-
5
34
0.1471
38
200
19.00
2.79
10
N03-
5
34
0.1471
76
45
168.89
24.84
34
∑Wi
1
102.850
Table 4. WQI individual sampling stations
S. No
Sample locations
Latitude
Longitude
WQI
WQI STATUS
1
Penakacherla
N 14° 52' 17.04"
E 77° 27' 41.04"
102.85
Good water
2
Penakacherla dam
N 14° 52' 50.52"
E 77° 25' 56.28"
128.69
Poor water
3
Kottapalli
N 14° 52' 56.64"
E 77° 27' 51.84"
94.11
Good water
4
Mukundapuram
N 14° 49' 30.72"
E 77° 30' 6.12"
64.88
Good water
5
Kamalapuram
N 14° 52' 18.48"
E 77° 31' 49.08"
84.08
Good water
6
Yarragutala
N 14° 50' 21.48"
E 77° 31' 50.88"
94.67
Good water
7
Thimampeta
N 14° 50' 29.76"
E 77° 36' 12.96"
92.22
Good water
8
Garladinne (ZPHS)
N 14° 49' 32.52"
E 77° 35' 37.68"
88.82
Good water
9
Garladinne
N 14° 49' 23.88"
E 77° 35' 47.76"
128.44
Poor water
10
Marthadu
N 14° 47' 30.12"
E 77° 33' 43.92"
53.33
Good water
11
Muntimadugu
N 14° 54' 22.32"
E 77° 33' 49.68"
97.18
Good water
12
Kalluru (RBK)
N 14° 55' 17.4"
E 77° 35' 20.76"
112.25
Poor water
13
Kalluru
N 14° 55' 19.56"
E 77° 35' 0.24"
98.59
Good water
14
Illuru
N 14° 55' 36.48"
E 77° 37' 17.76"
99.01
Good water
15
Kanampalli
N 14° 52' 4.8"
E 77° 37' 8.4"
90.44
Good water
16
Krishnapuram
N 14° 51' 18.72"
E 77° 33' 6.12"
88.19
Good water
17
Sirivaram
N 14° 52' 19.92"
E 77° 33' 27"
82.19
Good water
18
Kotanka
N 14° 46' 15.6"
E 77° 31' 40.8"
111.15
Poor water
19
Jambuladinne
N 14° 49' 14.88"
E 77° 36' 43.56"
78.06
Good water
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20
Guddalapalli
N 14° 33' 57.6"
E 77° 22' 12.72"
98.26
Good water
21
Sangivapuram
N 14° 50' 3.48"
E 77° 32' 37.68"
105.01
Poor water
22
Koppalakonda
N 14° 53' 36.24"
E 77° 31' 23.88"
93.17
Good water
23
Sanjeevapuram
N 14° 50' 33
E 77° 32' 49.2"
96.61
Good water
24
J.D. Kottala
N 14° 49' 37.2"
E 77° 37' 16.32"
113.36
Poor water
25
Budedu
N 14° 50' 58.2"
E 77° 33' 34.56"
126.79
Poor water
26
Yeguvapalli
N 14° 54' 30.96"
E 77° 35' 15"
126.12
Poor water
27
Kalluru Agraharam
N 14° 53' 55.68"
E 77° 34' 22.08"
89.51
Good water
28
Kesavapuram
N 14° 53' 45.96"
E 77° 32' 28.32"
99.96
Good water
29
Papinepalyam
N 14° 50' 24"
E 77° 37' 50.88"
131.21
Poor water
30
Obulapuram
N 14° 50' 23.28"
E 77° 37' 49.44"
122.97
Poor water
Table 5. Water quality categorization based on WQI value
Water quality index value (WQI)
Class
Water quality status
Percentage of water samples
<50
Ⅰ
Excellent water
−
50-100
Ⅱ
Good water
67%
100-200
Ⅲ
Poor water
33%
200-300
Ⅳ
very poor water
−
>300
Ⅴ
Unsuitable water
−
Evaluation of pollution index of groundwater
PIG is a highly useful technique that many studies have used to assess the water
quality (both surface and groundwater (Subba Rao, 2012). The findings of the PIG
categorization for the 30 groundwater samples obtained from the research area are shown in
Table 6, and a distribution map of PIG is shown in fig.15. The range of PIG values is 0.88 to
1.48, with an average value of 1.14 (Table 7). According to PIG's classification, 17% of the
groundwater samples that were collected are in a zone with insignificant pollution, while
83%of the samples are in low contamination zones, respectively.
Table 6. Classification of Pollution index of groundwater
Range of PIG
Pollution class
No. of samples (%)
<1.0
Insignificant pollution
17%
1.0 - 1.5
Low pollution
83%
1.5 - 2.0
Moderate pollution
−
2.0 - 2.5
High pollution
−
>2.5
Very high pollution
−
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Table 7.Pollution Index of groundwater samples.
S. No
Class
PIG
1
Low pollution
1.07
2
Low pollution
1.36
3
Insignificant pollution
0.97
4
Insignificant pollution
0.75
5
Insignificant pollution
0.97
6
Low pollution
1.06
7
Low pollution
1.01
8
Low pollution
1.07
9
Low pollution
1.48
10
Low pollution
1.19
11
Low pollution
1.18
12
Low pollution
1.27
13
Low pollution
1.12
14
Low pollution
1.12
15
Low pollution
1.04
16
Low pollution
1.04
17
Insignificant pollution
0.96
18
Low pollution
1.24
19
Insignificant pollution
0.88
20
Low pollution
1.12
21
Low pollution
1.2
22
Low pollution
1.05
23
Low pollution
1.04
24
Low pollution
1.28
25
Low pollution
1.43
26
Low pollution
1.47
27
Low pollution
1.08
28
Low pollution
1.15
29
Low pollution
1.41
30
Low pollution
1.32
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Gibbs diagram
Gibbs (1970) published two key diagrams that depict the hydrogeochemical process
in connection to atmospheric precipitation, rock-water interaction, and evaporation over the
groundwater composition. The ratio of cations ((Na+ + K+) / (Na++K+ + Ca2+)) and anions
((Cl- / (Cl-+ HCO3-)) against TDS is shown on a graph by the Gibbs plot. The ratio of cations
current study Gibbs plot demonstrates that the primary and predominant process in all
groundwater samples is rock water interaction.
Fig. 4. Gibs plots TDS vs major cations vs major anions
Conclusion
The purpose of the current investigation is to assess the quality of the groundwater in
the semi-arid regions of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Water samples were analyzed
physicochemically, and the findings were compared to WHO and BIS criteria for drinking
water. The findings demonstrated that all of the water samples are naturally alkaline. The
majority of samples that test over the acceptable range for pH, EC, TDS, TH, and fluoride
require treatment before being used for drinking water. The groundwater geochemistry in the
study region reveals that the most dominant anions are HCO3->Cl-> NO3- >SO42-> F- and the
most dominant cations are Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+. According to PIG categories, insignificant
contamination was discovered in 17% of groundwater samples (class 1), while low pollution
was detected in 83% of groundwater samples. According to the water quality indicator, 67%
of groundwater samples are good," while the remaining 33% are "unfit for drinking." As a
result, appropriate treatment and remediation techniques are necessary prior to human
ingestion. The field of rock dominance in the Gibbs plot comprises all groundwater samples.
According to the geographical variation of groundwater quality study performed using the
GIS approach, the majority of the groundwater samples in this area slightly satisfy the
standards.
Acknowledgment
The first author P. Ravi Kumar is greatly thankful to the Department of Science and
Technology (DST), Government of India, for financial support through Inspire program
(Sanction order No. DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180877) and also thankful to the
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Department of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, for providing the necessary facilities to
carry out the research work.
References
Adimalla, N. (2020). Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in
the semiarid region of South India: an approach of water quality index (WQI) and health
risk assessment (HRA). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(6), 1725-1752.
Anusha, B. N., Babu, K. R., Kumar, B. P., Kumar, P. R., & Rajasekhar, M. (2022).
Geospatial approaches for monitoring and mapping of water resources in semi-arid
regions of Southern India. Environmental Challenges, 8, 100569.
Badapalli, P. K., Kottala, R. B., Madiga, R., & Golla, V. (2022). An integrated approach for
the assessment and monitoring of land degradation and desertification in semi-arid
regions using physico-chemical and geospatial modeling techniques. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 1-14
Balaji, E., Nagaraju, A., Sreedhar, Y., Thejaswi, A., & Sharifi, Z. (2017). Hydrochemical
characterization of groundwater in around Tirupati Area, Chittoor District, Andhra
Pradesh, South India. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1203-1212.
BIS, I. (2012). 10500: 2012. Indian standard drinking water specification (second revision),
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Chaurasia, A. K., Pandey, H. K., Tiwari, S. K., Prakash, R., Pandey, P., & Ram, A. (2018).
Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) in parts of Varanasi
District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92(1), 76-82.
Etikala, B., Golla, V., Adimalla, N., & Marapatla, S. (2019). Factors controlling groundwater
chemistry of Renigunta area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, South India: A
multivariate statistical approach. HydroResearch, 1, 57-62.
Etikala, B., Adimalla, N., Madhav, S., Gowd, S.S., & Kiran Kumar, K. P. L. (2021). Salinity
problems in groundwater and management strategies in arid and semiarid
regions. Groundwater Geochemistry: Pollution and Remediation Methods, 42-56.
Gibbs, R. J. (1970). Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 170(3962),
1088-1090.
Golla, V., Badapalli, P. K., & Mannala, P. (2021). Assessment of groundwater quality for
drinking and irrigation in semi-arid regions of Andhra Pradesh, Southern India, using
multivariate statistical analysis. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(19), 1-11.
Golla, V., Badapalli, P. K., &Telkar, S. K. (2022). Delineation of groundwater potential
zones in the semi-arid region (Anantapuramu) using geospatial techniques. Materials
Today: Proceedings, 50, 600-606.
Gowd, S. S. (2005). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes:
a case study of Peddavanka watershed, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh,
India. Environmental Geology, 48(6), 702-712.
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COST – BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BAN ON USAGE OFPLASTIC
CARRY BAGS OF < 40 MICRONS
D.Ganesh
Lecturer in Chemistry,Govt.College for Men (A), Kadapa
Key words: Plastic carry bags, Blown-film Extrusion method, Stoichiometric analysis, GreenHouse
Gases,non-biodegradable,Biosphere, Bitumen.
Plastic carry bags are used by consumers worldwide since 1960.These bags are sometimes
called single-used bags. They are invented by Swedish engineer Sten Gustaf Thulin.He developed a
method of forming a simple one piece bag by folding, welding and die-cutting a flab tube of plastic
for the packaging company Celloplast of Norrkoping. From the mid-1980s onwards, plastic bags have
become common for carrying daily groceries from the store to vehicles and home. As plastic bags
increasingly replaced paper bags and other plastic materials and other products like glass and metal.
Environmental activists estimate that between 500 billion to 1 trillion Plastic carry bags are
used each year worldwide. TraditionalPlastic carry bags are made from polythene, which consist of
long chains of ethylene.Ethylene is derived from natural gas and petroleum.
Problems:
Large buildup of Plastic carry bags can clog drainage system and contribute to flooding.
They reduce rate of rain water percolation resulting in lowering of water levels.
If they are eaten by animals, they cause obstruction in gastro intestinal system leading to
putrification and death.
Indian government estimation is that over 10 million Plastic carry bags are used and discarded
daily in Delhi and they litter up streets and parks. InSept 1992 Government of India banned Plastic
carry bags of thickness less than 40microns.
Performing cost – benefit analysis is based on experimental parameters of thickness, weight,
price and usage by consumers done by a survey conducted over 200 participants.
Cost benefit analysis is done selecting two samples available in the marketof < 40 microns,
comparing them with standard accepted sample of 40 microns. Stoichiometric analysis is done to
determine the projected the release of greenhouse gases from the samples. Thinness-weight of
samples in correlation to their price and usage by consumers is analyzed by sample survey.
Three samples, Sample –A, Sample –B, a Non-BiodegradableStandard 40microns, Sample-C
were analyzed for Green House gases on long term degradation or combustion.
Thickness
(in
microns)
Surface
area
Under study
Measured
weight
(in grams)
Projected
GreenHouse
Gases
(per gram)
Price
(in Rs)
(Per 100
units)
Sample
A
3.88
10sq.cm
0.00713
1600ml
20.00
Sample B
7.16
10sq.cm
0.01317
1600ml
25.00
Sample C
40
10sq.cm
0.07360
1600ml
100.00
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Stoichiometric analysis of the polymer is done to conclude on the amount of Green House
Gases. Though structures of then samples – A, B, and C are similar with hydrocarbon linear
chains,their density, tensile strength, elasticity ,Biodegradability and various other physical
parameters vary effecting their usage.
n (CH2 – CH2) ------------------ 2nCO2 + (2n)H2O
Cost – benefit analysis based on the usage by consumers is done by the survey conducted in
the Govt. College for Men (A),Kadapa. Participants of the survey include students at under graduate
level and lecturers. The primary objective of selecting students at UG level is that they are the
decision makers in usage of Plastic carry bags and many a times they are the primary customers at
retail stage for the usage of Plastic carry bags.
Results & Discussion
The standard weight of 1gramof all three samples yield1600ml of CO2 on longterm degradation or
combustion, contributingto Green House Gases equally by all the three samples –A, B and C.
Among the selected group, 95 – 100 % of them know that Plastic carry bags of< 40microns
are banned from the usage, but still 20% of them use on account of lower price and
expediency.
Though 50 -60 % of participants stated that, they use Plastic carry bags of>40 microns more
than once in domestic usage.
The fact that needs more attention is that only 40 % of the participants use Plastic carry bags
of >40 microns repeatedly for more than 4 times, hence it is imperative to create awareness
among youth on reuse of Plastic carry bags multiple times in domestic usage.
Comparison of the thickness and weights of the study samples A, B and C and correlating
with the survey data, the following conclusions can be made.
40micron Plastic carry bags are of not too prohibitive in cost. Hence in future, with further
reduction in manufacturing costs the use of Plastic carry bags of >40microns also might
become extensive.
The amount of plastic raw material used in manufacturing of >40micron Plastic carry bags is
nearly 6-10times.Hence such proliferative use of 40 micron Plastic carry bagsmight put stress
on raw materials like petroleum and plant sources which are precious and the objective
behind the ban on Plastic carry bags of <40 microns will not be met.
Solutions suggested:
A three pronged strategy of ―R R R‖ (Reduce, Reuse and Regenerate) is suggested.
Government/ Administration should take necessary steps on effective implementation of ban
on Plastic carry bags of <40microns
The cost of 40micronsPlastic carry bags should deter their rampant usage by using options
like green tax.
Use of paper bags, biodegradable materials like jute and cotton bags should be encouraged.
Government or Local administrative bodies should take necessary steps to collect used Plastic
carry bags and process them for regeneration or for laying roads by mixing with Bitumen.
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BIBIOLIOGRAPHY
"Climate smart waste sacks and bags made from recycled post consumer polyethylene".
Miljösäck. November 2012.
Joan Lowy (20 July 2004). "Plastic left holding the bag as environmental plague"
John Roach (2003). "Are Plastic Grocery Bags Sacking the Environment?"
"Planet Earth's new nemesis?". BBC News. 8 May 2002.
"Plastic bags & Metro Floods". Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. 4 February
2011. Plastic shopping bags in Australia. Environment.gov.au (2010-06-13).
John Roach (2003) "Are Plastic Grocery Bags Sacking the Environment?"
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NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
* DrJ. Ramadevi, **Dr K. Ushasri,
*Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce
**Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology
Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials, devices, and systems through the
control of matter on the nanometer-length scale—at the level of atoms, molecules, and
supramolecular structures. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at these
levels to generate larger structures with fundamentally new properties and molecular
organization. These ―nanostructures,‖ made with fundamental building blocks, are among the
smallest human-made objects and exhibit novel physical, chemical, and biological properties
and phenomena. Nanotechnology‘s goal is to exploit these properties and efficiently
manufacture and employ the structures. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly
affect environmental protection through understanding and control of emissions from a wide
range of sources, development of new ―green‖ technologies that minimize the production of
undesirable byproducts, and remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources.
Nanotechnology has the potential to remove the finest contaminants from water supplies and
air as well as to continuously measure and mitigate pollutants in the environment.
Nanotechnology will make important contributions to science and engineering for the next
century and fundamentally will restructure many current technologies. Control of matter on
the nanoscale already plays an important role in scientific disciplines as diverse as physics,
chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and computer simulation. A
number of environmental and energy technologies already have benefited substantially from
nanotechnology in the areas of reduced waste and improved energy efficiency,
environmentally benign composite structures, waste remediation, and energy conversion.
Complex physical processes involving nanoscale structures are essential to phenomena that
govern the sequestration, release, mobility, and bioavailability of nutrients and contaminants
in the natural environment. Processes at the interfaces between inorganic and biological
systems have relevance to health and biocomplexity issues. Increased knowledge of the
dynamics of processes specific to nanoscale structures in natural systems not only will
improve understanding of transport and bioavailability, but also will lead to the development
of nanotechnologies useful in preventing or mitigating environmental harm.
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly affect environmental protection
through understanding and control of emissions from a wide range of sources, development
of new ―green‖ technologies that minimize the production of undesirable byproducts, and
remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources. Nanotechnology has the
potential to remove the finest contaminants from water supplies and air as well as
continuously measure and mitigate pollutants in the environment. However, nanotechnology
may pose risks to the environment and human health, and these risks should be examined as
the technology progresses.An increasing variety of nanoscale materials with environmental
applications has been developed over the past several years. For example, nanoscale materials
have been used to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites,
such as sites contaminated by chlorinated solvents or oil spills. As indicated above, many
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types of nanoscale materials are being applied across various fields of science and
technology; this website focuses on the use of engineered nanoscale materials for
environmental site remediation. Nanoscale materials are of interest for environmental
applications because the surface areas of the particles are large when compared with their
volumes; therefore, their reactivity in chemical or biological surface mediated reactions can
be greatly enhanced in comparison to the same material at much larger sizes. They can be
manipulated for specific applications to create novel properties not present in particles of the
same material at the micro- or macroscale. Nanoscale materials can be highly reactive in part
because of the large surface area to volume ratio and the presence of a larger number of
reactive sites; but may also exhibit altered reaction rates that surface-area alone cannot
account for. These properties allow for increased contact with contaminants, thereby resulting
in rapid reduction of contaminant concentrations. Furthermore, because of their minute size,
nanoscale materials may pervade very small spaces in the subsurface and remain suspended
in groundwater if appropriate coatings are used. Appropriate coating may allow the particles
to travel farther than macro-sized particles, achieve wider distribution, and therefore improve
contaminant reduction.
Nanotechnology has the potential to play a significant role in environmental
protection and sustainability by enabling new and improved methods for monitoring, cleaning
up, and mitigating environmental pollutants. It can also help to reduce resource consumption
and energy use through the development of more efficient technologies. For example,
nanoparticles can be used to clean up oil spills, remediate contaminated soil and groundwater,
and capture and remove air pollutants. Nanotechnology can also be used to create more
efficient and effective methods for solar energy capture and storage, as well as for producing
biofuels from renewable resources. Additionally, nanotechnology-enabled products, such as
stronger and lighter materials, can reduce energy consumption in transportation and
manufacturing. Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to make a positive impact on the
environment and sustainability, but it is essential to approach its development and application
with caution and a commitment to responsible use.
Nanotechnology could make battery recycling economically attractive
Many batteries still contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel,
which can contaminate the environment and pose a potential threat to human health when
batteries are improperly disposed of. Not only do the billions upon billions of batteries in
landfills pose an environmental problem, they also are a complete waste of a potential and
cheap raw material. Used cathode particles from spent lithium-ion batteries are recycled and
regenerated to work as good asnew. Researchers have managed to recover pure zinc oxide
nanoparticles from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries alkaline batteries.
Nanomaterials for radioactive waste clean-up in water
Scientists are working on nanotechnology solution for radioactive waste cleanup,
specifically the use of titanate nanofibers as absorbents for the removal of radioactive ions
from water. Researchers have also reported that the unique structural properties of titanate
nanotubes and nanofibers make them superior materials for removal of radioactive cesium
and iodine ions in water.
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Nanotechnology-based solutions for oil spills
Conventional clean-up techniques are not adequate to solve the problem of massive
oil spills. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a potential source of novel
solutions to many of the world's outstanding problems. Although the application of
nanotechnology for oil spill cleanup is still in its nascent stage, it offers great promise for the
future. In the last couple of years, there has been particularly growing interest worldwide in
exploring ways of finding suitable solutions to clean up oil spills through use of
nanomaterials.
Water applications
The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water applications are divided into
three categories, treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention
and the improvement of desalination technologies is one key area thereof.
Nanotechnology-based water purification devices have the potential to transform the
field of desalination, for instance by using the ion concentration polarization phenomenon
Another, relatively new method of purifying brackish water is capacitive deionization (CDI)
technology. The advantages of CDI are that it has no secondary pollution, is cost-effective
and energy efficient. Nanotechnology researchers have developed a CDI application that uses
graphene-like nanoflakes as electrodes for capacitive deionization. They found that the
graphene electrodes resulted in a better CDI performance than the conventionally used
activated carbon materials.
Carbon dioxide capture
Before CO2 can be stored in Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) schemes, it
must be separated from the other waste gases resulting from combustion or industrial
processes. Most current methods used for this type of filtration are expensive and require the
use of chemicals. Nanotechnology techniques to fabricate nanoscale thin membranes could
lead to new membrane technology that could change that.
Hydrogen production from sunlight – artificial photosynthesis
Companies developing hydrogen-powered technologies like to wrap themselves in the
green glow of environmentally friendly technology that will save the planet. While hydrogen
fuel indeed is a clean energy carrier, the source of that hydrogen often is as dirty as it gets.
The problem is that you can't dig a well to tap hydrogen, but hydrogen has to be produced,
and that can be done using a variety of resources.
Artificial photosynthesis, using solar energy to split water generating hydrogen and
oxygen, can offer a clean and portable source of energy supply as durable as the sunlight. It
takes about 2.5 volts to break a single water molecule down into oxygen along with
negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. It is the extraction and
separation of these oppositely charged electrons and protons from water molecules that
provides the electric power.Working on the nanoscale, researchers have shown that an
inexpensive and environmentally benign inorganic light harvesting nanocrystal array can be
combined with a low-cost electrocatalyst that contains abundant elements to fabricate an
inexpensive and stable system for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
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Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials. One example of this is
how researchers have demonstrated that the use of silver nanoclusters as catalysts can
significantly reduce the polluting byproducts generated in the process used to manufacture
propylene oxide. Propylene oxide is used to produce common materials such as plastics,
paint, detergents and brake fluid.
Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost. Researcher have
demonstrated that an array of silicon nanowires embedded in a polymer results in low cost
but high efficiency solar cells. This, or other efforts using nanotechnology to improve solar
cells, may result in solar cells that generate electricity as cost effectively as coal or oil.
Increasing the electricity generated by windmills. Epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is
being used to make windmill blades. The resulting blades are stronger and lower weight and
therefore the amount of electricity generated by each windmill is greater.
Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater. Researchers have shown that iron
nanoparticles can be effective in cleaning up organic solvents that are polluting
groundwater. The iron nanoparticles disperse throughout the body of water and decompose
the organic solvent in place. This method can be more effective and cost significantly less
than treatment methods that require the water to be pumped out of the ground.
Clearing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air. Researchers have demonstrated a
catalyst that breaks down VOCs at room temperature. The catalyst is composed of porous
manganese oxide in which gold nanoparticles has been embedded.
Reducing the cost of fuel cells. Changing the spacing of platinum atoms used in a fuel cell
increases the catalytic ability of the platinum. This allows the fuel cell to function with
about 80% less platinum, significantly reducing the cost of the fuel cell.
Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars. Using graphene layers to increase the
binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank results in a higher amount
of hydrogen storage and a lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the development of
practical hydrogen-fueled cars.
Conclusion: Environmental protection is one of the critical challenges faced by the human
race. Over the years, we have unintentionally devastated our surroundings by creating and
discarding plastics, contributed to climate change by mining and burning fossil fuels, and
polluted our air and waterways with human-made creations.Currently, nanoscale materials is
being used in environmental remediation. Researchers are developing a variety of other
nanoscale materials for potential use to adsorb or destroy contaminants as part of either in
situ or ex situ processes
REFERENCES:
1.Mazur Group, Harvard University. 2008. Availableat: http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/
pr03147.htm. Accessed May 2009.
2.National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). 2008. What is Nanotechnology? Available
at: http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. Accessed September 25, 2008.
3. Powell, M.C. and M.S Kanarek. 2006. Nanomaterial Health Effects - Part 2: Uncertainties
and Recommendations for theFuture. Wisconsin Medical Journal. 105(3):18-23.
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IMPACT OF MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES ON CONTROLLING
AIR POLLUTION
Dr. D. Veera Nagendra Kumar * 1, S. Prakash Rao 2 and Dr.S. Naresh 3
1 Department of Zoology, Government College for Men (A), Kadapa, A.P
2 Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Porumamilla, A.P
3 Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Porumamilla, A.P
*Corresponding author: Veera Nagendra Kumar@gmail.com
Abstract:
It is well renowned that trees have capacity to reduce the air pollution. It is mandatory
to expand tree plantation in industrial area to minimize the threat of pollutants. For green belt
development, it is necessary to use plants that are tolerant to air pollution.The role of plants in
developing a healthy atmosphere is very desirable in the context of deteriorating environment
resulting from increased urbanization, industrialization and improper environmental
management. This investigation has attempted to screen plants for their ability to improve the
design and development of healthy environment. It is necessary that plants used must be
tolerant to air pollution. In this study, dust removal capacities and Air Pollution Tolerance
Index (APTI) of plants commonly used for green belt establishment. On the basis of APTI
and some biological parameters of plants study of different medicinal plant will be discussed
at this paper.
Key words: Air pollution Medicinal plants, Phytoremediation, APTI
Introduction:
Natural air pollution existed around us for millions of years, but during the last
century, pollution created by humans has become a major concern. Air pollution is a major
environmental health problem the developing and the developed countries alike. It is not only
the ambient air quality in the cities but also the indoor air quality in the rural and the urban
areas that are causing concern and highest air pollution exposures are in the indoor
environment. We are most familiar with visible air pollution like smog; however, many other
types of air pollution, including some of the most dangerous, are totally invisible. Air
pollutants rarely exist singly; but the combined pollutants may have synergistic, additive or
antagonistic. Нese directly the quality of life, human and other beings‘ health, and climate.
Because of its general impact on environment and health, air pollution is continuously
monitored worldwide in the bigger cities. A dictionary of Indian raw materials and Industrial
products, vol. Medicinal Plants [1]. Pollution control is the process of reducing or eliminating
the release of pollutants contaminants, usually humanmade) into the environment. It is
regulated by various environmental agencies that establish limits for the discharge of
pollutants into the air, water, and land. A wide variety of devices and systems have been
developed to control air and water pollution and solid wastes. In order to mitigate
environmental pollutant and to protect the biosphere from the adverse effects of pollution
four important issues should be highlighted explicitly these issues include changing life style
to control or decrease the emission of pollutant developing technologies to avoid or mitigate
emission making rule and regulate to reduce emission decontamination of existing pollutant
in the environment. gaseous pollutant and particulate once released in the atmosphere
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dispersed rapidly mechanical treatment processes in such situation are very energy intensive
and costly while plant are driven by solar energy self reproducing and concentrate , detoxify
pollutant the ability of plant to clean up dispersed ambient pollutant has been confirmed in a
number of studies ( 1,2,3,4) thus plant is a natural monitor and detoxifier device of toxic
pollutant in our ambient environment while adding value to our building, landscapes and
communities.
Pollution is released to the atmosphere only the plant are the hope which can move up
the pollutant by adsorbing, absorbing and metabolizing them from the atmosphere. Therefore
the plants role in pollution abatement has been increasingly recognized in recent years. There
are various ways and means to mitigate the urban environmental pollution. Plan-ting of trees
and shrubs for abatement of pollution and improvement of environment is an effective way
and well recognized throughout the world. Proper planning and planting scheme depending
upon the magnitude and type of pollution, selection of pollution- tolerant and dust
Scavenging trees and shrubs should be done for bioremediation of urban environment.
MATERIAL & METHODS
The whole study is based on the literary material collected from classical books,
Modern books and magazine and internet sources.
Selection of Plant species for pollution
While selecting the species for pollution control the following are the important
characteristics could be considered. Plants should be evergreen, large leaved, rough bark,
indigenous, ecologically compatible, low water requirement, minimum care, high absorption
of pollutants, resistant pollutants, agroclimatic suitability, height and spread, Canopy
architecture, Growth rate and habit (straight undivided trunk), Aesthetic effect (foliage,
conspicuous and attractive flower color), Pollution tolerance and dust scavenging capacity.
Different types of leaves tend to have differences in several aspects of their surfaces.
Following are the mechanisms of some medicinal plant are given how they can help to
diminish the pollution.
Tamarindus indica Linn
Avenue tree with an intermediate air pollution tolerance index (APTI) .Hence can be
used for plantation on roadside. It has been found that tamarind fruit shells both in its natural
and acid treated forms are excellent biosorbents for the removal of chromium ions. The twigs
and branches of Tamarind are very resistant to wind, making it especially useful as a shade or
street tree for breezy locations (5)
Azadirachta indica
Neem has been referred as an ―air purifier‖. It absorbs some of the environmental
pollutants (SO2), and act as odorous principles. Neem tree growing in a highly polluted area
is not affected by various gases. It has a greater ability to adapt to stress from exposure to air
pollution. Neem is tolerant to most soil types including dry, stony, shallow soils, lateritic
crusts, highly leached sands and clays. With an extensive and deep root system, the hardy
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Neem can grow and flourish even in marginal and leached soils. It is one of the very
few shade-giving trees that thrive in the drought prone area. The trees are not at all delicate
about the water quality and thrive on the merest trickle of water (5).
Anthocephalus cadamba Miq
It is resistant to gaseous pollutants. It sheds large amounts of leaf and non-leaf litter
which on decomposition improves some physical and chemical properties of soil under its
canopy. This reflects in increases in the level of soil organic carbon, cation exchange
capacity, available plant nutrients and exchangeable bases. It is quick growing, large; has
large spreading and grows rapidly in first 6-8 year. The tree is grown along avenues,
roadsides and villages for shade. These are suitable for reforestation programmes (5)
Ficus religiosa Linn
It is a common tree of roadside with a good canopy. It is resistant to gaseous
pollutants. The leaves of this tree are known to emit a lot of oxygen into the environment. It
can be used as biomarkers and mitigators of pollutant coming out of automobile exhaust It is
good for plantation on Roadside especially highways (5).
Holoptelea integrifolia planch
It is a fast growing tree with a good canopy. It is resistant to gaseous pollutants. Due
to the rough leaf surface it traps dust and particulate pollutants. It is good for plantation on
Roadside as well as in the Greenbelt around Thermal power plants.
Plant species
P
R
APTI
Cassia fistula
6.3
77
22
Phyllanthus emblica
6.21
72
16
Moringa olifera
5.36
82
12
Zizyphus jujuuba
4.08
85
25
Tectona grandis
7.30
78
6
T = total chlorophyll (mg g-1 of dry weight); A= ascorbic acid (mg g-1 of fresh weight); P=
leaf extract pH; R= relative water content (%).Source: Agarwal (2006).
Discussion:
Some plants have been classified according to their degree of sensitivity and tolerance
towards various air pollutants. Sensitive plant species are suggested to act as bio-indicators.
Levels of air pollution tolerance vary from species to species, depending on the capacity of
plants to withstand the effect of pollutants without showing any external damage. This study
is useful for the better understanding and management of air quality as well as in selection of
suitable plant species (with high APTI) for plantation in industrial area as well as roadside.
Singh and Rao (1983) have suggested a method of determining Air Pollution Tolerance Index
(APTI) by synthesizing the values of four different biochemical parameters i.e. leaf extract,
pH, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll and relative water contents The APTI was calculated by
using the following formula (Singh and Rao, 1983).
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APTI= [A (T+P) + R] /10
Where, A= Ascorbic acid (mg/g dry wt.)
T= Total Chlorophyll (mg/g dry wt.), P= pH of leaf extract,
R= Relative water content of leaf tissue (%).
Based on the APTI value the plants were conveniently grouped as follows (Kalyani and
Singaracharya, 1995):
APTI value Response
30 to100 Tolerant
29 to17 Intermediate
16 to 1 Sensitive
<1 Very sensitive
Azadirachta indica A juss -30.5 high tolerance, Ficus religiosa Linn – 25.77 moderate
Tolerane (in descending order). Therefore highly tolerant, moderately tolerant and
intermediately tolerant species will be suitable for the establishment of an effective ―green
belt‖ around the polluted area The importance of trees in urban environment is now widely
recognized that they too cleanse the particulate air pollution and help to make cities and
towns more agreeable places to dwell upon. India‘s rich biodiversity of both indigenous and
exotic trees offers a wide range of choice to restore our sick and sultry towns. The present
paper recommends various tree species for urban plantings, so that a wider usage of local as
well as exotic tree species can be explored for controlling airborne particulate pollution in
urban climate. However, a basic knowledge of their biological relationship with human
environment is absolutely necessary in which arboculturists, environmental scientists, and
town planners can work together. Much more research on urban trees is needed for effective
control of atmospheric particulate pollution.
References:
1. Нe Wealth of India (1962) A dictionary of Indian raw materials and Industrial products
(vol. Medicinal Plants), Council of 6cLentLfic & Industrial Research, New Delhi, India.
2. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X III (1993) An association between air pollution and
mortality in six US cities. N Engl J Med 329: 1753-1759.
3. Nivane SY, Chaudhari PR, Gajhate DG, Tarar JL (2001) Foliar biochemical features of
Plants as indictors of air pollution. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67: 133-140.
4. Ulrich MM, Alink GM, Kumarathasan P, Vincent R, Boere AJ, et al. (2002) Health effects
and time course of particulate matter on the cardiopulmonary system in rats with lung
Inflammation. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65: 1571-1595.
5 ENVIS – national botanical research institute plant & pollution, lucknow, India.
Kanippayour narayanan Namboodiripada, Malayalam book on Vastushastra
6. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/oldwebsite/New% 20Item/images/Phyto Report CHAPTER 6.pdf
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THE ELECTROCHEMICAL AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF
CuCo2O4/CuO
Pavani Suggana,
Department of Physics, SKP Government College, Guntakal, 515801, India.
Abstract: Designing and fabricating the CuCo2O4-based composites could be an excellent
strategy to boost electrochemical performance. Generally, composite electrode materials can
significantly improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors due to efficient ion
transport routes, various electroactive sites, and special synergistic and multifunctional
effects among constituents . CuCo2O4-based composites have been studied and reported with
various physicochemical and electrochemical properties.
Introduction:
Modern energy storage technology improvements have made it possible for society to
better satisfy its electrical needs. Due to its numerous advantages, environmental friendliness,
and prospective use as electrode materials for energy storage devices, transition metal oxides
(TMOs) accessibility, as well as other noteworthy qualities including their varied structural
and textural traits and strong theoretical powers .
Additionally, they are crucial components of the electrodes used in electrochemical
supercapacitors, and by modifying and controlling their topologies, morphologies, and
textural characteristics, capacities can be significantly increased. Their low electrical
conductivity, unpredictable volume expansion, and slow ions movement in the bulk phase
have hindered their practical applications even if their energy density has increased to some
amount. Therefore, it is crucial and imperative to investigate functional transition metal oxide
materials with enhanced electrochemical properties.
Background:
CuCo2O4-based composites have undergone research and have a variety of
physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics reported [1,2]. For example, Min Kuang
et al. [3] reported that CuCo2O4 nanosheets were made on nickel foam using a straight
forward hydrothermal process at 120 °C for 6 h, and that the same procedure was then
utilised to create CuCo2O4@MnO2 core-shell nanoflakes at 140 °C for 24 h. Compared to
CuCo2O4, the CuCo2O4@MnO2 composites perform better electrochemically.
The enhanced electrochemical performances of such CuCo2O4-based composites
may be attributed to the synergistic interaction of various metal oxides. All the CuCo2O4-
based composites mentioned above were produced by a time-consuming, two-step synthetic
process.
After the creation of the first composite component, a second stage in which a
different type of metal oxide was directly grown on the first component material was
completed [4]. The mass production of battery-grade material presents challenges due to the
lengthy and complex processes. The development of composites based on CuCo2O4 with
improved electrochemical properties is therefore essential if these materials are to be used in
practical energy storage applications. Therefore, before such materials can be employed for
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actual energy storage, a straightforward one-step synthetic method for creating CuCo2O4-
based composites with increased electrochemical properties is needed.
Experimental study:
The physicochemical properties of metal oxides have been improved in terms of
electrical conductivity, specific surface area, electro-active sites, and chemical stability
through the design of TMO materials by adjusting their composition and the creation of
innovative micro-/nanostructures. Co3O4 is one of the prospective electrode materials in the
background of the battery-type supercapacitors among all TMOs (RuO2, CuO, ZnO, and
NiO), due to its high redox activity and theoretical capacity.
Co3O4 is not a good choice for supercapacitor applications due to cobalt's poor
conductivity and high cost. Recent studies have investigated ways to increase the
electrochemical performance of Co3O4 by substituting less expensive metals including Mn,
Ni, Cu, and Zn for some of the Co. Co3O4 performs better electrochemically when this kind
of metal is used to increase conductivity and decrease internal resistance.
Due to its high theoretical specific capacity (1180 C g-1), ease of natural occurrence,
environmental friendliness, and superior electrochemical properties, copper cobaltite
(CuCo2O4), one of the cobalt-based binary TMOs, could be used in battery-type
supercapacitors and served as an excellent electrode material. The element Cu, which has
strong conductivity and a low activation energy when electrons migrate between various
metal species, replaces the element Co in the Co3O4 crystal structure. This boosts overall
conductivity and facilitates the transport of ions and electrons .
Additionally, compared to Co3O4, the electrochemical characteristics of CuCo2O4
electrode material can be greatly improved by the synergistic action of Cu2+ and Co2+ . The
most important performance criteria for determining the electrochemical characteristics of
supercapacitors are the structure (crystallinity, phase, morphology, and composition) and
texture (surface area, pore size, and pore volume) of the electrode materials.
CuCo2O4 has been described as an electrode material for battery-type supercapacitors
with improved electrochemical performance so far, and it has various structural and textural
features.
CuCo2O4/CuO composite electrode that had been manufactured as-is revealed a
specific capacity of around 458 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 .
Conclusions:
The electrochemical tests were done with a conventional three-electrode setup in a 6
M KOH aqueous electrolyte, and the results showed that the composite had a specific
capacity of up to 458 C g-1 at 1 A g- 1.
For the CuCo2O4/CuO composite, and the average pore diameter was estimated to be
16.41 nm.
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References:
[1] G.R. Reddy, N.R. Reddy, G.R. Dillip, S.W. Joo, In Situ Construction of Binder-Free
Stable Battery-Type Copper Cobaltite and Copper Oxide Composite Electrodes for All-
Solid- State Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Cation Concentration and Morphology Dependent
Electrochemical Performance, 36 (2022) 5965-5978.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00767
[2] A. Shanmugavani, R.K. Selvan, Improved electrochemical performances of CuCo2O4/
CuO nanocomposites for asymmetric supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta. 188
(2016) 852–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.077.
[3] Y. Xin, Tunable design of layered CuCo2O4 nanosheets@MnO2 nanoflakes core-
shellarrays on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors, 3 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05957g.
[4] J. Sun, S. Li, X. Han, F. Liao, Y. Zhang, L. Gao, H. Chen, C. Xu, Rapid hydrothermal
synthesis of snow fl ake-like ZnCo2O4/ZnO mesoporous microstructures with excellent
electrochemical performances, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 12243–12250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceramint.2019.03.134.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS
S. Jahan Ara*, SMD. Gayazuddin**
*Lecturer in Library & Information Science, KVR. Govt. College for Women (A),
Kurnool- 518004, library@kvrgdcwa.ac.in
** Technical Assistant, KVR. Govt. College for Women (A), Kurnool- 518004, g4gayaz@gmail.com
Abstract:
―8 billion people are estimated to experience severe water scarcity for at least some
part of the year due to climatic and non-climatic factors. During the last two decades, the
global glacier mass loss rate exceeded 0.5 meters water equivalent per year, impacting
humans and ecosystems. Agriculture and energy production have been impacted by changes
in the hydrological cycle. Between 1983 and 2009, approximately three-quarters of the global
harvested areas experienced yield losses induced by drought, with the cumulative production
losses corresponding to USD 166 billion. (Source: IPCC_AR6_WGII)‖
On June 16, 2013, flash floods hit the Kedarnath valley, claiming over 4,000 lives.
Over nine years since this catastrophe, thousands of people lost their lives, lakhs lost their
livelihood, thousands turned homeless, and none have any idea as to how many actually died
during the calamity.
In October 2021 heavy rainfall caused in large part of Uttarakhand devastating flash
and loss of lives. In August 2022, a team of scientists, geologists and researchers organized
by the state government of Uttarakhand conducted a geological survey of Joshimath and
noted that local residents reported an accelerated pace of land erosion.
Chipko movement in 1974, Narmada Bachav in 1985, fighting for right the clean air
in Delhi cleaning the Ganga in 1980. Managing the industrial pollutions sewage systems
garbage in cities etc… are many environmental issues to be answered in future.
INTRODUCTION
Every product which is used by the human being from a cellular phone, refrigerator,
micro oven, vehicles, computers, plastic chair, plastic water bottle etc…anything has a
impact from the production of the product ,its maintenance and disposal have effect and
their impact on the environment. This paper deals with assessment of the Life Cycle
Analysis (LCA) and its impact on the environment.
Meaning of the words of the Topic:
Let us know the meaning of the Environment: ―the condition, in which you live, work
― etc ―The natural world for example the land air and water in which people animals plants
live is called as environment.
Impact: means an effect or impression, the action or force of one object hitting another
According to Merriam Webster dictionary Assessment has two meanings – an amount
that a person is officially require to pay (Income tax assessment) : the act of making a
judgment about something
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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA): It is a method to evaluate the environmental impact of a
product from encompassing through its life cycle from extraction from raw material,
processing manufacturing, transporting, distribution, use, recycling and final disposal.
Limitations: This paper has limitations in describing the impact of the LCA on
environment with assessment to a small extent covering a very few main features. The study
is limited to the main levels of LCA and sustainability.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
―Environmental impacts life cycle assessment and potential improvement measures
for cement production.‖ by Daniel Andres Salas, Angel Diego Ramirez, Carlos Ratil
Rodriguez Daniel Mars Petroche, AndreaJaci Boero, Jorge Duque-Rivera published their
article in Journal of Cleaner Production in the year 2016.
Gitte Lemming, Michael Z. Hausehild and Poul L Bjerg in 2009 published a paper
titled ―Life cycle assessment of soil and ground water remediation technologies.‖
―A survey of unresolved problem in life cycle assessment.‖ was published by John Reap,
Felipe Roman, Scott Duncan and Bert Bras in the year 2008.
OBJECTIVES:
To know the framework of LCA according to the ISO(International Standards
Organization)
Characteristics of the LCIA(Life Cycle Impact Assessment)
Getting the right way to exposure of LCA on Environmental impact.
Measures and recommendations to save the Environment.
Framework of the LCA: The first step of this Life Cycle Assessment is Goal and Scope is
to set up boundaries for the product system. The product design, extraction from the raw
materials, energy used to manufacture, the waste produced and the emission, the packaging of
the units or the service everything is taken care of in this step. LCA checks and compares the
different ways of the functions of the product and among them select the best one.
The second step in the LCA is Inventory Analysis where the input and output data is
collected for all processes of the product system. For example total emissions of the
substance X or total use of resources Y aggregated over the life cycle. This is very important
because the output of emissions and waste of the product have impact on the environment,
human health and other resources like water, soil, air, plants and animals.
(Leakage of gases from the industry sometimes take the lives of the people and causes
environmental imbalances. Natural gas leakages in Godavari basin and catching fire in rigs
made many villages empty and loss of agricultural produce.)
Fig: No 1 the product system comprises all the processes that a product undergoes throughout
its life cycle
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Final step in the LCA is the Interpretation. It means the evaluation of all the LCA
results according to the study‘s goal.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LCIA: The Inventory data which collected for every product
system is converted into the information of the impact scores and these scores are added to
each category to know the impact on the environment - the human health, natural resources,
natural environment and manmade environment. In Green House Gases (GHG) case impact
is assessed early in the pathway by increasing the ability to absorb infra red radiation. This in
turn causes the increase in the atmospheric heat content which propagates to the marine and
soil compartments.
This change is linked with the changes in the global climates, regional climates,
raising the sea levels and finally damage to the mankind. The degradation process and
transport of GHG reaches to the troposphere and to stratosphere also.
Fig no 2: the impact path way underline modeling of impacts at midpoint and damage level
in a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
Substance
emission
Impact1
Fate process; transport and
transformation
Impact2
Impact n
Damage
Areas of protection
M
id
p
oi
n
t
s
Da
m
ag
e
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RIGHTWAY OF EXPOSURE OF LCA:
LCA is the right tool to prevent the environment pollution. The impact is caused by
the quantity of the emitted substance. The substance properties, place of emission and
emitting source every minute point is taken into consideration. Sometimes difference in the
sensitivities of the receiving environment can have a stronger influence than the properties of
the substance on which the modeling is based. The global standards may vary when
compared to the regional and local impact assessment depending on the situation and the
place, size and condition of the substance. So LCA should not neglect the local variations.
If the decisions of LCA are improving the environment condition then the modeled
impacts in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment must be in accordance with the actual impacts.
of the product system.
BENEFITS OF DOING LCA: It is necessary for the businessman, policy makers and
organizations make more informed decisions for sustainability in the environment .It helps in:
Process and product design improvement.
Marketing
Hot spot analysis to facilitate continuous improvement.
Third Party verification and certification
Method of quantifying environmental impacts (Green House gases, emissions, water
use and energy consumption.
Goal setting for climate change and other sustainable policies
RECOMMENDATIONS TO SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT.
As the International Standard Organization has refrained from the standardization of
detailed methodologies, LCIA is making large difference particularly for the toxic
substances.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNDP) together with Society for
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) launched the Life Cycle Initiative in
April 2002 to develop and disseminate practical tools for evaluating the opportunities, risk,
trade–offs associated with products and services over their entire life cycle to achieve
sustainable development.
The recommended practices of the data in making and the methodologies with ISO
should make available worldwide and it should be applicable.
On the basis of the expert consensus, LCIA should look into the each environment
impact category for its characterization data and methodology factors every three years
depending on the product system and usage.
The recommendations should address the midpoint level and the relationship to the
damage level also clarified.
CONCLUSION
Environment in which we are living is the gift of the Almighty. Previous generations
enjoyed the fruits of the environment in a better manner when compared to the present
generations. Though we are living in the highly modernized society with all amenities we are
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losing the cool breeze, clear and clean water and many flora and fauna due to changes in the
climatic conditions intern its effect on the environment. These are linked one with the other.
This is the reason we are suffering with new natural calamities- Uttarakhand floods,
Kedarnath floods ,Joshimath incident etc all are the manmade mistakes on the nature. Air
craft Industry, Chemical Industries, Nuclear Power Generation, radioactive waste disposal –
these systems are considerations are highly complex include many failure pathways with
components of potential human error and uncertain natural hazards.
If we want to save the earth every human being should take care of the mother earth by
planting the trees otherwise in future we should buy oxygen for our existence.
REFERENCES:
Hauschild, Michael Z, ―Assessing Environmental Impacts in a Life Cycle
Perspective.‖ 81-87, Environmental science & Technology, 15th February, 2005.
Rebitzer, G.; Hunkeler, D. Life Cycle Costing in LCM: Ambitions, Opportunities, and
Limitations, Discussing a Framework. Int. J. LCA 2004, 8, 253–256.
International Organization for Standardization. Environmental Management—Life
Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Impact Assessment; ISO 14042; Geneva, Switzerland,
2000,
Potting, J.; Hauschild, M. Z. Predicted Environmental Impact and Expected
Occurrence of Actual Environmental Impact. Part 2: Spatial Differentiation in Life-
Cycle Assessment via the Site-Dependent Characterization of Environmental Impact
from Emissions. Int. J. LCA 1997, 2, 209–216.
Guinée, J. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO
Standards; Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, 2002.
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A VIEW ON SPACE POLLUTION
Dr.G. Swathi1 and Dr.G. Tirumala Vasu Deva Rao2
Lecturer in Zoology1 and Lecturer in History2
Government Degree & PG College, Puttur
ABSTRACT
Human beings are improving at a fast rate than to think about sustainable
development. As the rate of technology increases it‘s impacting on the environment. The
main impact is pollution, which adds many pollutants and making instability to all organisms.
Humans had irreversible created pollution in all diasporas including space. In this paper we
are going to discuss about space pollution.
INTRODUCTION
Space debris is also known as space junk or the space pollution,(1) space waste, space
trash, space garbage, or cosmic debris(2). Space junk, or space debris, is any piece of
machinery or debris left by humans in space. It can refer to big objects such as dead satellites
that have failed or been left in orbit at the end of their mission. It can also refer to smaller
things, like bits of debris or paint flecks that have fallen off a rocket.
Humans are making the space too crowded with the satellites and their associates
which aren‘t working but encircling the earth. this may create a severe problem if these
dumping goes on in the future. it may create a new atmospheric layer or may even cause new
phenomenon which impact on the gravity of our earth. Aerospace missions are at greater
risks nowadays because of increasing population of space debris. Orbital debris comprises
human-generated objects like pieces of space craft, leftover rocket boosters, parts of rockets,
defunct satellites, or explosions of objects in orbit flying around in space at high speeds.
In 1990
The distribution of space junk in 1990 is high of fragmentation which is 45%, and
others such as inactive payloads, than rocket bodies than debris from space operations and the
least are of operational payloads.
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In 2000
The distribution of space junk in 2000 is high of rocket bodies and their debris, and
others such as inactive payloads
In 2010
The distribution of space junk in 2010 is highest amplification of space debris of
rocket bodies and their debris, and others such as inactive payloads
In 2020
Of the more than 26,000 debris objects NASA monitors, there are more than 4,000
dead satellites and rocket stages. Then there are up to 900,000 fragments of space scrap up to
10cm big which are too small to monitor and 128 million tiny pieces up to 1cm big. These
cause a catastrophic damage to earth.
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CONCLUSION
The accumulation of orbital debris presents a real threat to the future generation to use
the space for further research unless these are cleared. These may create a huge problem
threatening the existence of our predictions on weather cast or any other new problem we
face. If they reach a critical weight they may even change the course of earth which may
threaten the life on earth. Solving the problem of space junk had been put off for decades as it
is technologically difficult and too costly to bear. At last, the space community is realizing
that the failure to solve the problem would be devastating.
Credit: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
REFERENCES
1. "'We've left junk everywhere': why space pollution could be humanity's next big
problem". The Guardian. 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November
2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
2. Jonathan Powell, ―Cosmic Debris‖ What It Is and What We Can Do About It.
Springer Cham© 2017;doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51016-3.
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IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT AND
STRATEGIES TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
B. Meghana *1, Shaik. Shireen*2
*1Lecturer in Home Science, *2Lecturer in Home Science
Government Degree College For Women (A), Guntur
E-Mail ID: meghanaflorence16@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Air pollution is one of our era's greatest scourges; while it is not a new phenomenon,
it remains the world's most serious problem, as well as one of the leading environmental
causes of morbidity and mortality. In support of this above observation, the World Health
Organization estimates that 2.4 million people die each year as a result of the health effects of
air pollution. By 2030, urban areas are expected to house roughly half of the world's
population, resulting in increased urbanisation, rapid industrialization, and associated
anthropogenic activities becoming the primary causes of air pollution and poor air quality.
The major sources of air pollution are classified as transportation, industries, power, waste
treatment, biomass burning, demolition wasteand The pollutants emitted are as follows:
Particulate matter, SOx, NOx, CO, ammonia, and dust particles are examples of primary air
pollutants that are emitted directly, whereas secondary air pollutants include ozone, smog,
peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), and others. These pollutants are linked to a variety of health
issues, including short-term effects that range from simple discomfort, such as irritation of
the eyes, skin, and throat, to long-term exposure that is harmful to the neurological,
reproductive, and respiratory systems and causes cancer and, in rare cases, death. Air
pollution not only harms human health but also has an impact on the environment in which
we live, such as acid rain, ozone depletion, global warming, ecological imbalance, climate
change, resource depletion, and habitat destruction. The only way to address this issue is to
raise public awareness coupled with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific experts.
National and international organisations must address the emergence of this threat and
propose long-term solutions. In this context, we discuss the causes and effects of air
pollution, as well as solutions for combating pollution for a sustainable environment and
health.
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is one of the world's most serious health and environmental issue. Air
pollution is defined as the release of various gases, finely divided solids, or finely dispersed
liquid aerosols into the atmosphere at rates that exceed the environment's natural capacity to
dissipate, dilute, or absorb them. These substances may reach airborne concentrations that
have negative health, economic, or aesthetic consequences. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), air pollution causes nearly seven million deaths worldwide each year.
Nine out of ten people currently breathe air that exceeds the WHO's pollutant guideline
limits, with those in low- and middle-income countries suffering the most. The Clean Air
Act, enacted in 1970, authorises the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
to protect public health by regulating the emissions of these harmful air pollutants.It
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manifests itself in two settings: indoor (household) air pollution and outdoor air pollution.
Indoor air pollution is caused by the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating, such as
firewood, crop waste, and dung. The use of such fuels, particularly in low-income
households, causes air pollution, which leads to respiratory diseases and premature death
(IoannisManisalidis, et.,al. 2020). According to the WHO, indoor and outdoor air pollution is
"the world's largest single environmental health risk." Outdoor air pollution tends to worsen
as countries industrialise and move from low to middle income levels. There is also mounting
evidence that long-term air pollution exposure can have serious consequences for other
aspects of health and well-being, such as cognitive function. There are numerous pollutants
that are major contributors to human disease. Particulate Matter (PM), particles with varying
but very small diameters, are among them. Inhalation causes respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunction, and cancer in the respiratory
system (Genc S, Zadeoglulari et.al. 2012). Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere
protects against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful at ground level, affecting both the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are all
considered harmful air pollutants. When inhaled in large quantities, carbon monoxide can
cause direct poisoning. Heavy metals, such as lead, can cause direct poisoning or chronic
intoxication when absorbed into the human body, depending on the level of exposure. Last
but not least, climate change caused by pollution has an impact on the geographical
distribution of many infectious diseases, as do natural disasters. The only way to address this
issue is through public awareness combined with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific
experts; national and international organisations must address the threat's emergence and
propose long-term solutions.
Sources of exposure:
The classification of air pollutants is primarily based on the sources of pollution.
Pollutant emissions from power plants, refineries, and petrochemicals, the chemical
and fertiliser industries, metallurgical and other industrial plants, and municipal
incineration are all major sources.
Domestic cleaning activities, dry cleaners, printing shops, and gas stations are all
indoor sources.
Automobiles, cars, railways, airways, and other types of vehicles are examples of
mobile sources.
Air pollution is defined as the presence of pollutants in large quantities in the air for
extended periods of time. Air pollutants include dispersed particles, hydrocarbons,
CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO3, and other substances.
Climate Change and Pollution
Air pollution and climate change are inextricably linked. Climate change is the other
side of the same coin that lowers the quality of our planet. Pollutants such as black carbon,
methane, tropospheric ozone, and aerosols reduce the amount of sunlight that enters the
atmosphere. As a result, the Earth's temperature is rising, causing ice, icebergs, and glaciers
to melt.
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Air pollutants
Particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and lead are the six major air pollutants reported by the World Health Organization
(WHO). Air pollution has the potential to devastate all aspects of the environment, including
groundwater, soil, and air.
PM (Particulate Matter) and Health
Studies have shown a relationship between particulate matter (PM) and adverse health
effects, focusing on either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) PM exposure.Particulate
matter (PM) is commonly formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions between
pollutants. The size of particles influences their penetration.Particulate matter (PM) pollution
includes particles with diameters of 10 micrometres (m) or less, known as PM10, as well as
extremely fine particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometres (m) or less.
Particulate Matter (PM) is classified into four major categories based on its type and size.
Gas contaminants include PM in aerial masses - Smog, soot, tobacco smoke, oil
smoke, fly ash, and cement dust are examples of particulate contaminants.
Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, mould, and bacterial spores), cat allergens,
house dust and allergens, and pollen are examples of biological contaminants.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) &Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
When fossil fuel combustion is incomplete, carbon monoxide is produced. Carbon
monoxide poisoning symptoms include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting,
and, finally, loss of consciousness.Nitrogen oxide is a pollutant associated with traffic
because it is emitted by automobile engines. When inhaled at high levels, it is an irritant of
the respiratory system because it penetrates deep into the lung, causing respiratory diseases,
coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, bronchospasm, and even pulmonary edema.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Sulphur dioxide is a dangerous gas that is primarily emitted by the use of fossil fuels
or industrial activities. It has an impact on human, animal, and plant life. Sulphur dioxide
emissions in industrialised areas cause respiratory irritation, bronchitis, mucus production..
Furthermore, skin redness, eye damage,mucous membrane damage, and worsening of pre-
existing cardiovascular disease have been observed.
Lead- Lead is a heavy metal that is used in various industrial plants and is emitted by
some gasoline engines, batteries, radiators, waste incinerators, and waste waters. Lead
poisoning is a public health concern because of its negative effects on humans,
animals, and the environment, particularly in developing countries. Lead exposure can
occur via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption.
Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)-Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as
toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, have been found to be associated with
cancer in humans. Short-term and long-term adverse effects on human health are
observed.Short-term exposure is found to cause irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and
mucosal membranes.
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Dioxins -Dioxins originate from industrial processes but also come from natural
processes, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions. They accumulate in foods such
as meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish, and especially in the fatty tissue of
animals.Short-period exhibition to high dioxin concentrations may result in dark spots
and lesions on the skin. Long-term exposure to dioxins can cause developmental
problems, impairment of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems, reproductive
infertility, and cancer.
Environmental Impact of Air Pollution
Not only does air pollution harm human health, but it also harms the environment in
which we live. The following are the most significant environmental effects.
Acid rain is wet (rain, fog, snow) or dry (particulates and gas) precipitation containing toxic
amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. They are capable of acidifying the water and soil
environments, causing damage to trees and plantations, and even causing damage to buildings
and outdoor sculptures, constructions, and statues.
As previously stated, ozone occurs both at ground level and in the upper level
(stratosphere) of the Earth's atmosphere. If the protective stratospheric ozone layer thins, UV
radiation can reach our planet, causing harm to human life (skin cancer) and crops. In plants,
ozone penetrates the stomata, causing them to close, preventing CO2 transfer and reducing
photosynthesis.
Global climate change is a major concern for humanity. The "greenhouse effect," as it
is known, keeps the Earth's temperature stable. Unfortunately, anthropogenic activities have
destroyed this temperature-regulating effect by emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases,
and global warming is worsening, threatening human health, animals, forests, wildlife,
agriculture, and the water environment.Eutrophication occurs when elevated nutrient
concentrations (particularly nitrogen) stimulate the blooming of aquatic algae, causing
disequilibrium in the diversity of fish and their deaths.
Effect of Air Pollution on Health
Ground-level ozone and Particulate Matter are the most common air pollutants (PM).
Air pollution is classified into two types:
The ambient air pollution is caused by outdoor pollution.Indoor pollution is pollution
caused by the combustion of fuels in the home.
People who are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants experience disease
symptoms and states of varying severity. These effects are classified as either short-term or
long-term health effects.Older people, children, and people with diabetes and predisposing
heart or lung disease, particularly asthma, are vulnerable populations that should be aware of
health-protection measures.As previously stated, the relative magnitudes of the short- and
long-term effects have not been completely clarified due to different epidemiological
methodologies and exposure errors, according to a recent epidemiological study from
Harvard School of Public Health.
Short-term effects are transient and range from mild discomfort, such as irritation of
the eyes, nose, skin, and throat, to more serious states, such as wheezing, coughing, chest
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tightness, and breathing difficulties.Asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, and lung and heart
problems are just a few examples. These issues can be exacerbated by long-term exposure to
pollutants, which is harmful to the neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems, as
well as causing cancer and, in rare cases, death.
Particulate Matter (PMs), dust, benzene, and O3 all harm the respiratory system.
When pollutants contaminate the trachea, voice changes may be observed after acute
exposure. Air pollution can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which
increases morbidity and mortality.Changes in blood cells caused by long-term exposure may
have an impact on cardiac functionality. Whereas short-term exposure has been linked to
hypertension, stroke, myocardial infracts, and heart failure.
Long-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked to neurological effects in both
adults and children and also cause psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, foetal
growth, and low birth weight.
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION
There are few ways to control air pollution.
1. Proper industrial area planning, such as zoning.
2. Use of a tall stack to dilute the source discharge.
3. Using source correction techniques via
• Raw material substitutions
• Process modifications or replacements
4. Reducing pollutant discharge at the source through the use of controlling equipment.
Control through the use of source correction methods: This is referred to as air pollution
prevention at the source. This can be accomplished by
Change in raw materials
Process changes
Equipment modification
1. Change in raw materials: if one type of raw material currently in use causes an air
pollution problem, while a substitute material does not. Whichever is the purer grade, the
substitution will be more desirable. In this context, using low-sulphur fuel instead of high-
sulphur fuel is a common example. In current use, raw materials may contain an ingredient
that is not required for the process but contributes to pollution.
2. Process adjustment:
Atmospheric pollutants emissions can sometimes be reduced byadopting modified or
new processes. A typical example is the use of exhaust hoods andducts over several types of
industrial ovens have not only reduced pollutants but also haveresulted in the recovery of
valuable solvents that could have became air pollutants.Similarly, volatile substances can be
recovered by condensation and the non- condensablegases can be recycled for additional
reaction.
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3. Equipment modification or replacement:
Old equipment that contributes to higher levels of air pollution can be modified or
replaced entirely. For instance, basic oxygen furnaces that have been completely replaced.
Basic oxygen furnaces, for example, which are replacing open heath furnaces in the steel
industry, produce less pollution. In many cases, newer equipment produces less pollution.
Controlling Pollution Sources
Pollution prevention strategies should be considered in order to reduce, eliminate, or
prevent pollution at its source. Examples include using less toxic raw materials or fuels,
employing a less polluting industrial process, and increasing process efficiency.
The Clean Air Technology Center is a resource for information on air pollution
prevention and control technologies, including their application, effectiveness, and cost.
Mechanical collectors, wet scrubbers, baghouse fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators,
combustion systems (thermal oxidizers), condensers, absorbers, adsorbers, and biological
degradation are some examples.
Economic incentives such as emissions trading, banking, and caps on emissions can
be used. These strategies could be combined with the traditional "command-and-control"
regulations used by air pollution control agencies.
Steps for Creating a Control Strategy
1. Identify priority pollutants- The pollutants of concern for a specific location will be
determined by the nature of the associated health or environmental effects, as well as the
severity of the area's air quality problem.
2. Create a control strategy and plan- that includes all of the control measures. Dates for
implementation should be included in the written plan.The plan must include the
requirements that owners or operators of emission sources must follow in order to reduce
pollution that contributes to air quality problems.
3. Involve the general public- When developing the control strategy, solicit input from the
regulated community and others, including the general public. This early consultation helps
to reduce later challenges and streamline implementation.
4. Include programmes for compliance and enforcement- These programmes are critical
in that they include and assist source owners or operators in understanding the requirements,
as well as the actions that environmental authorities can take if the sources do not comply.
Personal strategies for minimising effects of Air pollution:-
1. Minimize air pollution from cars-
Road transportation is one of the largest emitters of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides are
closely monitored air pollutants that have a negative impact on healthy lung development and
overall life expectancy. The problem of harmful emissions from cars is especially noticeable in
congested cities. Reduce your driving by combining trips, telecommuting, carpooling, or car
sharing.
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2. Reduce air pollution by walking, biking, or taking public transportation.
Many cities have already invested in a good public transportation network, and by
using it (even just one or two days a week), you can help to reduce the number of cars on
the road. Many municipalities also provide excellent incentives to encourage people to use
public transportation.
3. Conserve energy and ensure that it is used efficiently.
The International Energy Agency issued a report in 2016 with the key message that
"air pollution is an energy problem." A study published in the International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health lists a slew of health issues caused by air
pollution are due to the combustion of fossil fuels. These contaminants are known to be
hazardous to human health and the environment. Some effective strategies for lowering
your energy consumption to get you started are:
Increase energy efficiency of your home
Minimize the use of air conditioners
Use appliances smartly
Switch to renewable energy
4. Recycle and purchase recycled goods
Polluting particles, heavy metals, chemicals, and greenhouse gases are emitted at every
stage of manufacturing from raw materials. It also takes more energy to create new items from raw
materials, increasing the environmental footprint (including the amount of air pollution produced)
of those products when compared to those made from recycled materials.Because recycled
products have already been extracted and processed, producing them a second time is much less
energy intensive and polluting.
5. Plant trees
Trees in your yard and neighbourhood help significantly reduce air pollution. The ability
of trees in London to remove particulate pollutants from the air was measured by researchers from
the University of Southampton. Every year, trees remove between 850 and 2,000 tonnes of harmful
particles from urban air. Trees, in addition to removing particulate matter, reduce levels of
nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and monoxide, ozone, benzene, and dioxin.
6. Raise awareness and interest in local issues
Raising awareness can be the first step in increasing people's knowledge and changing
their attitudes towards mitigating the problem of poor air quality in affected areas. Show your
support for public policies and elected officials who work to protect the environment and the air
we breathe.
CONCLUSION:
Undoubtedly, children are particularly vulnerable to air pollution, especially during
their development. Air pollution has adverse effects on our lives in many different respects.
Diseases caused by air pollution have a significant economic impact as well as a societal
impact due to absences from productive work and school.
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Despite the difficulty of eliminating anthropogenic environmental pollution, a
successful solution could be envisioned as a close collaboration of authorities, bodies, and
doctors to normalise the situation. Air pollution reduction technologies must be developed
and implemented in all industries and power plants. Without a doubt, technological
advancements make our lives easier. While it may appear difficult to reduce the harmful
impact of gas emissions, we can limit their use by seeking reliable solutions.
Should encourage actions and measures to improve a variety of aspects related to the
subject. Increasing education, training, public awareness, and public participation are some of
the relevant actions for maximising the opportunities to achieve the critical targets and goals
on the critical issue of climate change and environmental pollution. A global prevention
policy should be designed to combat anthropogenic air pollution as a complement to the
correct handling of the adverse health effects associated with air pollution.
International cooperation in research, development, administration policy, monitoring,
and politics is critical at this point for effective pollution control. Air pollution legislation
must be aligned and updated, and policymakers should propose the development of a
powerful tool for environmental and health protection. As a result, the main proposal of this
essay is to focus on fostering local structures to promote experience and practise, and then
extrapolate these to the international level through the development of effective policies for
sustainable ecosystem management.
References:
Ioannis Manisalidis1, Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution. Front.
Public Health, 20 February 2020 Sec. Environmental health and Exposome Volume 8
– 2020, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014/full#B104
Paul B. TchounwouAir Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA), Principles and
Applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb; 18(4): 1935. Published
online 2021 Feb 17.
Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K. The adverse effects of air pollution on the
nervous system. J Toxicol. (2012) 2012:782462. doi: 10.1155/2012/782462
Albaddar Max, Air Pollution and its Treatment Cause of Air Pollution.
Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Committee of the Environmental and
Occupational Health Assembly ofthe American Thoracic Society. (1996).
[Comparative Study Review]. American journal of respiratory andcritical care
medicine, 153(1), 3-50.
Christopher Carlsten, Sundeep Salvi, Personal strategies to minimise effects of air
pollution on respiratory health: advice for providers, patients and the public.European
Respiratory Journal 2020 55.
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EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS: CHALLENGES
AND STRATEGIES
Shaik Aaliya Afreen*1Shaik Shireen*2
*1Student - MS Food Technology, *2Lecturer in Home Science
*1Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, *2Government Degree College For Women
(A), Guntur, Email ID:aaliya_shaik@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Environmental contaminants are substances introduced into the environment and
adversely affect the quality of air, water, soil, and wildlife. In recent years, a wide range of
environmental contaminants has emerged with the rise of industrialization and urbanization,
posing a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems. They can come from both
natural and human-made sources, such as industrial processes, agricultural activities, and
improper waste disposal. These contaminants include heavy metals, persistent organic
pollutants (POPs), pharmaceuticals, and nanomaterials. The effects of these contaminants on
human health can be severe and long-lasting. Environmental toxins can affect both humans
and animals in different ways, resulting in a range of health issues. Long-term exposure to
these pollutants can lead to serious diseases such as cancer, birth defects, respiratory
ailments, and neurological disorders. Therefore, it is important to identify sources of these
contaminants to develop solutions that can control and prevent these emerging environmental
contaminants to reduce their impact on our environment. To combat this growing problem,
we must look for solutions for both the control and prevention of these contaminants. This
includes the development of new technologies to detect and monitor contaminants, as well as
the implementation of policies to reduce their presence in the environment. As the sources of
these pollutants become more diverse, we need to focus on solutions that are tailored to each
source. This could include better regulation of industries, improved waste management and
disposal practices, and increased public awareness. Additionally, technological advancements
such as advanced water filtration systems can help reduce the number of contaminants
entering our waterways. By taking a proactive approach to controlling and preventing
emerging environmental contaminants, we can ensure a healthier future for our planet.
1. INTRODUCTION
The world's most significant issue and one of the main causes of illness and mortality,
environmental pollution is not a recent phenomenon. New sources of pollution, such as
emerging pollutants (EPs) and emerging contaminants (ECs), have a detrimental effect on
many aspects of the environment, including water, soil, and air. Many dairy products,
medications, cosmetics, insecticides, and other goods are important sources of ECs. Based on
their source, chemical properties, destination, and the processes behind their effects, ECs may
be divided into a variety of groups. The main causes of the development of high-risk ECs are
bacteria (ARB), antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG), and disinfection by-products (DBPs)
(Shahid et al., 2021). Considering the origins and places of origin of EPs, more than 20
separate categories have been created. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products,
antiseptics, scents, soap, sunscreen, insect repellent, surfactants, disinfection by-products of
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urban and industrial origin, pesticides, industrial chemicals, municipal waste, and wastewater
treatment facilities are the primary sources of EPs in the environment (Kumar et al., 2022).
Since ECs are a necessary component of many products we use every day, it is very
challenging to prevent their spread. Beyond the expanding use of ECs in daily life and the
ensuing increase in environmental pollution, the negative impacts of biological amplification
and bioaccumulation cannot be disregarded. ECs may get into the environment in a number
of ways. For example, the effluents of conventional wastewater treatment facilities (WWTPs)
that do not use ECs remediation technology greatly contribute to the mobility of ECs into the
environment. Another factor in the proliferation of ECs may be the recycling or agricultural
use of wastewater sludge (Shahid et al., 2021). These chemicals are being used in industry,
transportation, agriculture, and urbanisation at a rapid rate, and as a result, more hazardous
waste and nonbiodegradable compounds are being released into the environment.
Additionally, there is a lack of appropriate and reliable epidemiological data on human
exposure, serum and tissue concentrations, and hazards to ecological and human health, as
well as knowledge on the way they behave and end up in the global environment(Lei et al.,
2015). The current article looks into the general concerns, monitoring, behaviour, ecological,
and health risks of several ECs as pollutants in soils, groundwater, and freshwater and also
describes the preventative, control methods, and application of various technologies to
combat this severe problem.
2. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN
In surface and groundwater, ECs have recently found a variety of unregulated
pollutants, including PPCPs, EDCs, DBPs, ARG, ARB, and other additives and compounds.
The fact that their fate in the environment is not fully known is what matters most. ECs can
be divided into inorganic, organic, and particulate contaminants, as well as each of these
categories' subgroups, based on their physical and chemical features (Shahid et al., 2021).
The largest class of ECs includes pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Most
PPCPs have the unusual capacity to generate physiological effects at low doses, making them
strong agents capable of influencing biological processes in a wide range of species (Kumar
et al., 2022). Groundwater reserves preserve about 98% of the world's natural freshwater
resources, making them a reliable source of drinking water for everyone. Adsorbed PCPs are
being driven to sink in soils and sediments, allowing for their retention and reducing PPCP
leakage into groundwater. The PPCPs that are most frequently identified in soils are
sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones (Kumar et al., 2022). The unchecked and
illogical use of pesticides in agricultural techniques is increasing the amount of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) in the soil and water, which has a substantial impact on human
health and the environment. Pesticides, which include herbicides, insecticides, and
fungicides, are among the organic pollutants. Aromatic pollutants include phenolic,
benzene, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, aliphatic hydrocarbons,
organochlorines, synthetic organic dyes, and others. Atrazine, epoxiconazole, Endosulfan,
DDT, lindane, glyphosate, and tebuconazole are the main pesticide contaminants(Bhavya et
al., 2021). As a result of bioaccumulation and the development of microbial drug resistance,
it has been claimed that the presence of medicines, pesticides, plasticizers, and hormones in
water may pose serious health concerns to humans. The irrigation water used for crops
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included bromoform, chloroform, diclofenac, caffeine, ibuprofen, naproxen, methyl dihydro
jasmonate, galaxolide, butylated hydroxytoluene, and butylated hydroxy anisole; some of
these substances were later discovered in the plants(Sophia A. & Lima, 2018). When
attempting to comprehend the effects of these synthetic materials on nature, environmental
(micro)plastics are what some refer to as a "wicked problem," meaning that there is a great
deal of intricacy involved. Just as an illustration, "microplastic" does not exist. There are
already more than 5,300 synthetic polymer grades on the market. Microplastics (MPs), or
minute plastic trash, have been measured in freshwater systems, including riverine beaches,
surface waters, and sediments of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs (Wagner & Lambert, 2018).
Nanomaterials, which range in size from 1 to 100 nm, are distinguished by strong, stable
thermal characteristics, and low permeability. Carbon nanotubes, TiO2 and CeO2
nanoparticles (NPs), nano silver, nano gold, fullerenes, quantum dots, metal oxanes, and
zerovalent iron NPs are a few examples. Effects on humans and the environment are a current
source of worry. Early research were done in "clean," controlled laboratory settings, but more
recent studies are analysing genuine ambient waters. For instance, C60 and C70 fullerenes
have now been found in soils, river water, suspended wastewater sediments, and particulate
matter in the atmosphere. Additionally, recent research has shown that ozone-chlorine
treatment can cause nC60 NP DBPs. Other consumer goods, such as shampoo, toothpaste,
and detergents, can also release nanosilver into the environment if they have been treated
with nanosilver, including clothes(Richardson & Kimura, 2017).
3. MICROPOLLUTANTS OF SOIL, GROUNDWATER AND AIR
A range of waste substances that may be harmful to plants and human health find a
major sink in soil. Artificial sweeteners, hormones, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals are a few
examples of rising pollution. Pentachlorophenol (PCPs), industrial items, or agricultural
products all utilise these basic compounds. Because of their high solubility and mobility in
water as well as their mixing in soil, EPs have a detrimental effect on the food chain. N-
methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic that translocates in the roots and shoots of Triticum
aestivum, was discovered in irrigation water(Kumar et al., 2022).
In comparison to the statutory limit of 0.5 mg L-1 for phosphate, the quantities of
nitrate in surface water and groundwater samples were found to be two to three times lower.
In addition, it was discovered that the levels of seven organochlorine pesticides and residues,
including endrin aldehyde, total BHCs (ß-BHC, -BHC), and heptachlor, were higher than
permitted(Kumar et al., 2022).
The issue of air pollution was initially recognised by city dwellers, but it has since
expanded to certain rural areas and has now gained international attention. Numerous
airborne pollutants are introduced into the ambient air of the indoor and outdoor
compartments through atmospheric emissions. Many pollutants, including formaldehyde,
black carbon, butadiene, ultrafine particles, and various transition metals, have been
identified as having a negative effect on human health and are typically referred to as
emerging air pollutants(Kumar et al., 2022).
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3. EFFECTS OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS OH HUMAN HEALTH
Human health is significantly impacted by pollution and other toxins. Multiple organ
malfunctions, mutations, allergic responses, enhanced antibody immunomodulation,
congenital abnormalities, infertility, dermatitis, rhinitis, inhibition of neurotransmitters, and
cancer are a few of the worst consequences(Bhavya et al., 2021). The body can develop
accumulations of a variety of long-lasting environmental contaminants, such as
organometallic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame
retardants (Hennig et al., 2012). Furthermore, these persistent organic pollutants have the
ability to produce free radicals, which in turn can activate proinflammatory signalling
pathways and cause inflammatory illnesses including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and
hypertension.The developing pollutants are suspected of being mutagenic, teratogenic, and
carcinogenic to humans and other animals based on ongoing research and studies(Lei et al.,
2015).
4. STRATEGIES TO COMBAT EMERGING CONTAMINANTS
The most popular method for removing ECs is using absorbents. The removal of
different ECs from sludge made from water and wastewater, paper mill wastewaters,
sediments, soil, aroma materials, pesticides, and human medications from the environment
has been studied(Sophia A. & Lima, 2018). Zeolite, organic soil, organic carbon framework,
activated carbon, biochar, activated hydro char, carbon nanotubes, composites containing
activated carbon, and mesoporous nanocomposite of polymer and clay are a few examples of
effective nanomaterials utilised as EC adsorbents.
Although ferrate and ferrites have been employed directly to purge water impurities,
some types of iron oxide materials have also drawn a lot of interest in the field of
environmental remediation because of their magnetic qualities. The use of nanostructured
iron-based materials in a variety of applications has gained significant interest in addition to
the use of micro-size iron-based materials as catalysts, sorbents, and magnetic core
materials(Ren et al., 2013).
Anti-microbial chemicals and nanomaterials, which may be hazardous to species like
bacteria and fungus that are essential to the functioning of ecosystems, can be found in plastic
materials. Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) may pass through cell membranes and be
internalised; their size determines whether endocytosis or phagocytosis is used for uptake. In
an in vitro cell culture, the intracellular absorption of polylactic polyglycolic acid copolymer
100 nm particles was ten times more than that of 10 m particles(Wagner & Lambert, 2018).
Certain pollutants can be preferentially degraded by oxidants used to disinfect
wastewater and drinking water, although hydroxyl radicals are not. In a recent research, Lee
and von Gunten evaluated several oxidation techniques for micropollutant elimination.
Ozone, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide will selectively react with micropollutants having
electron-rich organic moieties (ERMs), such as the synthetic oestrogen EE2 and the antibiotic
sulfamethoxazole, and breakdown considerably more quickly than hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in
the presence of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM)(Richardson & Kimura, 2017).
Research investigated the effectiveness of the bioremediation procedure in terms of
toxicity and concentration reduction utilising three distinct microalgae strains (Chlorella
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vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Scenedesmus obliquus)(Shahid et al., 2021). The strain
Scenedesmus obliquus was the most effective in removing diclofenac concentration. When
Scenedesmus obliquus is utilised, a 99% drop in starting concentration (25 mg/L) is
seen(Shahid et al., 2021).
To withstand environmental stress, fungus, bacteria, microalgae, and a few plants
create extracellular complex molecules called exopolysaccharides (EPS). Along with
shielding the cell from contaminants and dehydration, EPS also supplies the cell with energy
and carbon(Kumar et al., 2022). By generating a microenvironment for required metal ions to
support the soil system and accelerate plant development, Azotobacter's metal absorption
behaviour that results in the production of alginate in soil helps in the clean-up of hazardous
metallic elements.
Due to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, the pH of the solution has a
significant impact on the adsorption of pharmaceutical contaminants. Ibuprofen and
acetaminophen removal from aqueous fluids and simulated effluents was examined using a
nanocomposite (metal-organic framework). The outcomes demonstrate that the created
nanocomposite may effectively treat actual contaminated effluents by eliminating ibuprofen
and paracetamol from aqueous fluids(Samuel et al., 2022).
Before wastewater is disposed of or reused, advanced wastewater treatment is
required to eliminate emerging contaminants (ECs) with chronic toxicity, endocrine
disruption, and the capacity to promote the development of highly resistant microbial strains
in the environment. In a research, the effectiveness of an unique hybrid technique that
concurrently removes ECs using membrane ultrafiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and
ultrasonic irradiation was examined. The findings imply that adsorption, which is influenced
by the type of the ECs and the presence of other components in the mixture, is most likely the
primary mechanism of elimination. All ECs are almost completely removed using the hybrid
approach(Secondes et al., 2014).
The most economical method for eliminating toxins is bioremediation using bacteria
and phytoremediation using plants, according to studies. The slowness of their removal is a
drawback. However, a plant-microbe combination system can more effectively increase the
rate of contaminant degradation and detoxification(Kumar et al., 2022).
4. FUTURE CHALLENGES
Despite significant advancements, there are still numerous obstacles to overcome in
the identification, measurement, comprehension of environmental destiny, and development
of remediation solutions for developing environmental pollutants. First, there are a lot of
pollutants in the environment that are yet undiscovered. Our streams' chemical makeup is
evolving over time. This has an influence on the efficacy of remediation methods for
purifying these waters and calls for a re-evaluation of technical solutions. Furthermore, there
are other pollutants as well that warrant attention. These pollutants frequently change into
new chemicals that are more dangerous than the parent compounds in the environment,
during wastewater treatment, or during the treatment of drinking water.
In order to quantify these newly discovered contaminants or transformation products
in the environmental matrices where they are found, new analytical techniques will be
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required. Given how many chemicals there are that might be in the environment, this is a
difficult task that emphasises the need to create a system for prioritising this extensive list of
chemicals. Finally, new treatment methods that may more effectively remove these pollutants
continue to need to be developed. For this, it is essential to integrate target and non-target
chemical analysis with toxicological studies that examine a range of endpoints (such as
endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity) that are pertinent to
possible impacts on human health or ecological health.
CONCLUSION
Through a variety of known and unknowable mechanisms, both people and the ecology in
Sawhole are exposed to many new pollutants. The soil, water, air, and ecosystems are
constantly faced with new and pressing concerns, particularly in terms of human health.
Healthy eating can have a favourable impact on or reduce the hazards to human health posed
by exposure to combinations of environmental contaminants. Organometallic compounds,
brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other persistent
environmental contaminants can build up in the body. These persistent organic pollutants can
also produce free radicals, which can then set off proinflammatory signalling pathways and
the inflammatory illnesses they are linked with, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and
hypertension.The importance of clean water has increased as a result of changing climate,
droughts, population growth, etc. Due to the technique' many benefits, using adsorption for
wastewater clean-up has grown to be a popular choice. For the removal of ECs, a number of
traditional, cutting-edge, and integrated treatment technologies are well known. It is crucial to
continue developing a technology that is feasible, affordable, and able to remove
micropollutants from the environment. With greater study, these methods or approaches may
be scaled up.
REFERENCES
1) Bhavya, G., Belorkar, S. A., Mythili, R., Geetha, N., Shetty, H. S., Udikeri, S. S., &
Jogaiah, S. (2021). Remediation of emerging environmental pollutants: A review
based on advances in the uses of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterials.
Chemosphere, 275, 129975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129975
2) Hennig, B., Ormsbee, L., McClain, C. J., Watkins, B. A., Blumberg, B., Bachas, L.
G., Sanderson, W., Thompson, C., & Suk, W. A. (2012). Nutrition can modulate the
toxicity of environmental pollutants: Implications in risk assessment and human
health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(6), 771–774.
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104712
3) Kumar, V., Agrawal, S., Bhat, S. A., Américo-Pinheiro, J. H. P., Shahi, S. K., &
Kumar, S. (2022). Environmental impact, health hazards, and plant-microbes
synergism in remediation of emerging contaminants. Cleaner Chemical Engineering,
2, 100030. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLCE.2022.100030
4) Lei, M., Zhang, L., Lei, J., Zong, L., Li, J., Wu, Z., & Wang, Z. (2015). Overview of
emerging contaminants and associated human health effects. BioMed Research
International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/404796
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SOIL POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION:
A CHALLENGE TO THE FUTURE
Shaik Shireen*1B. Meghana*2
*1Lecturer in Home Science, *2Lecturer in Home Science
Government Degree College For Women (A), Guntur, Email ID: shireen.sk.111@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Soil pollution is a global issue that poses a serious threat to the environment and
human health. It occurs when contaminants, such as toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other
pollutants, are released into the soil. Soil pollution can have a major impact on agricultural
production, biodiversity loss, and water quality. It can also cause health problems for humans
who come into contact with contaminated soils or consume food grown in polluted soils. In
order to address this issue, it is important to understand the sources of soil pollution and
develop strategies for reducing its negative impacts. Although there are many causes of soil
pollution, the most common sources are from the following human activities: Pesticides and
organic chemicals in the soil can accumulate to very high levels, which is why they could
potentially pose a threat to human health. Over time some of these chemicals can seep
through the soil and affect groundwater. People who consume food grown in contaminated
soils may suffer from pesticide poisoning. They often have a negative impact on biodiversity
because so many insects and other organisms that play an integral role in the food chain are
killed by pesticides. Additionally, polluted soils with high amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorus can seep into streams and cause algal blooms, which kill aquatic plants by
depleting dissolved oxygen. The addition of acids to the soil might reduce its capacity to
buffer pH variations, leading to a decline in plant life owing to unfavourable environmental
circumstances. To address soil remediation, several methods have been created. Excavation
and subsequent removal of contaminated soils to distant, uninhabited regions are a few
significant methods used for soil decontamination. Pollution removal via thermal
remediation, also techniques like bioremediation and phytoremediation employ
microorganisms and plants, whereas mycoremediation uses fungus to build up heavy metal
pollutants.
INTRODUCTION:
―Soil pollution‖ refers to the presence in the soil of a chemical or substance out of
place and/or present at a higher than normal concentration that has adverse effects on any
non-targeted organism. The Status of the World's Soil Resources Report (SWSR) identified
soil pollution as one of the main soil threats affecting global soils and the ecosystems services
provided by them.Soil pollution often cannot be directly assessed or visually perceived,
making it a hidden danger. This is because soil is a point of concentration and recovery of
toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which
have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health. The results of scientific research
demonstrate that soil pollution directly affects human health. Risks to human health arise
from contamination from elements such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium, organic chemicals
such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).Soil
pollutants can contaminate water: water infiltration is the movement of water from the soil
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surface into the soil profile and soil is a valuable resource that support cultures and plant life.
Soil pollution is the decrease in the productivity of soil due to the presence of soil pollutants
(Ezio Ranieri,et.,al.2016). Moreover soil pollutants have an adverse effect on the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of the soil and reduce its productivity. Main causes of soil
pollution are as follows: industrial activity, especially since the amount of mining and
manufacturing has increased; agricultural activities, pesticides and fertilizers which are full of
chemicals that are not fully degradable in nature and are widely utilized around the world;
waste disposal, where there is also a large amount of industrial and municipal waste that is
dumped directly into landfills without any treatment; and accidental oil spills, where oil leaks
can happen during storage and transport of chemicals. Main effects of soil pollution are effect
on health of humans; effect on growth of plants; decreased soil fertility; and toxic dust(Jamal
Q J 2019). Through expanding our understanding and development of innovative techniques
to analyze and treat polluted soils, scientists and engineers can play a crucial role in bringing
models and technologies to deal with the environment pollution problem effectively.
Causes of Soil Pollution- Historically, the earth's surface was perceived and used as a
waste disposal facility by most, if not all, human communities and settlements; unfortunately,
this perception and practise persists in many parts of the world. However, whereas in the past
waste consisted primarily of food waste, human and animal excreta, and other such materials
that nature could deal with relatively easily, today's waste is characteristic of so-called
civilised and civilising societies and consists of increasing quantities of industrial products
containing complex xenobiotic chemicals that nature has difficulty dealing with. Some of
these sources are discussed further below.
1) Micro plastics-Micro plastics are emerging persistent contaminants of increasing
concern. Although micro plastics have been extensively detected in aquatic
environments, their occurrence in soil ecosystems remains largely unexplored. In soil
environments, main sources of microplastics include mulching film, sludge,
wastewater irrigation and atmospheric deposition. The fate of microplastics is closely
related to soil physio-chemistry and biota.
2) Oil spills- While extracting mineral oil from the oil fields, an oil spill can occur and
that crude oil can get mixed with the soil causing soil pollution. The chemicals in the
mineral oil increase the soil Ph. level and reduce the phosphorous concentration of the
soil. The basic composition of the soil hence gets changed and the overall temperature
rises.
3) Acid rain- Another contributor to soil pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is mainly
caused by air pollution. When it rains, the contaminated air will add chemicals to the
rain which increases the level of acidity. An increase in acidity will lead to soil
pollution and affect the vegetation in an adverse way.
4) Waste disposal- Soil pollution occurs due to untreated disposal of industrial wastes
into soil; it has high toxic contaminants, which leads to soil pollution.
a) Oil and fuel dumping
b) Discharge of sewage
c) Landfill & illegal dumping
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d) Electronic Waste
5) Radioactive Pollutants: Radioactive substances resulting from explosions of nuclear
testing laboratories, radioactive fallout and industries giving rise to nuclear dust and
radioactive wastes penetrate the soil and accumulate giving rise to soil pollution. All
the radio nuclides deposited on the soil emit gamma radiations.
6) Modern Agricultural Practices: To increase the yield from limited land area, in
order to meet the increasing demand of food for ever increasing population, synthetic
chemical pesticides and fertilizers are being used rampantly in last few decades
leading to toxicity of the soil. They seep into the ground after they mix with water and
slowly reduce the fertility of the soil.
Effects of Soil Pollution
Impacts of soil pollution are not confined to soil and its biota but are carried over to
every aspect of the environment and affect every organism from the earthworm to humans.
Some of the adverse effects are as follows:
Effect on Human Health- Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human
health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which
have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil
contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption.
The short term effects of human exposure to polluted soil include
Headaches, nausea, and vomiting.
Coughing, pain in the chest, and wheezing.
Irritation of the skin and the eyes.
Fatigue and weakness.
A variety of long-term ailments have been linked to soil pollution. Some such
diseases are listed below.
Exposure to high levels of lead can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
Children are particularly vulnerable to lead.
Depression of the CNS (Central Nervous System).
Damage to vital organs such as the kidney and the liver.
Higher risk of developing cancer.
Effect on Growth of Plants: Because soil pollution is frequently accompanied by a
decrease in nutrient availability, plant life ceases to thrive in such soils. Plants can be
poisoned by soils contaminated with inorganic aluminium. Furthermore, this type of
pollution frequently increases soil salinity, making it unsuitable for plant growth.
Fungi and bacteria found in soil that bind it together begin to decline, adding to the
problem of soil erosion. The fertility gradually declines, rendering the land unsuitable
for agriculture and the survival of any local vegetation. Soil pollution makes large
areas of land hazardous to human health. Unlike deserts, which can support native
vegetation, such land is unsuitable for most forms of life.
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Decreased Soil Fertility: The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil
fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to
produce fruits and vegetables which lacks quality nutrients and may contain some
poisonous substance to cause serious health problems in people consuming them.
Effect on landscape and Odour pollution: Huge piles of refuse and garbage being
open dumped and littered over an area spoils the serenity of the landscape. The
emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the environment and causes
serious effects on health of some people. The unpleasant smell causes inconvenience
to other people.
Effects on the Ecosystem: Since the volatile contaminants in the soil can be carried
away into the atmosphere by winds or can seep into underground water reserves, soil
pollution can be a direct contributor to air and water pollution. It can also contribute
towards acid rain (by releasing huge quantities of ammonia into the atmosphere)Crop
yield is greatly affected by this form of pollution.
Contamination of Water Sources: When it rains, surface run-off carries
contaminated soil into water sources causing water pollution. Pollutants can also
infiltrate down to contaminate ground water. The contaminated water is thus unfit for
both animal and human consumption. It will also affect aquatic life since the
organisms that live in these water bodies will find their habitats inhabitable.
Control Measures for soil Pollution:
A. Prevention of soil erosion:
1. Proper management of agricultural land and the practice of organic farming-
Poor land utilisation is a major source of concern in the prevention and control of soil
pollution. Agricultural land pollution typically results in a loss of soil fertility due to
the loss of organic matter, topsoil, and nutrients, as well as the soil's ability to retain
water. Mechanical and biological control techniques are ideal soil conservation
methods in agricultural land management. Forest development in new areas can help
to reduce erosion caused by rainwater and air, resulting in increased soil fertility and
formation. Reforestation should be carried out in areas where there is excessive
pollution or surface degradation. Mechanical soil pollution control methods include
contour holding systems, gully control, and the construction of bunds. Making bunds
across the slope helps to prevent erosion in excessively sloping areas.
2. Wind breaks or shelter belts: In this technique, trees are planted in long rows along
the boundary of cultivated land which block the wind and reduce soil erosion. Wind
breaks help in retaining soil moisture, supply wood for fuel and provide habitat for
birds.
B. Ways to minimize the soil acidification process:
The use of less acidifying farming practices: Retain crop residue, no nitrate residue,
less tillage etc.
Applications of agricultural lime: The addition of lime raises the soil pH to some
prescribed value (pH 6.0 to 7.0).
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C. Remedies to correct salt affected soil
Flushing Soil and Preventing Evaporation: Flushing the soil is the process of
irrigating the area with a low-salt water and washing the salt below the root zone;
provided soils have good drainage. When water evaporates on a dry soil surface, it
leaves salt behind. Mulching can help in retaining soil moisture.
Land reclamation: Land reclamation incorporates activities centered towards
restoring the previous organic matter and soil‘s vital minerals. This may include
activities such as the addition of plant residues to degraded soils and improving range
management.
D. Production and use of natural fertilizers: To prevent harmful effects of chemical
fertilizers, biological routes of soil fertility are being adopted. Organic farming should
be practiced.
E. Sustainable Practices: Number of sustainable practices can be applied in order to
prevent spreading of desertification. Such as following :
Checking overgrazing- Fewer animals in the same area will allow plants to grow
back.
Integrated farming - Keep animals and grow crops. Use the manure from the
animals to replace soil nutrients where the crops grow. Swap the place where the
crops grow and the animals graze from time to time.
Plant more trees - These will protect the soil surface from the impact of rain and the
effects of wind. The roots will bind the soil together and trap water.
3. Proper Solid Waste Treatment -It is critical to properly dispose of solid waste by
treating it before releasing it into the environment. To avoid soil contamination, acidic
and alkaline waste, for example, can be neutralised before disposal. Before being
released into the environment, biodegradable waste should be broken down in a
controlled environment. The proper treatment of sewage sludge is a great example.
The waste materials should also be classified according to their level of
contamination. Mildly or moderately contaminated materials should be treated in
controlled environments before being released into natural environments, whereas
heavily contaminated materials should be subjected to strict management, treatment,
and control.
CONCLUSION
Controlling pollutants, daily environmental monitoring should be improved. This
should be implemented by developing a layout plan that includes close monitoring of the soil
environment as well as regular information updates. Scientists and engineers can play a
critical role in bringing models and technologies to effectively deal with the environment
pollution problem by expanding our understanding and developing innovative techniques to
analyse and treat polluted soils.Academics, professionals, and students in the fields of soil,
water, and environmental engineering, science, and management, as well as geologists and
hydrological engineers, should be interested in the detailed design, operation, management,
and process control issues presented in this issue.
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Controlling mining and industrial pollutants is the most effective way to control soil
pollution.Adoption of organic and biological agriculture, as well as biological pesticides such
as beneficial bacteria and fungi, is one of the most prominent preventive methods for
protecting the soil and agricultural lands.International collaboration in research, development,
administration policy, monitoring, and politics is critical for effective pollution control at this
time. Legislation on soil pollution must be aligned and updated, and policymakers should
propose the creation of a powerful tool for environmental and public health protection. As a
result, the main proposal of this essay is to concentrate on developing local structures to
promote experience and practise, and then extrapolate these to the international level through
the development of effective policies for sustainable ecosystem management.
References:
Badran A 1988 Environmental Pollution, Its Sources and Types. Journal of Science
and Technology
Jamal Q J 2019 Air Pollution: Concepts and Effects. Journal of Scientific Prospects.
11 pp.300-305
SuaadHadi Hassan Al-TaaiSoil Pollution - Causes and Effects Published under
licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
Schnoor, J.L (1996), Environmental Modelling: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in
Water, Air and Soil, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York
Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R. &Polasky, S. 2002. Agricultural
sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418(6898): 671–677. https://
doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
Ezio Ranieri,1 Fabian Bombardelli,2 Petros Gikas,3 and Bernardino Chiaia4Soil
Pollution Prevention and RemediationHindawi Publishing Corporation Applied and
Environmental Soil Science Volume 2016,
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URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Shaik Mohammad Ali*1Shaik Aaliya Afreen*2
*1 Student - MS Food Science and Technology, *2 Student - MS Food Technology
*1 Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. *2 Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati,A.P.
Abstract
Urban waste management is a complex and critical issue facing cities around the
world today. With the rapid pace of urbanization, the amount of waste generated in urban
areas is increasing, posing significant challenges for public health, the environment, and
sustainability. By 2025, there will most probably be 4.3 billion urban dwellers creating
approximately 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid trash (2.2 billion tonnes per year).
Effective urban waste management involves the systematic collection, transportation,
treatment, and disposal of solid waste generated by households and commercial
establishments. The goal is to minimize the environmental impact of waste and recover
resources wherever possible. The approach to urban waste management includes various
methods, such as source segregation, recycling, composting, and safe landfilling.Moreover,
there are several other technologies such as internet of things (IoT), information
communication technologies (ICT) which are arsing currently to improve the Innovations in
technology and best practices in waste management can help cities address the challenges
posed by increasing waste generation. The adoption of circular economy principles, which
aim to maximize the use of resources can also help cities to transition towards a more
sustainable and low-waste future. In conclusion, urban waste management is a crucial aspect
of sustainable development and the well-being of urban populations. Effective and efficient
waste management systems are essential for ensuring public health, protecting the
environment, and conserving natural resources. By adopting innovative technologies and best
practices, cities can work towards creating a more sustainable future for all. Furthermore,
involving the novel technologies of IoT to the local community, private sector and
government agencies in the waste management process can lead to more sustainable and
efficient urban waste management system.
Keywords – Internet of Things, urban waste management, pollution, waste.
1. Introduction
Waste services are deemed to be of public and general economic interest since they
are critical to human comfort, public health, and environmental quality, as well as being
critical components of the economy's competitiveness and society's overall well-being.
(Calderón Márquez & Rutkowski, 2020) Nonetheless, in underdeveloped nations, Urban
waste management (UWM) has deteriorated due to a lack of infrastructure and unsustainable
methods, resulting in environmental degradation. Open dumping and rubbish picking within
open dumpsites pose major health dangers such as skin infections and chronic illnesses.
Because of the high population density in slum regions, the situation deteriorates (Sohag &
Podder, 2020). In most nations, solid waste management (SWM) is frequently a local duty. In
low- and middle-income nations, limited resources and ability in local governments, as well
as inadequate implementation of specific legislation, provide challenges to sustainable waste
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management methods as compared to higher-income countries, As a result, higher-income
nations lead the way toward more sustainable waste management strategies (Iyamu et al.,
2020). The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) created waste management and
handling rules in India, although compliance is inconsistent and restricted. There is an urgent
need to transition to more sustainable SWM, which necessitates the development of new
management systems and waste management facilities. Current SWM systems are inefficient,
with waste harming human health, the environment, and the economy(Kumar et al., 2017).
To overcome wastage there are several technologies that are been implemented from the past
several years like landfills, incineration, and anaerobic digestion which on the other causes a
global warming. Integrated material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA)
are becoming more popular methods for making decisions in SWM systems. MFA on the
levels of commodities aids in understanding the operation of processes and the
interconnection of processes in waste management by serving as an effective tool for
assessing and controlling waste, secondary products, and residual flows. (Song et al.,
2019)Technology-aided smart waste classification model provides the solution to the issues
of sorting wastages precisely using computer vision. The emergence of the Internet is without
a doubt the greatest antecedent of technical development that has led to advances in the waste
management industries like Internet of Things (IoT) and Information Technologies (IT)(B. B.
Gupta & Quamara, 2020). The Internet of Things (IoT) idea envisions a world in which
physical, digital, and virtual things are interconnected in a network that supports higher level
applications. The Internet of Things paradigm is primarily responsible for facilitating the
combination of different improving operational efficiency and multimedia applications, such
as identification and tracking sensor networks, wired and wireless actuators, enhanced
communication protocols, and scattered intelligence for objects(Catarinucci et al., 2019). The
goal of this research is to point the audience in the right path by giving a discussion of
accessible IoTs used to municipal SWM, as well as available literature whereIoT is utilised to
solve problems.
Fig 1. Use of IoT in Urban Waste Management
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2. Waste disposal Methods.
Waste pollutes the environment and endangers people's lives. These negative impacts
affect both humans and animals, and can lead to disease outbreaks, reduced life expectancy,
and a dangerous environment(Calderón Márquez & Rutkowski, 2020). Waste management
have processes such as collecting, treating, and disposing, which to treat the waste there are
numerous methods like landfilling, composting, incineration, and open dump. Though
methods are very effective in disposing waste on the other hand they turn to pollute the air,
water, and soil. There are number of cases reported in recent year regarding the pollution of
air, water, and soil. For example (Gangwar et al., 2019) has concluded Air levels of pollution
(PM10) and concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr) in the air were measured
for three consecutive months in an area where illegal e-waste recycling was taking place, and
the findings were compared to those of two nearby residential locations. Air samples were
collected with the help of RDS and subjected to heavy metals analysis by ICP-OES, whereas
blood samples were analysed by ICP-MS. Results showed that amongst all study sites
significant highest mean concentration of PM10 (243.310 ± 22.729 μg/m3) and its heavy
metal was found at e-waste burning site. (Sahay et al., 2019) has concluded that wastewater
disposal causes toxic compound in water. Similarly Soil pollution can occur through the
dumping of waste on urban or rural land, the dumping of fertilisers and pesticides on
agricultural land, the depositing of pollutants initially ejected into the atmosphere in the form
of rain contaminated with pollutants "washed" from the contaminated atmosphere, and the
transport of pollutants from one location to another via air currents and winds, as well as the
infiltration of contaminated water into the soil(Rădoi, 2021). These environmental pollutions
causes because of extreme wastage over a particular piece of land or due to treachery by a
person, in order to overcome problem IoT and ICT are being utilized to preventing pollution.
3. IoT in waste Management
The Internet of Things (IoT) idea envisions a world in which physical, digital, and
virtual things are interconnected in a network that supports higher level applications. Object
intelligence is derived via automated data processing of an existing state or the environment
in which it is immersed. These data are then sent to a processing node, where they are
processed, and a suitable performance profile is established based on data collected from
various objects. This actuation profile is then returned to the smart object (Uganya et al.,
2022). These newly emerging smart objects like smart bins, waste segregation, landfill
monitoring, Environmental sensors, and public awareness which can prevent from pollution
and keeping city clean. Thus, by directly connecting low-cost technology, the Internet of
Things may generate considerable savings, boost asset utilisation, raise process efficiency,
and add productivity.
3.1 Smart bins
The system provides its geographical coordinates, as well as the date and time
retrieved from the satellite through the GPS module, to the middleware. The waste's weight
and volume are originallycommunicated as zeroes, along with the other data acquired by the
sensors (temperature and the relative humidity of the air). The competency of these two
modules is an assistance to the HC-SR04, reporting the weight of the trash dumped in the
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compartment on a continuous basis to provide more complete information on the residues
existing in the smart bin (Pardini et al., 2020). The smart bin is made up of a container with a
lid and measurement devices separated into two tracks, one of which is constructed on the
compartment cover and the other at the bottom of the compartment. Through this method,
waste measurement data may be processed and made available to citizens, providing
convenient times for garbage disposal as well as municipal authorities in charge of collection,
this process saves money by reducing the fuel consumption of trucks and offers a higher
collection efficiency. Through citizen interaction with smart bins, it is possible to know in
advance container's utilization level located nearest him/her. Then, they can choose
discarding their waste at that moment or wait for a more appropriated time, after the next
collection by waste trucks, without even leaving home avoiding the waste agglomeration at
the bins (Karadimas et al., 2016). Bluetooth is connected for short-distance communication. It
is utilised by the worker for system maintenance if there is a problem with the system. It also
interacts with the application to obtain data if the GSM module fails. A Bluetooth connection
is established via a mobile application and information about the weight of rubbish in a
waste-bin is shared. The system can also be tweaked slightly to send a SMS notification to
the garbage van driver. This technology will create a positive impact on the society in terms
of Urban waste management.
3.2 Waste Segregation
Due to exponential population expansion, the most pressing issue confronting Human
Beings as a civilization is waste segregation and management. There is a high demand for
quick and effective waste processing, particularly during segregation. In here the IoT play a
major role in segregation process with some automations for example (Alisha et al., 2020)
has proposed concept is both economical and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, with the
inclusion of IoT (Internet of Things) through the usage of the 802.11 Wi-Fi standard, trash
bin status may be monitored via mobile phones for home users and servers for industrial
applications. Segregation also involves removing of metallic particles form the waste (N. S.
Gupta et al., 2019) has segregate the metallic waste a parallel resonance impedance system is
used, and for the separation of wet and dry waste capacitive sensors are used. The benefits of
this work are the waste has a higher potential for recovery and the occupational hazards of
waste separating workers is also reduced. However there are several segregations form the
waste which among them are separating organic and recyclable waste, (Mallikarjuna et al.,
2021) has concluded that automation will also increase the speed while significantly reducing
the cost of the waste segregation process. This study was conducted to ideate and bring to life
innovative and sustainable ideas for effective waste management systems with little to no
human intervention.
3.3 Landfill monitoring
Landfills, which are often used for waste disposal, should be monitored and regulated
since they influence ground water and emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over time,
and they should be monitored and controlled to safeguard the region from explosions and
pollution(Venkatesan et al., 2020). It is advised that landfills, which are often used for waste
disposal, should be monitored and regulated since they influence ground water and emit
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greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over time, and they should be monitored and controlled
to safeguard the region from explosions and pollution (Ghosh et al., 2019). To over this
natural disaster IoT technologies are being used in the recent years such as monitoring over
the landfills. Apart from this monitoring sensors have also been played significant role in
preventing toxics gases to merge with the environment for example Treatment that work
optimization using a single chip microprocessor, a Power line communication (PLC), and a
fuzzy controller has been shown to be beneficial in developing a sustainable smart city
through landfill leachate management. (Mabrouki et al., 2021) has investigated Advanced
technology has continually examined the composition of the biogas that spontaneously emits
from the landfill from several wells drilled in recent and old garbage repositories, using the
sensors results carried out at various sites of the landfill in the city of Mohammedi by the
system show that the biogas contents present dangers and sanitary risks which are of another
order.
3.4 Environmental sensors
Over the last few years, there is an increasing trend to design and develop sensors for
measuring personal exposures as well as distributed environmental conditions. The
continuous release of various chemical pollutants into the environment, such as NOx, NH3,
CH4, SOx, CO, and fluorocarbons from industry emissions, automobile exhaust, and
household waste, causes a variety of issues, including acid rain, global warming, sick house
syndrome, and ozone layer depletion (Dhall et al., 2021). At current scenario, exposure to air
pollution is one of the world's largest single environmental threats, significantly linked to
decreased economic output and rising healthcare expenses. So as a solution to reduce the
environmental pollution sensors will come into role of protection form the pollution, there are
several sensors available in the market like wireless body area networks (WBAN), wearable
sensor system for gas, enviro sensor(Mamun & Yuce, 2019). However, the authors
emphasize that it is critical to evaluate ambient gas sensors based on nanostructures and
analyse their sensing response, performance in detecting different contaminants, and potential
ways to dealing with air pollution employing nanoparticles/carbon materials.
3.5 Public awareness
The Internet of Things (IoT) and urban management are two of the most important
technologies of our day. Together, they provide a potent tool for assisting cities in becoming
more efficient, sustainable, and resilient. However, for these technologies to be used
successfully, it is critical to promote awareness of their potential and encourage their use.
One method is to conduct public education campaigns. These advertisements should convey
the advantages of urban management and IoT, as well as how they may assist cities in
becoming smarter and more efficient. Education campaigns should also emphasise the
dangers and obstacles that come with adopting new technology, such as security and privacy
concerns. Another way to raise awareness is to engage with local businesses, schools, and
other organizations. These groups are often the first to experience the benefits of new
technologies, and their support can be invaluable in encouraging wider usage.
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4.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, Urban Waste Management Internet of Things (UWM-IoT) is a
powerful tool that can help cities monitor, manage, and optimize the entire waste
management process. By utilizing sensor networks and data analytics, UWM-IoT can provide
cities with real-time information on the status of their waste collection and disposal systems.
Furthermore, UWM-IoT can help cities create smarter and more efficient waste management
solutions, ultimately leading to improved public health and environmental sustainability.
5. References
Ali, T., Irfan, M., Alwadie, A. S., & Glowacz, A. (2020). IoT-Based Smart Waste Bin
Monitoring and Municipal Solid Waste Management System for Smart Cities. Arabian
Journal for Science and Engineering, 45(12), 10185–10198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s
13369-020-04637-w
Calderón Márquez, A. J., & Rutkowski, E. W. (2020). Waste management drivers towards a
circular economy in the global south – The Colombian case. Waste Management, 110,
53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.016
Catarinucci, L., Colella, R., Consalvo, S. I., Patrono, L., Salvatore, A., & Sergi, I. (2019).
IoT-oriented Waste Management System based on new RFID-Sensing Devices and
Cloud Technologies. 2019 4th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable
Technologies, SpliTech 2019, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.23919/SpliTech.2019.8783097
Dhall, S., Mehta, B. R., Tyagi, A. K., & Sood, K. (2021). A review on environmental gas
sensors: Materials and technologies. Sensors International, 2(July), 100116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100116
Gangwar, C., Choudhari, R., Chauhan, A., Kumar, A., Singh, A., & Tripathi, A. (2019).
Assessment of air pollution caused by illegal e-waste burning to evaluate the human
health risk. Environment International, 125(June 2018), 191–199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.051
Ghosh, P., Shah, G., Chandra, R., Sahota, S., Kumar, H., Vijay, V. K., & Thakur, I. S. (2019).
Assessment of methane emissions and energy recovery potential from the municipal
solid waste landfills of Delhi, India. Bioresource Technology, 611–615.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.069
Gupta, B. B., & Quamara, M. (2020). An overview of Internet of Things (IoT): Architectural
aspects, challenges, and protocols. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and
Experience, 32(21), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4946
Gupta, N. S., Deepthi, V., Kunnath, M., Rejeth, P. S., Badsha, T. S., & Nikhil, B. C. (2019).
Automatic Waste Segregation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Intelligent Computing and Control Systems, ICICCS 2018, Iciccs, 1688–1692.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCONS.2018.8663148
Iyamu, H. O., Anda, M., & Ho, G. (2020). A review of municipal solid waste management in
the BRIC and high-income countries: A thematic framework for low-income countries.
Habitat International, 95(October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.habitatint.
2019.102097
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ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INPHARMA COMPANIES
PFIZER, ABBVIE, JOHNSON & JOHNSON – A THEORETICAL STUDY
Bande Dasthagiri
Research Scholar, Dept. of Business Administration, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, A.P. India
Dr. A.Amruth Prasad Reddy
Associate Professor, Dept of Business Administration, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, A.P. India
Corresponding Author: giribande786@gmail.com
Abstract: Similar to all other industries, the pharma industry has also been in its journey of
evolution to more and more development through the technological breakthroughs‘ in 21st
century. Since from the origin of sustainable concept in development process, industries
need to go along the lines of sustainable development pathway and is same for pharma
industry also. The basic objective of this research paper is to examine the scale of awareness
and necessary steps taken in Indian pharmaceutical sector towards the sustainable
development process. The issue of sustainability in development is more complex in pharma
industry than other industries. The research work is carried in such way that by
comprehensively going through the literature and practices of the major companies on lines
of said sustainable development process. The basic nature of paperis qualitative paper
concentrating on the literature review and reported practices of the pharma companies on
sustainable development. The research methodology adopted is explorative in methods of
sustainable development process adopted by the companies. The results of the present study
in this paper throw light on the risks and advantages of the sustainable development
transformation and its effect on business profitability and achieving the goals of sustainable
development.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical, Pharma industry, Sustainability, Sustainable development,
Socio-Economic and Environmental, UN SDGs, Future generations of human.
1. Introduction
Right from the beginning of the industrial process, the development whatsoever
humanity has achieved till today has come along with some sort of the harm or at times
severely endangering the planet on which human live. This sort of development though has
progressed the very living style of human at same is questionable for future wellbeing of the
humans. To seek a balance between the development process that may not be slowed down or
stopped but need to be not harming environment is big question or challenge that humans are
facing to current times and in future also. The question of balanced development with no
harm to environment or on future generations of humans is sustainable development process.
In a very modest form of words sustainable development means ―integrating the economic,
social and environmentalobjectives of society, in order tomaximise human well-being in
thepresent without compromising theability of future generations to meettheir needs.‖This in
turn need equally supportive methodseach time possible, and creatingtrade-offs
whereverrequired.The searchof sustainable developmentthereforeneeds improving the
consistencyand harmonizing of policiesacross a variedassortment of sectors,to answer the
multifaceted developmentchallenges going to be faced.
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The pharmaceutical industry is one of the world‟s most research intensive industries,
which is making enormous contribution to health care. This industry is also known as the life
– saving industry because that‟s play, a fundamental task in remedifying the pain of
unhealthy persons. The United Nations include pharmaceutical industry in sustainable
development goals as a key player. Pharmaceutical industry is as well the significant provider
to weight any countries wealth by providing employment for millions of people and causal of
foreign exchange (Gulshan Akhtar, 2013). In 1901, the first Indian pharmaceutical company
Bengal Chemical Pharmaceutical Work Ltd. was established in Kolkata by Acharya PC Roy,
Alembic Chemical Works Co. Ltd and also set up by T.K Grajjor in 1907. These companies
began to Indian pharmaceutical industry traditional method to scientific approach. The Indian
pharmaceutical market was totally dependent on imports in 1960s. The Government policies
make Indian pharmaceutical self reliance by the production of local pharma product. The
1970s saw a rip open of start-ups in the Indian pharmaceutical sector, and it is a glowing
example of success over the last four and the half decades. Indian pharmaceutical industry
exposed incredible growth in terms of infrastructure enlargement, technology and research
base to the wide range of production. Indeed, we could say that the Indian pharmaceutical
industry was actually born in the 1970s. The Indian pharmaceutical industry was going up as
a more important manufacturer of pharmaceutical commodities from mid 1980s, by growing
fast in terms of production. In the year 1990 pharmaceutical companies start to development
due to infrastructure creation and export initiation by the government and 2000 to 2015
Indian pharmaceutical plays a vital role in global market because of research oriented and
market development approach. The Indian pharmaceutical market is dominated by branded
drugs market. The share of branded and generic market is approximately 86 percent and 14
percent. The top ten Indian pharmaceutical 3 companies hold approximately 37 per cent of
the global pharma market as beside global average of 4-7 per cent during in year 2008-2013
(DOP, 2013). According to rating, a Fitch company, The Indian Pharmaceutical industry is
estimated to grow at 20 per cent (CAGR) over the next five year
The vitalpart of the notion of sustainable development originates from the Triple bottom line
notion, which infers the balance amongst three pillars of sustainability – environmental
sustainabilityengrossed on upholding the quality of the environment which is needed
forsteering the economic progress and quality of life of people, social sustainabilitywhich
endeavour to safeguard human rights and equality, protection of cultural
uniqueness,admiration for cultural diversity, race and religion, and economic sustainability
neededto uphold the natural, social and human capital compulsory for income and
livingvalues.
1.1 Nature of Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals are special kinds of synthetic chemicals belonging to a wide group of
different chemical families and may also react different in the environment. They are
manufactured to be biologically active in living organisms, to be persistent to biodegradation
and to have long half-lives. This makes them riskier in nature. Release is ongoing always and
everywhere, diffuse and impossible to control. They cannot be forbidden.
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1.2 Pharmaceuticals and Environment
There exists very well documented evidence that some pharmaceuticals enter and
persist in the environment, some are endocrine disruptors (synthetic hormones), some are
designed to kill bacteria and viruses (antibiotics) and may affect microorganism and wild life
in severe and unexpected ways. Little is known on the possible negative effects and impacts
of Environmental Pharmaceutical Persistent Pollutant (EPPP) in humans and the environment
by diffuse and systematic exposure, for long periods of time, especially during the vulnerable
periods of development.
EPPPs are already found in water all over the world. The diffuse exposure might
contribute to extinction of species and imbalance of sensible ecosystems, as many EPPPs
affect the reproductive systems of for example frogs, fish and mussels; genetic,
developmental, immune and hormonal health effects to humans and other species, in the
same way as e.g. oestrogen-like chemicals; development of microbes‘ resistant to antibiotics,
as is found in India.
1.3 How do Pharmaceuticals reach the environment
Mainly in three ways:
They are excreted from humans and animals, intact or metabolized, mainly into the
urine, passing on to the environment directly or via sewage plants.
Unused spreadto environment either via household water or via urban solid garbage
handling.
Manufacturing plants producing the active substances might unintentionally release
pharmaceuticals into the environment.
1.4 Where do they go to
Some pharmaceuticals are degraded to various extents in sewage treatment plants, but
others leave the plant in active forms. Active residues of pharmaceuticals have been detected
in surface water, and they may persist in the environment for long periods of time. Large
amounts of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals have been found downstream from sewage
plants for pharmaceutical industries. EPPPs from sewage sludge used as fertilizer are
absorbed by soya, and antibiotics have been found in the leaves.
1.5 Laws and regulations
Pharmaceuticals differ from other anthropogenic chemicals with respect to legal
requirements. They are regularly excluded in laws and regulations which control
manufacture, marketing, use, and disposal of other consumer products of a chemical
character (solvents, paints, glues etc.). As a consequence, the possible negative environmental
impact of pharmaceuticals is much less documented, in comparison to other consumer
chemicals.
In the European Union, the new directive for human pharmaceuticals explicitly
requires that all member states should establish collection systems for unused or expired
medicines. Such systems were already in use in several member countries at the time the new
legislation went into action in 2004. Nevertheless, the extent to which such systems have
been established and made publicly known, varies between regions. Furthermore, the
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directive does not regulate how the collected pharmaceuticals should be handled. Disposal
into the sewage system is still a legally accepted route of elimination. However, incineration
at high temperature (1200°C) is a preferred alternative to avoid environmental pollution.
For pharmaceuticals approved for marketing in EU before 1995, there are no
requirements for documentation of environmental effects. Hence, pharmaceuticals which
have been on the market for decades may have serious environmental effects that have not
been detected.
1.6 Government Initiatives
On behalf of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, published by the Indian
Pharmacopeia Commission (IPC) in the year 2014. IPC is playing an imperative role to
improve the poor quality of medicines that would support the community wellbeing and
speed up the development and enlargement of pharmaceutical sector. The India Government
going ahead Pharma Vision 2020. The main goal of this vision is to make India an
international head in medicine development, therefore Indian pharma sector need to more
investment to boost industry. Government of India introduced, Drugs Price Control and
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, as mechanism to tackle the difficulty of
affordability and accessibility of remedy. Except this, some other major policy formed by
Government of India to improve the growth rate of Indian pharmaceutical industry are 1. The
government has considered setting up 500 crore project capital support to enhance domestic
pharmaceutical industry and availability of cheaper loans to launch and upgrading the
manufacturing services. 2. Government of India launch, ―Cluster Development Programme‖
for pharmaceutical sector, six pharmaceutical parks will be permitted, which will have
adequate infrastructure facilities for innovation of drugs, testing of drug and also for training
to industry professionals (Mr. Ananth Kumar 2014, Minister of fertilizer & Chemicals).
2. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from United Nations
From the United Nations‘ report TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD:THE 2030
AGENDA FORSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, following lines explains
2.1 Preamble
This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks
toStrengthen universal peace in larger freedom. We recognize that eradicating poverty in all
itsforms and dimensions, including extremepoverty, is the greatest global challenge and an
indispensablerequirementforsustainabledevelopment.
Allcountriesandallstakeholders,actingincollaborativepartnership,willimplementthispla
n.Weareresolvedtofreethehumanracefromthetyrannyofpovertyandwantandtohealandsecureour
planet.Wearedeterminedtotaketheboldandtransformativestepswhichareurgentlyneededtoshiftt
heworldontoasustainableandresilientpath.Asweembarkonthiscollectivejourney,wepledgethatn
oonewillbeleftbehind.
The17SustainableDevelopmentGoalsand169targetswhichweareannouncingtodaydemo
nstratethescaleandambitionofthisnewuniversalAgenda.TheyseektobuildontheMillenniumDeve
lopmentGoalsandcompletewhattheydidnotachieve.Theyseektorealize
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The human rights of all and to achievegenderequalityandtheempowermentofallwomen
andgirls.Theyareintegratedandindivisibleandbalancethethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelop
ment:theeconomic,socialandenvironmental.TheGoalsandtargetswillstimulateactionoverthenex
t15yearsinareasofcriticalimportanceforhumanityandtheplanet.
2.2 The new Agenda
We are announcing today 17 Sustainable Development Goals with
169associatedtargets which are integrated and indivisible. Never before have world leaders
pledgedcommon action and endeavour across such a broad and universal policy agenda.We
aresetting out together on the path towards sustainable development, devoting
ourselvescollectivelyto thepursuitofglobaldevelopmentandof ―win-win‖cooperationwhichcan
bringhugegainstoallcountriesandallpartsoftheworld.WereaffirmthateveryStatehas,
andshallfreelyexercise,fullpermanentsovereigntyoverallitswealth,naturalresourcesandeconomi
cactivity.Wewillimplement the Agenda for the full benefit of all, for today‘sgeneration and
for future generations. In doing so, we reaffirm our commitment to
internationallawandemphasizethattheAgendaistobeimplementedinamannerthatisconsistentwit
htherightsandobligationsofStatesunderinternationallaw.in 17Sustainable Development one of
main goal is environment.
2.3 SustainableDevelopmentGoalsfrom United Nations
Goal1.Endpovertyinallitsformseverywhere
Goal2.Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagricultur
Goal3.Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallatallages
Goal4.Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunitiesforall
Goal5.Achievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirls
Goal6.Ensureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforall
Goal7.Ensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforall
Goal8.Promotesustained,inclusiveand sustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductive
Employmentanddecentworkforall
Goal9.Buildresilientinfrastructure,promoteinclusiveandsustainableindustrializationand
fosterinnovation
Goal10.Reduceinequalitywithinandamongcountries
Goal11.Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable
Goal12.Ensuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns
Goal13.Takeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpacts*
Goal14.Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seasandmarineresourcesforsustainable
development
Goal15.Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanagefo
rests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and haltbiodiversityloss
Goal16.Promotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,provideaccess
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tojusticeforallandbuildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevels
Goal17.StrengthenthemeansofimplementationandrevitalizetheGlobalPartnershipfor
SustainableDevelopment
*AcknowledgingthattheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeistheprimaryi
nternational,intergovernmentalforumfornegotiatingtheglobalresponsetoclimatechange.
3. Literature Review
Balasubramanian J. et al (2015) analysed that product life cycle management creates a
managers accompanies product - related intellectual capital starting from an idea to its final retreat. In
pharmaceutical industry it benefits through enhancing the life span of patent and pricing strategies.
The Agile product lifecycle mange platform to address business issues including speeding time to
market, reducing operating and product cost. PhRMA (2015) Revealed that middle income countries
markets are under seized but comprise a significant and growing source of revenue through
pharmaceutical sector. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) that as
only 1 per cent of their market in Africa including South Africa, 7 per cent in South Asia and China
7.5 per cent in Latin America. Nair GopaKumar G. (2014) acknowledged the need for substantial
refinement in other pharma related laws such as Drugs and Cosmetics Acts, Biodiversities etc. Need
for more uniform and stringent enforcement of quality including up gradation of regulatory agencies
is also called for. EUROSTAT Data (2013) revealed that European pharmaceutical industry is the
soaring technological knowledge base and with the highest employment provider industry, which is
significantly higher than the any other manufacturing industries. The pharmaceutical industry has too
highest proportion of R&D investment to network trade. According to the EU Industrial R&D
Investment 2013 scoreboard of the pharmaceuticals sector and bio technology sector has 18.1 per cent
of total business
According to Sharpley (2000), development and sustainability could be in the
juxtaposition, where both could have possible counterproductive effects, while neoclassical
economists emphasize that there is no contradiction between sustainability and development
(Lele, 1991). Sachs (2010: 28) also suggests how there is no development without
sustainability or sustainability without development.
In the literature different taxonomies of the meaning of the term development
arefound, and most often the following meanings are emphasized: 1) development
asstructural transformation, 2) human development, 3) development of democracy
andgovernance, and 4) development as environmental sustainability (Vázquez &
Sumner,2013).
Lele (1991: 609) describes development as a process of targeted change,
whichincludes goals and resources to achieve these goals. According to Thomas
(2004),development involves the positive changes that society has experienced
throughouthistory, and still experiences, while Sharpley‘s (2009: 30) development outlines
theplans, policies, programmes and activities undertaken by certain institutions,
governmentsand other governmental and non-governmental organizations. Accordingly,the
most acknowledged development indicator is the Human Development Index(HDI) which
integrates different categories of socio-cultural, economic, ecologicaland political
development of particular areas (Willis, 2005; UNDP, 2015a; WB,2015). The term
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sustainability literally means ―a capacity to maintain some entity,outcome, or process over
time‖ (Jenkins, 2009: 380) and carrying out activities thatdo not exhaust the resources on
which that capacity depends. Since this is a generalunderstanding of sustainability, this
meaning can be placed analogously to all human activities and business processes. Thus,
according to the general definition, each activitycan be carried out in volume and variations
without leading to self-destruction,but allowing a long-term repetition and renewal. However,
Shiva (2010: 240) pointsout that the general understanding of sustainability is dangerous
because it does notrespect the environmental limits and the need for adapting human
activities to thesustainability of natural systems. Natural systems enable people to live and
supportthe outcomes of human activities, therefore sustainability can hardly be
consideredwithout an ecological aspect (Jenkins, 2009; Sachs, 2010; Shiva, 2010).
Accordingly,ecological sustainability has become a fundamental framework for considering
socio-cultural and economic sustainability, but also a subject of arguing in the conceptof
sustainable development.
The United NationsDivision for Sustainable Development (UNDSD) has also been
established to promoteand coordinate the implementation of sustainable development,
particularly inthe field of intergenerational and international co-operation. The Division also
servesas a support to policy management and management of sustainable development,and
especially as a communication platform for knowledge and data dissemination(UNDSD,
2015). Along with this, the UN has established a Global Network of SustainableDevelopment
(GNSD) geared to achieve the Millennium Development Goals(UNSDSN, 2015).
Pharmaceutical manufacturingis complex in nature, and associated with high waste
generation (Sheldon1993) and GHG emissions.Raman (2006) have studied that Indian
pharmaceutical corporate are still hesitant while disclosing on environmental and energy
issues.Achieving sustainability is one of the major concerns in the pharmaceutical
industry(Amran and Ooi 2014; Agar et al. 2016; Sheldon 2016).
Having its concerns on climatechange (http://web.unep.org/), reported that green-
house gas emissions are the mainculprit and dominant factor for climate change. Thus, with a
goal of exploringsustainability awareness in Indian pharmaceutical industry thiswork aims to
establish its relation with environmental aspects, economic aspects, social aspects i.e.
triplebottom line (TBL) and external forces that can act as a key driver and contributeto
achieving sustainability.
Further, Goyal (2014) concluded that the disclosure index on environmental
practicesconsidering clean technology, energy consumption, environmental management
etc.for Indian Pharmaceutical Industry was only 22.0 (Industry-wise disclosure indexis
calculated by dividing total scores attained by all the companies related to particularsector
with the total maximum score that can be attained, as studied by Goyal(2014), while the
highest disclosure was from Oil and Gas industry at 41.42 followedby Cement industry at
40.28. This shows that environmental reporting is one of thestrongest ways to achieve
sustainability since it helps monitor the environmentalperformance and thus aids in exploring
the avenues for improvement.
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Most if notall, the published literature in Indian context is not adequately proposing a
model tohighlight sustainability awareness (Goyal 2014) and its relation with TBL and
keydrivers. With the perspective of managerial implementation and ongoing research,this
paper presents a relationshipmodel between sustainability awareness and factorscontributing
to environment, economic and social aspects, along with key drivers incontext of Indian
pharmaceutical industry.
Tri Bottom Line and key drivers were identified through extensiveliterature review as
done by authors (Peukert and Sahr 2010; Mitra 2012; Watson2012; Lozano et al. 2016;
Chaturvedi et al. 2017).Theoretical development and statistical analysis support this research
work whichbuilds up on the hypothesis that practices related toTBLand key drivers are useful
andcan be utilized as important factors to explore sustainability awareness in Indian
pharmaceuticalindustry.
4. Objectives of the Study
1. To know thepharma industry pollutants how they enter and present in environment.
2. To focus on the literature reviews and how UN SDG goals are met in pharma industry
3. To understand the ESG approach practiced in pharma industry on sustainable
development practices and reporting.
4. To study the present status and trend of Indian pharmaceutical industry.
5. To identify the problems of Indian pharmaceutical industry and suggest an effective action
plan.
5. Research Methodology
The present study is purely theoretical and qualitative in nature and hence the study
focuses on the literature reviews and sustainable goals and practices adopted at pharma
industry how pharma industry is reporting about the goals of sustainable development
approach implemented in the pharma industry.
6. Excerpts from the SDG from three Pharma Companies SD Reports
1. PFIZER (US$79.6BN +90%)
Pfizer, takes the top spot in 2022, rising from sixth in 2021. Pfizer, specialises in the
development of medicines and vaccines across a wide range of disciplines including immunology,
oncology, cardiology and neurology. Last year, their sales were down by 19% as a result of the spin-
off of Upjohn, which completed in Q4 2020. Since then, the company has moved forward as a single
focused innovative biopharmaceutical company, working on the discovery, development,
manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution of biopharmaceutical products worldwide.
In the fiscal year of 2021, Pfizer‘s sales accelerated to an impressive US$79.6bn with
their year-on-year growth up 90%, thanks to its top-selling product Comirnaty, a Covid-19 vaccine,
which generated sales of almost US$37bn. For the last two years, Pfizer have focussed much of their
resources to help provide solutions to the Covid-19 pandemic, which has really strengthened their
positioning within the pharmaceutical industry. In 2020, with their partner BioNTech, Pfizer became
the first company to successfully develop a vaccine against Covid-19. Since being approved for
emergency use, millions of people across the world have been given the Comirnaty vaccine and it has
saved countless lives. In December 2021, Pfizer made another major step forward in the fight against
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the global pandemic when the FDA announced they had approved Paxlovid, the first treatment for
Covid-19 that is taken orally in the form of a pill.
Looking ahead, the CEO Albert Bourla has announced plans for the company to aggressively
expand the use of the Covid-19 vaccine‘s technology, messenger RNA, to treat rare genetic diseases
of the liver, muscles, and central nervous system through a collaboration with Beam Therapeutics.
The company has also teamed up with BioNTech again to develop a shingles vaccine, which is
expected to be the first mRNA-based vaccine to treat the disease.
Interested in working for one of the top pharma companies? At Proclinical Staffing, we are
specialists at recruiting for all types of pharmaceutical jobs. If you‘re looking for a new position,
simply send us your CV or use our job search tool to find the right role for you.
Our Sustainability Bond In March 2020, Pfizer launched a $1.25 billion ―Sustainability
Bond‖, the first to be issued by a biopharmaceutical company. Proceeds from the bond will help
manage our social impact (see page 21), by supporting increased patient access to Pfizer‘s medicines
and vaccines, especially among underserved populations, and strengthen health care systems. Interest
on the notes will accrue at the annual rate of 2.625% and the 10-year bond will mature on April 1,
2030. Sustainalytics, a leading global provider of environmental, social and corporate governance
research and ratings, issued an opinion in March 2020 that the Pfizer Sustainability Bond Framework
was credible, impactful and aligned with the four core components of the Green Bond Principles 2018
(GBP 2018) and Social Bond Principles 2018 (SBP 2018). Pfizer‘s Sustainability Bond framework of
eligible investments is aligned with the International Capital Market Association Sustainability Bond
Guidelines 2018. As of December 31, 2020, $43 million in net proceeds from our Sustainability Bond
issuance have been allocated to environmental projects supporting green design and construction of
new office and manufacturing facilities.
Pfizer recognizes the profound societal and public health impacts that are expected to result
from environmental issues. Our company purpose – Breakthroughs that change patients‘ lives –
guides our environmental sustainability priorities, with a focus on climate impact mitigation,
conservation of resources and the reduction of waste arising from our operations. How our approach
to environmental sustainability supports the SDGs
9-Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: We promote resilient and sustainable
infrastructure, scientific research and innovation.
12-Responsible Consumption and Production: We aim to achieve environmentally
sound life cycle management and adopt sustainable practices.
13- Climate Action: Through our goals we are taking urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts
Priority issues covered in this section
16 Climate change
17 Sustainable medicines Water scarcity and discharge Waste Management Product end-of-life
Supply chain transparency Environment and health
Launching our 2030 climate ambitions
1.As one of the first companies to receive validation of our GHG reduction goal by the Science Based
Target Initiative in 2015, Pfizer remains committed to ambitious long-term actions. We are therefore
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advancing our Science Based Target Initiative (SBTi) approved fourth generation GHG reduction
goals aligned with a 1.5°C pathway:
2. By 2030, we aim to become carbon neutral across our internal operations, delivering a 46%
absolute reduction in direct emissions from a 2019 baseline, including purchasing 100% renewable
energy. Any remaining emissions will be offset through carbon credits.
3.Recognizing that indirect emissions account for approximately 80% of our carbon footprint, we aim
to use our influence to catalyze similar reductions across our value chain. We are implementing a
multipronged approach, including embedding environmental sustainability criteria in our vendor
selection processes, strengthening expectations within contracts and engaging with key suppliers of
goods and services to drive the adoption of science-based GHG reduction goals.
4. We also aim to reduce emissions related to upstream logistics by 10% and business travel by 25%
by 2025 from a 2019 baseline .
Clean water
The availability of clean water is a basic human need requiring management at the local
watershed level. We remain committed to conserving resources and reducing water withdrawal,
particularly in water-stressed areas. We have evaluated our practices and are focused on being
effective stewards by implementing water stewardship plans and responsibly managing water
discharges from manufacturing processes.
Pharmaceuticals in the environment and antimicrobial resistance
Pharmaceuticals in the environment is the signature environmental issue for our industry.
Recognizing the threat to human health from antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we remain committed
to the AMR Industry Alliance (AMRIA) roadmap demonstrating the responsible manufacturing of our
products and to providing greater transparency to our actions. Our progress in driving a responsible
manufacturing strategy, including risk assessments against science-based discharge targets, was
positively recognized through the 2020 Access to Medicine AMR Benchmark. We remain committed
to our goal of meeting industry targets no later than 2025.
Supply chain transparency
Pfizer contributes to industry efforts to improve environment, health and safety (EHS)
performance in supply chain management, including: О Verifying through audits that our suppliers
operate in compliance with laws and in alignment with Pfizer‘s Supplier Conduct Principles and the
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Initiative (PSCI) Principles for Responsible Supply Chain Management.
О Coaching to increase capability, drive impact reduction and sustain EHS improvement.
Environment and health
As a biopharmaceutical company, Pfizer is uniquely positioned to help address the global
health challenges resulting from climate change. We evaluate our current product portfolio against
diseases that are exacerbated by climate change to identify medicines and vaccines potentially
responsive to this global health challenge, such as treatments for various vector and waterborne
diseases.
2. ABBVIE (US$56.1BN +22%)
Innovation-driven AbbVie is the second largest pharma company by revenue this
year. AbbVie was created in 2013, when the company separated from Abbott. Employing
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47,000 experts worldwide in 70+ countries, AbbVie tends to drive its R&D efforts towards
difficult-to-cure diseases and successfully acquired Allergan, which completed in May 2020,
strengthening the company‘s position in a number of therapeutic areas including
immunology, oncology and neuroscience.
In 2021, AbbVie‘s sales totalled US$56.1bn, with year-on-year growth up by an
impressive 22%. This was driven by a solid performance for the company‘s immunology
portfolio which generated sales of $25.28bn, growing by 14.1% on a reported basis and
13.5% on an operational basis. AbbVie‘s hematologic oncology and neuroscience portfolios
also delivered with sales increasing by 8.7% and 69.5%, respectively.
Looking ahead, AbbVie‘s rheumatoid arthritis blockbuster, Humira, is set to face
competition in the next year as there are biosimilars on track for early entry. However, there
is still expected to be demand for the treatment, Humira. Those sales, plus growing
contributions from the Jak inhibitor Rinvoq, psoriasis product Skyrizi and cancer drug
Venclexta, are expected to greatly strengthen AbbVie‘s market position.
Our Contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals
The United Nations developed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a blueprint for
achieving the vision of a better and more sustainable future for all. Underpinning the Agenda are 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), each with multiple subtargets. At AbbVie, we want to
contribute to the achievement of the Agenda by advancing the goals and sub-targets that align most
closely with our capabilities and responsibility commitments. We‘ve identified six SDGs and, within
them, key sub-targets, as our primary focus. Our activities may also advance other goals, and we
continuously evaluate opportunities to expand our contributions.
Sustainability focus areas
Relevant sub-targets
Reporting
boundary
Key performance indicators
AbbVie‘s role
SDGs
at play
3.2 End preventable deaths of new-
borns and children < 5 years of age
3.3 End AIDS, tuberculosis,
malaria and neglected tropical
diseases; combat hepatitis, water-
borne diseases and other
communicable diseases
3.4 Reduce premature mortality
from non-communicable diseases
through prevention and treatment;
promote mental health and well-
being
2030 Agenda
Agenda are
17 Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
Our medicines treat respiratory
conditions in premature new-borns, HIV
and hepatitis C and cancer. Our research
on neglected tropical diseases,
tuberculosis and malaria will help to
directly address these targets.
3
Good
Health and
Well Being
4.1 Ensure all girls and boys
complete free, equitable,
quality education
4.4 Increase the number of people
who have relevant skills for
employment, decent jobs and
entrepreneurship
4.5 Eliminate gender disparities in
education and ensure equal access
to education and training for the
vulnerable
4.A Build and upgrade education
2030 Agenda
Agenda are 17
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
Education enables the achievement of
other goals, including health
and prosperity. Supporting effective
educational programs for school-age
children is a philanthropic priority for
AbbVie and the AbbVie Foundation. By
leveraging our highly educated
workforce, we advance skill
development for underserved students
through mentorship, training and
exposure to STEM projects.
4
Quality
education
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facilities that are child, disability
and gender sensitive and provide
safe, nonviolent, inclusive and
effective learning environments for
all
5.1 End all forms of discrimination
against all women and girls
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence
against women and girls in the
public and private spheres,
including trafficking and sexual
and other types of exploitation
5.5 Ensure women‘s full and
effective participation and equal
opportunities for leadership at all
levels of decision-making in
political, economic and public life
2030 Agenda
Agenda are 17
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
At AbbVie, we respect the human rights
of all individuals. We appreciate the
contributions that women—and people
of all backgrounds—make to an
enterprise where diversity of thought
drives innovation.
Our anti-discrimination, anti-harassment
and anti-violence policies extend
through our organization and to our
suppliers. We actively pursue equality
through deliberate action in our
company, with our suppliers and in our
communities.
5
Gender
Equality
8.1 Sustain per capita economic
growth in accordance with national
circumstances
8.2 Achieve higher levels of
economic productivity through
diversification, technological
upgrading and innovation
8.5 Achieve full and productive
employment and decent work for
all women and men, including for
young people and persons with
disabilities, and equal pay for work
of equal value
2030 Agenda
Agenda are 17
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
We have employees in over 70
countries, and purchase over $13B in
goods and services from a supplier
network spanning over 120 countries
and all 50 U.S. states. We prioritize
recruiting and hiring from historically
underrepresented groups, and provide
economic opportunity and technical
support to small and diverse suppliers.
Supporting communities is also a
priority of the AbbVie Foundation. We
partner with non-profit organizations and
engage our employees to provide
learning and workforce readiness
programs.
8
Decent
work
Economic
growth
13.1 Strengthen resilience and
adaptive capacity to climate-related
hazards and natural disasters in all
countries
2030 Agenda
Agenda are 17
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs
Climate change will increasingly impact
health and well-being globally. We
continually evaluate the impact of
climate change on our business. As a
provider of essential medicines, we must
minimize the impacts on our continuity
of supply and have a governance
approach in place to do so. We anticipate
climate-related risks and act proactively
to mitigate them. We also support
disaster relief partners to help to
strengthen community resilience and
recovery from climate related hazards.
We committed to join the Science Based
Targets initiative (SBTi) and are
working on setting ambitious science-
based emissions reduction targets. Read
more in the Environmental Sustainability
and Community & Partner Engagement
and Impact sections of this report.
13
Climate
Action
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10.2 Sustain per capita economic
growth in accordance with national
circumstances
10.4 Achieve higher levels of
economic productivity through
diversification, technological
upgrading and innovation
2030 Agenda
Agenda are 17
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs
Equality of opportunity is very important
to us. After our $50 million commitment
in late 2020 to advance health and
education equity in Black and
historically marginalized communities,
we‘ve worked with our non-profit
partners to set the foundation for their
programs and are accelerating
measurable progress on health,
education, and workforce disparities
rooted in racism. Internally, through our
five-year EEDI strategy that was
established in 2019, we have developed
new initiatives and continued our
progress towards our objectives that aim
to address historical inequities and
provide equal opportunities for
employment and advancements. Read
more in the Community & Partner
Engagement and Impact and Human
Capital Management sections of this
report.
10
Reduced
inequalities
4.1 Ensure all girls and boys
complete free, equitable,
quality education
4.4 Increase the number of people
who have relevant skills for
employment, decent jobs and
entrepreneurship
4.5 Eliminate gender disparities in
education and ensure equal access
to education and training for the
vulnerable
4.A Build and upgrade education
facilities that are child, disability
and gender sensitive and provide
safe, nonviolent, inclusive and
effective learning environments for
all
2030 Agenda
Agenda are
17 Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
Education enables the achievement of
other goals, including health
and prosperity. Supporting effective
educational programs for school-age
children is a philanthropic priority for
AbbVie and the AbbVie Foundation. By
leveraging our highly educated
workforce, we advance skill
development for underserved students
through mentorship, training and
exposure to STEM projects.
4
Quality
education
5.1 End all forms of discrimination
against all women and girls
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence
against women and girls in the
public and private spheres,
including trafficking and sexual
and other types of exploitation
5.5 Ensure women‘s full and
effective participation and equal
opportunities for leadership at all
levels of decision-making in
political, economic and public life
2030 Agenda
e Agenda are
17 Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs)
At AbbVie, we respect the human rights
of all individuals. We appreciate the
contributions that women—and people
of all backgrounds—make to an
enterprise where diversity of thought
drives innovation.
Our anti-discrimination, anti-harassment
and anti-violence policies extend
through our organization and to our
suppliers. We actively pursue equality
through deliberate action in our
company, with our suppliers and in our
communities.
5
Gender
Equality
AbbVie‘s mission is to make a remarkable impact on people‘s lives today and advance
ground-breaking science to address the medical challenges of tomorrow, while achieving top tier
financial performance. We will continue to live up to this mission by: • Discovering and developing
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innovative medicines and products that solve serious health issues • Nurturing diverse talent as a
source of innovation • Partnering and collaborating with healthcare systems, diverse suppliers and
community organizations to deliver effective medicines and supportive strategies that advance
science, improve health outcomes and strengthen our collective impact.
Our existing portfolio and promising pipeline of new medicines and treatments provide us
with a strong outlook for 2022 and beyond. As we approach our 10-year anniversary of being an
independent company, we will continue to innovate with integrity and intention to advance the long-
term health of our patients, our people and our planet. We are driven by our commitment to science,
which is a commitment to better our society.
We monitor our operations to ensure that the manufacture use and disposal of our products do
not adversely affect people or the planet. Our ongoing research efforts aid our understanding of issues
surrounding pharmaceuticals in the environment—insights which will guide our future decisions. To
achieve this, we: Provide regulatory authorities with environmental risk assessments that are used to
evaluate potential environmental risks associated with patient use of our medications.
Continually evaluate the potential for environmental risks of our active pharmaceutical
ingredients. Partner with industry organizations such as the Pharmaceutical Research and
Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical
Industries and Associations (EFPIA) to identify and quantify environmental risks.
Environmentally responsible procurement
Our suppliers are expected to champion our environmental protection efforts with us. As part
of our supply chain management program, our supplier sustainability audits include a robust
assessment of the environmental stewardship practices of key suppliers and their processes. Through
our Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) procurement policy, we prioritize suppliers and
purchased goods that have lower negative impact on the environment and human health. To achieve
this, we:
Consider and promote favourable environmental factors of procured products including—
among other factors—recyclability, biodegradability and elimination of toxicity.
Integrate responsible environmental, health and safety (EHS) language into our contract
templates to ensure that our EHS stewardship expectations are clearly communicated to suppliers of
key products and services.
3. JOHNSON & JOHNSON (US$52BN +14%)
Johnson & Johnson, also referred to as J&J, secures third place on this year‘s top
pharmaceutical companies list. With headquarters based in New Jersey, Johnson & Johnson
develops and produces pharmaceuticals, medical devices and consumer health goods. Sales
for the company‘s pharmaceutical division grew by 14% on a year-on-year basis driven by a
number of key performers, including Darzalex, a treatment of multiple myeloma, Stelara, a
treatment of a number of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, Tremfya, a plaque
psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis treatment, Erleada, a prostate cancer drug, and
Invegasustenna/xeplion/Invegatrinza/trevicta, an injectable atypical antipsychotic for the
treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
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In addition, J&J‘s single-dose Covid-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use by
the FDA in early 2021, which contributed to high growth for the company‘s pharma division
with revenues of US$2.3bn. However, this was offset by a lacklustre performance for
remicade, a treatment for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
In January 2022, Joaquin Duato became Johnson & Johnson's new Chief Executive
Officer. In J&J‘s full-year earnings call he commented "Given our strong results, financial
profile, and innovative pipeline, we are well-positioned for success in 2022 and beyond."
5 WAYS WE ARE CAREING FOR OUR PLANET
In 2020, we began an ambitious mission to improve people's health while
improving the health of the planet. We laid out big, audacious goals and committed $800
million to make them a reality.
1.We Made Disposable More Sustainable
2.We United with Industry Leaders to Help Protect the Planet
3. We Partnered to Hit the Sustainable Packaging Bullseye
4. We Put Energy into Renewable Electricity
5. We Got Our Hands Dirty to Clean Up the World.
Improving health for people and planet
Our mission is to improve total health for all—for individuals at every age and stage
of life, for communities, and for our planet. We‘ve set ambitious goals and are putting our
money where our mouth is—investing $800 million through 2030 to advance human health
while also protecting our environment. We‘re tackling preventable diseases through
education and partnerships, starting with smoking cessation and preventable skin cancers.
We're improving product transparency, beginning with ingredients, so our consumers have
the information they need when choosing health products. And, we're reducing our impact on
the natural environment by reducing the amount of plastic we use, using more recycled
materials, making our packaging easier to recycle or reuse, and powering more of our
operations with renewable energy.
When you choose our brands, you choose a healthier today and a healthier tomorrow.
7. Conclusion
To the extent the literature covered indicate that the pharma industry is serving the
human cause to save human life from various health related issues.However, at the same time
as their way of business is production one using different organic and inorganic chemical
substances and there by producing main products, by products and certain waste chemicals.
Though care is taken in certain material reaches environment through unintentional
discharges, by way consumed product and traces of residual waste through human excretion
and other ways spread into environment. On the one side, the pharma companies attaching
the strategic goals of business along with the United Nations Sustainable Development goals
as we seen from the observed three companies Pfizer.AbbVie,Johnson & Johnsonin a way,
though the Pharma industry is saving the human life in one side through life saving products,
on the other side producing effects on environment as is chemicals-based industry. All
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companies which are in this are absolutely adhering to the UN SDGs to the cause of
Sustainable Development.
8. References
https://www.proclinical.com/blogs/2022-6/who-are-the-top-10-pharma-companies-in-
the-world-2022
https://s28.q4cdn.com/781576035/files/doc_downloads/Pfizer-ESG-Report-
2020_2021-03-10.pdf
https://www.abbvie.com/societal-impact/for-the-strength-of-our-
communities/advancing-environmental-sustainability.html
https://www.jnj.com/environmental-sustainability/our-operations-and-supply-chain
https://www.jnjconsumerhealth.com/sustainability
Agar AG, Arcese G, Lucchetti MC (2016) Waste management and environmental
impact: a casestudy of pharmaceutical industry. Pathways Environ Sustain 97–106
(2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03826-1_10
Amran A, Ooi SK (2014) Sustainability reporting: meeting stakeholder demands.
Strat Direct
30(7):38–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/SD-03-2014-0035
Chaturvedi U, Sharma M, Dangayach GS, Sarkar P (2017) Evolution and adoption of
sustainable practices in the pharmaceutical industry: an overview with an Indian
perspective. J Clean Prod168:1358–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro. 2017.08.
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Goyal N (2014) Corporate sustainability reporting practices among Indian companies
myth orreality. Int J Manage Social Sci Res 3(1):54–60. ISSN: 2319-4421
Jenkins, W. (2009). Berkshire encyclopaedia of sustainability: the spirit of
sustainability, Vol. 1 (1sted.). Berkshire: Berkshire Publishing Group.
Lele, S.M. (1991). Sustainable development: A Critical Review. World Development,
19(6), 607-621.DOI: 10.1016/0305-750X(91)90197-P.
Lozano R, Nummert B, Ceulemans K (2016) Elucidating the relationship between
sustainabilityreporting and organisational change management for sustainability. J
Clean Prod 125:168–188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.031
Mitra PK (2012) Sustainability reporting practices in India: its problem and prospects.
Int J MarketFinanServ Manage Res 1(5):109–115
Monica Sharma, et. al., Exploring Sustainability in IndianPharmaceutical Industry, ©
The Author(s) 2020K. S. Sangwan and C. Herrmann (eds.), Enhancing Future Skills
and Entrepreneurship,Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and
Management,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44248-4_9
Peukert J, Sahr K (2010) Sustainability in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry—
results of abenchmark analysis. J Bus Chem 10(7):97–106
Raman RS (2006) Corporate social reporting in India, a view from the top. Global
Busin Rev
7(2):314–324 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1177/097215090600700208
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ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA –
AN OVERVIEW
G Chandra Sekhara* N JayasimhaaP Suresha Veera Sudarsanb K Sanjeeva Reddyb
a Dept. of Chemistry, SCNR Govt. Degree College, Proddatur, Kadapa (Dt.) A.P.
bDept. of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Jammalamadugu, Kadapa (Dt.) A.P.
Abstract:
Environment is a broad concept encompassing the whole range of diverse
surroundings in which one perceives experience and react to events and changes. It includes
the land, water, sea, forest, vegetation, air and the whole gamut of the social order. It also
includes the physical and ecological environment. It concerns people‘s ability to adapt both
physically and mentally to the continuing changes in environment. Environment is a tool or
resource to overcome the poverty by making use it slowly and gradually but not abruptly. If
we use environment, it may leads to so many environmental problems.
Keywords: Environment, Sustainable development
Introduction:
Environment is a broad concept encompassing the whole range of diverse
surroundings in which one perceives experience and react to events and changes. It includes
the land, water, vegetation, air, Sunlight, sound pollution, atmosphere pollution and the
whole gamut of the social order. It also includes the physical and the ecological environment.
It concerns people‘s ability to adapt both physically and mentally to the continuing changes in
environment. In its natural condition, the environment of any region is in a state of dynamic
equilibrium. This is what is called the balance of nature. But when people try to exploit and
interfere with nature, this equilibrium is disturbed, in many cases to the detriment of all
forms of life. Ultimately, it is condition of land and water resources and the quality of the air,
which one breathes that determine the health and wealth of a Nation.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle used the spirit of sustainability in defining the term
―Oikonomia‖ the root of the current term economics and contrasting it with an alternate
form of development, ‗Chrematistics‘. Oikonomia is defined by Daly and Coob as ―The
Management of Household‖ so as to increase it value to all members of the household over
the long run. Much as in the case of sustainable development, Oikonomia takes a long run
perspective, considers the welfare of the household (or community) as a whole and
recognizes the necessity of limited accumulation of suppliers if the needs of every one are
to be satisfied over the long term. Unfortunately, most of the current economic activities are
far from being characterized by the oikonomia. Human kind seems to be much more
fascinated by chrematistics. The manipulation of property and wealth so as to maximize
short-term monetary exchange value to the owner (taken from XIth Annual International
Conference of National Environmental Science Academy Proceeding -1996).
The United Nations (UN) Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
(DESD) in 2005-2014 states that ‗Universities must function as places of research and
learning for sustainable development.‘ The government of the United Kingdom has
answered in the affirmative. Its Department for Education and Skills ―Shares
responsibility for learning about sustainable development‖. Sustainable development has
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become an important issue on international, regional and national agendas concerning,
education policy over the past a few years, Articulating the goals of Higher Education
Radhakrishan Commission on University Education, 1948-49 put it in following words:
―The most important and urgent reform needs in education is to transform it, to
endeavour to relate it to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and thereby make it
the powerful instrument of social, economic and cultural transformation necessary for the
realization of the national goals. For this purpose, education should be developed so as to
increase productivity, achieve social and national integration, accelerate the process of
modernization and cultivate social, moral and spiritual values‖.
Various Approaches:
Number of studies conducted by social scientists on population, environment on
sustainable development at global level and national level have been reviewed after
taking accounts various issues and dimensions at all levels. Their main findings have
been discussed in the following paragraph:
In order to produce effective indicators of sustainable development, one must
agree on what one is trying to indicate. The challenge in developing indicators of
sustainability is to find simple ways of presenting their concept despite the complexity
and uncertainty. To incorporate the sense of time, a new kind of accounting, bringing in
the temporal dimension is introduced which is called ‘chrono-economics‘. Any measure
of balance must look at measures integrated over time to document processes and trends.
Also, relative weights should be assigned to different indicators. Indicator values can be
ranged on a non-linear scale, where more extreme problems or larger deviations from the
desirable level carry more weight than small deviations. Dahl4.
There are an additional properties of a good indicator like parsimony, internal or
external validity, understandability by various user groups, inter- connectivity among
different sub-systems, arid gender sensitivity. Many authors have come up with very
specific indicators. Some of these focus on rural specificity by Gupta and Sinha8. Some
Indicators of sustainable rural development which are protection and development of
village commons, sale of productive animals and percentage of underprivileged people
involved in the development program to monitor ecological, economic and social
dimensions (Rangekar, Soni and Kakade, 1999). Degree of livelihood support of rural
people and poor farmers and indicators are increased opportunity for wage employment,
Expenditures on food intake, wages higher than market rates, access to gains of
common land for poorest households and enhancement in food grain security (Depinder
Singh Kapur, 1999). An attempt has been made to measure of sustainability of rural
development termed as index of habitat security based on farmers self analysis in
Kelegama district of Sri Lanka. The author also studied in the context of Sri Lanka thai
literacy level and life expectancy have increased and level of infant and maternal
mortality has decreased (Wickram Singh, 1999). The author focused on indicators such as
factor productivity, crop yields, level of land degradation and deforestation. It was also
found mention of ecological indicators such as land use changes, biomass quality, water
quality and quantity, soil fertility and energy efficiency by Ramakrishnan, (1999) who has
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also noted that the indicators quality of life, health and hygiene, nutrition and food security
and morbidity symptoms are useful for ascertaining the social status of society (Katar
Singh, 1999). Malhotra (1999) clarified the definition of social sustainability and
elaborated the concept. Mandavkar (1999) enumerated three criteria for indicators that are
economic viability, management of technology and knowledge, equity for the
sustainability and long-term productivity of a natural resource management program. All
these indicators can be classified under social indicators. Mathew Sarvina (1999) tin iced
historical background of the development scenario in Seychelles islands. Zan U Thein Win
(1999) of Myanmar emphasized on strengthening of human resources and social
development. Criteria and indicators have been discussed for the development of dry zones.
Criteria for the dry zone are transportation, energy, and communication while that for
socio-economic development are health, education, poverty eradication, agriculture etc.,
Monfarad (1999) highlights role of rural and pastoral women of Iranian republic in respect
of rural development. She suggested the need to adopt policies to train rural and pastoral
women in agricultural and environmental issues and develop policies to eliminate health
hazards.
Callens and Daniel2 state that firms should play an important role in the
attainment of sustainability goals due to their central role in human activities and
development. The paper contributes to the methodology of indicators that allow for the
assessment of business participation into sustainable development. A fundamental
standpoint is to view economic, social and environmental efficiency as a necessary step
towards sustainability by Hanley, Mciffatt, Faichney, and Wilson9 present results from a
time series analysis of seven alternative measures of sustainability for Scotland. The
measures chosen are Green net national product, Genuine savings, Ecological footprint,
Environmental space, Net primary productivity, Index of sustainable economic welfare
and Genuine progress indicator. These are all measures at the national or macro level. It
has been noted that no one single measure of sustainability is likely to be sufficient.
0TERI Project Report (2000) reviewed the indicators prepared by the
Commission of Sustainable Development (1992) from a developing country perspective.
The paper comments on the significance of the indicators as they relate to India arid
where required new modifications have been proposed. An effort has been made to bring
out any differences in the national definitions or methodologies vis-à-vis the CSD
(Commission of Sustainable Development). The indicators presented in the article have
been classified into social, environmental, economic, and institutional as per the
classification of the CSD (1992).
The aim of the paper by Button1 is to focus on the local environmental effects of
urbanization and to consider ways in which they may be effectively treated within the
confines of an isolated city context and more generally when urban areas are seen as part
of a wider economic system.
Prugh and Assadourian10 are of the opinion that carrying capacity for humans are
in large part self defined, because the limit on human population is not the maximum
carrying capacity, but the cultural carrying capacity, which is lower. If everyone lives at
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a subsistence level, the earth will support more people than if everyone lives at a more
comfortable level that requires more resources. The choices we are making now are
placing a heavy load on the earth‘s capacity to support us. By one measure, the
Ecological Footprint, we are now exceeding that capacity by about 20%. The margin will
widen, probably at an accelerating rate, as our numbers and consumption rise.
The study has shown how through appropriate policy prioritization the states and
union territories can mainstream environmental issues and follow, the sustainable
development pathway. However it is quite evident from the current study that the areas
of concert differ largely for the states and union territories. Unsustainability can result
not only from environmental issue but from social and economic issues. Hence, a single
policy for all of the states and union territories would not be a solution. Environmentally
biased policies may also not be a solution towards achievement of attainable
development. Rather, judicious and different combinations of policies for different state;
could help them in moving closer to achieving sustainability by moving on or beyond the
benchmark.
Future urban forms for cities may include polycentric urban forms, closely linked
to good public transportation systems; development that is directly related to transport;
culturally appropriate increases in the density of development, that is responsive to the
urban context; urban forms and buildings that take advantage of Solar energy, and that
take account of the life cycle of the development; forms that interact with new
technology: developments which enable accessibility and sustainable behaviour and
involve the people who lives there by Dempsey and Jenks5 .
It should also be noted that sustainable buildings are important elements for dense
cities. Buildings should be planned in such a way that sunlight penetrates into the
buildings. However, the right sustainable urban form and buildings are necessary but not
sufficient conditions for sustainable city form. It is "behaviour, lifestyles and people‘s
aspirations" that make an environment sustainable by Dempsey and Jenks5 .
Initial hidings indicate that from 1990 to 2002 India failed to achieve any
noteworthy progress in the management and development of energy sector especially in
the areas of cleaner and renewable energy. The absence of a holistic energy policy and
the increasingly reliance on road transportation are further worsening the situation. More
funds need to be allocated towards rapid upgrading and expanding India‘s railway
infrastructure. The application of improved road taxes for transport vehicles is necessary.
In order to promote the effective use of renewable energy sources, which has
tremendous potential in a vast country like India, strong, committed leadership is‘
urgently required. The public sector oil-distributing companies such as the Indian Oil
Corporation Ltd., and the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., which have huge
distribution network all over India including in the remotest villages, should be asked to
distribute different renewable energy items such as solar lanterns, solar panels etc., The
existing retail sump outlets and kerosene/ lubricant depots can be used as sales and
service centers for such items. Basic engineering skill pertaining to the servicing of solar
panels and small windmills can be taught to local students through workshops and
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training. The public sector oil companies with their massive, nation-wide infrastructure
could organize this educational component on a regular basis in different locations. The
training and promotional expenses towards this would be less compared to the amount of
subsidy the companies pay each year to sell kerosene to the underprivileged section of
the rural and urban India by Dipankar Dey6.
Climate chants: is one of the most important global environmental challenges,
with implications for food production, water supply, health, energy, etc., Addressing
climate change requires a good scientific understanding as well as coordinated action at
national and global level. This paper addresses these challenges. The projected climate
change under various scenarios is likely to have implications on food production, water
supply, coastal settlements, forest ecosystems, health, energy security, etc., The adaptive
capacity of communities likely to be impacted by climate change is low in developing
countries. The efforts made by the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol provisions are
clearly inadequate to address the climate change challenge. The most effective way to
address climate change is to adopt a sustainable development pathway by shifting to
environmentally sustainable technologies and promotion of energy efficiency, avoid
usage of fossil fuels, coal, avoid usage of fridges and air conditioners renewable energy,
forest conservation, reforestation, water conservation, soil conservation etc., The issue
of highest importance to developing countries is reducing the vulnerability of their
natural and socio-economic systems to the projected climate change. India and other
developing countries will fact; the challenge of promoting mitigation and adaptation
strategies, bearing the cost of such an effort, and it implications for economic
development. By Jayant Sathaye,P.R. Shukla and N.H. Ravindranath12.
A clear sense of direction and pace will help in optimally balancing out the
apparent tradeoffs in favour of sustainable development. The central objective of the 11th
plan is now focused on expansion of enrolment in higher education with inclusiveness,
quality and relevant education and supported by necessary Academic Reforms in the
University and college system in India. There are necessary that individual state and
central government also take similar initiative in their respective state plan and develop
policies to address the issue of increasing the enrolment rate, equal access to groups with
lower access to higher education, issue of quality, relevant education and various
academic reforms by Nidhi Sharma, Priti Verma, Pravin Kumar13.
It was found that CSI as a measure of sustainability status is sensitive to the
components of the index. So as a future research agenda it will be useful to take up the
issue of the possibility of identifying by some means the most important components as
standard components across time and space to arrive at CSI. This report could have been
more informative if we could have/got all the data required to carry out such an exercise.
But from a practical point of view, non-availability of data-for different states for a large
number of indicators acted as a major constraint. Given these limitations, this exercise
can be regarded as a first and modest attempt to assess the positions of the states and
union territories of India on the development pathway through construction and
comparison of one single index of sustainability by Joyashree Roy11.
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It emerges that India has a plethora of laws, which deal with the three pillars of
sustainable development – environment, social and economic (including trade and IPR
legislation). Most of these show a high degree of integration or interrelationship between
the different pillars of sustainable development, an important feature of sustainable
development law. To cite an example, the Biological Diversity Act seeks to conserve
bio-resources as well as provide legal entitlements to the communities who have
maintained them over countries as well as enables them to benefit economically torn the
resource. In a similar fashion, the Forest Rights Act recognizes social and economic
rights of forest dwellers and forest dependent communities and reconciles with the
necessity of creating protected areas for wildlife. Similarly, MNREGA sets out to
achieve sustainable development in a comprehensive manner – providing a legal right to
livelihood to rural people. While eradicating rural poverty and ensuring food
security, it also seeks to protect the environment with employment being suggested to
deal with environmental issues like drought, ozone layer depletion, Green house effect,
wheat bowls will become dust bowls, raise of sea level, disappear of Penguins, Seals,
acid rains, deforestation and soil erosion. In fact, this trend to integrate two or more
pillars is more discernible in post-Rio legislation than the earlier ones.
While there has been remarkable progress in Indian legal provisioning on
sustainable development, a few challenges continue to exist particularly with respect to
implementation. It is well recognized that key to improved implementation is the
capacity building and improved financial and technical resourcing of executing agencies.
(Sustainable Development in India: Stocktaking in the run up to Rio+ 420, Ministry of
Environment and Forests Environment of India, 2011).
New threats are also posing new challenges to the country, though there has been
reduction in poverty levels in the country, there is a need to stop further poverty
eradication and inclusive development. The depletion of natural resources and
development in environmental quality needs to be addressed on an urgent basis.
(Sustainable Development in India: Stocktaking in the run up to Rio+ 420, Ministry of
Environment and Forests Environment of India, 2011).
One of the ways in which India has shown its increased commitment towards
sustainable development is through its growing participation in various international
agreements. India has also strengthened its global position towards social development
and is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all its specialized
agencies. Further, India has been active in all international forums relating to
environmental protection and has acceded to almost all major multilateral environmental
agreements and has established domestic policies and legislations complimenting these
international obligations and pledge according to Sustainable Development in India:
Stocktaking in the run up to Rio+ 420, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Environment of India, 201114.
The study conducted by Planning Commission, Govt. of India, identified the
following issues. Firstly, although mining has brought about economic benefits,
avoidable environmental and social damages continue to occur in the mining areas. A
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major reason is the ineffective implementation of the existing mining and
environmental laws and regulations providing for corrective and mitigation measures
(such as compensatory afforestation, land reclamation and prevention of illegal mining).
Further, there is a large variation in the environmental behavior of mining
enterprises. While larger mining companies have concerns for scientific mining,
environmental protection and limited socio-economic development (through CSR
activities), smaller enterprises are focused on maximum extraction of mineral resources
from their lease areas by Planning Commission, May, 201215.
Possibilities to improve the efficiency in domestic water supply, transportation
and agricultural activities to reduce women‘s energy use and increase their efficiency
should be explored.
Decentralised production of energy using renewable resources should aim at
creating employment opportunities for local women. The role of and benefits to women
in JFM and integrated land use planning should be addressed if the development has to
be sustainable and equitable. Also, the scope to increase the employment opportunities for
women in JFM and integrated land-use planning like nursery-raising and dairy farming
should be explored. Women should have access to information on any new invention.
The majority of rural women live close to the biological subsistence margin.
Access to fuel, fodder, small timber and other NTFP is vital for their survival.
Understanding the gender roles, the struggle of women for access to and control over
energy resources, their involvement in biomass management from various perspectives is
necessary to integrate the needs of women in energy development programmes. The
entire process should ultimately aim at solving the most critical problem of women and
energy, leading to sustainable development. (R. Shailja, 2012).
Environment has emerged as a dominant force influencing development-
planning efforts. Sustainable development is the process of judicious use and
conservation of natural resources for the overall improvement in the quality of life for
the present and future generation on long term basis. It should be based on principles
like Development for all which must be within the limits of environment, having respect
for quality of life, taking into account the socio-cultural and traditional knowledge base
which promote collectiveness global diversity, people‘s participation in natural
resources management and need for future generations. It should be placed at the top
priority while formulating plans for development by Dipakala and Jasavaprabhu Jirli7.
The two important issues about high-density cities are (1) the costs and benefits
of the form, and (2) how dense should it be and "higher than what"? Then the study
discusses the concept of multi-modal urban region. The idea here is to create an
environment friendly transport system and create activity places reachable within
reasonable time. In order for this to happen, activity locations need to be created which
can be reached (1) without moving, by walking, by cycling, (2) by public transport, (3)
by energy efficient cars. There are important implications of this on transport and land-
use policies. Basudha Chattopadhyay3
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Thus, there are number of issues and dimensions related to population,
environment and sustainable development in India which have been discussed by the
various social scientists at different levels. However, there is still need to conduct the
research studies on these aspects due to socio economic transformation in the economy.
References:
1) Button, K. (2002) ―City management and urban environment indicators‖ Ecological
Economics, 40.2.
2) Callens, I. and Tyteca, D. (1999) ―Towards Indicators of Sustainable Development
for Firms: A Productive efficiency perspective‖ Ecological Economics, 28.
3) Chattopadhyay, Basudha (2012), ―Sustainable Urban Development in India: Some
Issues‖, Sustainable Development and Climate Change, Economic Survey 2011-12,
htpp://indiabudget.nic.in.Current status of Indicator Work (www.earthwatch.
unep.net)
4) Dahl, L.A. (1995) ―Towards Indicators of Sustainability‖ United Nations
Environment Program, Paper presented at Scope Scientific Workshop on Indicators
of Sustainable Development, http://www.earthwatch,unep.net.
5) Dempsey and Jenks (2005), ―Conclusion: Future forms for city lining? In Future
Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities‖.
6) Dey, Dipankar, (2006) ―Energy and Sustainable Development in India, Helio
International, Sustainable energy Watch, 2005/2006.
7) Dipakala and Jirli, Basavaprabhu (2012), ―Environment and Sustainable
Development: Concept, Model and Principle‖.
8) Gupta, A and R, Sinha (1999) ―Criteria and Indicators of Sustainability in Rural
Development: A Natural Perspective‖ http://www,sristi.org.
9) Hanley, N. Moffatt, I., Faichney, R., and Wilson, M. (1999) ―Measuring
Sustainability: A Time Series of Alternative Indicators for Scotland‖ Ecological
Economics, 28.1.
10) Prugh, T. and Assadourian, E. (2003) ―What is Sustainability, Anyway?‖ World
Watch; Academic Research Library.
11) Roy, Joyashree, (2009) ―Sustainable Development in India? Who should do what?‖,
Socio-economic imprint, India-Stat.com, Jan-Feb, 2009.
12) Sathaye, Jayant, Shukla, P.R. and Ravindranath, N.H. (2006), ―Climate Change,
Sustainable Development in India: Global and National Concerns, Current Science,
Vol. 90, No. 3, 10 February 2006.
13) Sharma, Nidhi, Verma, Priti (2008), ―Role of Higher Education and Sustainable
Development in India‖.
14) Sustainable Development in India: Stocking in the run up to Rio+ 20, Ministry of
Environment and Forests Environment of India, 2011)
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A REVIEW ON 2-ARYLIDENE-1,3-INDANEDIONES: SYNTHESISAND
ITS APPLICATIONS
Dr.Chitteti. Divyavani,1*Dr.P.Padmaja2, and Dr.Pedavenkatagari Narayana Reddy3*
1Department of Chemistry, Sri Padmavathi Women’s Degree & PG College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, e-
mail.id: divyaiict@gmail.com
2Centre for Semio Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
3Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gitam Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
Abstract: Indanone-fused heterocyclesare also well known heterocyclic scaffolds in various
alkaloids and possess important biological activities. Significantsynthetic effects have also
been devoted to variousindanone-fused heterocycles.Arylidene-1,3-indanedionesare one of
the readily available 1,3-dipolarophiles anddienophiles and were widely employed in various
syntheticreactions for synthesis of diverse indanone-fusedheterocycles.This review aims to
highlight the preparation and important MCRs of 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones.
Keywords: Indan-1,3-dione, 2-arylidene indan-1,3-dione, spirocyclic compounds,
Heterocyclic compounds, organocatalysis.
1. Introduction:
Indanone-containing heterocycles are one of the importantheterocyclic scaffolds
present in various alkaloids andpossessing a broad array of biological functions.1,2Indanone-
fusedheterocycles exhibit cytotoxic, phosphordiesterase inhibitory,coronary dilating, and
calcium modulating activities as well asantimicrobial and anti-tuberculosis agents.3
Therefore, significantsynthetic effects have been devoted to the synthesis ofversatile
indanone-fused heterocycles.4,5For constructing diverse indanone-containing polycyclic
systems, the readilyavailable 1,3-indanedione was regarded as an active substrate. 1,3-
Indanedione is one of the most important cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds that hasdrawn
great attention in various organic reactions because it is not only a readily available
startingmaterial, but also has versatile reaction patterns in various organic reactions.6-8 More
importantly, many indanone-fused and spiro compounds are important components of many
naturallyoccurring biologically active substances with a wide range of pharmacological
reactivity.9,10On the other hand, the facile base catalyzedKnoevenagel condensation of 1,3-
indanedionewith aromatic aldehydes afforded more reactive dipolarophilic2-arylidene-1,3-
indanediones. The 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones arehighly reactive ɑ,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds and have been extensively used as1,3-dipolarophiles, dienophiles and active
alkenes in many cycloaddition, Michael addition andcondensation reactions.11-13In recent
years, several efficient multicomponent reactions are developed for construction of diverse
spiroindanones by employing 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones as key substrates. This review
aims to highlight the preparation and important MCRs of 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones
illustrated in Figure 1.
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Figure 1
2. Preparation of 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones
Owing to its importance Carbon-Carbon bond formations are one of the vital reactions
in organic transformations, several methods have been developed to achieve for these C-C
bond formations. Knoevenegal condensation is used for C-C bond transformation; this
involves condensation between activated methylene and carbonyl containing compounds.
Typically, the Knoevenagel condensation is carried out in the presence of weak bases such as
ethylenediamine, piperidine or ammonium salts. Over the years, several modifications of this
reaction have been reported, including the use of Lewis acids.
Teixeiraet al.14 reported the synthesis of a series of 2-arylidene indan-1,3-dione3from
indan-1,3-dione 1and 4- chlorobenzaldehyde2viazirconium catalysed Knoevenagel
condensation in Scheme 1. This methodology reported the following advantages: i) it does
not require the use of toxic solvents; ii) the catalyst is less expensive, easy to handle, and it is
commercially available, iii) the reactions are simple to run, and conducted in open air flask to
afford compounds in synthetically useful yields.
Scheme 1
An interestingnovel series of 1,3-indanedione1 and its derivatives via Knovevanegal
condensation, by condensing with the nitro benzalyhade 4to form a styrylatedindanedione5
leading to the formation of different Schiff basereportedby Shivaraj and co-workers.15
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Scheme 2
Karthikand co-workers16reported various 2-arylidene indane-1,3-dione by using
different aromatic aldehydes 6 and its derivatives with indanedione1viaKnoevenagel
condensation method at (C-2 position). The formation of spiro-oxirane derivatives by
reaction with alkaline hydrogen peroxide was also attempted. The synthesized derivatives
were screened for anti-tubercular activity.
Scheme 3
A novel method for the synthesis of arylidene-1, 3-indanediones 10 developed by
AbdolhamidAlizadehet etal.17 with various aldehydes 8 which are efficiently catalyzed by a
task-specific ionic liquid, 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate9.
Scheme 4
An exciting green reaction method,18 a catalyst-free synthesis of 2-arylidene 2H-
indene-1,3-diones 12 was described by the treatment of indandione with different acyclic
nitrones 11 shown in Scheme 5. The optimized condition was reached using CH2Cl2 as
solvent in a sealed tube at 80 oC for 2 h affording the corresponding products in 80-89 %
yields.
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Scheme 5
Another exciting method to synthesise 2-benzylidene-indan-1,3-diones 14 by
Knoevenagel condensation from indan-1,3-dione 1 and substituted benzaldehydes 2 in the
presence of catalytic amounts of piperidine in boiling ethanol in Scheme 6 reported by
Behera and co-workers.19
Scheme 6
3. Applications of arylidene 1,3-indane dione
3.1.Formation of Spiro cyclopropane
Cyclopropyl ring is a suitable intermediate for many synthetic transformations20there
is a continuous demand in developing suitable methodologies for the formation of
cyclopropyl ring systems in organic synthesis.21
Here in, Royet al.22was reporteda formal [2+1] annulation recation between S-ylides
derived from the sulfonium salt of the Baylis-Hillman bromides and arylidene indane-1,3-
diones to synthesize spiro-cyclopropanes17in good to excellentyields (Scheme7).Products
were obtained mostly in 1:1diastereomeric ratio. Diastereoselectivityhas been improved by
using suitably substitutedstarting materials. In this case a formal [2+1] annulations reaction
competes over a probable [3+2] cycloadditionreaction. The reaction proceeds through a
Michael initiatedring closure process of S-ylides to the activated olefins for theformation of
structurally strained spiro-cyclopropanes. Initially benzylideneindane-1,3-dione was added to
the mixture of B-Hbromide, dimethyl sulphide and Cs2CO3 in dioxane atroom temperature
assuming the generation of correspondingS-ylide in situ. The product, spiro-cyclopropane
was obtainedin 67% isolated yield.It is noteworthy that 2-bromobenzylidene indane-1,3-
dione products were obtainedwith high diastereoselectivities in good chemical yields with
78% and 68%respectively.
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Scheme 7
Interestingly, the first efficient and simple asymmetric route to spirocyclopropanes 20
from 2-arylidene-1,3-indandiones 18 and dimethyl bromomalonate 19, using a commercially
available α,αl-diarylprolinol as the organocatalyst and K2CO3 as additive, has been developed
by Michael-initiated ring-closing (MIRC) approach in presence of triethylamineby Lattanzi
et al.23 (scheme 8). They illustrated the potential of non-covalent catalysis, using easily
available promoters such as β-amino alcohols, in the enantioselectivecyclopropanation of less
common, more challenging alkenes.Notably, the asymmetric one-pot sequential approach to
spirocyclopropanesdemonstrated a feasible process.
Scheme 8
Benzylidene-indane-1,3-dione 18 reacts with phenyldiazomethane 21 in dichloro-
methane with formation of trans 2,3-diphenylcyclopropane 22 (scheme 9). The transcon-
figuration of spirocyclopropane, which was obtained from benzylidene-indane-1,3-dione and
phenyldiazomethane, was derived from the identical 13C NMR chemical shifts of the
carbonyl groups and the AA′BB′ system in the 1H NMR spectrum for the four aromatic
protons of the indan-1,3-dione moiety.24
Scheme 9
3.2.Synthesis of spirocyclopentanes
Lao et al.25 in 2015, described the Michael alkylation reactionof ethyl-4-chloro-3-
oxobutanoate23 and 2-Arylidene-1,3-indandiones 18, provided a number of activated
spirocyclopentanes 24 in 96%yields with diastereoselectivities (up to dr> 20:1. Further,
different bases were evaluatedfor the optimized reaction condition, Et3N as base and CHCl3
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as the solventwas found to be the most efficient for this transformation under mild
reactionconditions was reported.
Scheme 10
Here in anotherinteresting asymmetric annulation catalyzed by multifunctional
thiourea–phosphinesreported byShi and co-workers.26The asymmetric annulation of 2-
arylideneindane-1,3-diones withMoritae-Baylise-Hillman(MBH) carbonates catalyzed by
multifunctional thiourea-phosphines to afford the corresponding quaternary carbon centered
spirocycliccyclopentenes 28 in moderate yields, with high diastereoselectivities, and
enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions.Tertiary Phosphine is the best catalyst in
terms of enantioselectivity. Toulene was used as solvent by using 4 Ao MS as additives at
room temperature affording the desired product in 99% yield along with 73% ee value.
Scheme 11
Mortia BaylisHillman (MBH) adducts have been reported that it was a suitable
precursor for the synthesis of multifunctional cycliccompounds, because the in situ generated
phosphorus ylides fromMBH carbonates in the presence of tertiary phosphines are
veryreactive 1,3-dipoles in a variety of annulations. It was also used as a series of intra- and
intermolecularannulations,1,3-dipoleswith various electron-deficient olefins catalyzed by a
tertiaryphosphine, affording the corresponding cycloadducts in goodyields and high region
selectivities under mild conditions.
3.3. Synthesis of spirocyclohexanes
Chen et al.27reported a chiral squaramide-catalysed highly diastereo- and enantio
selective cascade Michael/aldol reaction between γ-nitro ketones and 2-arylidene-1,3-
indanedione to afford functionalised spirocyclohexaneindane-1,3-diones in high chemical
yields with the formation of three stereogenic centres (scheme 12).
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Scheme 12
They developed an efficient organocatalyticmethod for synthesising spirocyclohexane
indane-1,3-diones and its derivatives with two C-C bonds and three stereogenic centres.
Thestrategy of the reaction was based on a bifunctionalsquaramide-catalysedcascade
Michael/ aldol reaction.Triethylamine as an additive and DCM as solvent were screened in
this reaction.
Anwaret al.28 explored one-pot sequential catalysis for construction of substituted
spirocyclohexanecarbaldehydes with three stereocenters via a formal [4+2] annulation
strategy.They reported an efficient organocatalytic domino reaction between 2-
arylideneindane-1,3-diones18 and glutaraldehyde 32 that gives functionalized
spirocyclohexanecarbaldehydes 34 with an all-carbon quaternary center in good yield 70-
90%.The reaction proceeds through a sequential Michael/Aldol process in high chemical
yields and with stereoselectivities up to >95:5 dr and 95% ee when run in ether at 0 °C. Thus
The recation conditions were optimised by using α,α1-L-diphenylprolinoltrimethylsilylin
ether andDIPEAat 0 °C afforded the desired product 68% - 99% Yield.
Scheme 13
Chen and co-workers29 developed an efficient Michael/Michael/aldol reaction for
synthesis of multisubstituteddispirocyclohexanes. The development of highly selective
sequential transforming protocols is of significant importance in chiral nonracemic materials
preparation. Various 2-arylideneindane-1,3-dione35 and aldehyde36 condensations were
catalyzed by α,α1–L-diphenylprolinoltrimethylsilyl ether33 (5 mol %) and DABCO (20 mol
%) in DMF at 20 oC to form functionalized dispirocyclohexanes37 with moderate chemical
yields and high-to-excellent stereoselectivities (>95:5 dr and up to 99% ee). The
organocascade construction of three C-C bonds to generate a cyclohexane scaffold via a
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[2+2+2] annulation strategy, by one-pot sequential catalysis. The reaction proceeds through a
unique Michael/Michael/aldol reaction.
Scheme 14
Zhuet al.30and his groupdevelopedthe catalytic amount of piperidine(10 mol%),
reaction of ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate38 and2-arylidene-indane-1,3-diones18 gave
the unexpected fluorinecontainingmultiply substituted dispirocyclohexanes39 in
goodyields.Thisprocedure offers several advantages including mild reactionconditions, high
yields of products, as well as readilyavailable starting materials, which makes it a useful
andattractive process for the construction of fluorinated multiplysubstituted
dispirocyclohexane derivatives.
Scheme 15
A facile reaction developed to obtaina series of novel unexpected fluorine-containing
multiplysubstituted dispirocyclohexanes in good yields. With the optimal conditions of the
reactionwas reported as 10 mol% of piperidinewas sufficient to push the reaction forward.
And the solvent effects were also screened the reactions gave the better yield in polaraprotic
solvents such as MeCN.
For the first timeLinet al.31 developed a cinchona-alkaloid-derived chiral primary
amine-catalyzedenantioselectivemethod for the synthesis of the thermodynamically less
stable indanedione-fused 2,6-transdisubstitutedspirocyclohexanones. Both the enantiomeric
forms of the transisomer are obtained in excellent yields of 97% yield with 99% ee and
enantioselectivities. Furthermore, one of theenantiopure transspiranes bearing an additional
α-substitution on the cyclohexanone ring wasthen epimerized into itsthermodynamically
stable cis counterpart, with little loss ofenantioselectivity to demonstrate the feasibility of
such transformation.
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Scheme 16
This method happens to be the first for the enantioselectivesynthesis of the kinetically
controlled transcongeners of such spiranes. They then conclusivelydemonstrated an
alternative retro-Diels-Alder/Diels-Alder pathway for the epimerization of transspiranes into
the corresponding ciscongeners, which could be prevented by incorporating anadditional
substitution on the cyclohexanone ring, resulting in the generation of cisspiranes withgood
selectivitiesvia retro-Michael/Michael pathway illustrated in scheme 16.
Asymmetric aminocatalysis has been widely used for the functionalization ofcarbonyl
compounds, which happens to be one of the most classical organic transformations. In such
context, primary amines could prove to be more efficient andcould broaden the scope of the
substrates for aminocatalysis to a large extent via their diversemodes of activation. Among all
the classes of primary amine organocatalysts, those derived from cinchona alkaloidshave
attracted much attention of the researchers working on asymmetric aminocatalysis as
theycould be easily synthesized and are readily tunable. Cinchona alkaloid-derived catalysts
gave the best results.
Wuet al.32 reported organocatalyticenantioselective Tamura cycloaddition between
homophthalic anhydrides and 2 arylidene1,3indanediones 18 in presence of commercially
available (DHQD)2 PYR, provided a wide range of enantio enriched spiro-1,3-
indanedione derivatives 46 with goodtoexcellent yields (6898%) and excellent
diastereoselectivities (99:1 dr) with moderatetoexcellent enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee).
Scheme 17
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Among all the chiralorgan catalysts screened, (DHQD)2PYR turned out to be
theoptimal catalyst for the reaction. Thus, (DHQD)2PYR wasselected for further study.The
effect of solvent was then surveyed using 10 mol% of(DHQD)2PYR as chiral catalyst. It
wasfound that the Tamura cycloaddition could proceed smoothly inmost of the solvents
examined, providing the correspondingproduct 46with good yields and 99:1 dr. According to
the results the optimal reactioncondition was established to be 0.2 M
2arylidene1,3indanedionein EtOAc with addition of 1.5 equivalence ofhomophthalic
anhydride, 100 mg of 4 Aomolecular sieves, and2 mol% (DHQD)2PYR at -30 oC.
3.4. Synthesis of spiropyrrolidines
Another interesting regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction was reported by
Raghunathanet al.33 they reported 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones undergo a regioselective1,3-
dipolar cycloaddition reaction with the azomethineylide derived from isatin and sarcosine by
decarboxylative route afforded a series of 1-N-methyl–spiro[2.3''']oxindole-spiro[3.2'']indane-
1'',3''-diones-4-aryl pyrrolidines49 with 59-90% yield shown in scheme 18.
Scheme 18
Interestingly, for the first timeBilel Bdiri and Zhi-Ming Zhou34 reported catalytic
asymmetric 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition of azomethineylides with 2-arylidenindane-1,3-
diones18 by using Cobalt II(L-phenylalanine)251afforded a series of novel
spiropyrrolidinederivatives52 with good to high yields (up to 90%), excellent diastereo and
enantioselectivitiesin good yield upto 90%.
Scheme 19
The reaction was performedat room temperature in the presence of a catalytic amount
of triethylaminebase (TEA 10 mol%), chiral Ca(LPA)2 (L1) complex (10mol%) prepared
according to synthetic method developed by Hossainet al. and in dichloromethane (DCM) as
solvent. Astonishingly,under these described conditions, the reaction proceeded smoothlyand
afforded the desired product in high yields and excellentdiastereoselectivity, and with low
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enantioselectivity.The reaction conditions were optimised several Schiff base derivatives of
glycine methyl ester were screened against 2-(4-bromobenzylidene)-1Hindene-1,3(2H)-dione
in the presence of the Co(LPA)2 (L5) chiral catalyst, and good to high yields were obtained in
most cases. Higher yields were obtained when electron-withdrawing substituents, such as
fluoro or chloro groups, were used (85–89% yield).
Despite the unexpected performance of such an accessible complex, its poor solubility
in organic solvents remains a major drawback, limiting its further use in catalytic asymmetric
applications. Structural modifications of the M(AA)2 complex and its potential applications in
organic synthesis were investigated.
A facile and efficient cuprous cyanide-catalyzedheteroannulation reaction of 2-
arylideneindane-1,3-dione18 with ketoxime acetates53 has been developed for the synthesis
of novel spiro[indane-1,3-dione-1- pyrrolines] 54through the cleavage of N–O and C–H
bonds and formation of C–C and C–N bonds by Li and co-workers.35The synthetic strategy
has a broad scope of substrate and furnishes spiro[indane-1,3-dione-1-pyrrolines]in good to
excellent yield with 94%.
Scheme 20
The reaction conditions were optimised as CuCN catalyzedheteroannulation reactions
between 2-benzylidene indane-1,3-dione and a series of ketoxime acetates in DCE solvent
under standard reaction conditions smoothly to provide the target product in 94% yield.
Later, Chenand his group36 reported the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of active
azomethineylide, which were generated in situ from additionreaction of α- amino acids with
dialkylacetylenedicarboxylates, with 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones18 showed versatile region
selectivity and diastereoselectivity in good yield in scheme 21.
Scheme 21
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The reaction conditions were reported as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of
azomehineylideswith maleimides or 3-phenacylideneoxindolines, the three-component
reaction of L-proline, dialkylacetylenedicarboxylateand 2-arylidene-1,3-indanedione was
carried out in ethanol at 50 °C for 10 hours. After workup,the expected series of spiro[indene-
2,2-pyrrolizines] were predominately produced in 69-78% yields.
Mohanan et al.37 reported an unexpected product-selectivity in the reaction of 2-
arylideneindane-1,3-dione 18 with dimethyl diazomethylphosphonate60leading to the
formation of two different types of product. The reactioncarried out in acetone in the
presence of catalytic amount of cesium fluoride afforded spiropyrazolinephosphonates via
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, whereas the reaction in methanol yielded an
interestingclass of pyrazolylphthalides. This strategy provides an efficient alternative method
for the constructionof pyrazolylphthalides, and moreover, the process is general, works under
mild conditions, and exhibitshigh functional group compatibility.
Scheme 22
The strategywas explored for the synthesis of various functionalized
spiropyrazolines61and pyrazolylphthalides62 and was found to be tolerantto a wide range of
electron-rich, electron-deficient andheterocyclic moieties. Furthermore, the mechanistic
studiesproved that pyrazolyl phthalide is formed by a methanolmediatedrearrangement of
spiropyrazolinephosphonates.Further the reaction conditions were optimised as the
spiropyrazoline could be rendered catalytic by treatment of 2-benzylideneindane-1,3-dione
with 0.1 equivalent of CsF in acetone in 87% yield.
3.5.Synthesis of tetrahydrothiophene
Enders et al.38 developed a new asymmetric domino sulfa-Michael/aldol reaction of 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones18 with 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 63 and squaramide 64 catalysed
reaction provides tetrahydrothiophene bearing spiro indane-1,3-dione derivatives in excellent
yields with moderate to good diastereoselectivities and moderate enantioselectivities.
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Scheme 23
3.6.Synthesis of pyrollothiazoles
The formation of pyrazolylphthalides was particularlyinteresting, and a brief
optimization study carried out and the optimised conditions were reported as using a base
NaOH provided the productin 86% yield. Subsequently, a range ofarylideneindane-1,3-diones
was used to evaluate the scope ofpyrazolylphthalides synthesis and series ofsubstrates
bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawingsubstituents at p-position of the aryl
group was employed forthe reaction and the phthalide derivatives were obtained inexcellent
yields.
Perumal and co-workers39reported a facile 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of
azomethineylide generated in situ from the reaction of 1,3-thiazolane-4-carboxylic acid67
and isatin 66 to 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones 18 furnished novel dispiro-oxindolylpyr-
rolothiazolesregio- and stereo-selectively in moderate to good yields (60–92%).
Scheme 24
For the first time Yennamand co-workers40 developed an efficient approach towards
synthesis of novel chiral spiroindene-1,3-dione isothiazoline 70, 71 derivatives as a mixture
of two region isomersby Michael/1,3-dipolar [3+2]-cycloadditionin three steps with good
yield in toluene as solvent.The scope of this new reaction was demonstrated with many
examples with high reactivity and yields.
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Scheme 25
The reaction conditions were screened, tolueneand xylene at 160-180 oC in a sealed
tube both startingmaterials consumed and gave similar results and werefound to be best
solvents to give the good yield as mixtureof two region isomers.
3.7.Other Spirocyclic compounds
An elegant and novel method for synthesis of spirocyclic compounds is the
application of organocatalytic tandem processes starting from readily available 2-arylidene-1,
3-indandiones. These reaction sequences generally utilize the ability of 2-arylidene-1, 3-
indandiones to act as potent Michael acceptors which will, in case of a 1,4-addition, be
transformed into 1,3 diketone nucleophiles that can participate in additional transformations.
The development of such tandem processes using multifunctional substrates which feature
both nucleophilic as well as electrophilic properties in the same molecule has nowadays
become a subject of interest in synthetic chemistry because it allows an efficient and rapid
synthesis of elaborated chemical structures without isolation of intermediates.41, 42
In view of that Linet al.43have developed a new Michael-Michael-acetalization
cascade for thediastereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized spiro[4.5]decan 74
scaffolds by thesimultaneous formation of two C-C and one C-O bond and generation of four
stereocenters. Thereaction is found to be highly chemo- and diastereoselective and formation
of any unexpectedside products was not observed in spite of the presence of multiple reactive
sites. The cascadeproducts are obtained in good yields with a broad range of substrates by
using inexpensiveorganic base (DABCO) as a catalyst. Spiro[4.5]decan scaffolds are found to
have usefulbiological properties and their functionalized derivatives could prove to be useful
in drugdiscovery.
Scheme 26
Yan et al.44 in 2018 have successfully developed a base promoted domino reaction of
N-alkylpiperidinones, indane 1,3-dione and 2-arylideneindane-1,3-diones for an efficient
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synthesis of indanone-fused 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes in ethanol at room temperature in
good to excellent yield with exo configuration was reported.
Additionally, a similar base catalyzed reaction of N-alkylpiperidinones with 2-
arylideneindane-1,3-diones also provided a convenient synthetic protocol for other indanone-
fused 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanesin good yield with endo configuration. The domino reaction
was believed to proceed with domino Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and aldol
condensation reaction.Reaction conditions were optimised as N-alkylpiperdin-4-one75 (1.0
mmol), indane-1,3- dione (1.0 mmol), 2-p-benzylideneindane-1,3-dione18 (1.0 mmol), base
(1.0 mmol), solvent acetonitrile gave the best result at room temperature for 8-12 h provided
71% yield in scheme 27.
Scheme 27
The stereochemistry of the obtained bridged bicycles was clearly elucidated by the
determination of several single crystal structures. The advantages of the reaction included
using readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, satisfactory yields and
high diastereoselectivity. The potential applications of this reaction in synthetic and
medicinal chemistry might be significant.
Yan and co-workers45proposed the methodology for the piperidine promoted three-
component reaction of N-alkylpiperidin-4-ones75, malononitrile78 and 2-arylidene-1,3-
indanediones18in ethanol selectively resulted in the spiro[indene-2,7‘-isoquinoline] and the
ring-opened cis- or trans-1,2,8,8a-tetrahydroisoquinoline81derivatives at room temperature
or at theelevated temperature. The overall transformations involved the domino nucleophilic
addition, annulation and ring-opening process.
The reaction has the advantages of using readily available substrates, mild reaction
conditions, in high chemical and diastereoselectivity manner. This reaction not only provided
convenient synthetic methodologies for the diverse heterocyclic compounds, but also
developed the potential applications of versatile vinylogousα,α-dicyanoolefins in synthetic
chemistry.
Scheme 28
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However, the four-component reactionN-alkylpiperidin-4-ones, malononitrile,
aromatic aldehydes and1,3-indanedione in refluxing ethanol mainly afforded ringopenedcis-
1,2,8,8a-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in goodyields and with high diastereoselectivity.
Li and co-workers46 reported a highly efficient asymmetric organocatalytic Michael-
aldol domino reaction for the construction of functionalized enantioenrichedspiro-indane-
1,3-dione skeleton.In the presence of the available squaramideorganocatalyst, various 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones18 reacted with 3-nitropropanal 82 and smoothly to furnish the
desired chiral spiro-1,3-indandiones84 in moderate to high yields with good to high
diastereoselectivities and enantiocontrols.Importantly, spiro ring system containing three
stereocenters could be built in one pot via this methodology in a high asymmetric level.
Scheme 29
The optimized reaction conditions was reported the enantioenriched spiro-1,3-
indandione obtained in 83% yield with 90% ee and > 20:1 dr. Importantly, lowing catalyst
loading from 10 mol%to 5 mol% led to a similar yield without compromising genantio
selectivity and diastereoselectivity. The scope of the Michael-aldol domino reactions between
various 2-arylidene- 1,3-indandiones and 4-nitrobutanal were also investigated.
Moreover Li et al.47have developed a Et3N-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones18 with N,N-cyclic azomethine imine85 to furnish spiro indane-
1,3-dionepyrazolidinones86 in good to high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities under
mild reaction conditions was reported. This novel method tolerates a wide range of 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones and is a reliable method for the rapid construction of valuable
dinitrogenfusedheterocycles.
Scheme 30
As reported the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is considerably general andtolerates 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones bearing either electronrichor electron-deficient groups at the
aromatic ring. Further, no significant electronic effect on the aromatic moiety of 2-
arylideneindanedione was observed.
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4. Conclusions
This review reveals that several synthetic methods of 2-arylidene-1,3-indandiones
from indananones. Arylidene-1,3-indanediones are one of the readily available 1,3-
dipolarophiles and dienophiles and were widely employed in various synthetic reactions
for synthesis of diverse indanone-fused heterocycles.Many recent applications of 2-
arylidene-1,3-indandiones towards the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds have been
explored. Indanone-fused heterocyclesare well known heterocyclic scaffolds in various
alkaloids and possess important biological activities. Significant synthetic effects have
also been devoted to various indenone-fused heterocycles. This research area still has
further possibilities in future, this will increase the new methods for synthetic
applications.
References
1. (a) Zhang, J.; Shabrawy, A.R. O.; Shanawany, M. A.; Schiff, P. L.; Slatkin, D. J. J.
Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 800−806. (b) Nugiel, D. A.; Etzkorn, A.-M.; Vidwans, A.;
Benfield, P. A.; Boisclair, M.; Burton, C. R.; Cox, S.; Czerniak, P. M.; Doleniak, D.;
Seitz, S. P. J. Med. Chem.2001, 44, 1334−1336. ( c) Frdrick, R.; Dumont, W.;
Ooms, F.; Aschenbach, L.; Van der Schyf, C. J.; Castagnoli, N.; Wouters, J.; Krief, A.
J. Med. Chem.2006, 49, 3743−3747.
2. (a) Miri, R.; Javidnia, K.; Hemmateenejad, B.; Azarpira, A.; Amirghofran, Z. Bioorg.
Med. Chem.2004, 12, 2529−2536. (b) Safak, C.; Simsek, R.; Altas, Y.; Boydag, S.;
Erol, K. Boll. Chim. Farm.1997, 136, 665−669.
3. a) S. Asadi, G. M. Ziarani, Mol. Divers. 2016, 20, 111–152; b) B. Dai, L. Song, P.
Wang, H. Yi, W. Cao, G. Jin, S. Zhu, M. Shao, Synlett, 2009, 11, 1842–1846; c) S.
Majumder, M. Sharma, P. J. Bhuyan, Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 6868–6870; d) S.
Ahadi, L. Moafi, A. Feiz, A. Bazgir, Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 3954–3958; e) B. Liang,
S. Kalidindi, J. A. Porco, C. Stephenson, Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 572–575.
4. a) Vilches-Herrera,M., Knepper,I., deSouza,N., Villinger,A.,Ya, V., Sosnovskikh, V.
O. Iaroshenko, ACS Comb. Sci. 2012, 14, 434–441; b) Khurana,J. M.; Chaudhary,A.;
Nand, B.; Lumb,A.;Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 3018–3022; c) Siddiqui,Z. N.;
Khan,K.;New J. Chem. 2013, 37, 1595–1602; d) Ray,S.; Brown,M.; Bhaumik, A.;
Dutta,A.; Mukhopadhyay, C.;Green Chem. 2013, 15, 1910–1924.
5. a) Zhou, Y. J.; Chen,D. S.; Li, Y. L.; Liu,Y.; Wang,X. S.;ACS Comb. Sci. 2013, 15,
498–502; b) Chen,M.; Sun,N.; Liu, Y. H.;Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5574– 5577; c)
Allais,C.; Lieby-Muller,F.; Rodriguez,J.; Constantieux,T.;Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013,
4131–4145; d) Marquise,N.; Dorcet,V.; Chevallier,F.; Mongin,F.;Org. Biomol. Chem.
2014, 12, 8138–8141; e) Asadi,S.; Ziarani,G. M. ;Mol. Divers. 2016, 20, 111–152.
6. (a) Singh, M. S.; Chowdhury, S.; Koley, S. Tetrahedron, 2000, 76, 1603-1644; (b)
Singh, G. S.; Desta, Z. Y. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 6104-6155; (c) Asadi, S.; Ziarani,
Mol. Divers. 2016, 20, 111-152.
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ELECTRONIC GARBAGE– AN EMERGING THREAT TO GLOBAL
ECOLOGY
Dr.B. Mahesh, Mrs. B. Rajeswari, Mr. G. Ayyavara Reddy, Mr. K. Srinivasulu
Government College for Men (A) Kadapa
Abstract
Over the recent past, the production of newer electronic equipment and the quick
advancement of technology make it simple to swap out outdated models for more modern
ones, so that the global market of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has grown
exponentially, while the lifespan of these products has become increasingly shorter. More of
these products are ending up in rubbish dumps and recycling centers, posing a new challenge
to policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the e-Waste problem
and to put forward an estimation technique to calculate the growth of e-Waste.
Introduction
Over the past two decades, the global market of electrical and electronic equipment
(EEE) continues to grow exponentially, while the lifespan of those products becomes shorter
and shorter. Therefore, business as well as waste management officials are facing a new
challenge, and e-Waste or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is receiving
considerable amount of attention from policy makers. Predictably, the number of electrical
devices will continue to increase on the global scale, and microprocessors will be used in
ever-increasing numbers in daily objects [1, 2].(i)In the United States (US) market, less than
80 million communication devices were sold in 2003; the number was expected to exceed
152 million by 2008 [3], a growth of over 90 percent in 5 years. Meanwhile, in 2006, more
than 34 million TVs have been exposed in the market, and roughly 24 million PCs and 139
million portable communication devices have been produced [4].(ii)In the European Union
(EU), the total units of electronic devices placed on the market in 2009 were more than 3.8
billion units, including 265 million computers, roughly 245 million in home consumer
electronics, and 197 million consumer appliances (major), [5].(iii)In China, approximately 20
million refrigerators and more than 48 million TVs were sold in 2001, and nearly 40 million
PCs were sold in 2009 [6]. Furthermore, the growth rate is increasing every year [7].
Consequently, the volume of WEEE grows rapidly every year and is also believed to
be one of the most critical waste disposal issues of the twenty-first century. To be precise,
United Nation University estimates that 20 to 50 tons of e-Waste is being generated per year
worldwide [8] and suggests that there is an urgent need to develop an estimation technique
[3].
Current Challenges for e-Waste Elimination
In many cases, the cost of recycling e-Waste exceeds the revenue recovered from
materials especially in countries with strict environment regulations. Therefore, e-Waste
mostly ends up dumped in countries where environmental standards are low or nonexistent
and working conditions are poor. Historically Asia has been a popular dumping ground, but
as regulations have tightened in these countries, this trade has moved to other regions,
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particularly West Africa [8]. Most developing countries lack the waste removal infrastructure
and technical capacities necessary to ensure the safe disposal of hazardous waste. And e-
Waste has been linked to a variety of health problems in these countries, including cancer,
neurological and respiratory disorders, and birth defects [9]. Therefore, the fight against
illegal imports of WEEE has become one of the major challenges. From another perspective,
some regulations, which have been established to handle e-Waste, are often limited since they
exclude many hazardous substances that are used in electronics. Moreover, many regulations
simply fail to address the management of e-Waste.
Osibanjo [9] states that in Africa, for example, there is a highly ineffective
infrastructure for e-Waste management. More precisely, there is no well-established system
for separation, sorting, storage, collection, transportation, and disposal of e-Waste. Even
worse, there is little or no effective enforcement of regulations related to e-Waste
management and disposal. Under these circumstances, practical e-Waste management in
Africa is unregulated, and rudimentary techniques are widely used. These techniques include
manual disassembly of WEEE without concern of the hazardous chemicals, heating printed
circuit boards (PCBs) to recover solder and chips, melting and extruding flame-retardant
plastics, and burning plastics to isolate metals; generating an average of US $6 worth of
material from each computer (Basel Action Network). This value is not much especially
considering the environmental and health costs of burning plastic, sending dioxin and other
toxic gases into the air and the large volumes of worthless parts dumped in nearby landfills,
allowing the remaining heavy metals to contaminate the area and harm life.
e-Waste Management in Industry
For e-Waste management systems, some of the most successful examples can be
found in countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands [10]. Experience of the Swiss e-
Waste management system is shown as an example in this paper. Generally, the Swiss e-
Waste management system can be viewed as an ERP-based system, where each stakeholder
has their own clear definition of role and responsibilities.
According to a study by Hewlett-Packard (HP), the Global Digital Solidarity Fund
(DSF), and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), most
countries in Africa lack legislative mechanisms to tackle the problem of e-Waste and have
not yet recognized it as a hazardous waste stream. However, several pilot projects have been
initiated in Africa to show that recycling can provide both employment opportunities for local
communities and act as a step towards a sustainable solution for tackling e-Waste. For
instance, a pilot project in Cape Town initiated by HP processed 60 metric tons of electronic
equipment in 10 months in 2008, generating an income of about $14,000 and creating direct
employment for 19 people. This project also tried to incorporate informal processing
activities that proved highly effective in dealing with waste. This team is expected to launch
the second phase of this project, to engage corporate and government partners to further
extend e-Waste management programs to other countries and to tackle the problem in the
entire continent.
Gregory et al. [11] proposed an e-Waste take-back system, whose main functions are
collection, processing, system management, and financing scheme. Meanwhile, several
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examples of current system models have been presented including California, Maine, and
Minnesota in the US, and Belgium, France, and Germany, in the EU. Even though some
successful stories of e-Waste take-back system currently exist, but several challenges still
remain including(i)how to balance the harmonization between manufacturers and recyclers
with respect to finance, operations, technologies, and so forth,(ii)how to deal with different
business models of stakeholders from various industries,(iii)how to determine the amount of
policy in law, leaving others to be industrial standards,(iv)how to ensure that obligations are
met by the stakeholders.
Conclusion:
The management of e-waste presents a significant challenge for the governments of
many developing nations. It is growing tremendously every day and is turning into a major
public health problem. E-waste needs to be collected separately, handled carefully, and
disposed off. Additionally, it avoids using open burning and conventional landfills.
Integrating the informal sector with the formal sector is crucial. In developing nations like
India, the appropriate authorities must set up procedures for managing and processing e-
waste in a sustainable manner. There is a need for laws that extend the responsibilities of all
stakeholders, particularly the producers, beyond the point of sale and up to the end of product
life in addition to strict regulation of e-waste recyclingnddisposal.
References
1. L. M. Hilty, ―Electronic waste—an emerging risk?‖ Environmental Impact Assessment
Review, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 431–435, 2005.
2. L. M. Hilty, C. Som, and A. Köhler, ―Assessing the human, social, and environmental
risks of pervasive computing,‖ Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, vol. 10, no. 5, pp.
853–874, 2004.
3. UNEP, Recycling—From e-Waste to Resources: Sustainable Innovation and Technology
Transfer Industrial Sector Studies, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009.
4. Consumer Electronics Association, ―US consumer electronics sales and forecast, 2003–
2008,‖ 2008.
5. Euromonitor from Trade Sources/national statistics, Euromonitor International, 2010.
6. J. Watts, ―China orders PC makers to install blocking software,‖
2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/08/web-blocking-software-china.
7. W. He, G. Li, X. Ma et al., ―WEEE recovery strategies and the WEEE treatment status in
China,‖ Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 502–512, 2006.
8. J. Kuper and M. Hojsik, Poisoning the Poor Electronic Waste in Gahana, Greenpeace
International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008.
9. O. Osibanjo, ―Electronic waste: a major challenge to sustainable development in Africa,‖
in Proceedings of the R’09 World Congress, Davos, Switzerland, September 2009.
10. D. Sinha-Khetriwal, P. Kraeuchi, and R. Widmer, ―Producer responsibility for e-waste
management: key issues for consideration—learning from the Swiss experience,‖ Journal
of Environmental Management, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 153–165, 2009.
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BIOREMEDIATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN POLLUTION
CONTROL
Dr C. Narasimha Rao1 and Dr N. Chandra Mohan2
1Department of Zoology, Government College for Men (A), Kadapa, A.P. 516004.
2Department of Zoology, Government Degree College , Rajampeta, A.P. 516115.
ABSTRACT
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems facing the globe today which
harms both the natural world and human society and causes nearly 40% of all deaths
worldwide. Pollution is now mostly caused by industrialization, urbanization, agricultural
advancements, deforestation, forest fires, mining, and poor waste management. There are
numerous conventional methods, such as chemical treatment, incineration, landfills etc. that
can be used to treat environmental contamination. Bioremediation, however, is an alternative
technique that is best, safer, cleaner, cost effective, and environmental friendly in which
microorganisms predominate and play an active role. Bioremediation is a biological process
which operates through microorganisms for the degradation or removal of pollutants present in
various polluted ecosystems. Microorganisms have the ability to transform, change, and use
hazardous toxic compounds in order to produce biomass and generate energy. Some of the
microorganisms eat harmful substances like pathogens and hazardous chemicals, breaking
them down into harmless gases like ethane and carbon dioxide for elimination. Bio-
augmentation, bio-venting, bio-piles, and bio-attenuation are the most commonly used
bioremediation techniques. Numerous microorganisms, including bacteria, archaebacteria,
yeasts, fungus, algae, and plants, are now being investigated for use in bioremediation
procedures.
Key words: Bioremediation, Sustainable Environment, Environmental Management,
Biotechnology applications.
Introduction
The main causes of environmental pollution in recent decades have been
anthropogenic activities like industrialization, urbanisation, agricultural advancements,
deforestation, forest fires, mining, and inadequate waste management and these activities
have increased energy consumption, waste production, and releases of hazardous, dangerous,
and cancer-causing substances into the environment [1,2]. In addition to chemicals, pollutants
also include biological substances, microbes, and energy in the form of heat, noise, radiation,
and other types of energy [3]. Due to the high exposure to environmental pollution, even
small increases in pollutants can have a great negative impact on public health which includes
chronic respiratory disorders, heart problems, allergy, infant mortality, cancer, and increase in
oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, psychological problems, reproductive problems and
even death [4]. Pollution has an impact on people's physical health as well as their mental
health. Some of research studies shown that a small increase in air pollution can lead an
increase in anxiety, sadness, mood swings, suicide attempts, and a decline in IQ that is
connected to dementia [5,6]. It is also reported that lead exposure during childhood has been
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linked to neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism as well as depression,
anxiety, and obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) [7].
There are several reports on how pollution affects plants and agriculture's yielding
capacity. The main air pollutants that harm plants and agriculture include sulphur dioxide,
fluorides, ammonia, and particulates matter. Green vegetation is harmed by prolonged
exposure to polluted air, which also lowers agricultural output, seed quality, nutritional
quality, and safety [8].
Various techniques and technologies, including advanced oxidation processes and
chemical, physical processes, have been employed in the past to remove contaminants from
the environment. And also some techniques such as digging up contaminated soil and filling
the earth, are very expensive and do not provide a permanent solution. Many modern
techniques, such as soil ventilation and steam extraction, offer a less expensive but solution is
incomplete. Hence, only bioremediation is now thought of as an emerging and viable solution
for solving this horrible issue by removing or neutralising the contaminants present in various
ecosystems [9].
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a biological process which operates through microorganisms for
the degradation of pollutants present in various contaminated areas like soil, water and other
environments. It is one of the most effective, low cost, eco-friendly methods and it is
totally a metabolic process which functions under the action of enzymes secreted by
microorganisms. "Bioremediation," as defined by van Dillewijn et al., is the process of
converting environmental pollutants into less hazardous forms using a variety of biological
agents, primarily microbes [10]. It is a biotechnology tool used as a waste management
technique operated by naturally occurring microorganisms to break down harmful toxic
pollutants in to less toxic or non-toxic substances [11]. This method is now widely used
in many contaminated places to restore the natural conditions in a cost-effective and eco-
friendly manner. Nowadays, a number of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaebacteria,
yeasts, fungi and algae are using in bioremediation process [12,13]. In this process all types
of pollutants can be used as energy source and production of biomass by the microorganisms.
The prime concept behind the bioremediation process is to convert the highly toxic pollutants
into low toxic and zero toxic substances. Nowadays this technique is also employed to stop or
reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into our environment [14].
Ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation are two categories that the bioremediation process
might fall into, depending on how contaminants are removed and transported. In in-situ
bioremediation the treatment can be made at the same place of contamination or pollution but
in ex-situ bioremediation the contaminated material can be transferred completely from the
place of pollution to another place for treatment. When compared with the in-situ
bioremediation the ex-situ bioremediation shows relatively high cost, hence, the in-situ
bioremediation is preferred for treatment of contaminated soil, water and other environments
[15].
Biopile, windrow, bioreactor, and land farming are examples of ex situ
bioremediation techniques. In order to boost the activity of the microorganisms in the soil, a
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biopile entails piling the polluted soil, adding nutrients, and aerating the soil. The windrow
method involves regularly turning and aerating the contaminated soil to increase the activity
of bacteria that consume hydrocarbons. A bioreactor, also known as a fermentation tank, is a
large container used to employ microorganisms to transform raw materials into useful
products. The simplest bioremediation method is land farming, which entails tilling or
digging contaminated soil and treating it to encourage microbial activity. Ex situ
bioremediation processes have the benefit of not requiring a comprehensive first investigation
of the polluted site prior to remediation, shortening, simplifying, and decreasing the cost of
the initial stage [16].
The in-situ bioremediation techniques include permeable reactive barriers (PRB),
bioventing, bioslurping, and biosparging. The term "PRB" refers to the placement of a
permanent or semi-permanent reactive barrier in the path of contaminated groundwater.
When the water passes through the barrier, the contaminants are halted and put through a
sequence of processes. The result is water that is clean and free of contamination [16]. By
enhancing the biological activity of native bacteria, the bioventing approach works to
improve bioremediation by supplying oxygen to the low oxygen zone. The bioslurping
method combines vacuum-assisted pumping, soil vapour extraction, and bioventing to clean
up soil and groundwater by stimulating pollutant biodegradation and indirect oxygen delivery
[17]. This procedure is very useful for cleaning up areas that have been contaminated by
petroleum hydrocarbons. Like bioventing, biosparging involves injecting air into the soil's
subsurface to stimulate microbial activity and promote the removal of pollutants from
polluted areas. There are several bioremediation techniques available, with different
advantages and disadvantages. Each technique has its own specific application [11].
Microorganisms used in Bioremediation
Microorganisms have tremendous metabolic capacity and ease of growth under a
variety of environmental conditions, which makes them widely distributed throughout the
biosphere. Microorganisms play a crucial role in bioremediation process because of
their ability to degrade environmental pollutants hence; bioremediation mainly depends up
on a single or multiple microorganisms [18]. This can be achieved by their metabolic
activities through biochemical pathways related to the microbial activity and growth.
Various microorganisms are used in the bioremediation process to degrade and reduce the
toxicity of environmental contaminants. These microorganisms can be found naturally in the
bioremediation site or isolated from other locations and artificially induced. For a better
understanding of the mode of action and growth of microorganisms in polluted environments
required more research [19,20]. The most common organisms used in bioremediation include
bacteria and fungus. Archaea, a recently identified group of organisms with special
bioremediation qualities.
Bacteria
Bacteria are a wide group of organisms that play a key role in the biodegradation and
bioremediation processes. Pseudomonas putida is a gram negative soil bacterium involves
in bioremediation of toluene, which is a component of paint thinner and styrene oil into the
biodegradable plastic PHA [21]. Hajar Abyar et al.,[22] studied the importance of P.putida
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to remove naphthalene and copper by bioremediation process. Dechloromonas aromatica
strain RCB is a rod shaped gram negative soil bacterium having the ability to anaerobically
degrade benzene, reduce perchlorate and oxidize chlorobenzoate, toluene, and xylene which
shows the importance to use this microbe in bioremediation [23]. Deinococcus radiodurans
is one of the most radiation-tolerant extremophile bacterium that is genetically engineered
for the bioremediation of solvents and heavy metals especially radioactive type[24]. D.
geothermalis is an extremely radiation-resistant thermophilic bacterium closely related
to the mesophile Deinococcus radiodurans, which is used for in situ bioremediation of
radioactive pollutants [25,26]. Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1 is one of the best-
characterized aerobic MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) bioremediation. PM1 degrades
MTBE by using the contaminant as the sole carbon and energy source oxidizing it
completely to CO2 without accumulation of TBA [27]. Alcanivorax borkumensis is a rod-
shaped marine bacterium that consumes hydrocarbons like those present in gasoline and
creates carbon dioxide as a byproduct [28].
Fungi
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation technique in which fungi is used to
remove or decompose contaminants from a contaminated region.. Fungi play a significant
role in removal of pollutants through bioremediation in wide variety of contaminated
environments. The contaminants includes organic pollutants , various textile dyes, coal, paper
leather tanning effects, pharmaceuticals and personal care products , polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and pesticides [29]. They have also been reported to survive in effluent
treatment plants (ETPs) treating various waste waters. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus,
Fusarium ventricosum, Fusarium ventricosum have been tested for their ability to degrade
endosulfon [30]. Fungi are potentially most powerful microorganisms to degrade or remove
the pollutants present in by soil bioremediation. Hence, some adoptable species like white rot
fungi got attention in current research. [31].
Conclusion
This review highlighted the importance of bioremediation, various types of
bioremediation process and the use of microorganisms. In these process microorganisms
plays a significant role to degrade or remove the pollutants from environment. Some of the
bacteria and fungi shows tremendous role in cleaning the highly polluted areas. There is no
doubt that bioremediation is a cost-effective and eco-friendly process that is useful for
cleaning polluted areas.
References
1. Ngozi H. Arihilam and E. C. Arihilam (2019) Impact and control of anthropogenic
pollution on the ecosystem – A review, journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology
Discovery (4):3, p.54-59.
2. Liu L, Bilal, M, Duan X, Iqbal HMN(2019) Mitigation of environmental pollution by
genetically engineered bacteria - Current challenges and future perspectives. Sci Total
Environ (1):667, p.444-454.
3. David Briggs (2003) Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease,
British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), p.24. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90453
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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON HEALTH
S. Nagendraa, M.Obula Reddyb & M.Sreekanth Reddyc
aLecturer in Chemistry, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
bLecturer in Physics, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
cLecturer in Botany, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
Email: snagendraharthik@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to acquire an efficient of how various forms of
pollution, air, water, noise and land has an influence on the health and well-being of the
individuals. Throughout the country in rural and in urban communities, the individuals need
to be imparted information in terms of ways of curbing all forms of pollution and keeping the
environment clean. The various forms of pollution have detrimental effects upon the health
conditions of the individuals. When the individuals are engaged in hazardous occupations in
industries and factories are obtaining water from the water bodies or wells, they need to
ensure that the water bodies are clean. In rural communities, the individuals are normally
residing in the state of backwardness and are unaware, hence, they need to be made aware in
terms of ways of curbing various forms of pollution and keeping the environment clean.
Therefore, promoting cleanliness and keeping the water bodies free from various forms of
pollution is regarded as one of the indispensable ways of promoting good health and well-
being. The main areas that have been taken into account in this research paper are, causes of
air pollution, causes of water pollution, effects of noise pollution on health and effects of land
pollution on health.
Keywords: Air, Environment, Health, Land, Noise, Pollution, Water
Introduction: Human activities have a contrary effect on the environment by contaminating
the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the soil in which plants grow. Although the
industrial revolution was a great success in terms of technology, society, and the provision of
multiple services, it also introduced the production of huge quantities of different pollutants
which emitted into the air that are harmful to human health. Without any doubt, the global
environmental pollution is considered an international public health issue with multiple
facets. Social, economic, and administrative concerns and lifestyle habits are related to this
major problem. Therefore, clearly urbanization and industrialization are reaching
unprecedented and disconcerting proportions worldwide in our era. Anthropogenic air
pollution is one of the biggest public health risks worldwide which given that it accounts for
about 9 million deaths per year (WHO, 2019).
A variety of chemicals are released into the atmosphere through vehicles, burning of
fossil fuels and so forth. The air that the individuals breathe have a direct impact upon the
health of the individuals. When the individuals experience health problems and illnesses,
when they get exposed to air pollution, they need to obtain medical treatment. Water
pollution has an effect upon the health of the individuals just like the air they breathe. In
accordance to the research studies, the individuals primarily belonging to rural communities
are dependent upon the water bodies for their survival. The water is made use of for cleaning,
washing, preparation of meals, irrigating the crops and so forth. The individuals also obtain
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fish from the water bodies for consumption. The water bodies, rivers and lakes within the
country are contaminated to a major extent. In other words, there is prevalence of water
pollution on a large scale. Furthermore, noise and land pollution also have unfavourable
effects upon the health of the individuals
Causes for Air pollution: The Earth‘s atmosphere is composed mainly of di nitrogen (N2 :
78% by volume) and di oxygen (O2 : 21% by volume). It can be polluted by gaseous, liquid
and solid pollutants either from natural sources or discharged in the atmosphere by human
activities. Natural sources include emissions from plants, from the biomass of the ocean,
volcanic gas and the re-suspension of dust in arid areas such as deserts. Anthropogenic
sources include combustion engines (both diesel and petrol), household and industry solid-
fuel combustion for energy production (coal, lignite, heavy oil and biomass), other industrial
activities (building, mining, manufacture of cement, smelting), agriculture, with the use of
entrants, and the erosion of roads by vehicles and abrasion of brakes and tyres. Man-made
and natural discharge in the atmosphere can lead to both primary and secondary pollutants.
Primary pollutants are directly released in the air, and include the following
components: Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5); Carbon oxides (e.g. carbon monoxide);
Oxides of sulphur; Ammonia; Light hydrocarbons; Volatile organic compounds; Metals
(lead, mercury, cadmium)
By contrast, secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere as a result of a
chemical reaction between gaseous precursors such as sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
ammonia and non-methane volatile organic compounds. They include the following
elements: Oxides of nitrogen5, Ozone6.
Health effects of Air pollution: Numerous studies have found an association between air
pollution and several adverse health effects in the general population. These effects range
from subclinical effects to premature death, and include notably the following consequences:
Increased respiratory ailments (bronchiolitis, rhinopharyngitis, bronchial hypersecretions);
Degradated ventilator function (lower breathing capacity, asthma, coughing);Eye irritation;
Increased cardiovascular morbidity; Depleted immune system; Impact on short-term
mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; Impact on long-term mortality
linked to the carcinogenic effect of pollutants.Air pollution is a major cause of non-
communicable diseases. It is estimated that at least 3% of cardiopulmonary and 5% of lung
cancer deaths are attributable to PM globally. The most recent study on the Global Burden of
Disease estimates that 7.5% of deaths globally were attributable to ambient air pollution in
2016. In the same year, 27.5% of deaths due to Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and
26.8% of deaths due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases were linked to air pollution.
Causes of Water Pollution: Discharge of domestic and industrial effluent wastes, leakage
from water tanks, marine dumping, radioactive waste and atmospheric deposition are major
causes of water pollution. Heavy metals that disposed off and industrial waste can accumulate
in lakes and river, proving harmful to humans and animals. Toxins in industrial waste are the
major cause of immune suppression, reproductive failure and acute poisoning. Infectious
diseases, like cholera, typhoid fever and other diseases gastroenteritis, diarrhea, vomiting,
skin and kidney problem are spreading through polluted water. Human health is affected by
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the direct damage of plants and animal nutrition. Water pollutants are killing sea weeds, moll-
usks, marine birds, fishes, crustaceans and other sea organisms that serve as food for human.
Insecticides like DDT concentration is increasing along the food chain. These insec-ticides
are harmful for humans. Major sources of water pollution a) Domestic sewage b)Industri-
alization c). Population growth d). Pesticides and fertilizers e) Plastics and polythene bags
f) Urbanization g)Weak management system
Effects of water pollution on human health: There is a greater association between
pollution and health problem. Disease causing microorganisms are known as pathogens and
these pathogens are spreading disease directly among humans. Some pathogens are
worldwide some are found in well-defined area. Many water borne diseases are spreading
man to man. Heavy rainfall and floods are related to extreme weather and creating different
diseases for developed and developing countries. 10% of the population depends on food and
vegetables that are grown in contaminated water. Many waterborne infectious diseases are
linked with fecal pollution of water sources and results in fecal-oral route of infection. Health
risk associated with polluted water includes different diseases such as respiratory disease,
cancer, diarrheal disease, neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease. Nitrogenous
chemicals are responsible for cancer and blue baby syndrome. Mortality rate due to cancer is
higher in rural areas than urban areas because urban inhabitants use treated water for drinking
while rural people don‘t have facility of treated water and use unprocessed water. Poor
people are at greater risk of disease due to improper sanitation, hygiene and water supply.
Contaminated water has large negative effects in those women who are exposed to chemicals
during pregnancy; it leads to the increased rate of low birth weight as a result fetal health is
affected. Poor quality water destroys the crop production and infects our food which is
hazardous for aquatic life and human life. Pollutants disturb the food chain and heavy metals,
especially iron affects the respiratory system of fishes. An iron clog in to fish gills and it is
lethal to fishes, when these fishes are eaten by human leads to the major health issue. Metal
contaminated water leads to hair loss, liver cirrhosis, renal failure and neural disorder.
Effects of Noise Pollution on Health: Exposure to prolonged and excessive noise has been
researched upon and it has been identified that it has an unfavourable effects upon the health
conditions of the individuals. The number of health problems caused due to exposure to noise
are, stress, lack of concentration, productivity losses, lack of sleep and problems in leading to
an increase in productivity and profitability, problems in communicating, cardiovascular
diseases, cognitive impairment and difficulties in the implementation of tasks and activities in
an appropriate manner. In some cases, the individuals have the abilities to alleviate the noise
by changing the place, where they are communicating or carrying out a task or activity.
Whereas, in other cases, the individuals cannot do away with the noise and have to bear it.
For example, noise caused due to television can be alleviated, but noise caused due to
construction going on nearby cannot be done away with. When the individuals get exposed to
noise to a major extent, it has an effect upon their health conditions.
The health of the individuals get effected from noise pollution in five ways. These
include, damaged brain and hearing power, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases,
psychological problems of anger, frustration, stress and anxiety, sleeping disorders and
problems in communicating. Problems in speaking and communicating are regarded as one of
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the major problems. When there is noise pollution, the individuals can neither communicate
with each other in an effective manner verbally nor in a written form. In other words, it is not
possible to communicate in a satisfactory manner and the individuals may have to seek
medical treatment as well, particularly, when their problems are severe. When noise pollution
leads to damages of the brain and hearing power, then seeking medical assistance is
indispensable. Therefore, from the above stated information, it is understood that noise
pollution has detrimental effects upon the health and well-being of the individuals.
Effects of Land Pollution on Health: The land pollution is another form of pollution that
has detrimental effects upon the health of the individuals. The land is contaminated with
many toxic chemicals, which would have unfavourable effects upon the health conditions of
the individuals. The toxic chemicals can enter the human body through the consumption of
fruits and vegetables grown on the polluted land. Some of the potential consequences of land
pollution is birth defects, the development of breathing disorders and skin diseases. Most of
these develop after the exposure to waste materials due to contamination. Land pollution has
led to a series of issues that the individuals have realized, irrespective of their communities
and backgrounds. In other words, the individuals have realized that in order to promote good
health and enrich ones overall quality of lives, the individuals need to keep the environment
clean. When they go out of their homes and find the environment clean, they will be able to
feel pleasurable and contented. One of the major disadvantages is, throughout the country,
there are number of barren lands and decline in the number of forest covers at an increasing
alarming ratio. Moreover, the extension of towns due to the increase in the population is
leading to further exploitation of land. Therefore, it can be stated, land pollution is one of the
major problems throughout the country and have severe effects upon the health and well-
being of the individuals. Furthermore, there is a need to put into operation, the measures and
strategies, which would curb this form of pollution.
Conclusion: The various forms of pollution have unfavourable effects upon the health and
well-being of the individuals. Air and water pollution have both long-lasting and severe
effects on human health, which may even compel them to take medical treatment. In addition,
noise and land pollution also have unfavourable effects upon the health of the individuals. It
ranges from upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart and asthmatic attacks.
The causes of air pollution are, particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, sulphur dioxide,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, benzene, lead, ammonia and butadiene.
The causes of water pollution are, increase in population, industrialization, urbanization,
nature of modern technology, modern agricultural practices, excessive dependence on water
bodies, inorganic substances, wastes, pesticides and fertilizers and thermal and marine
pollution. Finally, it can be stated, individuals, belonging to various communities and
backgrounds need to generate awareness in terms of causes of various forms of pollution, and
implement measures to alleviate their effects, so they do not impose any unfavourable effects
upon their health and well-being.
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Bibliography
1. Turner et al., 2017, ―Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer
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different air pollution exposure models: impacts in rural and urban California,
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3. Halder JN, Islam MN. Water pollution and its impact on the human health. Journal of
environment and human. 2015;2(1):36-46.
4. Ahmad SM, Yusafzai F, Bari T, et al. Assessment of heavy metals in surface water of
River Panjkora Dir Lower, KPK Pakistan. J Bio and Env Sci. 2014;5: 144-52.
5. Corcoran E, Nellemann C, Baker E, et al. Sick water? The central role of wastewater
management in sustainable development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United
Nations Environment Programme. 2010. 20. Nel LH, Markotter W. New and
emerging waterborne infectious diseases. Encyclopedia of life support system.
2009;1:1-10.
6. Chapter-2. Causes and Impact of Water Pollution and Its Adverse Effects on Health.
(n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2020 from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
7. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2020
fromUk-air.defra.gov.uk
8. How Does Pollution Affect Humans? (2020). Retrieved June 09, 2020 from the
worldcounts.com
9. Kampa, M & Castanas, E. (2008). Human Health Effects of Air Pollution.
Environmental Pollution, 151, 362-367. Retrieved June 09, 2020 from edge.rit.edu
10. Noise Pollution Effects: What do you think it does to Humans? (2019). Retrieved
June 10, 2020 from healtheuropa.eu
11. What is Land Pollution? (2020). Retrieved June 10, 2020 from conserve-energy-
future.com
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FLOWER MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
*Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
Government College (A), Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh-533105, India
moulic242@gmail.com
Abstract:
Kadiyam is renowned flower market that supplies flowers to entire Andhra Pradesh
and surrounding states on wholesale basis. There is a bulk quantities of flower wastage
depending on the seasonal market trends. Majority of the flowers that go waste in Kadiyam
flower market are Marigold flowers. Calendula officinalis or common marigold has a wider
range of applications ranging from fabric colours to food colours, aroma oils to pain relief
oils, antiseptic tinctures to floor mopping disinfectants. In this work we suggest a few
globally successful and locally implementable marigold flower recycling techniques for an
effective management of flower market waste.
Introduction:
Kadiyam is a village located in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It
is known for its vibrant flower market that attracts locals and tourists alike. The market offers
a variety of fresh flowers, including roses, marigolds, jasmine, and more, which are used for
various religious and cultural ceremonies in the region. The flower trade in Kadiyam plays a
significant role in the local economy and is an important source of income for many of its
residents. [1]
Fig-1: Kadiyam flower market.
In Kadiyam and many other flower markets, there is often a significant amount of
flower waste generated due to overproduction, spoilage, and other factors.
Fig-2: Kadiyam flower market wastage.
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This can lead to a number of environmental and economic problems, including
increased waste disposal costs, decreased soil fertility, and the release of methane, a potent
greenhouse gas, from decomposing flowers. To reduce flower waste in Kadiyam and similar
markets, efforts could be made to improve supply chain management, increase storage and
transportation infrastructure, and promote the use of locally-grown and sustainable flowers.
Additionally, there may be potential for waste reduction through increased use of composting
and other environmentally-friendly disposal methods. Since marigold flowers are cheap and
abundant, they are the most wasted flowers in kadiyam.
Marigold is a brightly coloured and versatile flower that has a wide range of
applications. It is a popular ornamental plant, commonly used in gardens, landscaping, and
floral arrangements for its bright and showy blooms. In addition to its ornamental value,
marigold is also used in the culinary arts, with its petals added to dishes for a pop of colour
and flavour. Medicinally, marigold has been used for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory
properties in traditional medicine, particularly for treating skin conditions and wounds. In
agriculture, marigold is often grown as a companion plant, helping to deter pests and improve
soil quality
Materials and methods:
Waste flowers are collected from flower market from kadiyam flower market.All
other chemical, used in this study, were in analytical grade.
(a) Collection of waste flower:
From the kadiyam flower market, waste marigold flowers were collected. The Petals
of flowers were dried in the sun until they lost their moisture. The rests of flower stems are
used for bio mass and biochar preparation. [2,3]
Fig-3: Collection of marigold flower waste from Kadiyam flower market.
(b) Colorant Extraction using Ultrasonic Sonication:
Sun dried flowers were powdered. 1gm of flower power was taken in a beaker and 20
ml of Methanol is added to the powder. The beaker was placed in Ultra sonic bath for 10 min
to Sonicate. a coloured solvent is obtained in the beaker. the solvent is filtered using filter
paper to remove solid material. Futher Solid material is used to make bio mass.[4]
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Result and Analysis:
Fig-4: Organic dye prepared from Marigold flower petals.
The colour of the solution obtained is observed to be light golden yellow.UV-Vis
Absorption spectra of natural dye from marigold (segregated from flower market waste)
flower solution was recorded ranging from 200nm to 800nm using UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer. Strong peaks obtained at 382nm.
Fig-4: UV-Vis spectrum of organic dye extracted from marigold flower petals.
Conclusion:
In this work, the marigold flower waste has been collected from Kadiyam flower
market. Organic dye has been prepared from the flower petals using sonication technique.
The UV-Vis absorption spectrum recorded a maximum absorption peak at 382nm. The
marigold dye that is obtained in non-polar solvent environment can be used in Solvent dyeing
process to dye syntactic fabric material like nylon, polyester etc. This Work may further be
extended by varying organic solvent like Ethanol, Chloroform, Dioxane, DMF, DMSO etc.
References:
1. State ‗blooms‘ to the third place in flower production, T. Appala Naidu, The Hindu,
11thDecember 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-blooms-
to-the-third-place-in-flower-production/article37928839.ece
2. Exploring temple floral refuse for biochar production as a closed loop perspective for
environmental management, Pardeep Singh et. al. Waste Management, 77, 78-86, (2018).
3. An endeavor to achieve sustainable development goals through floral waste management: A
short review, ArunLalSrivastav et . al. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 124669, (2021).
4. Utilization of temple floral waste for extraction of valuable products: A close loop
approach towards environmental Sustainability and waste management, Singh.P et .al.
Pollution, 3(1), 39-45, (2017).
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EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN IN ENVIRONMENT
Y.Rajesh III MPC, B.Sailaja,
Lecturer in chemistry, Department Of Chemistry,GDC Rajampeta Kadapa Dist
"Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited
material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric
acids. The precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural
sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily
emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulting from fossil fuel
combustion. In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx come from
electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal. Acid rain occurs when
these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various
acidic compounds. The result is a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, prevailing
winds blow these compounds across state and national borders, sometimes over hundreds of
miles.
Causes of acid rain: Acidic precipitation can be caused by natural (volcanoes) and man-
made activities, such as from cars and in the generation of electricity. The precursors, or
chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as
volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulting from fossil fuel combustion. The burning
of fossil fuels (coal and oil) by power-production companies and industries releases sulfur
into the air that combines with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2). Exhausts from cars cause
the formation of nitrogen oxides in the air. From these gases, airborne sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and nitric acid (HNO3) can be formed and be dissolved in the water vapor in the air. Although
acid-rain gases may originate in urban areas, they are often carried for hundreds of miles in
the atmosphere by winds into rural areas. That is why forests and lakes in the countryside can
be harmed by acid rain that originates in cities.
Effects of acid rain: The environment can generally adapt to a certain amount of acid rain.
Often soil is slightly basic (due to naturally occurring limestone, which has a pH of greater
than 7). Because bases counteract acids, these soils tend to balance out some of the acid rain's
acidity. But in areas, such as some of the Rocky Mountains and parts of the northwestern and
southeastern United States, where limestone does not naturally occur in the soil, acid rain can
harm the environment.
Some fish and animals, such as frogs, have a hard time adapting to and reproducing in
an acidic environment. Many plants, such as evergreen trees, are damaged by acid rain and
acid fog. I've seen some of the acid-rain damage to the evergreen forests in the Black Forest
of Germany. Much of the Black Forest was indeed black because so much of the green pine
needles had been destroyed, leaving only the black trunks and limbs! You also might notice
how acid rain has eaten away the stone in some cities' buildings and stone artwork.
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Acid rain and stone: When you hear or read in the media about the effects of acid rain, you
are usually told about the lakes, fish, and trees in New England and Canada. However, we
are becoming aware of an additional concern: many of our historic buildings and monuments
are located in the areas of highest acidity. In Europe, where buildings are much older and
pollution levels have been ten times greater than in the United States, there is a growing
awareness that pollution and acid rain are accelerating the deterioration of buildings and
monuments.
Stone weathers (deteriorates) as part of the normal geologic cycle through natural
chemical, physical, and biological processes when it is exposed to the environment. This
weathering process, over hundreds of millions of years, turned the Appalachian Mountains
from towering peaks as high as the Rockies to the rounded knobs we see today. Our concern
is that air pollution, particularly in urban areas, may be accelerating the normal, natural rate
of stone deterioration, so that we may prematurely lose buildings and sculptures of historic or
cultural value.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Environmental Chemistry B.K Sharma
Environmental Chemistry: A global perspective 3rd Edition
Gary W. van Loon (Author), Stephen J. Duffy (Author)
www.epa.gov/acidrain/what/
environment.nationalgeographic.com/.../global.../acid-rain-overview/
URL: http://water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html
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AN OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE IN RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
Smt B.Sailaja,
Lecturer in Chemistry, GDC,Rajampeta , Annamayya District
INTRODUCTION
Environmental monitoring can be defined as the systematic sampling of air, water,
soil, and biota in order to observe and study the environment, as well as to derive
knowledge from this process. Monitoring can be conducted for a number of purposes,
including to establish environmental ―baselines, trends, and cumulative effects‖, to test
environmental modeling processes, to educate the public about environmental conditions,
to inform policy design and decision-making, to ensure compliance with environmental
regulations, to assess the effects of anthropogenic influences, or to conduct an inventory of
natural resources . A list of additional purposes for monitoring is presented in Box 1, and
this list helps to underscore the importance of monitoring and how its results are ubiquitous
in our daily lives.
Environmental monitoring programs can vary significantly in the scale of their
spatial and temporal boundaries. For example, an endangered fish in a small stream and the
viability of its short-term fate will require monitoring on short and localized temporal and
spatial scales, while the management of natural resources that span a nation will require
monitoring programs that are much broader in scale. Monitoring programs can vary
significantly in scope, ranging from community- based monitoring on a local scale, to
large-scale collaborative global monitoring programs such as those focused on climate
change. Environmental monitoring is conducted by stewardship organizations, concerned
individuals, non- governmental environmental organizations, private consulting firms, and
government agencies.
In order for monitoring activities to be effective and to culminate into high quality
sets of data, it is important to identify focused, relevant, and adaptive questions that can be
used to guide the development of a monitoring plan. The ―seven habits of highly effective
monitoring programs‖ have been identified by Lovett et al., 2007. The successful
management of an efficient monitoring program can be challenging, and environmental
monitoring has been criticized as being ineffective, costly, and unscientific. However, it is
also argued that monitoring can be conducted under a rigorous application of the scientific
method and that it is a―fundamental component of environmental science and policy‖.
Other fundamental components of effective monitoring programs include: the application of
quality assurance and quality control measures during the data collection process, data
storage and access, and the consultation of experienced statisticians during the sampling
design process.
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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF MONITORING
The five spheres of the Earth System include the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere, and cry sphere. This concept is illustrated in Figure 1.
Environmental monitoring can be conducted on biotic and a biotic components of any of
these spheres, and can be helpful in detecting baseline patterns and patterns of change in
the inter and intra process relationships between and within these spheres. The
interrelated processes that occur between the five spheres are characterized as physical,
chemical, and biological processes. The sampling of air, water, and soil through
environmental monitoring can produce data that can be used to understand the state and
composition of the environment and its processes.
Environmental monitoring uses a variety of equipment and techniques depending
on the focus of the monitoring. For example, surface water quality monitoring can be
measured using remotely deployed instruments, handheld in-situ instruments, or through
the application of biomonitoring in assessing the benthic macro invertebrate community
(CBEMN, 2010). In addition to techniques and instruments that are used during field
work, remote sensing and satellite imagery can also be used to monitor larger scale
parameters such as air pollution plumes or global sea surface temperatures.
THE APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Community Level
The occurrence of organized, community-based
environmental monitoring has been increasing in the last
decade owing to an emerging global emphasis on the
importance of sustainable development. There is a global
recognition that ―environmental issues are best handled with
the participation of all concerned citizens‖, a principal first
articulated in the United Nation‘s Earth Summit Agenda 21
(UN, 1992). This principal was strengthened further in July,
2009, with the formal ratification of the Aarhus Convention
which mandates participation by the public in environmental decision-making and access to
justice in environmental matters (UNECE, 2008).
The Charles River Watershed Association (CWRA) in Massachusetts is one example
of a stewardship organization that has established formal linkages with government in order
to provide comprehensive data that is used by the Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection in the decision-making process (CRWA, 2008). The CWRA has
been conducting water quality monitoring on the Charles River since 1995, and the data set
that has been compiled will assist managers in addressing harmful nitrogen and phosphorous
loads present in the river (CRWA, 2008). Quality assurance and quality control measures
have standardized the data collection process, and thus facilitated the compilation of an
extensive, credible data set that would otherwise be beyond the reach of government
resources alone.
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INDIA
INTRODUCTION
For effective implementation, a time bound action plan for environmental
management including all aspects is to be prepared by the project. Samples for study of air
quality, water quality and noise level are to be collected and tested quarterly at strategic
places representing all the categories of location. The Implementing Authority will be guided
and advised by feed back data obtained from these tests.
PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED:
Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality and Ground Water Level & Noise Level
Ambient air quality, water quality (mine discharge and drinking water samples), ground
water level and noise level will be monitored for standard parameters.
PLANTATION:
Plant growth, its maintenance and survival rate will be monitored. This is already
being implemented through Forest Department in other running projects.
Land Reclamation and Plantation:
Overburden to be excavated, backfilled, the plantation schedules etc. will be
monitored in the light of EMP.
HEALTH:
Health of the employees will be examined for identifying occupational diseases etc. to
initiate remedial measures in time. This is already beingImplemented by NEC in other
running projects by way of peridic Medical Examination as per DGMS guidelines.
R & R Activities, especially Compensation to land losers:
R & R Activities, specially compensation to land losers will be monitored as per R&R
Policy of CIL through Area Manager (Planning, Construction & Development) in
consultation with State Government. In this proposed project there is no habitation in the core
zone, hence R&R is not required.
MONITORING FREQUENCY:
Air, Water & Noise :
Following number of stations have been fixed for monitoring of environment for the
present and proposed expansion project.
i. Ambient Air:- 4 Stations
ii. Water:- 3 Stations
iii. Noise:- 4 Stations
Monitoring frequency for air quality:
Air quality monitoring at four locations including industrial and residential areas will
be done at a frequency of two days in a quarter.Monitoring frequency for water quality: One
mine discharge water sample from the proposed workings, two potable water samples to
residential areas will be monitored at a frequency of once every quarter for all the parameters
as per MoEF guidelines / Indian Standard. The drinking water samples will be compared with
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IS: 10500 standard and mine discharge water samples will be compared with MoEF
Schedule-VI standard.
Plantation : Monitoring will be continuous up to 3 years so that desired growth of plants and
trees is attained. Land Reclamation and Plantation: Monitoring will be carried on till
fulfillment of action plan of EMP and that of set-out technical guidelines, directives of
different Government Departments like Department of Agriculture, State Forest Department
and Forest Research Institute and statutory guidelines from Regional Office of Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Govt. of India.
Health: Monitoring of health of the workers and staff for identifying occupational diseases
etc. in time and initiating remedial measures is being done regularly. Compensation to land
losers: This will be monitored as per time frame in accordance with EMP.
MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES:
Air Quality:
The Suspended Particulate Matter. (SPM), Respirable, Particulate Matter (RPM),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) concentration in downwind direction
considering predominant wind direction, at a distance of 500 metres from the following dust
generating sources shall be measured in the manner indicated below:
Sl.
No.
Parameter
Technique
Technical
Protocol
Minimum
Detectabl
eLimit µg/m3
1
Suspended
Particulate Matter
High Volume
Sampler (Gravimetric
Method)
IS:5182
(Part-IV)
1.0
2
Respirable
Particulate Matter
Respirable Dust
Sampler
IS:5182
(Part-IV)
1.0
3
Sulphur Dioxide
Modified West &
Gaeke
IS:5182
(Part-II)
4.0
4
Oxides of Nitrogen
Jacob & Hochheiser
IS:5182
(Part-VI)
4.0
Water Quality:
Three litres of representative water samples will be collected in plastic container and
transported to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis. For determination of BOD and
bacteriological analysis, 250 ml pre-sterilized bottles will be used and care will be taken to
maintain cool temperature by keeping the bottles in ice boxes during transportation to the
laboratory for analysis. Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for drinking water
samples will be compared with IS: 10500 standard and mine discharge water samples will be
compared with MoEF Schedule-VI standard.
Noise Level:
Guidelines prescribed by the Director General, Mines & safety (DGMS) shall be
complied with.The noise level meter capable of measuring equivalent sound pressure level
shall be used for noise level measurement.
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CANADA
In Canada, environmental monitoring on the national level is conducted by federal
departments such as the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Natural Resources,
Environment Canada, and Parks Canada. On the provincial level, monitoring is conducted by
parallel provincial government agencies.The Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network
(EMAN) was established in 1994 in order to monitor and report on ecosystem changes at a
national level (Environment Canada, 2010). A national network is capable of facilitating the
central coordination of monitoring initiatives from all government agencies, and of providing
comprehensive data to aid in effective, adaptive setting of policies and priorities,In 2008,
EMAN was ―reorganized within the Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate‖
(Environment Canada, 2010). EMAN significantly enhanced national conservation and
sustainability initiatives through comprehensive data collection and the potential for well
informed decision-making, and its reorganization has resulted in an unfortunate loss of
coordination and support for national scale environmental monitoring. An important
component of EMAN‘s research that is still available following the reorganization are the
standardized monitoring protocols that have been developed for marine, freshwater, and
terrestrial ecosystems (Environment Canada, 2010).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Environmental monitoring is a necessary component of environmental science and
policy design. Despite criticisms that environmental monitoring can be ineffective and costly
when programs are poorly planned, well-planned monitoring programs cost little in
comparison to the resources that can be protected and the policy design that can be informed.
Successes and failures of monitoring programs in the preceding decades have been
thoroughly analyzed by the scientific community, and practical solutions for addressing the
standard challenges of monitoring programs are readily available in the scientific literature.
In order to achieve valuable results from environmental monitoring activities, it is necessary
to adhere to sampling processes that are supported by the traditional scientific method. and
any effective monitoring program must include focused and relevant questions, appropriate
research designs, high quality data collection and management, and careful analysis and
interpretation of the results.
Long-term monitoring programs are often faced by the challenge of securing long-
term funding that will remaining stable in a dynamic political environment.In light of the
increasing frequency and magnitude of environmental issues that are emerging in this era of
globalization, government funding institutions are encouraged to commit to meaningful,
stable, and long-term funding of monitoring programs in acknowledgement of the cost
savings associated with the protection of natural resources and the improved efficiency of
policy design. In order to encourage a greater commitment to monitoring on behalf of
funding agencies, management relevancy, as well as the quality and effectiveness of
monitoring programs, program design should include a collaborative effort on behalf of
scientists, statisticians, policy makers, and natural resource managers.
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REFERENCES:
Artiola, J.F., Pepper, I.L., Brusseau, M. (Eds.). (2004). Environmental Monitoring and
Characterization. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
The Charles River Watershed Association. (2008). Science-Based Management.
Retrieved from http://www.crwa.org/aboutus.html
The Community-Based Environmental Monitoring Network (CBEMN). (2010). The
Environmental Stewardship Equipment Bank. Retrieved from
http://www.envnetwork.smu.ca/equipment.html
Conrad, C. and Daoust, T. (2008). ―Community-Based Monitoring Frameworks:
Increasing the Effectiveness of Environmental Stewardship‖ Environmental
Management 41(3): 358-388
De Blij, H.J., Muller, P.O., Williams, R.S., Conrad, C., Long, P. (2005). Physical
Geography: the Global Environment. Don Mills, ONT: Oxford University Press.
Global Environment Monitoring System. (2011). The world of water quality.
Retrieved from http://www.gemswater.org/index.html
Lindenmayer, D.B., Likens, G.E. (2009). Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm
for long-term research and monitoring. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24(9), 482-
486.
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SOME TOPOLOGICAL BONDING OF CHEMISTRY AND
MATHEMATICS
Dr. Dhananjaya Reddy
Lecturer in Mathematics, Govt. Degree College, Karvetinagaram,
djreddy65@gmail.com
Abstract
Mathematics formulae, concepts, tools, models play an important key role in
Chemistry for analyzing, interpreting data of findings and supporting the results. Chemistry is
the simplest science of complexity, since the fundamental physical laws are its genotypes and
the emergent chemical expressions are the phenotypes. Chemistry is thus compatible with
physical laws but not reducible to them. This paper presents general topological essences of
mathematical tools for different applications of chemistry such as topological Quantum
Chemistry, Topological Materials, and Topological Biochemistry.
Keywords: chemical graph theory, chemical aspects of group theory, mathematical tools,
molecular geometry, molecular topology.
Introduction:
Mathematical Chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of
mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of
chemical phenomena. In Earlier Mathematical chemistry has been called computer chemistry,
but should not be confused with computational chemistry.
Major areas of research in Mathematical Chemistry include chemical graph theory,
which deals with topology such as the mathematical study of isomerism and the development
of topological or indices which find application in quantitative structure-property
relationships; and chemical aspects of group theory, which finds applications in
stereochemistry and quantum chemistry. Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry:
Mathematical concepts and tools such as Single-Variable Calculus, Multi-Variable Calculus,
Differential Equations, Complex Functions, Group Theory, Probability and Statistics, Linear
Algebra etc., are applicable in Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biological
chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry.
In the chemistry, mathematics was used to create quantitative and qualitative models
for helping comprehend the world of chemistry by understanding the elements that make up
molecules. An atom is made up of particles which are known as protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Chemical Topology:
Topology is becoming increasingly important in chemistry because of its rapidly
growing number of applications. Here, its many uses are reviewed and the authors anticipate
what future developments might bring. This work shows how significant new insights can be
gained by representing molecular species as topological structures known as topography. The
text explores carbon structures, establishing how the stability of fullerene species can be
accounted for and also predicting which fullerenes will be most stable. It is pointed out that
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molecular topology, rather than molecular geometry, characterizes molecular shape and
various tools for shape characterization are described. Several of the fascinating ideas that
arise from regarding topology as a unifying principle in chemical bonding theory are
discussed, and in particular, the novel concept of the molecular topoid is shown to have
numerous uses. The topological description of polymers is examined and the reader is gently
guided through the realms of branched and tangled polymers. Overall, this work outlines the
fact that topology is not only a theoretical discipline but also one that has practical
applications and high relevance to the whole domain of chemistry.
Topology as Chemists:
It is still unknown how these topologically protected electronic states interact with
other particles/molecules in the context of electrochemical reactions and how they respond to
ambient/coherent light in the context of photosynthesis and photochemistry. In topological
insulators and metals, the existence of topologically protected electronic states and quantum
Berry phase may give rise to entirely new physical chemistry properties, which are not
possible in their conventional counterparts. One of such potentials is to use topological
materials as catalysts for chemical reactions.
Mathematics has produced more tools for chemists to put to use. Chemists use group
theory to study aspects of their field, but this as a mathematical tool came much later than the
first work that made chemistry more "mathematical." Of course, it was a revolution just to
develop an experimental approach to chemistry for carrying out procedures under controlled
circumstances many times and seeing if one got repeatable results. Controlled experiments
open the door to using mathematical tools from statistics and from the field of experimental
design.
A chemist might be interested in knowing the volume of the region in space bounded
by a Euclidean sphere whose exact value is (4/3)πr3, but for any particular radius it is good
enough to work with rational numbers. Chemists also don't particularly care if one represents
numbers in base 10 or with some other system.
The world of chemistry involves the creation of molecules from the atoms that occur
naturally in the world. Molecules are made from elements of different kinds but this insight is
relatively new. We now know there are 92 naturally occurring types of atoms, though some
of these elements come in different forms, where the atoms differ in their atomic weight.
Numbers have been used to understand the structure of these elements and to classify them
into families with similar kinds of chemical properties. This leads to the notion of the
periodic table - to try to organize the elements into "clusters" which have similar properties,
and then use this information to understand the properties of these elements. While history
has governed the form used to display the "periodic" nature of the elements, various
new proposals have been made that some suggest would be more insightful than the
usual periodic table. After all chemists, too, look for patterns just the way mathematicians do.
Those who contribute to chemistry have training in chemistry can still put to use the
mathematics they learn in support of their research into chemistry. However, it is also true
that people who start as mathematics majors can become very distinguished research
chemists. The interaction of mathematics and chemistry that is so familiar by way certain
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quantities are balanced or preserved when a chemical reaction occurs. In a chemical reaction
the masses of the inputs to the reaction must be the same as the masses of the products
produced by the reaction.
A good example of the complex ways mathematics helps one grasp chemistry issues
is the recent concern with rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the pollution
that comes from using coal as a source of energy. One way to deal with the issue of the
negative aspects of burning coal is to use more natural gas, whenever possible, as a source of
energy. One of the major components of natural gas is methane. Methane is an example of
a hydrocarbon, a molecule made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Methane when ignited
undergoes a chemical reaction that releases energy. The energy is in part stored in the bonds
that keep the molecule from separating into the components that make up methane - the
hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Chemistry and Topology:
The first topological index was introduced by H. Wiener in 1947. Although it‘s very
first application was the prediction of the boiling points of the alkenes, the Wiener index has
demonstrated since then a predictive capability far beyond that.
Molecular topology is a part of mathematical chemistry dealing with the algebraic
description of chemical compounds so allowing a unique and easy characterization of them.
Topology is insensitive to the details of a scalar field, and can often be determined using
simplified calculations. The topological structure of a network describes the ways in which
the network components are connected, regardless of their chemical composition. In other
words, topology simplifies networks into connecting points and connections.
The chemists are used to thinking about molecules as geometric objects in which
atoms have a certain spatial arrangement. The geometric parameters of molecules can be
measured with a rather high degree of accuracy and are indeed known in a considerable
number of cases. It is, however, perfectly clear that the positions which the atoms occupy in
the molecule are not fixed and various kinds of intermolecular motions are known to occur.
Even if one disregards these atomic motions, the geometry of a molecule is to some extent
influenced by its environment the difficulties in bringing the concept of molecular geometry
in harmony with the basic principles of quantum theory are also worth mentioning.
Certain properties of geometric objects remain invariant under continuous
deformational of their points has long been recognized. The theory of such phenomena was
named "topology" and eventually became one of the most distinguished disciplines of
modern mathematics. Instead of conventional geometric objects modern topology
investigates sets with much more general properties. A good part of the geometric problems
considered in the early stages of topology have been overtaken by another mathematical
discipline, namely graph theory. ·Graph theory seems to provide the real operative basis for
the topological considerations in chemistry.
Topological Effect on Molecular Chemistry:
The molecular structure as far as possible one arrives at molecular topology. The
topological effect on molecular orbiters provides solid evidence that topology determines at
least a frame within which series of physically and chemically diverse species may be
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realized. Two isomers with different constitutions are called topologically related if their
respective topological spaces may be divided into two or more subspaces, such that they are
pair wise isomorphic. Topologically related isomers are termed topomers.
Molecular topology can be considered an application of graph theory in which the
molecular structure is characterized through a set of graph-theoretical descriptors called
topological indices. Molecular topology has found applications in many different fields,
particularly in biology, chemistry, and pharmacology. The existence of metallic surface
states near Fermi level can significantly enhance adsorption, desorption, and all kinetic
processes, facilitating the desired reaction. In contrast to conventional surface states due to
band bending or dangling bonds, the topological surface states connect across the bulk band
gap. Therefore, they cannot be removed and are hence immune to contamination.
Considering the large number of known topological materials, identifying ideal catalysts and
understanding the underlying mechanisms represent an exciting, emerging field.
Conclusion:
This Paper presents some brief interesting Applications of Topological Methods I
Chemistry. Generally speaking, chemical topology refers to molecules whose graph is non-
planar. Applied topology explains how large molecules reach their final shapes and how
biological molecules achieve their activity. Circuit topology is a topological property of
folded linear polymers. It describes the arrangement of intra chain contacts.
References:
1. Jean-Pierre Sauvage, ―From Chemical Topology to Molecular Machines‖, Nobel
Lecture, December 8, 2016.
2. Flapan, E. (2000). References. In When Topology Meets Chemistry: A Topological
Look at Molecular Chirality (Outlooks, pp. 233-238). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511626272.009.
3. Nitesh Kumarǂ, Satya N. Guin, Kaustuv Manna, Chandra Shekhar, and Claudia
Felser* Topological quantum materials from the viewpoint of chemistry, 22-Mar-
2021
4. E book on ―Topology in Chemistry: Discrete Mathematics of Molecules‖ by D H
Rouvray and R B King
5. D. H. Rouvray, The Search for Useful Topological Indices in Chemistry, Vol. 61,
No. 6 (November-December 1973), pp. 729-735
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BIO SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AG NPS),
CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS PHOTO CATALYTIC DYE
DEGRADATION STUDIES
Himagirish Kumar Sa * Uma Kb, K. Keerthi c, E A Lohith c , N. V. V. Jyothic *
aDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India.
bPGT-Physics, Sri Chaitanya School, Satyanarayanapuram, Tirupati-517502, India.
cDepartment of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India.
Abstract
In the present study, Ag NPs by banana peel extract. The construction of NPs was
observed by colour change from pale yellow to brown and also confirmed by UV spectral
analysis, which showed a peak at 423 nm. The Ag NPs were found to be spherical and
appeared to form nanoclusters as confirmed by TEM and SEM respectively. FTIR analysis
was conducted to identify the functional groups present in nanoparticles. The band at 3251.0
cm1 was observed due to stretching vibrations of O–H groups in water, alcohol and phenols.
The synthesized Ag NPs were used for the degradation of malachite green dye, which is
dangerous for both aquatic and human life. Entire degradation of MG dye was experiential
subsequent to 120 h (5 days) of incubation in the presence of sunlight. The results of photo
catalytic degradation of malachite green by using nanoparticles established the possibility of
NPs in water purification process.
Keywords:
Silver nanoparticles, TEM
,
FE-SEM,
FTIR
,
Malachite green, Photocatalytic egradation.
1. Introduction
Today the greatest challenge on earth is to provide clean drinking water for all as
water is a basic human need and an integral asset of life, but due to increasing demand and
decreasing water table in almost all regions, has led to an inquest of new technological
revolution for filling water requirements. Textile industry, particularly dye industry is one of
the major pollutant producer in the world that requires a large amount of water for the
processing of dyes [1,2]. There are different types of dyes released by industries that are
responsible for eutrophication, decreasing oxygen levels, circulation of carcinogenic agents
and cause many water borne diseases. These industries release large quantity of colored
effluents that are major cause of pollution and resistant to degradation by conventional
methods [3]. Many efforts have been made over the past decade to degrade dye pollutants by
chemical and physical remediation methods such as flocculation, electro-coagulation,
activated carbon sorption and UV–Visible degradation, but each of these methods has certain
demerits that limit their widespread acceptance [4–6]. With development of nanotechnology,
silver nanoparticles have been successfully used in wastewater treatment. New applications
of nano- materials are emerging rapidly due to its specific characteristics such as higher
surface area and smaller size, distribution and morphology, which give specific intrinsic
properties to nanoparticles that, render them very likely for application in catalytic
degradation [7,8]. In order to remove the dyes from wastewater, eco-friendly methods are
needed and nano- particles synthesized by biogenic methods are of paramount importance
[9,10]. Among several metals, silver is well known for its good antibacterial activity,
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chemical stability, conductivity, and catalytic activity that makes it more preferred metal for
NPs synthesis, and these nanoparticles act as stable photo catalyst under ambient temperature
with visible light illumination for degrading organic compounds and dyes [11,12]. The food
processing unit yielding 44% peel as a by product, which can also cause environmental
pollution and generate a large amount of banana waste, especially the peel. It is reported that
fruit and vegetable peels, categorized as waste products and disposed of in pits or simply in
garbage bins rather than using it for compost. This peel waste pile up and starts releasing
putrid smell at the site and adjoining areas [13]. Therefore, scientific and eco-friendly
management of this waste is the need of the hour. Fruit peels are a rich source of useful
photochemical, such as vitamins A, C, E, mineral elements, flavonoids, carotenoids, pectin,
phenolic acid etc. They have the potential to serve as suitable candidates for reducing and
stabilizing agents in the synthesis of nano- particles. The purpose of present study was to use
green chemistry approach for synthesis of silver nanoparticles from peel of banana towards
sustainable waste management and its application in photo catalytic degradation of malachite
green (MG) dye.
2. Materials and methods
Preparation of peel extract
For preparation of peel extract, banana peel was collected from local market tirupati,
washed several times with double distilled water to remove dust particles and air dried, then
cut into small pieces. Into 100 ml of double distilled water in a 250 ml beaker was added 10 g
of peel and boiled for 20 min at 80 ◦C. The extract was allowed to cool down at room
temperature, filtered through Whitman filter Paper (no. 1), and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ◦C.
Synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles
The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, 350 ml of peel extract was added to 150 ml
of 1 mM AgNO3 and incubated in water bath at 80 ◦C for 20 min for the reduction of Ag
ions. Bio reduction was observed by colour change from yellowish to dark brown. The NPs
solution was then centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 min and pellet obtained was washed two
times with double distilled water and one time with absolute ethanol. The synthesis of Ag
NPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy having a wavelength in the range of 200–
800 nm. Size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles was determined by TEM and FE-
SEM. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups of the active components
based on the peak value in the region of infrared radiation 400-4000 cm-1.
Photocatalytic degradation
Degradation of Malachite Green dye was evaluated by biosynthesized Ag NPs in the
presence of sunlight. An accurately weighed 100 mg of the Malachite green (MG) dye was
dissolved in 1000 ml of double distilled water to prepare a stock solution. Approximately 20
mg of Ag NPs were added to 50 ml of MG solution and continuously stirred at magnetic
stirrer for 20 min to ensure the equal distribution of Ag NPs in solution for catalytic
degradation. A control of dye solution without silver nanoparticles was maintained.
Subsequently, the tubes were placed in sunlight exposure for the photo catalytic degradation
of dye. The absorption spectrum of the suspension mixture was observed periodically using a
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UV–vis spectrophotometer to ensure the complete degradation of malachite green. The
characteristic absorption peak of the MG solution was measured at 590–630 nm.
3. Results and discussion
The silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by Banana peel extract by 1
mM AgNO3. Before the addition of AgNO3 the color of banana peel extract was yellowish
however, when 1 mM AgNO3 solution was added to the aqueous peel extract initially no
color change was observed in the reaction medium. However, after incubation in water bath
at 80 ◦C for 20 min the color of the solution changed to dark brown that indicated the for-
mation of Ag NPs [14].
UV–Vis spectroscopy
UV–visible spectroscopy was used to investigate the formation of nanoparticles as it
provides information about the size, structure, sta- bility, and aggregation of the
nanoparticles. The confirmation of Ag NPs synthesis was monitored by UV–Vis
spectrophotometer as it is the most convenient tool for measuring the reduction of metal ions
based on optical properties called (SPR) surface plasmon resonance, SPR is produced by
resonant oscillation of conduction electrons at the inter face of nanoparticles stimulated by
incident light. Therefore, metallic nanoparticles display characteristic optical absorption
spectra in UV–visible region [15,16]. UV–visible spectra showed the single and strong band
absorption peak at 423 nm (Fig. 1) due to excitation of (SPR) thus indicating the
nanoparticles were isotopic and uniform in size [17]. Similar UV–Vis absorption spectra was
reported in a different study that produced Ag NPs from pomegranate peel extract, with an
absorbance peak centered at 371 nm [18].
Fig. 1. UV–Vis absorption spectrum of Ag NPS, synthesized by Banana peel extract.
SEM and TEM
Surface morphology of biosynthesized nanoparticles was examined by SEM and TEM
micrographs. The SEM image revealed spherical crystal structure of AgNPs (Fig. 2). The
aggregation of AgNPs was observed in FE-SEM images, the nanoparticles were largely
uniform with a narrow size distribution as shown in figure. According to the reports obtained
from the literature, the silver nanoparticles were derived from different plant extracts,
depending on the chemical composition of the plant extract and the concentration they can be
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of various forms such as hexagonal, spherical and triangular [19]. In order to further verify
the morphology of silver nanoparticles Scanning under Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) was performed which is one of the most commonly used methods for determination of
the shape, size, and morphology of nanoparticles. TEM revealed that average mean size of
nanoparticles synthesized from Kinnow peel extract was 10–35 nm and the tiny particles,
which were 10.7 nm in size seemed to be spherical in morphology as shown in Fig. 3. TEM
image validated the SEM image with respect to shape and size. Similar reports have been
made regarding the synthesis of nanoparticles using Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract. It was
reported that free amino groups and/or cysteine residues of proteins bind to nanoparticles and
negatively charged carboxylic groups of proteins can undergo electrostatic interaction with
Ag NPs. Therefore, they play an important role as natural capping and stabilizing agents.
However, they caused the agglomeration of the nanoparticles [20].
Fig. 2. FE-SEM images of silver nanoaparticles.
Fig. 3. TEM images of near spherical shaped nanoparticles.
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
The FTIR spectrum represents the signature of the nanoparticles, consisting of
absorption peaks that correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of atoms
in the nanoparticles. Since each type of nanoparticles contains a unique combination of
atoms, we can identify functional groups present inside the nanoparticles based on the FTIR
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spectra [21]. The number of functional groups present in the nanoparticles can be determined
by the size of the peaks of the spectrum. FTIR analysis of AgNPs synthesized using banana
peel extract as shown in Fig. 4 represents the functional groups based on peak value in the
region of infrared radiation. The major peak observed at 1641.8 cm1 exhibit C–N and C–C
stretching. The band at 3251.0 cm-1 was observed due to stretching vibrations of O–H groups
in water, alcohol and phenols. The peak at 2917.9 cm1 due to C–H stretching in alkanes [13]
and the band at 1738.4 cm-1 appeared due to carbonyl stretching vibrations of acid. The peak
at 1068.7 cm-1 is attributed to the C- stretching and ether group [1]. In addition, signal at
814.5 cm1 (C–H stretching in alkenes) and 529.3 cm1 (C–Br stretching, which is a
distinctive peak of alkyl halide) were also recorded. From FTIR signatures of our results, it
appears that the soluble elements present in peel extract of Kinnow fruit having the presence
of higher percentage of molecules of C–N and C–C groups and O–H groups, acts as a
capping agent and contributes in stabilizing of nanoparticles. Several reports have suggested
that the phytochemicals present in peel extract proved to serve as stabilizing as well as
capping agent that are very much responsible for the reduction of silver ions [22–24]. Nagati
et al. [25], reported that the functional biomolecules like hydroxyl, carboxylic, phenol, and
amine groups in M. tinctoria leaf extract were involved in the reduction of silver ions,
confirmed by FTIR spectrum. The aliphatic amine, aliphatic alkenes of alkaloids, and
terpenoids bound on the surface of Cajanus cajan leaf extract mediated synthesized Ag NPs.
FTIR Spectroscopy results have demonstrated the presence of various biomolecules that play
a major role in the stabilizing of Ag NPs.
Fig. 4. FTIR spectrum of AgNPs, synthesized by Banana peel extract.
Photocatalytic degradation of MG dye
The release of dye effluents from textile industry is a major source of water pollution.
Dyes along with other organic compounds are released as waste products by the various
industries, which leaves harmful effects on human, animals as well as plants. Malachite green
is very stable, basic dye, and it possesses aromatic structure compounds. As it is more stable,
resistant to heat and light therefore, treatment of MGD is highly desir- able. AgNPs are
successfully used as photoctalysts because of high surface to volume ratio, non-toxic, cost -
effective and novel way of treatment of several dye pollutants.
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Photo catalytic degradation of dye was assessed by biosynthesized silver
nanoparticles in the presence of sunlight. The color of the sus- pension faded along with the
increase of reaction time, which is indic- ative of dye degradation (Fig. 5). The fact behind
the dye degradation is that light illumination assisted the electron-hole pair generation that
was responsible for the increase of reduction and oxidation process with the dye [26,27].
UV–Vis spectrometry was employed to determine the degradation behavior of MG dye and
was manifested by decolorization of MG solution. The characteristic absorption peak of MG
solution was found to be at 590 nm and the decrease in peak intensity was observed visually
with increase of exposure time (Fig. 6). The contact time is an essential parameter in dye
degradation during the catalytic process. It was observed that as the contact time increased,
the degradation of dye increased linearly and reached maximum at 120 h of incubation in
presence of sunlight and this increase in dye removal was because of higher existence of
active sites on nanoparticles surface that leads to greater dye removal [28]. The AgNPs
synthesized using leaf extract of Biophytum sensitivum showed promising catalytic
degradation of MB and MO dyes. FeNPs synthesized through a one-step room-temperature
biosynthetic route using eucalyptus leaf extracts also showed promising efficiency for the
degradation of pollutant in wastewater and 71 7% of total N and 84.5% of COD were
removed using Fe NPs synthesized biogenically [30]. It was stated that AgNPs have the
effective catalytic potential for the reduction of Malachite green dye and suggested that
photocatalytic activity is related to the surface area as the size of silver nanoparticles
decreases the number of coordinated Ag atom increases that enhanced the absorption of
reactant MG dye on the catalyst surface [15,23]. Many factors such as light absorption,
contact time, pH temperature etc. play significant effect on the photocatalytic degrada- tion.
Sphere structure and particle size also effect on the degradation activity of silver
nanoparticles as the size increases, more active side and surface area increases, which
enhance the binding area. Previous studies have reported that compared to other irradiation
techniques, solar light was found to be faster in decolorizing the dye in presence of metal
catalyst. Ag nanoparticles are good, highly efficient and stable photo- catalysts under ambient
temperature with visible light illumination for degrading organic compounds and dyes
[29,30].
Fig. 5. Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using silver nanoparticles
biosynthesized by Banana peel extract. (a) dye without silver nanoparticles and successive
degradation of dye in the presence of sunlight (b) 24 h (c) 48 h (d) 72 h (e) 120 h or 5 days.
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Fig.6. UV–vis absorption spectrum of malachite green dye treated with silver nanoparticles
biosynthesized by Banana peel extract at different time intervals.
4. Conclusion
The present investigation concluded that the ecofriendly synthesized AgNPs, using
Kinnow peel extract were monodispersed, spherical, acted as reducing and capping agent.
AgNPs were synthesized by banana peel extract at 80 ◦C in water bath for 20 min. The
biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were further characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FE-
SEM, TEM and FTIR. The nanoparticles were applied as catalyst and found to be efficient
and active in degradation of MG dye in the presence of sunlight. The results suggested that
Ag NPs have a strong potential for fast dye degradation therefore, these Ag NPs can be used
in future on large scale for complete degradation of hazardous dyes from polluted water.
References
1. P. Kaur, R. Thakur, H. Malwal, A. Manuja, A. Chaudhary, Biosynthesis of
biocompatible and recyclable silver/iron and gold/iron coreshell nanoparticles for
water purification technology, Biocat. Agri Biotech. 14 (2018) 189–197.
2. I. Kov´acs, G. Ver´eb, S. Kert´esz, C. Hodúr, Z. L´aszlo´, Fouling mitigation and
cleanability of TiO2 photocatalyst-modified PVDF membranes during ultrafiltration
of model oily wastewater with different salt contents, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25
(2018) 34912.
3. R. Razavi, M. Amiri, H. Abbas Alshamsi, T. Eslaminejad, M. Salavati-Niasari, Green
Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in oil-in-water nano-emulsion and evaluation of their
antibacterial and cytotoxic properties as well as molecular docking, Arabian J. Chem.
14 (9) (2021) 103323.
4. N.M. Mahmoodi, B. Hayati, M. Arami, C.J. Lan, Dye removal from colored textile
wastewater using chitosan in binary systems, Desalination 267 (2011) 64–72.
5. V.G. Kumar, S.D. Gokavarapu, A. Rajeswari, et al., Facile green synthesis of gold
nanoparticles using leaf extract of antidiabetic potent Cassia auriculata, Colloids Surf.
B Biointerfac. 87 (1) (2011) 159–163.
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PHYTOREMEDIATION AND PTERIDOPHYTES – A BRIEF
REVIEW
Saivenkatesh Korlam1, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah2, S. Padmavathi1
1 Department of Botany. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
2 Department of Zoology. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
ABSTRACT
Phytoremediation is an approach involving plants in which plants will be employed to
extract, remove elemental contamination and lower their bioavailability in soil. Heavy metals
and metalloids contamination to soil is a serious problem which needs to be considered.
There are several costly methods available for removal of contaminants from nature but the
method of phytoremediation is cost effective and eco-friendly. Pteridophytes, the vascular
cryptogams have been found to have a potential of remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil.
Pteridophytes are non-flowering plant that reproduces by spores. Pteris vittata reported as the
first fern plant to hyperaccumulate Arsenic. Other ferns that are known phytoremediators are
Nephrolepis cordifolia and Hypolepismuelleri ,Pteris umbrosa and Pteris cretica Most of
these plants can accumulate Arsenic in their leaves. So, notable number of Pteridophytes
have the capacity to accumulate contaminants. Though many of them have been identified,
while various other are to be explored. These plants used to develop mechanisms to mitigate
the toxic effects by means of efficient antioxidative system, specialised transporters,
Contaminant sequestration mechanism in vacuoles.
Key words: Phytoremediation, Pteridophytes, Heavy metals, contaminants and
hyperaccumulate
Introduction:
Environmental pollution has reached levels that are harmful to all living things on
Earth. Various health issues that were unknown prior to the industrial revolution have
erupted. The incautious use of resources has resulted in a variety of environmental issues
such as global warming, heavy metal contamination in soil and water, biodiversity loss, and
increased health-related problems in humans. Although industries are crucial components in
the advancement of society because they provide employment and products for our use, the
manner in which industrial effluents are released has resulted in an increase in environmental
pollution. [1]. Heavy metals are a group of metallic chemical elements that have relatively
high densities, atomic weights, and atomic numbers. The common heavy metals/metalloids
include cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel
(Ni), and chromium (Cr). These heavy metals/metalloids originate from either natural or
anthropogenic sources such as produced water generated in oil and gas industries [2] They
pose a serious risk to human health because they can get into the food chain through crops
and build up in the body through biomagnification.[3]. To reclaim heavy metal-contaminated
soil, it is necessary to develop cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly
remediation technologies.
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Phytoremediation:
Phytoremediation is a plant-based approach that employs plants to extract and remove
elemental pollutants or reduce their bioavailability in soil. [4] Plants can absorb ionic
compounds in the soil, even at low concentrations, via their root system. Plants extend their
root system into the soil matrix and form a rhizosphere ecosystem to accumulate heavy
metals and modulate their bioavailability, reclaiming polluted soil and restoring soil fertility.
In order to alleviate the contamination of the land and prevent heavy metals from
entering the terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic habitats, remediation procedures must be
taken.[5]. Pteridophytes have emerged as a silent group capable of phytoremediating a wide
range of contaminants, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic. This important feature of
pteridophytes is being increasingly considered for the removal of hazardous waste from the
ecosystem. There are 450 different types of hyperaccumulators for heavy metals, divided into
45 families, with the majority of them accumulating Nickel (Ni).[6]
There are several phytoremediation strategies that can be employed to remediate
heavy metal-contaminated soils, including I phytostabilization, which involves using plants to
reduce heavy metal bioavailability in soil, (ii) phytoextraction, which involves using plants to
extract and remove heavy metals from soil, (iii) phytovolatilization, which involves using
plants to absorb heavy metal from soil and release it into the atmosphere as volatile
compounds, and (iv) phytofiltration, which involves using plants hydroponically. [7]
Pteridophytes in Phytoremediation:
Pteris vittata was the first plant to be discovered to hyperaccumulate arsenic.
Nephrolepis cordifolia and Hypolepismuelleri have been identified as phytostabilisers of
copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni); Pteris umbrosa and Pteris cretica
accumulate arsenic in their leaves. Dennstaedtiavallioides, on the other hand, phytostabilizes
copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Polypodium cambricum can phytostabilize Zn in temperate soils.
Arsenic accumulates in the roots of Adiantum capillus veneris, whereas Adiantum philippense
and Adiantum caudatum are phytoextractors of lead (Pb) and nickel, respectively (Ni).
Blechnum [8]
In the following table some of the pteridophytes having phytoremediation capacity are
listed. This table illustrates the name of the pteridophyte and the Contaminant or heavy metal
can be remediated by it.
S.No.
Name of the Pteridophyte
Contaminant or heavy metal
can be remediated
Reference
No.
1
Salvinia natans
B, Ni, As, Cu
9, 10
2
Salvinia minima
Ni
11
3
Asplenium australasicum
As
12
4
Adiantum capillusveneris
As
12
5
Pteris cretica
As, Sb
12
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6
Pteris umbrosa
As
12
7
Nephrolepis cordifolia
Cd, Cr
12
8
Blechnum cartilagineum
Ni, Zn
12
9
Azolla filiculoides
Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni
13,14
10
Actiniopteris radiata
Se
15
11
Adiantum philippense
Pb, Ni
16
Conclusion
Heavy metal contamination in soil and water is a major concern, and remediation
efforts are required because these have a direct impact on human health and livestock. A
successful and cost-effective method for removing contaminants from soil and water is
desperately needed. Heavy metal-accumulating plants have been identified, with the majority
of them belonging to the Angiosperm families Pteridophytes and Brassicaceae. In comparison
to the Brassicaceae, where the majority of the plants are economically important and
Pteridophytes, on the other hand, are non-edible and thus suitable for phytoremediation. The
natural ability of the pteridophytes to accumulate metals is beneficial to both the environment
and humanity. The antioxidative defence of pteridophytes also helps to reduce reactive
oxygen.
References:
1. Mandal, B. K.,& Suzuki, K. T. (2002). Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta,
58, 201–235.
2. Pichtel, J. (2016). Oil and gas production wastewater: soil contamination and
pollution prevention. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2016:2707989.
3. Rehman, M. Z. U., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ok, Y. S., Ishaque, W., Saifullah, et al.
(2017). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by using Solanum nigrum: a
review. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 143, 236–248.
4. Berti, W. R., and Cunningham, S. D. (2000). ―Phytostabilization of metals,‖ in
Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean-up the Environment,eds I.
Raskin and B. D. Ensley (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 71–88.
5. 5 Hasan, M. M., Uddin, M. N., Ara-Sharmeen, F. I, Alharby, H., Alzahrani,
Y.,Hakeem, K. R., et al. (2019). Assisting phytoremediation of heavy metals using
chemical amendments. Plants 8:295.
6. Klopper, R. R. (2011). The use of ferns in phytoremediation. Pteridoforum, 96, 1–5.
7. Marques, A. P., Rangel, A. O., and Castro, P. M. (2009). Remediation of heavy metal
contaminated soils: phytoremediation as a potentially promising clean-up technology.
Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. 39, 622–654.
8. Zhu, X., Kuang, Y., Xi, D., Li, J., & Wang, F. (2013). Absorption of hazardous
pollutants by a medicinal fern Blechnum orientale L. BioMed Research International,
2013, 192986
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REGULATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM –
ORGANOCHLORINES AND ORGANOPHOSPHATES INDUCED
TOXICITY IN RELATION TO ABNORMAL MALE FERTILITY
GnanaPrakasam Pattem1, M. Rajaswi devi2, Dr. S. Anil kumar3, P.M. Ravikumar*
1: Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, VikramaSimhapuri University, Nellore.
2:Research scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Padmavatimahilaviswavidyalayam, Tirupati.
3:Assistant professor, Department of Political science, SGS Arts College, Tirupati.
*: Associate professor, Department of Biotechnology, SGS Arts College, Tirupati.
Abstract
Studies have shown a decline in human semen quality and an increased risk of male
subfertility. Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture, but concerns about their safety
and potential impact on human health and reproductive outcomes are growing. This review
focuses primarily on recent epidemiological studies in occupational settings to examine the
relationship between exposure to pesticides and its effects on male reproductive function.
Pesticides can directly damage sperm, alter cell function in the testes, or disrupt endocrine
regulation at various stages. This includes hormone synthesis, release, storage, transport,
clearance, receptor recognition and binding, thyroid function, and the central nervous system.
Some pesticides, such as Atrazine, Benomyl, Carbaryl, Endosulfan, Malathion, and
Pyrethroid, have been shown to clearly affect male fertility. However, more recent studies are
inconsistent and no firm conclusions can be drawn about the effects of pesticides on male
reproduction, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
Keywords: Pesticides, Endocrine disruptors, reproductive health, spermatogenesis.
1. Introduction:
The decline in male reproductive health and the growing number of infertile males is
a significant global health concern, with an estimated 60-80 million couples experiencing
infertility annually. This emphasizes the need for research in this field to investigate the cause
of this decline and the influence of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive health
(WHO, 1996). The growing understanding of the harmful effects of environmental chemicals
on reproduction has sparked public concern about the potential negative impact of pesticide
use on human reproduction (1).The study of the toxic effects on the male reproductive system
has gained attention in recent times, driven in part by the reports of decreasing sperm counts
(2), issues with spermatogenesis such as systemic diseases, malnutrition, genetic defects, and
studies linking environmental toxins, changes in hormone levels, sperm motility, sperm
density, and fertility(3, 4). The decline in sperm counts in healthy males globally by about
50% over the past 50 years, suggests a correlation between the rise of male reproductive
abnormalities and increased exposure to pesticides (5).
The increasing use of synthetic chemicals in modern industry, agriculture, and other
activities has led to a widespread exposure to hazardous chemicals for humans and animals.
Over the past two decades, the release of these chemicals into the environment has increased
by 20%. Pesticides, including organochlorides and organophosphates, have been developed
and used extensively worldwide with limited regulation. The Green Revolution of the 1960s,
which aimed to increase agricultural productivity, has also contributed to this problem. These
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chemicals can disrupt the physiological functions of living organisms, leading to disorders
and reduced vitality. Pesticides can also pollute natural factors such as air, water, and soil.
Exposure to pesticides can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.
Pesticides can also induce oxidative stress, which can lead to the generation of free radicals
and changes in antioxidant enzymes (6,7). Several research studies have found a decline in
sperm counts and disruptions in steroidogenesis (8-10).
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control pests, and they are classified into
four main groups: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids (11, 12).
These pesticides are widely used in developing countries and continue to be a concern due to
their toxicity and persistence in the environment (13). Organochlorines (OCs) are a group of
chlorinated compounds that were once widely used as pesticides but have been banned in
many advanced countries due to their persistence in the environment and toxicity. OCs
include DDT, methoxychlor, dieldrin, chlordane, toxaphene, mirex, kepone, lindane, and
benzene hexachloride. Organophosphates (OPs) are esters of phosphoric acid that are
commonly used in agriculture, industry, and home use and have the potential to pose a
significant health risk in developing countries. OPs have been shown to damage reproductive
organs and negatively impact sperm quality and quantity (14). OP compounds include
parathion, malathion, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, phosmet,
fenitrothion, tetrachlorvinphos, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, and terbufos.
2. Reproduction mechanism in males:
2.1.Mammalian reproductive organ
In human fetal development, the gonads (reproductive organs) are located in the
abdominal cavity just below the kidneys. For females, the ovaries remain in this position, but
for males, the testes do not. During the fetal stage, the testes move through openings in the
abdominal wall and descend into the scrotum. This external positioning is crucial for sperm
production, as the higher internal body temperature can affect cell division and lead to
infertility. When the testes fail to descend, known as undescended testes, it results in
infertility. This condition occurs occasionally in men (15, 16)
2.1.2. The male reproductive organ:
The male reproductive system is responsible for producing and delivering sperm to
fertilize the female's eggs. This system includes both internal and external organs. The
external organs include the scrotum and penis, while the internal organs consist of the testes,
ducts, and accessory glands. The testes produce both sperm and hormones, and the accessory
glands (sperm cell) secrete substances necessary for sperm movement. The ducts transport
the sperm and glandular secretions (17). Additionally, the testes are composed of functional
cells.
2.2.1. Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which diploid spermatogonia in the testes
differentiate into haploid spermatozoa. It occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes,
where the somatic Sertoli cells provide a supportive environment for germ cell maturation.
Adhesion junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier (BTB) near
the basement membrane of the tubules (21). This barrier divides the tubules into a basal and
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an adluminal compartment, and the spermatocytes "pass through" it during the initial
preleptotene stage of meiosis. Once through the BTB, the germ cells continue to develop into
spermatozoa in a protected microenvironment. Additionally, peritubular myoid (PTM) cells
cooperate with Sertoli cells to produce the basement membrane of the tubules and provide a
niche for spermatogonial stem cells. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells surrounds the developing
germ cells and extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubules. Leydig
cells, found in the interstitial space between the tubules, produce testosterone, which diffuses
into the seminiferous tubules as well as the surrounding blood vessels.
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the spermatogenic process and hormonal
regulation.1.maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, 2. meiosis, 3.adhesion between Sertoli cells and
spermatids, and 4. sperm release.
2.2.2. Sertoli cell regulation
Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the stepwise development of
spermatozoa (24-26). The sertoli cells play a crucial role in this process by providing signals
and nutrients to the germ cells, and also by regulating the expression of a number of genes
involved in spermatogenesis (27). The pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH, are key
regulators of spermatogenesis, and their levels fluctuate throughout life. In neonatal life,
Sertoli cells undergo extensive proliferation and mainly express transcripts of genes involved
in DNA replication, cell cycle, and stem cell factors. FSH plays a major role in stimulating
the expression of these genes, including KLF4, which is a transcription factor that plays a
role in the timing and accuracy of Sertoli cell differentiation (25, 28, 29). In GnRH-deficient
hypogonadal mice, the proliferation and maturation of Sertoli cells are restrained, however
FSH stimulation triggers the expression of transcripts involved in RNA and DNA binding,
cell cycle, and cell growth, as well as signal transduction and expression of transcription
factors(30). The arrest of Sertoli cell proliferation and maturation is not solely due to the halt
of proliferative gene expression, but also to the upregulation of genes classified as negative
regulators of cell proliferation (25). Whereas FSH-stimulated hpg mice confer with
stimulation of proliferative factors and stop of differentiating factors, chronically induced
cAMP production by the FSHR-D567G mutation favors the expression of genes involved in
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cellular differentiation at the expense of proliferation in cultured Sertoli cells (31). This
difference in response may be due to biased signaling upon constant FSHR activations.
2.2.3. Testosterone synthesis and regulation
Testosterone, a key male sex hormone, is produced by Leydig cells in the testes in
response to luteinizing hormone (LH). LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells, triggering a
cascade of events leading to the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone. This process
includes an increase in intracellular cAMP, the movement of cholesterol into mitochondria,
and the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by an enzyme called P450scc.
Pregnenolone is then converted to progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone by other
enzymes, before being converted to testosterone by 17HSD in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
in testis microsomes (46). The resulting testosterone diffuses into the semeniferous tubules,
where it is present at concentrations 25-100 times higher than in circulation (47).
Testosterone plays a critical role in the maintenance of spermatogenesis and the inhibition
of germ cell apoptosis. However, it is important to note that spermatogenesis cannot proceed
without relatively high levels of testosterone. Testosterone does not act directly on germ cells
but rather functions through Sertoli cells by binding to the androgen receptor (AR) and
influencing the tubular microenvironment. The exact mechanisms by which testosterone
regulates orinfluences the paracrine factors, such as peptide growth factors, cytokines, and
activins, found in the tubular compartments is not yet fully understood (48).
2.2.4. AR expression
2.2.4.1. Developmental patterns of AR expression
The expression of androgen receptors (AR) in the testes varies during development
and adulthood (56-59). In rodents, AR is expressed at high levels in PTM cells throughout
fetal development and adulthood (60), and in Leydig cells throughout adulthood. However,
Sertoli cells in rodents do not express AR during fetal development (61). In humans and
monkeys, AR expression in Sertoli cells is weak during early development and increases with
age. This lack of AR expression in the Sertoli cells of infants may explain why they are not
sensitive to the testosterone present during the first few months after birth (62). In mice and
rats, AR expression in Sertoli cells starts to appear 3 to 5 days after birth and increases until
35 or 60 days of age. As testosterone levels are elevated early in testis development but
spermatogenesis only initiates after AR is expressed in Sertoli cells, it is believed that AR in
Sertoli cells acts as a "rheostat" for testosterone signaling (62-65).
2.2.4.2. AR expression in adult Sertoli cells
Testosterone levels in adult male testes are kept consistently high, while androgen
receptor (AR) expression in Leydig and peritubular cells are constant, indicating constant
activation of testosterone signaling in these cells(60). However, AR expression in Sertoli
cells changes cyclically with the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, with highest
expression in stage III but still easily detectable in all other stages(66). In adult rats, AR
expression in Sertoli cells follows a cyclical pattern, increasing during stages II-VII and
declining sharply after stage VII to become barely detectable in stages IX-XIII (67, 68). Stage
VII shows the highest AR expression and may be most regulated and sensitive to
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testosterone(69). Withdrawal of testosterone in rats has been shown to result in progressive
loss of germ cells starting in stage VII in the absence of testosterone (70).
2.2.5. Testosterone regulation of spermatogenesis processes
Testosterone plays a critical role in supporting at least four key processes during
spermatogenesis, including maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, meiosis, adhesion
between Sertoli cells and spermatids, and sperm release (Figure: 1).
2.2.5.1. Maintenance of the BTB
During stages VI-VII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, preleptotene
spermatocytes move towards the basement membrane and the blood-testis barrier (BTB) is
formed by adjacent Sertoli cells on the basal side, while the original BTB dissolves above the
cell. This mechanism allows preleptotene spermatocytes to pass through the BTB(71). The
elevated levels of androgen receptor (AR) present during these stages may aid in the transport
of BTB proteins from the original apical side to the basal side of the transiting germ cells,
facilitated by testosterone. The expression of three tight junction protein components of the
BTB (occludin, claudin 11 and claudin 3) is reduced without AR, indicating that AR is
crucial for testosterone signaling in the remodeling of the BTB. Testosterone signaling
accelerates the internalization of BTB proteins from the cell surface and promotes the
expression of proteins such as caveolin-1 and Rab11 that regulate protein transcytosis and
recycling respectively, as well as their association with occludin and N-cadherin that are
internalized from the cell surface (72, 73). As a result, testosterone plays a role in maintaining
the dynamic BTB by facilitating the reassembly of BTB components on the basal side of the
transiting spermatocyte after the breakdown of the old BTB structures.
2.2.5.2. Meiosis
In the absence of testosterone signaling, spermatogenesis comes to a halt during
meiosis, resulting in few germ cells reaching the haploid spermatid stage (74). The absence of
AR expression specifically in Sertoli cells stops spermatogenesis at the pachytene or
diplotene stage of meiosis (75, 76). Direct activity of testosterone on genes and proteins at the
pachytene or diplotene stage is crucial for meiosis. Proteomics analysis of rat models with
varying levels of testosterone reduction and restoration has identified proteins and processes
regulated by testosterone in meiotic cells (77). Specifically, testosterone was found to alter
the expression and post-translational modification of nearly 25 proteins involved in oxidative
metabolism, DNA repair, RNA processing, apoptosis, and meiotic division. The protein
expression survey showed that loss of testosterone signalling from somatic cells affects
meiotic division and results in cellular stresses such as the unfolded protein response,
oxidative damage, DNA damage, apoptosis, and alterations to proteins involved in RNA
splicing and processing, post-translational processing, and DNA repair.
2.2.5.3. Sertoli-spermatid adhesion
In the absence of testosterone, the development of elongated spermatids is disrupted
in rats. This occurs because round spermatids are prematurely detached from Sertoli cells
(78). Reduced activity of the androgen receptor (AR) in mice results in a similar
phenomenon, where the attachment between Sertoli cells and elongated spermatids cannot be
maintained (79). During stages VII-VIII, strong adhesive connections known as ectoplasmic
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specialization (ES) are formed between Sertoli cells and elongating spermatids, replacing
weaker desmosome connections (80). Proteins involved in ES connections, such as
cadherin/cadherin and α6β1-integrin/lamininγ3, are targets of androgen suppression (81, 82).
After testosterone suppression, changes in protein phosphorylation levels of several ES-
associated proteins including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and β-catenin lead to detachment
(83). Increased association with c-Src and FAK kinases after testosterone depletion also
decrease the stability of the α6β1-integrin/lamininγ3 connection. Adhesion proteins
associated with ES are periodically activated to form new connections between Sertoli cells
and elongating spermatids, but only one of the eight genes encoding these proteins has been
found to be suppressed in the absence of AR (84).
2.2.5.4. Sperm release
In the absence of testosterone signaling, the release of mature sperm is prevented,
leading to their retention and destruction by Sertoli cells (79). Src activation has a crucial role
in the release of sperm and its phosphorylation is temporarily induced during stages VII-VIII.
Src is also structurally associated with proteins at the ectoplasmic specialization (ES), where
it phosphorylates β-catenin and N-cadherin in Sertoli cells, contributing to the formation of
ES adhesion sites with maturing spermatids(85, 86). Upon Src-mediated phosphorylation of
β-catenin and N-cadherin, the two proteins diffuse apart, leading to the loss of cell linkage
and allowing mature sperm to be released (85-87).
Gene expression analysis in rats after suppression of both testosterone and follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) has identified genes expressed by Sertoli cells that are associated
with adhesion. These genes include Sparc, which modulates focal adhesions, Ctgf, which
interacts with integrins that form contacts with elongated spermatids, and Lgals1, which can
modulate integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling (88). Currently, the extent to which
testosterone or FSH regulates these adhesion-associated genes is not clear.
2.2.7. Negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus
A negative feedback system operates in response to rising levels of testosterone in the
body. Testosterone acts on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to decrease the release of
GnRH, FSH, and LH. The Sertoli cells in the testis produce the hormone inhibin, which
suppresses the release of FSH from the pituitary, but has no effect on LH. Inhibin is also
produced by the placenta, and biologically active inhibin is present in the fetus.
Administration of inhibin has been shown to decrease serum FSH levels (99).
Spermatogenesis slows down as a result. When sperm count reaches 20 million/ml, the
Sertoli cells stop releasing inhibin, allowing the sperm count to increase. Despite being
produced in the fetus, inhibin controls spermatogenesis.
3. Reference:
1. Kamijima, M., Hibi, H., Gotoh, M., Taki, K., Saito, I., Wang, H., … Takeuchi, Y.
(2004). A Survey of Semen Indices in Insecticide Sprayers. Journal of Occupational
Health, 46(2), 109–118.
2. E. Carlsen, A. Giwercman, N. Keiding, and N. E. Skakkebaek (1992). Review of
Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years.BMJ 305(6854): 609–
613.
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3. Lerda, D., &Rizzi, R. (1991). Study of reproductive function in persons
occupationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Mutation Research
Letters, 262(1), 47–50.
4. Joshi, S. C., Bansal, B., &Jasuja, N. D. (2010). Evaluation of reproductive and
developmental toxicity of cypermethrin in male albino rats. Toxicological &
Environmental Chemistry, 93(3), 593–602.
5. Sharpe, R. M., &Skakkebaek, N. E. (1993). Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm
counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? The Lancet, 341(8857), 1392–
1396.
6. Ahmed RS, Seth V, Pasha ST and Banerjee BD. Influence of dietary ginger
(ZingiberofficinalisRosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats. Food
ChemToxicol 2000; 38: 443–450.
7. Smith AG and Gangolli SD. Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: occurrence and
health concerns. Food ChemToxicol 2002; 40: 767–779.
8. Sengupta P. Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and their role in
male reproductive functions. Drug ChemToxicol 2012; 36(3): 353–368
9. Rahman S. Farm-level pesticide use in Bangladesh: determinants and awareness.
AgriEcosys Environ 2003; 95: 241–252.
10. Jayachandra S, Pinto M and D‘Souza UJA. Alternative testing methods–reproductive
toxicity. Turk J Med Sci 2004; 34: 419.
11. Smith AG, Gangolli SD: Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: occurrence and health
concerns. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2002; 40: 767-779.
12. Ahmed RS, Pasha ST, Banerjee BD: Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinalis
Rosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats. Food and Chemical
Toxicology 2000; 38: 443-450.
13. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Aktar MW,
Sengupta D, Chowdhury A InterdiscipToxicol. 2009 Mar; 2(1):1-12.
14. Pesticide exposure--Indian scene.Gupta PK Toxicology. 2004 May 20; 198(1-3):83-
90
15. Nef S, Stevant I, Greenfield A. Characterizing the bipotential mammalian gonad. Curr
Top Dev Biol. 2019;134:167–194.
16. Yoshino T, Murai H, Saito D. Hedgehog-BMP signalling establishes dorsoventral
patterning in lateral plate mesoderm to trigger gonadogenesis in chicken embryos. Nat
Commun. 2016;7:12561.
17. Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. A Book of biology, Benjamin Cummings
.2005:Pages 58-67.
18. Cheng CK, Leung PC. Molecular biology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH)-I, GnRH-Ii, and their receptors in humans. Endocr Rev (2005) 26:283–306.
doi: 10.1210/er.2003-0039
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EFFECT OF OIL SPILL ON ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONTROL
MEASURES: A REVIEW
Dr.V. Prabhakar Rao*1, Dr. C. Nageswar Reddy2, Dr. A. Ramesh Babu3
1Lecturer in Chemistry,Dr. YSR Govt. Degree College, Vedurukuppam, AP, India
2Lecturer in Chemistry,Govt. College for men(A), Kadapa, AP, India
3Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt. Degree& PG College, Puttur, AP, India
vipparlaprabhakararao@gmail.com
Abstract
Oil spill is the leakage of petroleum onto the surface of a large body of water like seas
and oceans. Oceanic oil spills became a major environmental problem in the 1960s, chiefly as
a result of intensified petroleum exploration and production. Even now also thousands of
minor and several major oil spills related to well discharges and tanker operations are
reported each year, with the total quantity of oil released annually into the world‘s oceans
exceeding one million metric tons. The costs of oil spills are considerable in both economic
and ecological terms. Oil on ocean surfaces is harmful to many forms of aquatic life,
birds. Several techniques are being followed to contain oil spill such as using Floating booms,
Skimming and use various sorbents such as straw, volcanic ash and shavings of polyester-
derived plastic, that absorb the oil from the water. However, so far no thoroughly satisfactory
method has been developed for cleaning up major oil spills. Efforts need to be directed to
develop better methods to control oil spills.
Key words: Oil spill, sorbents, floating booms, skimming.
Introduction
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially in to the marine ecosystem, due to human activity and is a form of pollution. The
term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal
waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude
oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined
petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by
large ships such as bunker fuelor the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.Oceanic oil spills
became a major environmental problem in the 1960s but now they are rare because of
stringent shipping and environmental regulations. Nevertheless, thousands of minor and
several major oil spills related to well discharges and tanker operations are reported each year
even now, with the total quantity of oil released annually into the world‘s oceans exceeding
one million metric tons. The costs of oil spills are considerable in both economic
and ecological terms. Oceanic oil spill is harmful to aquatic animals, sea birds and also to
plant life in and around the oceans. Oil spill is a laborious task with high budget. Some times
it is unsuccessful also. Research is going on in this field to find better and better methods to
clean oilspills effectively and completely.
History of oil spills
There are so many oil spill incidents in the history. Between 1970 and 2000, there
were over 7,000 spills. Between 1956 and 2006, up to 1.5 million tons of oil were spilled in
the Nigeria Delta alone [1]. Two enormously important oil-tanker spills that took place in
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European waters were the Torrey Canyon disaster off Cornwall, England, in 1967 (119,000
metric tons of crude oil were spilled) and the Amoco Cadizdisaster off Brittany, France, in
1978 (223,000 metric tons of crude oil and ship fuel were spilled). Both events led to lasting
changes in the regulation of shipping and in the organization of responses to ecological
emergencies such as oil spills. Atlantic Empress oil spill in 1979 occurred at off Tobago,
West Indies lead to the spill of about 287000 metric tons of crude oil in to the ocean.
Although its entire load of crude oil was lost, only minor ecological damage was reported on
some island coastlines.Loaded with crude oil of weight 132000 metric tons, in 1998, the oil
tanker named Odyssey broke in to two parts and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 700 nautical
miles from its destination. Because of the distance from land, no ecological damage was
reported. Some 700 nautical miles off Angola, the tanker named ABT Summer caught fire
and sank with the loss of five crewmen in 1991. Its load of crude oil weighing 260000 metric
tons was lost, but no ecological damage was reported. A ship named Sea Empress carrying
crude oil spilled half of its load weighing about 72000 metric tons near Milford Haven,
Wales. In 2002, a ship named Prestige met an accident near off Galicia, Spain and spilled
63000 metric tons of heavy fuel oil in to the sea. Fortunately, much of the spilled oil was
closely tracked and recovered at sea and affected coastlines of northern Spain and western
France were cleaned in well-coordinated responses. In January 2017, an oil spill outside
Kamarajar Port off the coast of Chennai has been termed to be ―one of India‘s worst
ecological disasters ever and a stain on India‘s maritime dossier that will be hard to expunge
Environmental effects
Generally, spilled oil can affect animals and plants in two ways- dirесt from the oil
and from the response or cleanup process[2].There is no clear relationship between the
amount of oil in the aquatic environment and the likely impact on biodiversity. A smaller
spill at the wrong time/wrong season and in a sensitive environment may prove much more
harmful than a larger spill at another time of the year in another or even the same
environment.Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals,
reducing their insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature
fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water.When they preen, birds may ingest the oil in
to their body from feathers, irritating the digestive tract, altering liver function and
causing kidney damage. Together with their diminished foraging capacity, this can rapidly
result in dehydration and metabolic imbalance. Some birds exposed to petroleum also
experience changes in their hormonal balance, including changes in their
luteinizing protein.[3] Oil can also impair a bird's ability to fly, preventing it from foraging
or escaping from predators.The majority of birds affected by oil spills die from complications
without human intervention.Some studies have suggested that less than one percent of oil-
soaked birds survive, even after cleaning.
Animals which rely on scent to find their babies or mothers cannot do so due to the
strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to
starve and eventually die.Heavily furred marine mammals exposed to oil spills are affected in
similar ways. Oil coats the fur of sea otters and seals, reducing its insulating effect, and
leading to fluctuations in body temperature and hypothermia. Oil can also blind an animal,
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leaving it defenceless. The ingestion of oil causes dehydration and impairs the digestive
process. Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or liver.
In addition, oil spills can also harm air quality [4]. The chemicals in crude oil are
mostly hydrocarbons that contains toxic chemicals such as benzenes, toluene, poly-aromatic
hydrocarbon and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These chemicals can
introduce adverse health effects when being inhaled into human body. In addition, these
chemicals can be oxidized by oxidants in the atmosphere to form fine particulate matter after
they evaporate into the atmosphere [5]. These particulates can penetrate lungs and carry toxic
chemicals into the human body. Burning surface oil can also be a source for pollution such as
soot particles.
Cleaning up of oil spill
Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors,
including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and
biodegradation) and the types of shorelines and beaches involved [6]. Oil spill cleaning can
be done using physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods. Physical clean-
ups of oil spills are also very expensive. Until the 1960s, the best physical method for
remediation consisted of putting straw on the spill and retrieving the oil-soaked straw
manually[7]. Skimming is another physical method which requires calm waters at all times
during the process.Solidifying is a physical process which uses Solidifiers to clean oil spill.
Solidifiers are composed of tiny, floating, dry ice pellets[8] and hydrophobic polymers that
both adsorb and absorb. They clean up oil spills by changing the physical state of spilled oil
from liquid to a solid, semi-solid or a rubber-like material that floats on water and thus can be
removed easily [2].Vacuum and centrifuge method is also a physical method. In this method,
oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a centrifuge can be used to separate the
oil from the water – allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually, the water is
returned to the sea, making the process more efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to
go back as well.
Chemical remediation is the norm as of the early 21st Century, using
compounds/surfactants/dispersants that can herd and thicken oil for physical recovery,
disperse oil in the water or facilitate burning the oil off. However, laboratory experiments
showed that dispersants increased toxic hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor of up to 100
and may kill fish eggs [9]. Dispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally
contaminate coral.
The future of oil cleanup technology is likely to usemicroorganisms such
as Fusobacteria which demonstrate potential for future oil spill cleanup because of their
ability to colonize and degrade oil slicks on the sea surface [10].There are three kinds of oil-
consuming bacteria. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria
are anaerobic, while general aerobic bacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria occur
naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem and their biomass will tend to replace
other populations in the food chain.
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Conclusion
Oil spill is one of the major threats to environment. It not only causes financial loss
but also causes irreparable damage to the environment. With the past experiences many
lessons were learnt to clean oil spills effectively. But each technique has its own limitations.
Chemical treatment in many cases proved to be toxic. Hence, harmless cleaning methods
using microorganisms seem to be more appropriate and research should go in this direction.
References
1. "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it". The
Guardian. 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2022-11-13
2. R. Sarbatly,Z. Kamin,D. Krishnaiah (2016). "A review of polymer nanofibres by
electrospinning and their application in oil-water separation for cleaning up marine
oil spills". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 106 (1–2): 8–16
3. C. Michael Hogan (2008). Magellanic Penguin Archived 2012-06-07 at the Wayback
Machine, It can take over 1 year to solve the problem of an oil
spill.GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg.
4. A. M. Middlebrook, D. M. Murphy, R. Ahmadov, E. L. Atlas, R. Bahreini et al.
(2011). "Air quality implications of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill". Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (50): 20280–20285.
5. R. Li, B. B. Palm, A. Borbon, M. Graus, C. Warneke, A. M. Ortega et al. (2013).
"Laboratory Studies on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Crude Oil
Vapours". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (21): 12566–12574.
6. "Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill". Commondreams.org. 2004-03-22.
Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-27
7. Staff (8 October 2022). "Oil on the waters". Notebook—50 years ago. Science
News (Paper). Vol. 202, no. 7. p. 4
8. "Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow, Los Angeles
Times South Bay section page 12/24/1994
9. "Spill Response – Dispersants Kill Fish Eggs". Journal Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry. Retrieved 2010-05-21
10. T.Gutierrez, D. Berry, A.Teske, M. D. Aitken(2016). "Enrichment of Fusobacteria in
Sea Surface Oil Slicks from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill". Microorganisms. 4 (3):
24
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WATER QUALITY SENSORS: A REVIEW
Bondigalla. Ramachandra*1, Ch. Gangu Naidu2, B. Ramakrishna3
*1Department of Chemistry,Government College for Men (A), Kadapa-516004, AP, India.
2Division of Chemistry (S&H), Vignan Foundation for Science and Technology Research University,
Guntur-522213, AP, India.
3Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Vempalli-516329, Kadapa, APr, India.
Abstract:
Water is the source of life; humans cannot exist without it in their daily lives.
Drinking water quality is directly tied to human health. Water quality monitoring and
management has emerged as a critical topic in modern science. Water quality online
monitoring systems may offer a scientific foundation for water treatment projects by
precisely, quickly, and thoroughly reflecting current water quality and development patterns.
The water quality sensor is the sensing front-end of the water quality monitoring system. The
water quality sensors collect data on pH, ORP, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, residual
chlorine, turbidity, salinity, BOD, and other water quality parameters using a variety of
techniques, including chemical, physical, and biological water reactions. This information is
then provided to researchers, observers, and engineers. Applications include laboratory
research, bettering environmental management, assessing the quality of marine waters,
calibrating hydraulic models, and wastewater treatment, among others.
Keywords: Water Quality, Chemical Sensors, Water Quality Parameters
1. Introduction
Water is the second most important need for life to exist after air. As a result, water
quality has been described extensively in the scientific literature. The most popular definition
of water quality is ―it is the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water‖ [1].
Water quality is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or
more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose [3].
The phrase "water quality sensor" refers to a group of sensors that detect PH, ORP,
residual chlorine, turbidity, suspended particles, COD, BOD, conductivity, salinity, and
dissolved oxygen. Water quality does not relate to a single daily parameter; rather, it refers to
a collection of factors used to assess the state of water quality.
2. Types of water quality sensors
Water quality is a broad notion that encompasses many variables. As a result, developing
a comprehensive water quality monitoring system is a difficult task. The good news is that
you can simply design your whole water quality monitoring system with following water
quality sensors and a water quality monitoring system.
1. pH Sensor
2. ORP Sensor
3. Conductivity Sensor
4. Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
5. Residual Chlorine Sensor
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6. Turbidity Sensor
7. Salinity Sensor
8. Ozone Sensor
9. COD Sensor
10. Ammonia Nitrogen Ion Sensor
3. pH Sensor
The PH of industrial effluent is an essential indication for monitoring. Most bacteria
adjust to pH 4.5-9 in industrial effluent, and the ideal pH range is 6.5-7.5. Fungi compete
with bacteria when the pH falls below 6.5. When the pH in the biochemical tank reaches 4.5,
bacteria take over and negatively impact sludge settling. When the pH level approaches 9, the
metabolic rate of microbes is slowed. PH sensors are commonly used to measure the PH
value of industrial effluent. PH sensors are used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen
ions in a measured solution and transform the data into an useable output signal. It is
appropriate for industrial, home, agricultural, and aquaculture wastewater.
4. ORP Sensor
ORP is an essential indicator for measuring the quality of aquaculture water; the
ORP value can represent good or bad water quality. The greater the ORP value, the more the
water body's oxidation; the lower the value, the greater the water body's reduction. The ORP
sensor is primarily used to determine a solution's oxygen reduction potential. ORP data may
be detected not only in water, but also in soil and culture medium. As a result, it is a popular
sensor for continuous monitoring of various water ORPs in the electric power, chemical,
environmental protection, pharmaceutical, food, and other sectors. It is typically used in
conjunction with a PH sensor.
5. Conductivity Sensor
Conductivity is the capacity of a body of water to conduct electric current.
Conductivity is an essential indication of water quality in water quality monitoring. The
higher the water conductivity value, the better the conductivity, the higher the TDS value in
water. TDS reflects the amount of dissolved pollutants in water. The higher the TDS number,
the higher the impurity level in the water. In contrast, the higher the water content, the lower
the impurity content. The purer the material, the lower the conductivity.
According to their measuring methodologies, conductivity sensors are classified as
electrode conductivity sensors, inductive conductivity sensors, and ultrasonic conductivity
sensors. The resistance measuring method used by electrode conductivity sensors is based on
the electrolytic conduction theory. To detect liquid conductivity, inductive conductivity
sensors use the principle of electromagnetic induction. The first two ultrasonic conductivity
sensors are more extensively employed since they assess conductivity based on the change of
ultrasonic waves in liquids.Conductivity sensor uses an electrode type conductivity
measuring technique with a built-in high precision sensor for high accuracy, a conductivity
measurement range of 0-20,000S/cm, a measurement error of 1%FS, and high sensitivity.
This conductivity sensor has a cable that connects to a transmitter, which transmits the signal
to processing and/or recording equipment.
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6. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Sensor
Dissolved oxygen is the molecular oxygen in the air that has been dissolved in water.
The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in
the atmosphere and the temperature of the water. Because the oxygen concentration of the air
does not fluctuate greatly under natural conditions, the key effect is water temperature; the
lower the water temperature, the higher the dissolved oxygen level in the water. The
molecular oxygen dissolved in water is known as dissolved oxygen (DO), and it is measured
in milligrammes of oxygen per litre of water. The quantity of dissolved oxygen in water is
used to assess a water body's ability to purify itself.
7. Residual Chlorine Sensor
Residual chlorine is the phrase used to describe the free and bound chlorine that
remains in water after chlorination, disinfection, and exposure for a set amount of time.The
KCl residual chlorine sensor measures residual chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone levels
in water. The electrode construction is straightforward and simple to clean and replace. It
can be utilised in drinking water treatment facilities, canneries, drinking water distribution
networks, swimming pools, cooling circulating water, water quality treatment projects, and
other places where the residual chlorine concentration in aqueous solutions must be
monitored on a continual basis.
8. Turbidity Sensor
Turbidity in water is caused by suspended particles. The incident light is diffusely
reflected by the suspended particles. The test signal is typically scattered light in the 90-
degree direction. Because scattered light and turbidity are linear in several segments, the
sensor must be calibrated at several locations.The turbidity sensor is conceived and built
utilising the scattered light turbidity measuring concept. It precisely monitors the quantity of
light travelling through the water body in order to precisely quantify the suspended materials
in the water, which might reflect water contamination. The turbidity in the water sample is
measured in this manner, and the final result is produced after linearization. For reliable
measurement of water quality, it is commonly employed in water quality detectors.
9. Salinity Sensor
Absolute salinity is the mass of dissolved materials in sea water divided by the mass
of sea water. Because absolute salinity cannot be determined directly, the matching definition
of salinity is presented in practical application with the change and improvement of salinity
measuring technologies.Salinity sensors are used to monitor the salinity of liquids and
solutions and may detect salinities ranging from 24 to 52,000 ppm (parts per million). The
total of all non-carbonate salts dissolved in water is known as salinity, and it is commonly
given in parts per thousand (1 ppm = 1000 mg/L). In seawater, salinity is an essential
measurement. The salinity of saltwater is relatively consistent at around 35 ppm (35,000
mg/L).
10. Ozone Sensor
Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen with the chemical formula O3, formula 47.998, and it
is a pale blue gas with a fishy odour. Ozone possesses strong oxidation, is a stronger oxidant
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than oxygen, and oxidation reactions such as silver oxidation into silver peroxide, lead
sulphide oxidation into lead sulphate, and potassium iodide reaction to create iodine may
occur at lower temperatures. In ozone, turpentine, gas, and other substances can
spontaneously burn. Ozone metres work on the basis of UV absorption, with a steady
ultraviolet light source producing ultraviolet light and a light wave filtering out other
wavelengths of ultraviolet light, allowing just wavelength 253.7nm to pass through. It
reaches the sampling photoelectric sensor after passing via the sample photoelectric sensor
and the ozone absorption tank. The ozone concentration may be calculated by comparing the
electrical signals of the sample photoelectric sensor with those of the sample photoelectric
sensor and then computing the mathematical model.
11. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Sensor
UV radiation is absorbed by many organic compounds dissolved in water. As a result,
the amount of dissolved organic pollutants in water may be reliably quantified by measuring
the degree of absorption of UV light at 254 nm by these organic compounds.The Apure COD
sensor employs two light sources: an ultraviolet light for measuring COD content in water
and a reference light for detecting water turbidity, with light path attenuation corrected for
by a special algorithm and to some extent available. Reduce influence from particle
suspended contaminants, resulting in more steady and consistent measurements.
12. Ammonia Nitrogen Ion (NH3-N)Sensor:
If the ammonia nitrogen level in the water is too high in aquaculture, the fish and
shrimp will be poisoned and perish. Water quality ammonia hydrogen sensors are therefore
especially important for monitoring ammonia nitrogen content. Ammonia nitrogen sensors
are widely used in the Internet of Things, aquaculture, and smart agriculture to assess the
ammonia nitrogen concentration of water quality.Ammonium ion selective electrodes based
on PVC membranes are used to make pure ammonia nitrogen sensors. It is used to evaluate
the ammonium ion concentration of water with temperature correction, guaranteeing quick,
convenient, accurate, and cost-effective testing.
13. Conclusion
Water quality monitoring encompasses a wide variety of disciplines; various
application locations must monitor different parameters, therefore the design approach varies
greatly. Please contact us for further information about individual product selection and
technical operation. We have skilled technical professionals on staff to give you with the
finest support programme possible.
References:
1. Spellman FR. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations. 3rd ed. Boca
Raton: CRC Press; 2013
2. Shah C. Which Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Water Determine Its
Quality?; 2017
3. https://apureinstrument.com/blogs/3-main-water-quality-parameters-types/
4. https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-
and-health/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality-guidelines
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NANOMATERAILS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION-A MINI
REVIEW
A.Ramesh Babu1*, A. Bangaru Babu1, M.Sanakara Rao1, B.Nagaseshadri2, V.Prabhakar
Rao3, P.Suresh4
1Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Puttur, A.P
2Dept. of Chemistry, SVA Govt. College (M), Srikalahasti, A.P
3Dept. of Chemistry, YSR Govt. Degree College, Vedurukuppam, A.P
4Dept. of Chemistry, SCNR Govt. Degree College, Proddatur,A.P
*corresponding author: rameshavu@gmail.com
Abstract
Environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious global problems facing by
society as it produces irreversible damage. Hazardous materials, smoke, and noxious gases
are released into environment because of urbanization and industrialization which leads to
toxic effects on living things. Nanocatalyst and nanomaterials are generally used for the
remediation process. Different kind of nanomaterials including inorganic, carbon materials
and polymeric based materials are used in remediation of environment contaminants. This
mini review mainly focuses on the applications of nanomaterails for environmental cleanup
process.
Key words: Nanomaterials, Nanocatalyst, environmental remediation
1. Introduction
Nanoparticles particles ranging in size between 1 and 100nm and are employed in
various applied fields of science. In recent years researchers focuses on promising therapeutic
potential and environmental influence of nanoparticles1-3. Environment pollution is the main
problem of the every country and contaminated water, soil, and air represent a critical world
problem involving extreme environmental and human health risks. Several pollutants like
industrial effluents, oil spills, particulate matter, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides,
fertilizers, toxic gases, sewage, and organic compounds are the major contaminants which
cause pollution to surroundings. Some of these problems are solve with the process of
bioremediation. The remediation process is again upgraded with the addition of new
technology4. The remediation process is very complex due to presence of many compounds
and each compound has its own degradation process. The breakdown of the pollutants may
be done with the help of nanocatalysts. These nanocatalysts are made up of nanomaterial
which can be used for degradation of pollutants.
Among the three types of nanomaterials (Inorganic nanomaterails, organic
nanomaterials and polymer nanomaterials) polymer nanomaterials are widely used for
environmental remediation process5. This mini review gives insight into the applications of
nanoparticles for environmental remediation.
2. Different Types of Pollutants and consequences of pollution
Pollutants are particles that cause damage to the environment, Pollutants can get into
the environment in a number of different ways, both naturally and through humankind6.
a) Dyes
b) Heavy Metals
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c) Pesticides
d) Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
e) Others
These pollutants have contributed significantly to problems to the environment and
human beings such as cough, increased difficulty in breathing /decreased lung function,
irritation in respiratory pathways, triggering asthma, and inflammation of bronchi and
bronchioles. Contaminants are known to cause problems like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid,
malaria, and other congenital problems7.
3. Nano-adsorbent and their classifications
The nanomaterial works to adsorb organic and inorganic contaminants from waste
water with higher potential. There are different types of nano adsorbents.
a) Carbon nanotube (CNTs)
b) Polymeric nano-adsorbents
c) Zeolites
d) Metal based nanoadsorbent
e) Miscellaneous nanosorbents
Nanoparticles are commonly used for environmental remediation, since they are
highly flexible towards both in situ and ex situ application. Metallic and metal oxide
nanoparticles has been reported to exhibit good photocatalytic efficiency. Silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) are well known for their significant antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity,
and thus applied as water disinfectants. TiO2 NPs have been extensively studied for waste
treatment, air purification, self-cleaning of surfaces, and as a photocatalyst in water treatment
application 8-10. Carbon nano tubes helps to remove the oil particle from waste water.
Polymeric nano-adsorbents are considered as replacements for the traditional nanosorbents in
application of wastewater cleaning4. Nano-zeolites have greater affinity towards pollutant
adsorption than the traditional zeolites11. Carbon-based nanomaterials, for example, carbon
nanotubes, oxides of metal (ferric oxide and titanium oxide), and various nanocomposites are
some of the engineered nanomaterials that have been utilized to immobilize soil pollutants.
Some research studies stated that utilizing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized
nZVI, they were able to remove 80 percent of soil-bound Cr (VI) 12. Zinc and titanium oxides,
ceramic, nanowire, and polymeric membranes, carbon nanotubes, and submicron particles are
used in various remediation ways such as lysis, filtration, adsorption, and oxidation7. In
removing methylene blue dye from water, electrospun polyether sulfone nanofibers having
vanadium nanoparticles are used. Recently, there has been a greater preference for CNTs
because they offer greater adsorption capacity than graphene, graphene oxides, biochar, and
granular activated carbon13. Nanocomposities are employed to eliminate unwanted pollutants
in the water. Poly (amidoamine) or dendrimers (PAMAM) have been utilized in wastewater
remediation for water samples contaminated with metal ions such as Cu2+. A study denotes
that C3N4 can be applied as heterogeneous photocatalyst for the removal of different organic
and inorganic pollutants.
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4. Conclusion
Several research studies shown that different types nanaomaterails can be successfully
employed for the environmental remediation. Selecting the best nanaomaterial for particular
pollutants requires full analysis is required.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Salata O. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnol.
2004; 2:3
2. Wang S, Yang X, Zhou L, Li J, Chen H. 2D nanostructures beyond graphene:
preparation, biocompatibility and biodegradation behaviors. J Mater Chem B. 2020;
8:2974. 3.
3. Wang S, Zhou L, Zheng Y, Li L, Wu C, Yang H, Huang M, An X. Synthesis and
biocompatibility of two-dimensional biomaterials. Colloids Surf A. 2019; 583:124004
4. Rina Ningthoujam, Yengkhom Disco Singh, Punuri Jayasekhar Babu , Akriti Tirkey ,
Srimay Pradhan , Mrinal Sarma, Nanocatalyst in remediating environmental
pollutants, Chemical Physics Impact, 4, 2022.
5. J. Luo, D. Yu, K.D. Hristovski, K. Fu, Y. Shen, P. Westerhoff, J.C. Crittenden,
Critical review of advances in engineering nanomaterial adsorbents for metal removal
and recovery from water: mechanism identification and engineering design, Environ.
Sci. Technol. 55 (8) (2021) 4287–4304.
6. C. L. Seewagen, ―(e threat of global mercury pollution to bird migration: potential
mechanisms and current evidence,‖ Ecotoxicology, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1254–1267,
2020.
7. Arpita Roy , Apoorva Sharma , Saanya Yadav , Leta Tesfaye and Ramaswamy
Krishnaraj, Review Article: Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental
Pollutants, Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2021, 16
8. Fernanda D. Guerra, Mohamed F. Attia, Daniel C. Whitehead and Frank Alexis,
Review: Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation: Materials and
Applications, Molecules 2018, 23, 1760.
9. Gupta, A.; Silver, S. Molecular genetics: Silver as a biocide: Will resistance become a
problem? Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 888.
10. Adesina, A.A. Industrial exploitation of photocatalysis: Progress, perspectives and
prospects. Catal. Surv. Asia 2004, 8, 265–273.
11. R. Singh, M. Singh, N. Kumari, S. Maharana, P. Maharana, A comprehensive review
of polymeric wastewater purification membranes, J. Compos. Sci. 5 (6) (2021) 162.
12. Y. Wang, Z. Fang, B. Liang, and E. P. Tsang, ―Remediation of hexavalent chromium
contaminated soil by stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron prepared from steel
pickling waste liquor,‖ Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 247, pp. 283–290, 2014.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH RISK IN INDIA:
A CASE STUDY ON ANDHRA PRADESH
*Dr. N. Murali & **Dr.S.Haribabu
*Assistant Professor of Commerce, SVA Govt. Degree College, Srikalahasti, Tirupati District, Andhra
Pradesh, Cell, no, 9440267842, Email id, nadavatimurali66@gmail.com
**Guest Lecturer in Commerce, SVA Govt. Degree College, Srikalahasti, Tirupati District, Andhra
Pradesh, Cell no, 6301162105, Email id,drharibabuphd@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The regulatory and institutional decision-making framework for environmental
protection in India is embodied in major acts of the Indian Parliament. According to recent
estimates, premature death and illness due to major environ mental health risks accounts for
nearly 20 percent of the total burden of disease in India second to malnutrition and larger
than all other preventable risk factors and causal disease groups Environmental health risks
fall into two broad categories. In Andhra Pradesh and in India at large, modern forms of
exposure to urban, industrial, and agro-chemical pollution add to the burden of ill health
from traditional household risks, but it is unlikely that they account for more than 2–3
percent of the total burden of disease. In industrial countries with higher income levels, the
health damage caused by urban and industrial pollution may represent 4–6 percent of the
total burden of disease This reflects the better health of their populations as measured by the
total Daly’s lost per million people as well as the larger number of people who may be
exposed to urban air pollution, which is usually the largest component of the health damage
caused by modern forms of exposure, and the smaller role of the health risks factors that
prevail in poor living conditions. In Andhra Pradesh, urban air pollution is a growing
problem especially in central areas of Hyderabad but the associated damage to health is still
quite small relative to the damage caused by indoor air pollution in rural areas or by poor
water and sanitation. The analysis can be further refined by using local emission and cost
data, updating industrial inventory, and taking better account of spatial allocation of
industries. This paper is main focus on the environmental Management and health risk in
India a study on Andhra Pradesh.
Key Words: Environmental, Management, Disease, Traditional, Preventable, Health, Risk
INTRODUCTION
Environmental Management is entirely an emerging and dynamic concept.
Environmental Management is concerned with the management for environment
encompassing a business. It represents the organizational structure, responsibilities
sequences, processes and preconditions for the implementation of an environmental corporate
policy. Environment brings together all inanimate organism and forces functioning in nature
including man. The basic functions of good environmental management are goal setting;
information management; support of decision making; organizing and planning of
environmental management; environmental management programs; piloting; implementation
and control; communication; internal and external auditing, etc. The present state of
economic development, including the environmental state, makes it necessary to broaden
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management‘s understanding of natural environment. The way of industrialization being
emphasized for the development of economy, in coming year‘s environmental pollution will
be the ecological nightmare. Hence, it has become imperative to take into account the
ecological consequences while setting up an industrial unit. Technology is available today to
reduce the environmental pollution and it must be used to correct the excesses of ecological
brutality and to minimize the degree of environmental degradation. For all these, a proper
accounting and reporting of environmental information is a must which can lead to sound
―Environmental Management‖
Environmental management through environmental accounting shows the extent of
pollution controlled by business entities. Man has been rapidly and deliberately exploiting the
environmental resources with the aid of modern science and technology. Industrialization is
genuine for life, but evils accompanying it are also no less in number. The most outstanding
and patent danger that emerges from the industrial activities is pollution. In underdeveloped
countries, pollution is not the serious problem as it is in technologically developed countries
of the world. In well-developed nations and the greatest technologically advanced countries,
the worst pollution happens. The industrialization is mainly concerned with physical
environmental pollution (i.e. air, water and noise). Most of the Indian rivers and fresh water
streams are seriously polluted by industrial wastes or elements of different industries causing
waterborne diseases. Unplanned urbanization, construction of water projects, and migration
of people – everything helps change the ecology and epidemiology of diseases. India is the
third largest producer of tobacco in the world after the US and China. The Government of
India has done little to control or reduce smoking because of conflicting loyalties, the need of
the exchequer and the health of the people. Today unfortunately, urban ecology is no sounder
and is poised with health hazards and impaired human activity, due to low per capita
availability of land. Environment and animal are both polluting each other. Untreated hospital
wastes in the garbage places are endangering the health of both animal and man. Drossy
animals on the urban roads are exposed to serious chemical pollution from automobile
exhausts that lour their health, productivity and also reproductive efficiency. Environmental
pollution in India is a serious problem now and serious efforts are being made to orient the
public in its protection.
The social values placed on environmental goods and services are changing so rapidly
that estimates are likely to be obsolete before they are available for use. Planning for
sustainable development requires an estimate of environmentally adjusted GNP. However,
despite the theoretical irregularities, the slogan for environmental management and
environmental accounting has won perpetual benefit inherent in it. In addition, growing
awareness and acceptance of the importance of natural and environmental resources globally
and nationally has laid to the development of environmental management. Valuation of
environmental goods and services and incorporation of environmental data into the national
and corporate levels suggest different techniques. In many countries, the disclosure practices
in regard to environmental issues have become mandatory. But in some countries, such
mandate is not everywhere. Taking step internationally and particularly to formulate
valuation techniques regarding environmental issues is now an urgent need. Mandatory
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guidelines can be issued in each and every country to incorporate these in the company‘s
annual report including environmental related legislation as in developed countries. The
dedication with which work for the development of environmental management is going on
will surely lead to environmental management occupying a more stable and efficacious
position in the coming future, as it could greatly improve the value of economics as a
decision-making tool, especially in determining national policy. The implementation of
environmental management is expected to bring about a change in the managerial attitudes
and thinking. Despite difficulties associated with environmental management, there is much
evidence to show that a large number of countries around the world have sincerely attempted
to pick-up the new challenges and threats. Economic activity should not be guided by ‗profit
motive‘ alone, but should also include ―quality of life‖ and ―ecological balance‖. The key to
sustainable growth, therefore, is not to provide less but to provide efficiently with the help of
environmental management system.1
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives as follows:
1. To study the Environmental Management and Health Risk in India.
2. To evaluate the Environmental and Health Risk in Andhra Pradesh
The strong linkage between environment degradation, poverty and economic
development is now an established fact. It has been more or less accepted now that it is not
always the poor who are the greatest polluters responsible for a degraded environment.
Urbanization and industrialization and unsustainable use of natural resources have all
contributed to serious environmental problems
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH RISK IN INDIA
The regulatory and institutional decision-making framework for environmental
protection in India is embodied in nine major acts of the Indian Parliament. These are: the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 which established the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs); the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1977 which added the monitoring of air
emissions to the responsibilities of the various Boards; the Environment (Protection) Act of
1986; the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, amended in 1988; the Motor Vehicle Act of
1938, amended in 1988; the Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991; and Notifications on the
Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991; and Environmental Impact Assessment of Development
Projects, in 1994, the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.
Most of the above Acts and Notifications are aimed at strengthening the command-
andcontrol regime. New initiatives, especially in the form of a mix of regulations and
legislation, fiscal incentives for technology acquisition, voluntary agreements, educational
programs and information campaigns are required. Although the government has introduced
some of these measures, more is required because the regulatory structure of a central
authority, the ministry of environment and forests (and other ministries) and the Central
Pollution Control Board linked to state-level implementation agencies have proved to be
largely unsuccessful in effectively managing the protection of the environment. An
assessment of India's environmental management system suggests that weaknesses are
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evident at every administrative level at the center, state and district. Further, despite aid under
specific investment projects, more needs to be done in the area of industrial pollution,
particularly air emissions, coastal zone management, urban land use including the citing of
industries, and mitigating environmental degradation in the mining sector.
The ministry of environment and forests is charged with the responsibility of
planning, promoting, coordination and overseeing the implementation of various
environmental and forestry programmes. Responsibilities include environmental management
to promote health considerations, focus on poverty alleviation by enhancing access of the
poor to natural resources for livelihood and heightening awareness regarding environmentally
sound living process by focusing on nature-human synergy. The ministry has been designated
as the nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
International Centre for Integrated Mountain development (ICIMOD) and looks after the
follow-up of the United Nations‘ Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
The objectives are supported by a set of legislative and regulatory measures aiming at
preservation, conservation and protection of environment as indicated above. The activities of
this ministry can be broadly divided into four sub-sectors namely environment, forestry and
wildlife, National Afforestation and Ecodevelopment Board (NAEB) and the National River
Conservation Directorate (NRCD).
The government‘s prime role has been to encourage growth of these industries, often
neglecting environmental considerations. Industrial effluent largely comes from the three
million small - and medium-sized units that are scattered throughout the country, particularly
in the production of paper, sugar, leather, and chemicals. Unfortunately, only about half the
medium- to large-scale industries have partial or complete effluent treatment. Fourfold
industrial growth from 1963 to 1991 resulted in six-fold growth in toxic releases. Heavy
industries like iron and steel producers contribute nearly 70 percent of the toxic wastes
released but only 20 per cent of industrial output. Industrial disposal of polluted effluent
occurs via open drains into streams and reservoirs or through underground injection. Most
industrial estates lack wastewater treatment systems.2
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH RISK IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Andhra Pradesh is considered a leading reform state in India, with a clear longterm
strategy toward development laid down in its Vision 2020 document. It is the fifth most
populous state in the country, with approximately 76 million people in 2000, almost 8 percent
of India‘s total. The infant mortality rate (IMR) in 1996 was 65 deaths per 1,000 live births,
down from 73 in 1991 and lower than the national average of 72. The state has improved
water supply coverage remarkably in the past two decades, such that less than 3 percent of
the population use surface water and some 65 percent has access to water within 15 minutes
of where they live. Development of sanitation coverage has not shown the same progress,
however: 73 percent of the state still has no sanitation facilities (NFHS 1999). Likewise,
reliance on wood and dung cakes for cooking fuel continues for the majority of the
population (89 percent rural, 29 percent urban). The gross domestic product per capita in AP
of about $320 per year lies considerably below India‘s average of $430 (in 1999). Disparities
between rural and urban development indicators in AP also deserve notice, given that the
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rural population accounts for 73 percent of the state‘s total and is relatively poorer. The rural-
urban gap is significant across multiple parameters, from IMR (73 in rural areas versus 38 in
urban areas) to maternal literacy (19 percent and 46 percent respectively). Tremendous
disparities in service coverage and mortality statistics are also found among Andhra Pradesh.
This report attempts to contribute to the Vision 2020 goals and the direction initiated
by the APPCB State of Environment report by promoting a holistic approach to the
improvement of health through consideration of cross-sectoral interventions. By focusing on
the provision of basic infrastructure services and the environmental health risks associated
with poor living conditions, the study also provides inputs to analyzing the multidimensional
nature of poverty and formulating strategic directions for poverty reduction. To do this, the
authors have drawn on the experiences of several workshops conducted with the Minister of
the Environment, APPCB, and numerous expert agencies and researchers within AP in 1999–
2000. These activities aimed to assess the burden of illness and premature death caused by
major environmental health risks in AP, and to identify interventions outside the purview of
the health sector that are costeffective in reducing this disease burden. The analyses here are
based on child survival methods using data from the National Family Health Survey of India,
1992–93, as well as water quality information provided by the APPCB, the Rajiv Gandhi
Technology Mission (RGTM), and other sources. Findings highlight the critical significance
of improving the household environment and intend to prompt further investigation of
selected strategic issues in the areas of health,
Further, it attempts to assess the nature and scale of the health risks posed by water
pollution from industrial, agricultural, municipal, and other sources. The investigation
extends previous work on the burden of disease in Andhra Pradesh by estimating the
contribution of environmental factors and by attempting to identify interventions outside the
health sector that are cost-effective in reducing the toll of premature mortality and morbidity.
The study promotes a holistic approach to the improvement of population health through
consideration of cross-sect oral interventions. It also provides inputs to analyzing the
multidimensional nature of poverty, as it focuses on the health benefits of the provision of
basic infrastructure services and on reduction in health risks associated with the living
conditions of the rural and urban poor.3
CONCLUSION
This study of within the limits of finance and willingness to pay for services, it is
important to focus future investments in rural drinking water programs on providing
household connections rather than public taps. Where schemes that provide public taps or
other forms of shared access are implemented, it is crucial to ensure that the facilities are
properly maintained, that they reflect the community‘s needs and priorities, and that they are
accompanied by effective programs to promote hygiene and health education. More attention
should be paid to the potential health benefits of ensuring the availability and promoting the
use of modern cooking fuels and systems in rural areas. This would imply shifting away from
across-the-board subsidies on kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas, which effectively limit
their use by the rural poor through rationing of supply, reducing incentives and potential
market for the private sector, and illegal diversion of products to non-domestic sectors (such
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as transport). If necessary, alternative subsidy schemes should be carefully assessed and
designed to target households in greatest need while creating an open and competitive market
for modern fuels that will benefit all consumers.
REFERENCES
1. Pradip Kumar Das, (2016) International Journal of Innovation and Economics
Development, vol. 2, issue 4, pp. 25-34, October 2016.
2. Report of Environment management in India: Policies, practices and future needs
Paper prepared for the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, New Delhi
3. Report of Environment and Social Development Unit South Asia Region October
2001 World Bank
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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON THE
ENVIRONMENT : CHALLENGES AND FUTURE NEEDS
Mrs.B.Rajeswari, Mr.P.Bayapureddy, Dr.B.Mahesh and Mr. K. Srinivasulu
Government College for Men (A) Kadapa
Abstract:
One of the most intriguing and recent scientific discoveries is nanotechnology. With
the help of this technology, you may comprehend, combine, and shape matter at the atomic
and molecular level. Manufacturing, agriculture, energy, health, communications, science,
medicine, engineering, robotics, and computers are just a few of the industries where
nanotechnology has advanced. As nanoparticles permeate our daily lives, exposure to them in
the environment is unavoidable, which is why research on nanotoxicity is gaining
momentum. This review provides an overview of recent studies on the environmental fate,
behavior, and toxicity of various kinds of nanomaterials. There has been discussion about
difficulties and upcoming demands for environmentally safe nanotechnology.
Introduction:
A construction, device, or system that is designed, produced, or used using atoms and
molecules at the nanoscale, or having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nanometers
(100 millionth of a millimetre) or less, is referred to as using nanotechnology. Numerous uses
for nanotechnology involve novel materials with entirely unique characteristics and outcomes
when compared to the identical materials produced at bigger scales. This is caused by effects
that are visible at that small size but are not visible at bigger scales, as well as the extremely
high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles compared to larger particles.
Nanotechnology applications have the potential to be very helpful and have a big
impact on society. The information and communications industries, as well as the food and
energy industries, have already embraced nanotechnology. It is also employed in several
medical products and medications.
Impact of Nano Technology on the Environment:
The use of nanotechnology is expanding quickly in a variety of fields, including
industrial applications, medical imaging, illness detection, medication delivery, gene
therapy, and cancer treatment. Due to its many potential benefits for human health and the
possible threats to human health, nanotechnology is at the forefront of the rapid
development of healthcare products. A new field is nanotechnology. As a result, there is
ongoing discussion and debate about the possible effects of nanotechnology. The two
categories of environmental effects of nanotechnologyareasfollows:
Positive Impact:
This includes all the technological innovations in nanotechnology, where
Nanomaterials offer new opportunities for the reduction of environmental pollution and
improve the environment.
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Negative Impact:
This includes the possible hazards of nanotechnology, such as the pollution that
nanotechnology might bring about by releasing nanoparticles into the environment. Nano
pollution is the term used to describe this pollution..
Negative effects of Nanotechnology on the Environment:
Now a days nanotechnology seems to be of great advantage as we are increasing its
use day by day We are using it in electronics, medicine, food, packaging, fabric designing
etc. But with all the good any science can do there is always the capability of engineering evil
potential. Nano technology improved the standard of living but at the same time, it has
increased the pollution, which includes water pollution, air pollution etc. This kind of
pollution caused by nanotechnology is nano pollution and very dangerous for living
organisms. Few negative impacts of nanotechnology are mentioned here.
Some of the more extravagant negative future scenarios have been debunked by
experts in nanotechnology. For example: the so-called "gray goo" scenario, where self-
replicating nanobots consume everything around them to make copies of themselves, was
once widely discussed but is no longer considered to be a credible threat. It is possible,
however, that there will be some negative effects on the environment as potential new toxins
and pollutants may be created by nanotechnology.
Atomic weapons can now be made more powerful and devastating, as well as
more easily accessible. Nanotechnology can make these more widely available..
Due to their small size, these particles can really cause difficulties when inhaled,
much like how microscopic asbestos particles can cause problems when inhaled.
Recent times, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a
lot of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why
products made with nanotechnology are more expensive.
Toxicity can depend upon size, shape, surface charge, age, etc of the
nanomaterials, so their complexity means testing for all possible variables would
take many years and would be expensive.
Despite the hazardous consequences of nanomaterials being discovered by numerous
research organizations, the root causes are mostly unclear. There are still a lot of unanswered
questions regarding how nanoparticles interact with the environment. To properly assess the
possibility of human exposure to the nanoscale components of already on the market items as
well as prospective products, much more research is required to assess the stability of these
matrices in a range of test methods. More and more studies on the toxicity of nanoparticles
using various cell lines and incubation times are being published, but due to the wide range of
nanoparticle concentrations, variety of cell lines and culturing conditions, and lack of
understanding of mechanism, it is very difficult to know whether the toxicity observed is due
to the nanoparticles or something else.
Health Concerns:
Depending on how they utilise and handle them, employees who work with
nanomaterials in research or production operations could be exposed to nanoparticles by
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inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Scientific studies show that at least some of these
materials are biologically active, may easily penetrate intact human skin, and have produced
toxicologic reactions in the lungs of exposed experimental animals, even though the potential
health effects of such exposure are currently not fully understood. When humans inhale
nanoparticles, there is a risk of inexplicable and incurable diseases, according to scientists.
There is no assurance that further development will When humans inhale nanoparticles, there
is a risk of inexplicable and incurable diseases, according to scientists. No assurance exists
that more development will occur.
Green Technology to minimize Nano waste production:
Green technology strives to produce nanomaterials with the least amount of energy,
raw resources, and trash possible. Every manufacturing process is known to produce a
significant quantity of trash. Green production, which employs environmentally friendly
chemicals and energy-saving techniques, reduces this to a minimum. If existing materials in
goods were replaced with nanoparticles produced through green synthesis, if new products
were built using green engineering principles, and if cleaner nano-based manufacturing
techniques were used, then a new industrial ecology might eventually emerge. [5].As a result,
scientists are keeping an eye on the different nanoparticles that are created and employed, as
well as the effects that follow. This is done to strike a balance between the advantages of the
technology and any potential negative effects. Overall, green nanotechnology should
"become green" in terms of the attention devoted to occupational safety and health in addition
to offering green solutions. To properly weigh the advantages of green nanotechnology
against the possible costs to society, particularly in terms of environmental, public, and
occupational health, a complete democratic conversation between experts should be sought in
this context.
Remedial Solution:
Every scientist using Nanoparticles or being exposed to them should use protection
such as a masks, gloves etc. while working with the nanomaterials. They should also be
careful about the disposal of these materials once experiments are completed to ensure that
these harmful particles do not enter the environment and exacerbate the new classification of
pollution, nanopollution.
WHO has already listed a series of health implications on exposure to NPs. But how
large is the risk and what should the regulation and policies be that have not yet been
formulated.
CONCLUSION:
Earlier Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used as refrigerants, propellants in
aerosol sprays, and solvents. However, their use has been largely phased out due to their
harmful impact on the ozone layer and other environmental problems. So it is necessary to
study and evaluate the toxicity of these nanomaterials in a variety of test systems to fully
determine the potential for human exposure to the nanoscale components of commercially
available products, as well as future products. Numerous toxicity studies of nanoparticles
using various cell lines and incubation times are being published, but it is very challenging to
determine whether the toxicity observed is physiologically relevant due to the wide range of
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nanoparticle concentrations, variety of cell lines as well as culturing conditions, and lack of
understanding of mechanism. Importantly, analytical methods that enable in-situ, real-time
monitoring are required to improve manufacturing processes, reduce waste and energy costs,
and provide mechanistic information. To determine the true impact of nanoparticles on the
environment and the differences with bigger, conventional forms of the chemicals, thorough
analysis, interpretation, and planning of new research are also necessary.
Reference:
1. Vo-Dinh T. In: Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine: Methods, Devices, and
Applications. Vo-Dinh T, editor. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007. [Google Scholar]
2. Stewart ME, Anderton CR, Thompson LB, Maria J, Gray SK, Rogers JA, Nuzzo RG.
Nanostructured plasmonic sensors. Chem. Rev. 2008;108:494–521.
3. Patra JK, Baek KW. Green Nanobiotechnology: Factors Affecting Synthesis and
Characterization Techniques. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of
Nanomaterials. 2014.
4. Ahuja D, Tatsutani M. Sustainable energy for developing countires; Sapiens (Surveys
and Perspectives Integrating Environment and society. 2009.
5. Weisner Mark. R Vicki. L.Colvin. Environmental Implications of emerging
nanotechnology, Environmentalism and the technologies of tomorrow: Shaping the
next industrial revolution. Washington: Island press. 2005; 41- 52.
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ETHNOBOTANY – A SOURCE OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
M Vishnupriya1, Saivenkatesh Korlam2, J Koteswara Rao2
1 Department of Botany. Govt. College (A), Ananthapuramu, A.P.
2 Department of Botany. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
ABSTRACT
Ethnobotany deals with the plants in relation to ethnic groups and animals. The
ethnobotanical studies comprise all types of interrelations amonghumans and plants, in
relation to their medicinal, religiousbelieves and uses. Recently ethnobotany is emerging in a
very complex structure which often requires collaboration of various fields such as
anthropology, ecology, pharmacy, linguistics and medicine. The tribes act as storehouses of
traditional knowledge applied in the continuous utilisation of plants in their daily life. The
knowledge related to plant forwarded from generation after generation by the elderly people
of particular tribes. As this tribe associated indigenous and traditional knowledge is not
documented and transfer verbally, due to which its integrity may be depleted in due course of
time. Ethnobotany helps to preserve this knowledge before its complete loss. Indigenous
societies or tribals or aborigines all over the parts of the world but in different geographical
regions are recognised as an invaluable bank of traditional knowledge.
Key words:Ethnobotany, traditional knowledge, Indigenous societies, anthropology,
ecology, pharmacy, linguistics and medicine
The systematic study of the relationships between plants and people is known as
ethnobotany. Ethnobotany is more than just the study of human "use" of plants; it situates
plants within their cultural contexts in specific societies, as well as peoples within their
ecological contexts. Ethnobotanists investigate:the culturally specific ways in which humans
perceive and classify various types of plantshuman actions against plant species, such as
destroying "weeds" or "domesticating" and planting specific types of food and medicinal
plants the ways in which various members of the plant world influence human cultures. This
investigation ranges from the geopolitical significance of European demand for spices (which
aided in the launch of the Age of Exploration) to the role of hallucinogenic snuffs used by
Amazonian shamans in religious rituals.
Creativity, logic, and curiosity, combined with a desire to help others—attributes
common in the scientific community allow those studying ethnobotany to make significant
contributions. The study of indigenous food production and local medicinal knowledge, for
example, holds the promise of having practical implications for developing sustainable
agriculture and discovering new medicines. J.M. Harshberger, an American botanist at the
University of Pennsylvania, coined the term "ethnobotany" in 1895. Ethnobotany is a subfield
of ethnobiology that studies the past and present interactions between human cultures and the
plants, animals, and other organisms in their surroundings. Ethnobotany, like its parent field,
draws attention to the relationship between human cultural practises and biological sub-
disciplines.The modern discipline of ethnobotany emerged in the late nineteenth century,
partly as a result of fieldwork in the North American West. The study of plant life used by
aboriginal peoples was referred to as "aboriginal botany" by the researchers.
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The importance of ethnobotanical knowledge, indigenous communities, and
ethnobotanists in achieving sustainable development goals must be recognised urgently. An
international collaboration consortium comprised of people from various countries and fields
can be formed to reap the benefits of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in order to
alleviate poverty, end hunger, improve healthcare, combat climate change, conserve
biodiversity, and solve biodiversity-related issues. To disseminate information about
ethnobotanically important plants and the knowledge associated with them, digitization and
the creation of universal databases of plant usage for various purposes as a global common
can be initiated.These clues can be used by modern scientists to further establish scientific
reasoning, for example, to investigate which compound may be responsible for treating a
specific disease; what a plant's nutritional profile is; whether it can be recommended as a
source of nutrition, and if so, how much is sufficient. As a result, we urge that ethnobotanical
studies be strengthened, and that adequate funding be directed towards promoting research in
this field. This can be concluded with a quote by Dr. Margaret Chan (former Director General
of WHO), "The two systems of traditional and Western medicine need not clash.Time is
erasing many of the conventional techniques and common knowledge of medicinal plants.
The expertise of healers and tribal elders is lost as they get older and pass away.
Researchers are continuously looking for ways to preserve this information and test it
against modern ailments. Less than 5% of the plant species found in tropical forests have
reportedly had their chemical composition and therapeutic usefulness investigated. Although
the potential of medical plants is still untapped, the extinction of undiscovered medicinal
plant species is caused by the loss of forests from excessive logging. An investigation was out
in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India revealed a significant and widening knowledge gap
between the older and younger generations.
Compared to younger generations, those aged between 50 and 65 have a greater
knowledge of items made from wild plants. When species origins are disputed, it can be
difficult to claim ownership of indigenous traditional knowledge. To do so, one must accept
the terms under which uniqueness is defined and apply patent law. Globally, laws and
policies are changing, which has an impact on how traditional knowledge is valued and
safeguarded. In this situation, it is only possible to establish the right kinds of benefit sharing
provided there are proper safeguards against exploitation.How Traditional knowledge can be
used to create suitable rewards for persons who are custodians of these forms of information
is starting to be impacted by evolving processes and legislation.
Over the past 25 years, there has been a significant shift in economies from
subsistence to market-based economies, which has had a negative influence on the
environment, indigenous medicines, and resource databases, among other components of
traditional medical systems. Indigenous medical knowledge and traditions have been lost as a
result of overharvesting of medicinal plants and animal species, which has also led to
exploitation, biodiversity loss, and other negative effects. The old medical systems collapsed
as a result. Additionally, the demand for traditional medicine is decreased by the use of
traditional herbal remedies in the development of new medications for allopathic therapies.
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Today, more than at any other period in history, ethnobotany is incredibly fascinating.
However, it has several flaws, namely the dearth of funding for research, educational
opportunities, theoretical support, and the difficulty in comprehending tribal dialects. The
term "ethnobotany" should be expanded by ethnobotanists to encompass all interactions
between plants and people, not only those in traditional communities. To maximise the
traditional connections, ethnobotany should be combined with anthropology or biological
studies like botany. These can be applied to resource management, environmental education,
and biological conservation.The funding, research, and employment opportunities for the
discipline of ethnobotany would be considerably increasing.
In terms of plants and traditional societies, ethnobotanical research can be seen as the
connecting thread between past and present medical practises. It is a crucial tool for the
development ofindustry of medicines and drugs. Ethno botanical research can be used in
modern fields of study including biodiversity prospecting and vegetation management, in
addition to its traditional responsibilities in economic botany and the study of human
cognition. In the future, it is envisaged that ethnobotany will contribute significantly to the
preservation of biodiversity and sustainable development. Consequently, the barriers between
indigenous traditional knowledge and development are broken.
References:
1. Alexiades, M., and J. Wood Sheldon, Eds. 1996. Selected Guidelines for
Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. New York: New York Botanical Garden
Press
2. Balick, M. J., and P. A. Cox. 1996. Plants, People, and Culture: The Science of
Ethnobotany. New York: Scientific American Library.
3. Pandey, A.K. and A.K. Bisaria. Rational utilization of important medicinal plants : A
toolfor conservation. Indian Forester, 124 (4): 197-206.Inglis J (1994): Introduction.
Nature & Resources 30: 3–4.1997.
4. Jain SK. Credibility of traditional knowledge criterion of multilocational and
multiethnic use, Indian J. Traditional Knowledge, 2004; (3):137-153
5. Jain S.K. Ethnobotany in Human Welfare, India.1986
6. Cotton, C. M. 1996. Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
7. Harrison, K. D. 2006. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's
Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York: Oxford University
Press.
8. Martin, G. J. 2004. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. London: Earthscan.
9. Minnis, P. E., Ed. 2000. Ethnobotany: A Reader. Norman, OK: University of
Oklahoma Press.
10. Bradley C Bennett. Ethnobotany Education,Opportunities, andNeeds in the U.S.
Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2005;3:113-121.
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REVIEW ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND
POLLUTION PREVENTION
M.Obula Reddya, S. Nagendrab, & M.Sreekanth Reddyc
aLecturer in Physics, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
bLecturer in Chemistry, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
cLecturer in Botany, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
Email: mormphil@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Environmental sustainability is one of the biggest issues faced by the mankind at
present. Increasing population along with tremendous escalation in anthropogenic activities
has raised several questions on the sustainability of natural resources on our planet. No part
of the Earth is now untouched by the effect of human activities or pollution. Ever increasing
human population and increment in per capita consumption has put great constraint on the
natural resources. In addition to this, urbanization, industrialization and modern agricultural
practices have polluted the water resources, air and soil all around the globe. The natural
resources are thus not only being over-exploited but also becoming contaminated with toxic
chemicals making it difficult for the survival of future generations. It is the major attention
area for researchers, academicians, scholars, governments and non-government organizations
involving individuals, communities, countries, continents and the globe as whole.
Environmental sustainability is the key strategy against the backdrop of the growth of human
population and the rampant exploitation of environment by humans.This paper delineates the
mitigation plan that can be adopted by facility managers to overcome environmental issues
that may affect the total management, performance and operation of development.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Facility Managers , Environmental Issues, Solutions
1. Introduction: Before understanding environmental sustainability is it necessary to-know
what pollution is : it is presence of a substance in the environment that because of its
chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces
undesirable environmental and health effects [4].Therefore, Pollution is the addition of
contaminants into the natural environment that causes detrimental effects to nature, natural
resources and mankind [4]. Globally, 91% of the world population is exposed to unhealthy
levels of pollution. For each country, this indicator shows the portion of the country‘s
population living in places where the mean annual concentrations of PM2. 5 are greater than
10 micrograms per cubic meter [3].(Table-1)
Rank
Country
2020 AVG
2019 AVG
2018 AVG
Population
1
Bangladesh
77.10
83.30
97.10
164,689,383
2
Pakistan
59.00
65.80
74.30
220,892,331
3
Indian
51.90
58.10
72.50
1,380,004,385
Table -1: World most polluted countries in 2020
Most developing countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, depend majorly on
natural resources for revenue and foreign exchange. These economics are driven by funds
generated from exploitation of natural resources such as coal, oil and gas, agricultural and
forest resources, gold, copper, etc. The livelihood of the masses also depends on these
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resources. However, the exploitation and processing of some of these resources result in
pollution and degradation. Around 50% of people, almost all in developing countries, rely on
coal and biomass in the form of wood, dung and crop residues for domestic energy. These
materials are typically burnt in simple stoves with very incomplete combustion.
Consequently, women and young children are exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution
every day. [1] An estimated 95% of the population of Ethiopia uses traditional biomass fuels,
such as wood, dung, charcoal, or crop residues, to meet household energy needs. As a result
of the harmful smoke emitted from the combustion of biomass fuels, indoor air pollution is
responsible for more than 50,000 deaths annually and causes nearly 5% of the burden of
disease in Ethiopia.
Generally, Pollution may muddy landscapes, poison soils and waterways, or kill
plants and animals. Humans are also regularly harmed by pollution. Long-term exposure to
air pollution, for example, can lead to chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer and other
diseases. Therefore, It is very important to understand the causes and effects of pollution in
order to search for solutions and try to decrease the problems that are face resulted by the
pollutions. In this case; the environment is our concerned and we must keep it clean and free
from contaminants for a better living. Environment is limited and it will always be the part
that created this whole world or
Ecosystem. [5] This review tries to identify the cause and effect of pollution and role
of on environmental sustainability.
2. Pollution of the air, water, soil and workplace: It is an important threat to human
development. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a strong focus on
reducing environmental pollution (UN, 2015). Specifically, SDG 3.9 seeks to ―substantially
reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil
pollution and contamination‖ by 2030. Many of the other goals are also related to pollution,
including SDG 2.4 on improving soil quality, SDG 7 on clean energy, SDG 9.4 on clean
technologies and indu-strial processes, SDG 11 on sustainable cities and communities, SDG
12 on responsible con-sumption and production, and SDGs 14 and 15 on conservation of
water and land. Through-out human history, people have modified their natural environment
in many ways to increase their well-being. In addition to the desired and beneficial first-order
environmental changes, these modifications increasingly cause detrimental second-order
environmental changes that harm human development efforts see in Table -2
Table-2: While human actions for improved well-being bring many intended benefits, these
actions also lead to indirect consequences that pose long-term challenges. (Source: 50
Breakthroughs study, ITT, 2014)
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Based on a recent report from the authoritative Lancet Commission on Pollution and
Health (The Lancet, 2017), at least 9 million deaths per year are caused globally due to
pollution. Diseases caused by pollution were responsible for 16% of all deaths worldwide in
2015 (see Table:2). Pollution caused three times more deaths than from AIDS, tuberculosis,
and malaria combined. Pollution caused 15 times more deaths than from all wars and other
forms of violence. In the most severely affected countries, pollution-related disease is
responsible for more than one-fourth of all deaths. These numbers are conservative and
consider only well-established links between pollution and disease, thus they underestimate
the total impact of pollution. They do not include the emerging effects of known pollutants,
such as the effects of air pollution on diabetes, pre-term birth, autism in children, and
dementia in the elderly. They also do not include the effects of new and emerging pollutants
like endocrine disruptors, new classes of pesticides such as neo nicotinoids, chemical
herbicides such as glyphosate, and pharmaceutical wastes.(Table-3)
Table-3: Pollution was responsible for about 16% of all deaths globally in 2015, more than
was caused by other well-known killers such as tobacco, AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis,
malnutrition and war. (Source: The Lancet, 2017)
Air pollution is the largest cause of pollution deaths, responsible for about 6.5 million
deaths, according to The Lancet study. About 58% of air pollution deaths are caused by
ambient particulate matter pollution, emitted by vehicle exhaust, factory and power plant
smokestacks, and crop and garbage burning. About 39% of air pollution deaths are caused by
household air pollution from solid fuels used indoors for cooking and heating. The remaining
3% of air pollution deaths are caused by ambient ozone pollution.Water pollution causes at
least 1.8 million deaths per year, according to the study. This number includes only biological
pollutants (i.e. sewage), not water-borne chemical pollutants. Occupational exposure to
carcinogens and particulates at worksites causes about 0.8 million deaths. Lead pollution
causes about 0.5 million deaths per year. Other chemical toxins such as mercury,
radionuclides, pesticides, and endocrine disrupters are thought to also cause significant
numbers of deaths, but are poorly quantified and not included in these statistics.(Table-4)
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Table-4:Air pollution causes most pollution-related deaths, followed by water pollution and
occupational exposure. (Source: 2015 data from The Lancet, 2017)(6-8)
3. Biodiversity is essential for sustainable development : The term biodiversity or
biological diversity describes the biological capital held within an area. It refers particularly
to the differences between living organisms at different level of biological organization -
gene, individual species ,ecosystems and human well-being. It underpins the provision of
food, fibre and water; it mitigates and provides resilience to climate change; it supports
human health, and provides jobs in agriculture, fisheries, forestry and many other sectors.
Without effective measures to conserve biodiversity and use its components in a sustainable
manner, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will not be achievable.
Given the need for biodiversity and healthy ecosystems to achieve the 2030 Agenda,
it is not surprising that many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include targets that
reflect their important role. The role of biodiversity and healthy ecosystems is thus reflected
not only in SDG 14 (life below water), and SDG 15 (life on land), but also in many other
goals and targets. For example, there are critical biodiversity dependencies for SDG 2 on zero
hunger. Target 2.3 calls for a doubling of agriculture production and, according to the
Thematic Assessment of Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
(IPBES), more than three-quarters of the world's food crops rely at least in part on pollination
by insects and other animals, with between US$235 billion and US$577 billion worth of
annual global food production relying on direct contributions by pollinators(9). An analysis
of how biodiversity supports the achievement of all SDGs, published jointly by the
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological diversity (CBD), the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, the United Nations Environment
Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme, is available online(10).
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Healthy and functional ecosystems play a crucial role in sustaining human livelihoods
through providing necessities and benefits such as food, water, energy sources and carbon
sequestration, known as ‗ecosystem services.‘One study estimates that each year, the goods
and services provided by the planet‘s ecosystems contribute over USD 100 trillion to the
global economy, more than double the world‘s gross domestic product (GDP). But much
debate remains over how to factor in non-monetary values, such as natural beauty, regulating
functions, and providing homes for humans and animals. Underpinning ecosystem services
are genetic diversity and biodiversity. Genetic diversity supports agriculture by building
resilience and protecting against environmental stresses such as pests, crop diseases and
natural disasters. This provides a source of income and safeguards the food security of much
of the world‘s poor.Biodiversity also plays a role in some ‗nature-based solutions‘ to climate
change and problems caused by changes in the environment. These solutions could provide
up to a third of the carbon emissions reductions needed to meet the Paris Agreement
goals.Including biodiversity in nature-based solutions, though, must be a conscious choice.
Tree planting, for instance, can come in the form of monocultures (planting just a single
species in a landscape) or agro-forestry, which mixes species of agricultural crops and trees
in a single landscape to enhance the sustainability of both.While each of these cases offers a
different set of financial and environmental benefits, most experts will sing the praises of
nature-based solutions that take into account biodiversity over those that don‘t.
4. Conclusions: The effects of pollution, manifested by the emergence of serious health
problems and ecological disturbance, recognized internationally. The research reached to a
set of important results: Pollution is the most important threat to human, animal and plant
life, directly and indirectly. It can be attributed to several causes, such as atomic radiation,
gases and fumes from factories, transportation means, chemical pesticides, wastes and others.
it is one of the most dangerous types of pollution due to the inability to reduce it due to its
rapid spread over large areas. One of the most important goals of sustainable development is
to achieve human well-being and prosperity in all aspects of life, which has created social,
economic and environmental dimensions. It has greatly impeded the achievement of the
sustainable development goals, due to its heavy damage to agricultural, industrial and
livestock production. It also inflicts great harm on the human being and makes him lose his
skills and ability to achieve his ambitions for a better life and environment sustainability..
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5. References:
1. Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R (2000) Indoor air pollution in developing countries: A
major environmental and public health challenge. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization, 78: 1078-92.
2. Butnariu M (2018) Global Environmental Pollution Problems. Environ Analysis & Ecol
Studies 1: 3-5.
3. Gustave J (1988) Environmental Pollution: A Long-Term Perspective. Earth ´88
Changing Geographic Perspectives: Proceedings of the Centennial Symposium 262-82.
4. Jain AK (2019) Environmental Pollution: Introduction, Causes & Types. Gradeup 1-5.
5. Mohd EN, Bin F, Idris M (n.d.). Title . Environmental Pollution - Effects on National.
6. Institute for Transformative Technologies. 2014., 50 Breakthroughs: Critical Scientific
and Technological Advances Needed for Sustainable Global Development. http://
50breakthrou ghs.org/
7. The Lancet. 2017. The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health.
http://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health.
8. United Nations. 2015. Sustainable Development Goals. https://sustainable development.
un.org/sdgs
9.www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/pdf/spmdeliverable_3a_pollination_20170222.
pdf
10. www.cbd.int/development/doc/biodiversity-2030-agenda-technical-note-en.pdf
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ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Dr. P. Gayathri
Lecturer in Mathematics, Govt. Degree College, Puttur.
ABSTRACT:
Environmental sustainability is fundamental to sustainable development. This series
covers current and emerging issues in order to promote debate and broaden the understanding
of environmental challenges as integral to equitable and sustained economic growth. The
books in this series will be central to the implementation of the World Bank‘s Environment
Strategy, and relevant to the development community, policy makers, and academia. As we
step into an era of globalization that promises higher economic growth, we have to bear in
mind the adverse consequences of the past developmental path on our environment and
consciously choose a path of sustainable development. To understand the unsustainable path
of development that we have taken and the challenges of sustainable development, we have
to first understand the significance and contribution of environment to economic
development. In this chapter we discuss the functions and role of environment, steps and
strategies to achieve sustainable development and Principles of Sustainable development.
KEY WORDS: Environment, Globalization, Sustainable development, Economic growth.
INTRODUCTION:
There is an intimate connection between energy, the environment and sustainable
development. A society seeking sustainable development ideally must utilize only energy
resources which cause no environmental impact (e.g. which release no emissions to the
environment). However, since all energy resources lead to some environmental impact, it is
reasonable to suggest that some (not all) of the concerns regarding the limitations imposed on
sustainable development by environmental emissions and their negative impacts can be in
part overcome through increased energy efficiency. A strong relation exists between energy
efficiency and environmental impact since, for the same services or products, less resource
utilization and pollution is normally associated with increased energy efficiency.
ENVIRONMENT:
Environment is defined as the total planetary inheritance and the totality of all
resources. It includes all the biotic and abiotic factors that influence each other. While all
living elements the birds, animals and plants, forests, fisheries etc. are biotic elements, abiotic
elements include air, water, land etc. Rocks and sunlight are examples of abiotic elements of
the environment. A study of the environment then calls for a study of the inter-relationship
between these biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
THE ENVIRONMENT PERFORMS FOUR CRUCIAL FUNCTIONS:
1. Supplying Resources: The environment contains both renewable (air, water, land) and
non-renewable (fossil fuels) resources. While the former are re-usable and do not get
depleted soon, non-renewable resources come with the fear of depletion.
2. Assimilating Waste: Economic activities generate waste which the environment absorbs
through natural processes.
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3. Sustenance of Life: The environment comprises abiotic components that aid the living
of biotic components. In the absence of elements such as air, water, land, etc. there
would be no life on the planet.
4. Aesthetic Value: The environment adds aesthetic value to life. The mountains, oceans,
seas, landmasses and other scenery of the environment enhance the quality of life.
GLOBAL WARMING:
It refers to the gradual increase in the lower atmosphere of the Earth. The main cause of
global warming is recognized to be the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. These gases can absorb heat and thus, contribute to global warming. Other causes
are deforestation and burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Global warming has led to
melting of polar ice caps and an average increase in temperatures all over. Global warming is a
gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth‘s lower atmosphere as a result of the
increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution. Much of the recent observed
and projected global warming is human-induced. It is caused by man-made increases in
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION:
The phenomenon of depletion in the amount of ozone in Earth‘s stratosphere. The main
cause of ozone depletion is through the release of substances called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
into the atmosphere. These are compounds include chlorine, bromine compounds that are used
as cooling substances in air conditioners, refrigerators, etc. Ozone layer depletion implies that
the Earth gets more and more exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. These rays are
excessively harmful to human health and are known to cause skin cancer to human beings. They
also affect the growth of aquatic and terrestrial plants. UV radiation seems responsible for skin
cancer in humans; it also lowers production of phytoplankton and thus affects other aquatic
organisms.
MEASURES TO SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT:
Pollution Control: Air, water, noise, soil are some of the major forms of pollution
plaguing the environment today. Pollution control boards can be set up or regulatory
standards must be enforced to keep pollution within lowest levels.
Forest Conservation: Increased industrialization has come at the cost of deforestation.
The implication of forests being cut down is that the ecology is significantly affected.
Afforestation measures need to be taken and forest conservation regulations must be
seriously implemented.
Social Awareness: Until people are made aware of the graveness of the situation, the
problem of environmental degradation cannot be dealt with. Creating awareness through
campaigns and movements can help avert the problem of the ongoing environmental
crisis.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) defines
this using the concept of sustainable development. It explains sustainable development as a
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process that provides for the present generation without compromising on the needs of the future
generations. Sustainable development has gained momentum as a larger movement over the
years. We now associate it with improving living standards, poverty alleviation, nutritional
improvements, minimizing social and cultural instability and resource depletion. Environment
and economy are interdependent and need each other. Hence, development that ignores its
repercussions on the environment will destroy the environment that sustains life forms. The
features of sustainable development include a sustained rise in per capita income (PCI)
worldwide, rational usage of resources, pollution checks, population control and relative
dependence on renewable sources of energy to meet future generations‘ needs.
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
1. Present and future generations are alike entitled to this right.
2. Environmental protection has to be regarded as an integral part of any developmental
process.
3. Each country has the right to utilize its resources without impacting the environment
beyond its borders.
4. The polluter must compensate for the harm caused to the environment –the ―polluter
pays‖ principle.
5. Economic actions are coupled with the principle of obtaining preventative measures for
environmental protection.
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Use of Non-conventional Sources of Energy: Thermal power plants emit large quantities of
carbon dioxide which is a green house gas. It also produces fly ash which, if not used
properly, can cause pollution of water bodies, land and other components of the environment.
LPG, Gobar Gas in Rural Areas: Households in rural areas generally use wood, dung cake
or other biomass as fuel. This practice has several adverse implications like deforestation,
reduction in green cover, wastage of cattle dung and air pollution. To rectify the situation,
subsidised LPG is being provided.
CNG in Urban Areas: In Delhi, the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as fuel in public
transport system has significantly lowered air pollution and the air has become cleaner. In the
last few years many other Indian cities also began to use CNG.
Wind Power: In areas where speed of wind is usually high, wind mills can provide electricity
without any adverse impact on the environment. Wind turbines move with the wind and
electricity is generated. ..
Solar Power through Photovoltaic Cells: India is naturally endowed with a large quantity
of solar energy in the form of sunlight. We use it in different ways.
CONCLUSION:
Economic development, which aimed at increasing the production of goods and
services to meet the needs of a rising population, puts greater pressure on the environment. In
the initial stages of development, the demand for environmental resources was less than that
of supply. Now the world is faced with increased demand for environmental resources but
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their supply is limited due to overuse and misuse. Sustainable development aims at promoting
the kind of development that minimizes environmental problems and meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their
own needs.
REFERENCES:
Agarwal, anil and sunita narain. 1996, Global Warming in an Unequal World. Centre
for Science and Environment, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
Bharucha, E. 200, Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses,
Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd.
Centre for science and environment. 1996, State of India‘s Environment 1: The First
Citizens‘ Report 1982. Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
Centre for science and environment. 1996, State of India‘s Environment 2: The
Second Citizens‘ Report 1985, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.
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PHYTOREMEDIATION AND PTERIDOPHYTES – A BRIEF REVIEW
Saivenkatesh Korlam1, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah2, S. Padmavathi1
1 Department of Botany. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
2 Department of Zoology. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
ABSTRACT
Phytoremediation is an approach involving plants in which plants will be employed to
extract, remove elemental contamination and lower their bioavailability in soil. Heavy metals
and metalloids contamination to soil is a serious problem which needs to be considered.
There are several costly methods available for removal of contaminants from nature but the
method of phytoremediation is cost effective and eco-friendly. Pteridophytes, the vascular
cryptogams have been found to have a potential of remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil.
Pteridophytes are non-flowering plant that reproduces by spores. Pteris vittata reported as the
first fern plant to hyperaccumulate Arsenic. Other ferns that are known phytoremediators are
Nephrolepis cordifolia and Hypolepismuelleri ,Pteris umbrosa and Pteris cretica Most of
these plants can accumulate Arsenic in their leaves. So, notable number of Pteridophytes
have the capacity to accumulate contaminants. Though many of them have been identified,
while various other are to be explored. These plants used to develop mechanisms to mitigate
the toxic effects by means of efficient antioxidative system, specialised transporters,
Contaminant sequestration mechanism in vacuoles.
Key words: Phytoremediation, Pteridophytes, Heavy metals, contaminants and
hyperaccumulate
Introduction:
Environmental pollution has reached levels that are harmful to all living things on
Earth. Various health issues that were unknown prior to the industrial revolution have
erupted. The incautious use of resources has resulted in a variety of environmental issues
such as global warming, heavy metal contamination in soil and water, biodiversity loss, and
increased health-related problems in humans. Although industries are crucial components in
the advancement of society because they provide employment and products for our use, the
manner in which industrial effluents are released has resulted in an increase in environmental
pollution. [1]. Heavy metals are a group of metallic chemical elements that have relatively
high densities, atomic weights, and atomic numbers. The common heavy metals/metalloids
include cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel
(Ni), and chromium (Cr). These heavy metals/metalloids originate from either natural or
anthropogenic sources such as produced water generated in oil and gas industries [2] They
pose a serious risk to human health because they can get into the food chain through crops
and build up in the body through biomagnification.[3]. To reclaim heavy metal-contaminated
soil, it is necessary to develop cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly
remediation technologies.
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Phytoremediation:
Phytoremediation is a plant-based approach that employs plants to extract and remove
elemental pollutants or reduce their bioavailability in soil. [4] Plants can absorb ionic
compounds in the soil, even at low concentrations, via their root system. Plants extend their
root system into the soil matrix and form a rhizosphere ecosystem to accumulate heavy
metals and modulate their bioavailability, reclaiming polluted soil and restoring soil fertility.
In order to alleviate the contamination of the land and prevent heavy metals from
entering the terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic habitats, remediation procedures must be
taken.[5]. Pteridophytes have emerged as a silent group capable of phytoremediating a wide
range of contaminants, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic. This important feature of
pteridophytes is being increasingly considered for the removal of hazardous waste from the
ecosystem. There are 450 different types of hyperaccumulators for heavy metals, divided into
45 families, with the majority of them accumulating Nickel (Ni).[6]
There are several phytoremediation strategies that can be employed to remediate
heavy metal-contaminated soils, including I phytostabilization, which involves using plants to
reduce heavy metal bioavailability in soil, (ii) phytoextraction, which involves using plants to
extract and remove heavy metals from soil, (iii) phytovolatilization, which involves using
plants to absorb heavy metal from soil and release it into the atmosphere as volatile
compounds, and (iv) phytofiltration, which involves using plants hydroponically. [7]
Pteridophytes in Phytoremediation:
Pteris vittata was the first plant to be discovered to hyperaccumulate arsenic.
Nephrolepis cordifolia and Hypolepismuelleri have been identified as phytostabilisers of
copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni); Pteris umbrosa and Pteris cretica
accumulate arsenic in their leaves. Dennstaedtiavallioides, on the other hand, phytostabilizes
copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Polypodium cambricum can phytostabilize Zn in temperate soils.
Arsenic accumulates in the roots of Adiantum capillus veneris, whereas Adiantum philippense
and Adiantum caudatum are phytoextractors of lead (Pb) and nickel, respectively (Ni).
Blechnum [8]
In the following table some of the pteridophytes having phytoremediation capacity are
listed. This table illustrates the name of the pteridophyte and the Contaminant or heavy metal
can be remediated by it.
S.No.
Name of the Pteridophyte
Contaminant or heavy metal
can be remediated
Reference
No.
1
Salvinia natans
B, Ni, As, Cu
9, 10
2
Salvinia minima
Ni
11
3
Asplenium australasicum
As
12
4
Adiantum capillusveneris
As
12
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5
Pteris cretica
As, Sb
12
6
Pteris umbrosa
As
12
7
Nephrolepis cordifolia
Cd, Cr
12
8
Blechnum cartilagineum
Ni, Zn
12
9
Azolla filiculoides
Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni
13,14
10
Actiniopteris radiata
Se
15
11
Adiantum philippense
Pb, Ni
16
Conclusion
Heavy metal contamination in soil and water is a major concern, and remediation
efforts are required because these have a direct impact on human health and livestock. A
successful and cost-effective method for removing contaminants from soil and water is
desperately needed. Heavy metal-accumulating plants have been identified, with the majority
of them belonging to the Angiosperm families Pteridophytes and Brassicaceae. In comparison
to the Brassicaceae, where the majority of the plants are economically important and
Pteridophytes, on the other hand, are non-edible and thus suitable for phytoremediation. The
natural ability of the pteridophytes to accumulate metals is beneficial to both the environment
and humanity. The antioxidative defence of pteridophytes also helps to reduce reactive
oxygen.
References:
1. Mandal, B. K.,& Suzuki, K. T. (2002). Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta,
58, 201–235.
2. Pichtel, J. (2016). Oil and gas production wastewater: soil contamination and
pollution prevention. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2016:2707989.
3. Rehman, M. Z. U., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ok, Y. S., Ishaque, W., Saifullah, et al.
(2017). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by using Solanum nigrum: a
review. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 143, 236–248.
4. Berti, W. R., and Cunningham, S. D. (2000). ―Phytostabilization of metals,‖ in
Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean-up the Environment,eds I.
Raskin and B. D. Ensley (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 71–88.
5. 5 Hasan, M. M., Uddin, M. N., Ara-Sharmeen, F. I, Alharby, H., Alzahrani,
Y.,Hakeem, K. R., et al. (2019). Assisting phytoremediation of heavy metals using
chemical amendments. Plants 8:295.
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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON VIRUS OUTBREAK AFFECTING
HUMAN ERA DURING 2000-2022
Challa Gangu Naidu1*, Bondigalla Ramachandra2, K. Padma Suhasini3
1Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities (BS&H), Division of Chemistry, Vignan’s Institute of
Information Technology VIIT(A), Visakhapatnam, AP--530046, India.
2Department of Chemistry, Government College for Men (A), Kadapa-516004, AP, India.
3Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities (BS&H), Division of Chemistry, Vignan’s Institute of
Engineering for Women (VIEW), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh--530046, India.
Author for Correspondence: Dr. Challa Gangu Naidu, email: naiduiict@gmai.com
Abstract:
Several of the deadliest viral pandemics, with far-reaching effects, have occurred over
the past twenty years (2000-22). These include the Ebola virus (2013), the Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012), the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) (1981), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
(2002), the Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) (2009), and the Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2019-present). According to age- and
gender-based categorizations, SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in that
it has greater fatality rates in men and in older people with comorbidities. The SARS-CoV-2
and SARS-CoV invasion process involves the spike protein's binding to angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, whereas MERS-CoV uses dipeptidyl peptidase 4
(DPP4) and H1N1 influenza has hemagglutinin protein. Numerous additional organs'
activities may be impacted by the immunomodulation caused by viral infections and the
escalating inflammatory state. Despite the fact that there are no effective commercial
vaccines for any of the viruses, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are being produced at an
unprecedented rate.
Keywords: COVID-19; Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, genetics; epidemiology
INTRODUCTION
Infectious bacteria known as viruses have a segment of nucleic acid, either DNA or
RNA, that is encased in a protein sheath. These are tiny, intracellular parasites that must be
present. The size, shape, chemical content, genomic structure, and mode of reproduction of
viruses are used to classify them. They are primarily categorized according on their shape,
chemical makeup, and technique of replication. There are now 21 families in which the
viruses that infect humans are classified [1]. Because a virus cannot replicate on its own, it
infects the host cell to do so. Numerous viral pandemics that harmed millions of people have
occurred in the 21st century [2]. Disease-causing zoonotic viruses are those that spread from
the reservoir animal, frequently mammals, to humans. An emerging virus can cause a single
or a few sporadic instances, which results in a local outbreak and can expand into a sizable
epidemic or worldwide pandemic, largely relying on its capacity to spread the virus among
humans. There have been many such emergence episodes throughout the past 20 years. They
include viral infections that had not before been seen, including SARS and MERS [3]. Major
pandemics, including those caused by previously circulating viruses like cholera, plague, and
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yellow fever, as well as newly circulating illnesses like SARS, Ebola, Zika, MERS, HIV,
influenza A, and COVID, have been reported in the 21st century [4].
VIRUS
FAMIL
Y
VIRUS
SIZE
VIRUS
SHAPE
ORIGIN OF
REPLICAT
ION
GENOME
TRANSMISSI
ON
SYMPTOMS
Dengue
fever
Flaviviri
dae
40- 60
nm
Spherical
B cells
Single
stranded -
RNA
-Animals
-Insect bites
-Stings
-Sudden high
fever,Headach
e,Swollen
lymph glands
,Skin rash.
Junin
Virus
Arenavir
idae
40-
200nm
T-shape
Cytosol
Bi-
Segmented
negative
stranded-
RNA
-Infected
rodents
Blood, saliva,
urine, feces
-Aerosolized
-Photophobia
-Retro orbital
pain,Malaise,P
etechiae,Epiga
stric pain
Lassa
Virus
Arenavir
idae
70- 150
nm
T-shape
Cytoplasm
Bi-
segmented
Single
stranded -
RNA
-Ingestion
-Inhalation
-Infected
rodents urine,
feces
-Fever,
General
weakness,Mal
aise,Sore
throat Chest
pain
Bird Flu
Virus
Orthomy
xoviridae
80- 120
nm
Roughly
spherical
Nucleus
Eight
segmented
Single-
stranded
RNA
genome
Infected birds
saliva, mucous,
feces
-Muscle pains
-Fever,Runny
nose,Shortness
of
breath,Cough,
Headache
Ebola
virus
Filovirid
ae
14000
nm in
length
and
80 nm in
diameter
Thread
like shape
changed
to circular
or
filamento
us
Cytoplasm
Negative
stranded
RNA
-Infected blood,
body fluids of
wild animals
and humans
-Abdominal
pain,Chest
pain,Muscle
pains,Chills
-
Dehydration,V
omiting
blood,Red
eyes,Sore
throat,Red
spots on skin
-Coughing up
blood
SARS Cov
Coronavi
ridae
20- 500
nm
Roughly
spherical
or
Ellipsoida
l shape
Upper
respiratory
epithelia
Linear
RNA
-Aerosolic
-Direct contact
with infected
person
-Muscle pains
-Shortness of
breathe,Chills,
Fever,Headach
e,Cough,Malai
se,Respiratory
distress
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Mers Cov
Coronavi
ridae
30.1 kb
Roughly
spherical
or
Ellipsoida
l shape
Airway
epithelial cell
(lungs)
Single
stranded
positive-
sense RNA
-Infected
dromedary
camels
-Infected
humans direct
contact
-Fever,Cough
-Shortness of
breathe
-Pneumonia
-Chills
Monkey
Pox
Poxvirid
ae
190 kb
Oval
Cytoplasm
Double-
stranded
DNA
-Direct contact
with
contaminated
objects
-From person to
person
-From animal to
animal
-Swollen
lymph nodes
-
Headache,Chil
ls,Fever,Muscl
e pains ,Nasal
congestion,Co
ugh,Sore
throat
Nipha
Paramyx
oviridae
120- 500
nm
Long,
parallel,
tetrameric
, coiled
coil with
a small ∝-
helical
cap
structure
Epithelial
surfaces of
respiratory
route
Single
stranded
negative
sense RNA
-Direct contact
with infected
animals like
bats, pigs
-Contaminated
food products
with infected
animals
-Infected people
secretions and
excretions
-Severe
headache
-
Unconsciousn
ess
-Fever
-Twitching of
facial muscles
-Nausea
-Encephalitis
-Vomiting
Zika
Flaviviri
dae
50 nm
Icosahedr
al Tiles
Fetal brains
and placenta
Positive
sense
single
stranded
RNA
-Through the
bite of an
infected Aedes
species
mosquito
-From infected
mother to baby
-Sexual
transmission
-Fever
-Vomiting
-Rashes
-Conjunctivitis
-Headache
-Joint pain
-Fatigue
DENGUE
Introduction:
The statistics indicate that around 3 billion people who reside in metropolitan areas in
tropical and subtropical climates are thought to be susceptible to contracting this dengue [5].
Dengue fever has been known to occur sporadically for more than 200 years, although the
causes of dengue fever outbreaks are not well understood [6]. The female mosquito known as
the "Aedes mosquito" is the major vector of this virus infection, which is a mosquito-borne
sickness. The majority of cases of this virus are found in tropical and subtropical areas [7].
Other mosquito species, including Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. niveus, and
members of the Ae. scutellaris complex, are also thought to be secondary vectors for
spreading this viral infection [8]. The present review gives the brief information of
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Characteristics:
The genome of this virus consists of a positive sense RNA of 11  kb. This
virus is about 40 to 60 nm in length. The genome of this virus is translated into a single
polyprotein and it encodes three structural proteins, and they are named capsid(C),
premembrane (prM) and envelope(E). It also encodes for 7 nonstructural proteins and
they are NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5 [9].
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR0kEE0MZn8o-
WSF9tqEnVSmes9Y5zI24EXMA&usqp=CAU
The dengue virus's membrane and genome are organised as shown. The NS2B-NS3
complex primarily processes the NS proteins in the cytoplasm. There are two transmembrane
proteins found in the endoplasmic reticulum: NS2A/2B and NS4A/4B. Each protein's
molecular weight is indicated in brackets.
Transmission:
Mosquito bites are the main method of this virus's propagation. When a healthy
individual is bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus, the infection is transmitted. This virus
can also spread from person to person, in which case one of the individuals serves as a carrier
and spreads the disease to a healthy person.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318776357/figure/fig1/AS:521795427987456@150
1417132286/Dengue-transmission-Aedes-mosquitoes-A-aegypti-or-A-albopictus-bite-a.png
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Symptoms:
The majority of people who are infected with this virus are asymptomatic. Dengue
fever and nonspecific fever can also occur [10]. Abdominal pain [11], myalgia, joint pain
[12], gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage [13], dengue shock syndrome [14], and swollen lymph
nodes are among the symptoms frequently experienced by infected individuals.
JUNIN VIRUS
Introduction:
1953 saw the initial discovery of Argentina hemorrhagic fever, and some years later
this junin virus was isolated. The disease known as Argentine hemorrhagic fever, which
spreads like a pandemic throughout Argentina, is caused by the Junn virus (JUNV). Five
million lives are at stake as a result of this fever [15]. In Argentina, this illness mostly
afflicted agricultural workers. The Junn virus belongs to the Arenaviridae family. Calomys
musculinus and other Calomys rodents are the primary hosts for this virus, according to
studies. Calomys laucha, Akodon azarae, and Orizomys flavescence are examples of calomys
rodents [16].
Characteristics:
This virus's genome is bi-segmented and has negative stranded RNA in it[17]. The
RNA is divided among large parts (7.3 kb) and tiny segments (3.5 kb). The two open reading
frames in this genome were separated by a non-coding intergenic region, and they were
encoded using an ambisense coding approach. And the viral polymerase responds to this
region as a transcription termination signal [18].
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/8/80/JuninVirus.png/400px-JuninVirus.png
Visual representation of Junin Virus genome structure and life cycle. The
virion of this virus first enters the host cell through the endocytosis process and then
it releases the RNA. There are two stages of mRNA: early and late. Early mRNA
goes through NP and LP translation while late mRNA goes through Z translation[19].
Transmission:
Humans are primarily exposed to this virus through their mucous membranes, by
aerosols, or through direct contact with infected objects. Although it is extremely unlikely,
this virus can potentially spread from one person to another directly through contact with
bodily fluids of an infected individual. Nosocomial infections have also been reported [20].
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Symptoms:
The main symptoms are fever, headache, anorexia, rashes on the soft palate,
trunk and edema[21]. Other symptoms that are seen are dry cough, muscle aches, joint
pains, severe malaise, sore throat and runny nose.
LASSA VIRUS
Introduction:
The hemorrhagic fever known as lassa fever is spurred on by the lassa virus. West
Africa experienced the pandemic primarily due to this virus. The Lassa virus is an arenavirus
from the Old World [22]. The family Arenaviridae includes this virus. The lassa virus, which
is a member of the Mastomys genus, mostly affects rodents, which are most prevalent in
Africa's sub-Saharan region [23]. Among all viral hemorrhagic fevers (apart from dengue
fever), the lassa virus has the highest global burden [24].
Characteristics:
Like other arenaviruses, the genome of this Lassa virus also consists of two
single-stranded RNA. The genome consists of two segments: the smallest segment is
3.4 kb in length, and the largest segment is 7 kb in length[25].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317177291/figure/fig18/AS:1017895203139600@1
619696536666/Lassa-virion-structure-genome-replication-and-gene-transcription-a-Virion-
structure.png
The above figure contains-Lassa virion structure, genome replication, and gene
transcription[26].
(a) Virion structure(top) (b) LASV genome replication and gene transcription
Transmission:
The primary way that this virus is transferred from multimammate rats to people is
through direct or indirect contact with contaminated food. Human gastrointestinal and
respiratory systems are the routes of transmission. The transmission from person to person is
also evident [27].
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https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1468121821000225-gr1.jpg
Symptoms:
After 2 to 21 days of viral exposure, the symptoms start to appear. The majority of
those who are infected with this virus exhibit no symptoms. Fever, headache, sore throat,
chest discomfort, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, face edoema, nosebleeds,
mouthbleeds, and gastrointestinal haemorrhages are among the symptoms that are frequently
observed.
BIRD FLU
Introduction:
The extremely pathogenic avian influenza virus known as bird flu is also referred to
as the avian flu. Over the course of 2016 and 2017, the pandemic spread to 29 European
nations. This has been the largest poultry outbreak ever documented, and there have also been
the most wild birds killed in the European region [28]. The infection caused by bird flu is
brought on by avian influenza viruses. The first H5N1 avian influenza virus outbreak in
humans was recorded in the region of Hong Kong in 1997 [29]. Wild birds that are migratory
waterfowl in nature are the major reservoirs for this virus.
Characteristics:
These are the influenza A viruses and the genome of this virus are single-
stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses with eight segments in it. These viruses have
surface proteins of H1–16 and N1–9 subtypes[30].
https://campus.extension.org/file.php/423/moodle_pics/AIstructureCDC.jpg
Transmission:
Most often, these viruses are seen in poultry in live bird markets throughout the year.
It implies that this virus circulates all year long in poultry animals and that it causes virus
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transmission to people [31]. The transmission may occur directly or indirectly. Consuming
infected poultry meat is the main method of transmission, however there is also evidence of
person-to-person spread.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342877973/figure/fig1/AS:912432105013249@159
4552174884/An-overview-of-avian-influenza-virus-transmission-and-live-bird-market-
trading-chains.png
Symptoms:
Bird flu patients commonly experience the following signs and symptoms: high
temperature, dry cough, chesty cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, joint pains, diarrhea,
blocked nose, limb pain, upset stomach, sneezing, loss of appetite, shortness of breath,
insomnia, malaise, and muscle aches.
EBOLA
Introduction:
The disease caused by the Ebola virus is transmitted by this virus. In the last 38 years,
this virus has been responsible for three pandemics. The Ebola virus was the cause of the
pandemic in 2014, which expanded from Africa to other continents [32]. The organism that
causes Ebola is the most virulent of all viral hemorrhagic fevers. The mortality rate can reach
90%. Severe bleeding and multi-organ failure are the leading causes of mortality. The
Filoviridae is the family to which this virus belongs. Ebola viruses are related to illness
epidemics in humans, along with Bundibugyo and Sudan [33].
Characteristics:
This virus has a single-stranded, negative sense RNA genome. It contains the genes
for seven viral proteins, including the nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein (GP), polymerase (L),
VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40. This virus's genome is 19 kb in size [34].
https://viralzone.expasy.org/resources/Filovirus_genome.png
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Transmission:
Close contact with wild bats or handling contaminated wildlife is the main method of
spreading this virus to people. Direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected individual or
with surfaces that have been exposed to the virus can also result in direct human-to-human
transmission[35].
https://www.jmsjournal.net/articles/2016/21/1/images/JResMedSci_2016_21_1_84_192500_
f3.jpg
Symptoms:
Headache, red eyes, fever, loss of appetite, internal bleeding, hiccups, sore throat,
difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, muscular aches, joint pain, muscle
weakness, stomach discomfort, vomiting, skin rashes, and diarrhoea are some of the
symptoms of the ebola virus.
SARS COV
Introduction:
People living in the 21st century have gone through this massive pandemic, which has
completely altered their way of life. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,
which was responsible for the pandemic and was eventually given the name SARS-CoV-2 in
December 2019 [36], was one of three previously undiscovered coronaviruses. This SARS-
CoV-2 coronavirus is extremely infectious and seriously harmful. After some time, Chinese
researchers discovered that a betacoronavirus is the disease's primary cause [37]. More than
64 million cases and 1.4 million fatalities have been documented as of 2 December 2020[38]
worldwide.
Characteristics:
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a genome that ranges in size from 29.8 kb to 29.9 kb.
This genome's structure is based on the distinctive gene properties of well-known corona
viruses. Orf1ab, the gene that encodes orf1a polyproteins, is found in the 5' genome. The 3′
encodes structural proteins, such as the surface (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and
nucleocapsid N proteins. Additionally, the ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, and ORF8 genes
code for roughly 6 accessory proteins in the SARS-CoV-2 virus [39].
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https://images.novusbio.com/design/dw-nb-sars-cov-2-genome.png
Transmission:
The major method of transmission for these virus particles is droplet transmission. It
is also the mode of transmission that has been observed to be the most prevalent and heavily
implicated during pandemic scenarios. Direct contact is the only method of transmission, and
the virus spreads quickly from one infected person to the next. Households with close
connections between family members are more likely to exhibit human-to-human
transmission [40].
https://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/212ae577-5665-40a3-97dc-ac8e99cde858/gr2_lrg.jpg
Symptoms:
This virus's symptoms are similar to those of the flu. The most frequent signs of this
viral infection in patients include headache, anosmia, cough, ageusia, sore throat, cold, fever,
feeling under the weather, and dyspnea. Patients with certain secondary conditions, such as
asthma, eczema, OCD, anxiety, depression, or previous ebola virus infection, experience
harsher symptoms.
MERS COV
Introduction:
This coronavirus variant, which was originally detected in Saudi Arabia in 2012, is
also one. The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was later given to this (MERS-
CoV). The primary cause of acute human respiratory syndrome is MERS CoV. Although this
virus is zoonotic, it can also spread from person to person. Although it has not been verified,
the research suggests that this MERS-CoV is closely related to bats because they are its
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reservoirs [41]. 2,040 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported by the WHO, and 712
fatalities have been reported from 27 different countries worldwide [42].
Characteristics:
Large RNA makes up the MERS-CoV genome. This genome measures anywhere
between 26 and 33 kb[43]. This virion is a single-stranded RNA with an envelope that is a
member of the Coronaviridae family. There are four coronavirus genera in all, which are
alpha, beta, gamma, and delta [44].
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0399077X19310546-gr3.jpg
Transmission:
There is very little evidence that this virus may be transmitted from animals to
humans [45]. And family and healthcare are the two fundamental variables that make direct
human-to-human transmission possible.
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Symptoms:
The most typical MERS CoV symptoms include a high fever, cough, vomiting,
dyspnea, nausea, and diarrhoea. Severely infected patients may also experience pneumonia
and kidney failure.
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MONKEYPOX
Introduction:
This orthopoxvirus, which is zoonotic and mimics smallpox, is contagious. In Central
Africa, human infections with monkeypox were more common. When people come into
contact with infected animals, they unintentionally contract the virus [46]. The first time this
virus was discovered was in 1958 in Copenhagen during a pandemic of a disease similar to
smallpox that affected a population of cynomolgus monkeys. Several outbreaks of the
monkeypox virus were documented in monkeys in the United States and the Netherlands
between 1960 and 1968. Infection with monkeypox in humans was first documented in 1970
[47].
Characteristics:
This virus is a member of the Poxviridae family. This virus's genome is made up of
double-stranded DNA and is composed of brick-shaped particles with a diameter of 200–250
nm. This can be observed at a 10000X magnification electron microscope.
https://viralzone.expasy.org/resources/Poxvirus_genome.svg
Transmission:
Infected animals, mostly monkeys, are the main source of this virus's human
transmission. Additionally, skin-to-skin or sexual contact with those who are afflicted might
result in the transmission of the disease. Additionally, it can spread by respiratory droplets as
well as via contaminated fabrics like towels and beds and other aerosolized items. According
to recent epidemiological research, outbreaks can spread more frequently when males have
sex with other guys [48]. This is especially true for men.
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Symptoms:
The monkeypox virus causes rashes on the face, palms, hands, feet, groyne, genital
areas, and anal regions in addition to high fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, loss of
energy, and swollen lymph nodes. The rashes are flat in shape and liquid-filled; they can also
appear on the eyes, neck, and lips. There could be thousands of rashes all over the body.
NIPHA
Introduction:
This virus is a zoonotic infection that causes severe febrile encephalitis, which kills 40
to 75 percent of its victims in humans. Fruit bats serve as the main natural reservoir for this
Nipah virus. This virus originally appeared in Malaysia in 1998 as a neurologic and
respiratory illness that affected people who had contact with live pigs that were infected with
the nipah virus[49]. A paramyxovirus linked to the Hendra virus is nipah. Nipah virus
epidemics have not occurred in Malaysia since 1999, however they have occurred in
Bangladesh and India [50].
Characteristics:
This virus has an envelope and is pleomorphic in design. It is roughly 40-1900 nm
away. This virus has a single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome[51]. The Nipah virus has
physical similarities with other members of the Paramyxoviridae family, including its
structural pattern. The fusion protein (F), glycoprotein (G), matrix protein (M), nucleocapsid
(N), phosphoprotein (P), and polymerase protein (L) are the six genes that the nipah virus
possesses (111). This virus and the Hendra virus have a close relationship. This virus'
genome is 12 nucleotides longer than the genome of the Hendra virus[52].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349165648/figure/fig1/AS:989835246444544@161
3006521226/Nipah-virus-genome-Linear-diagrammatic-view-of-the-different-genes-present-
on-the-NiV.png
Transmission:
Direct virus transmission from person to person is widespread in Bangladesh. Most
often, infection spreads through direct contact with sick people or through their secretions.
This virus is frequently transmitted while patients are receiving care [53]. In Bangladesh, the
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main routes of infection from sick bats to people are through intake of tainted raw date palm
sap by infected bats, which is then consumed by humans, as well as by infection of domestic
animals including cattle, pigs, and goats. Transmission can also occur if a person eats food
that has been infected with bat excreta or saliva. Maximum 50% of patients in Bangladesh
contracted the virus through person-to-person contact [54].
https://www.practostatic.com/health-wiki/images/d1dc221a5b428f412212a5b7e1cb6680.jpg
Symptoms:
The symptoms of this virus are fever, headache, dizziness, vomiting, and severe
encephalitis in affected individuals. More patients have manifested decreased levels of
consciousness and symptoms of brainstem dysfunction, such as aberrant doll's eye reaction,
pupillary reflex, vasomotor abnormalities, seizures, and myoclonic jerks. Aseptic meningitis,
widespread encephalitis, and localized brainstem dysfunction are other symptoms that are
displayed. The most frequent symptoms in those with this viral infection were cerebellar
signs [55].
ZIKA
Introduction:
This particular flavivirus is a member of the Flaviviridae family. After being
discovered in Aedes africanus mosquitoes in 1947, the zika virus was originally isolated from
them on several times [56]. At first, there was no proof that this virus could afflict humans
with illness. The Zika virus was initially discovered in a non-human monkey in 1947, and it
was discovered in African mosquitoes in 1948. Before spreading to the Pacific and the
Americas, this human virus illness was pandemic in Africa for fifty years[57]. The first three
human instances of the Zika virus infection were documented in Nigeria in 1954. The
primary pandemic of this virus started in 2007, when it first appeared on Yap Island in the
western Pacific. A significant pandemic struck French Polynesia and the south Pacific in the
years 2013 and 2014. The first serious problems were noted there, and reports of this virus's
non-vector-borne transmission were also made [58]. According to human serosurveillance
research, this virus is common throughout the continents of Africa, Asia, and Oceania [59].
Characteristics:
This virus's genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA. The Zika virus is a
member of the Flaviviridae family. This family of viruses has extremely high morbidity rates
around the world [60]. The genome is approximately 10.8 kb in size and has a single open
reading frame, a 420 nt 3′, and a 100 nt 5′ untranslated region[61]. This virus's tremendous
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homologous recombination activity is what makes it special. Between 1947 and 2007, there
were numerous recombination events involving this virus. It has been proposed that this
active recombination, which is unusual among flaviviruses, is the primary mechanism by
which the Zika virus has adapted to the Aedes dalziel vectors [62].
https://www.mdpi.com/pharmaceuticals/pharmaceuticals-12-
00101/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceuticals-12-00101-g001.png
Transmission:
Ecological and phylogenetic transmission cycles are two separate types of
transmission. The majority of these flaviviruses, including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika
viruses, are arboviruses and have two distinct transmission cycles: an urban transmission
cycle, where the virus circulates between people and peridomestic Aedes mosquitoes, and a
sylvatic transmission cycle, where the virus circulates between the zoonotic vertebrate
reservoir and the amplification hosts and arboreal mosquitoes. The major way that this virus
spreads to people is through mosquito bites. The risk of transmission from the mother to the
foetus, through sexual contact, during breastfeeding, or even through blood transfusion with
virus-infected particles, also exists [64]. The extent of the zika virus's transmission to humans
is not well understood due to a lack of surveillance and serologic cross-reactivity with other
circulating flaviviruses [65] in African countries where it circulates in a sylvatic transmission
cycle involving nonhuman primates and forest-dwelling Aedes species mosquitoes.
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Symptoms:
The most common symptoms were rashes, pruritus, arthralgia, headache,
myalgia, fever, asthenia, and conjunctivitis[66]. The typical symptoms occur approximately
2 to 12 days after the mosquito bite. Other symptoms include joint pains, and clinical
illness that lasts for several days to a week. Various other symptoms like muscle pain
and headache, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, mucosal ulcers, and pruritus are rarely
observed. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was also reported in some adults that were
severely infected with this virus[67].
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POLLUTION CONTROL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT WITH GREEN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
*R. Narasimha saptagiri ,** Dr. P. V. Varaprabhakar,
*Research Scholar, Dept, of Business management, yogi vemana university
**Associate Professor Dept, Business management, yogi vemana university
Abstract
The article deal with pollution control and sustainable development of environment ,
its theoretical principles, and its use in practice in the era of globalization . The main goal of
this paper is to analyze and describe sustainable development of environment focused on
development. sustainable development of environment As the corporate world is going
global, the business is experiencing a shift from a conventional financial structure to a
modern capacity-based economy which is ready to explore green economic facets of
business. To sustainable development of environment has become a key business strategy for
the significant organizations where Human Resource Departments play an active part in
going green at the office. The paper largely focuses upon the various Green Human Resource
Practices pursued by the organizations all over the world and, explains, The study also adds
to the extant literature by discussing future direction of some functions. Finally, sustainable
development of environment this paper focuses primarily on the excellent Green HR
Practices followed by the organizations globally. The article explains the concept sustainable
development of environment. This paper highlights the challenges and sustainable
development and overviews the pollution control. The article surveys the sustainable
development of environment understand the implementation of sustainable development of
environment. Finally, the author attempts to suggest innovative strategies for pollution
control sustainable development of environment.
Keywords: Pollution Control, Green human resource management, Sustainable Development
Enviornment , GHRM Strategies, GHRM Practices, Challenges
Introduction
Nowadays a global world is characterized by constant changes in society, technical
development, legislation, and the economy. This puts pressure on the development of the
employee‘s work skills and on his ability to flexibly adapt to changing conditions. In order to
function as a fully valued workforce, one must constantly expand one‘s abilities, knowledge,
and skills. Education and the formation of work skills are becoming a lifelong process in
modern society . The characteristics of sustainable green human resource management
(GHRM) can be various: long-term orientation, care of employees, care of environment,
profitability, employee participation and social dialogue, employees‘ development, external
partnership, flexibility, compliance beyond labor regulations, employee cooperation, fairness,
and equality .Green Human resource management procedures should focus on the needs of
employees and their families, and should go beyond compliance. This should include
development opportunities, career management, democracy in the workplace, and employee
participation . By investing in their human capital, individuals improve their skills and
knowledge, thereby increasing their psychological and monetary income . In the narrower
sense of the word, education is focused on the acquisition of knowledge and attitudes that are
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important for the development of personality. Through them the employee is guided to the
comprehensive performance of functions that will be required of him in the future. A further
definition of education is as a systematic process of changing the behavior, knowledge, and
motivation of employees in order to increase compliance Sustainability 2020, 12, 7681;
doi:10.3390/su12187681 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 7681
2 of 14 between the requirements placed on the employee and his characteristics [5,6]. If the
training is effective and it should guarantee the company a return on investment; it cannot be
random and irregular, but systematic and based on the overall corporate strategy. This
requires the necessary cooperation of several experts or departments in the company, and
cooperation with internal and external experts as well as educational institutions . Good
management of processes of the education system, i.e., analysis and identification of
educational needs, and planning and evaluation of education significantly determine the
success and effectiveness of education in society.
Previously, the world was considered by businesses as a free and limitless commodity
or good. Organizations assumed their business activities had a very small environmental
impact. The results of this negligible attitude and behavior were the depletion of resources
and pollution Twenty-first century has been showing heightened interest in the environmental
concerns all around the globe irrespective of related fields be it politics, public, or business.
The recent interest in environmentalism globally has arisen from specific treaties to
combat climate change, e.g. Kyoto 1997, Bali 2007 and Copenhagen 2009 (Victor, 2001).
Owing to the harmful consequences of industrial pollution and waste materials, including
toxic chemicals, governments and NGOs round the globe promoted regulations and policies
with effect of slowing down and to some extent even reverse the destruction of natural
resources and its negative effect on the mankind and the society as a whole (Christmann &
Taylor, 2002; Shrivastava & Berger, 2010).
According to Mishra and Rani the HR can act as bridge to initiate environmental
friendly practices. Similar argument was given by Jabbour and Santos who considered that
HRM has a great potential if merged with sustainability. Cohen, Taylor and Renwick,
Redman also demonstrated the potential benefits of Green HRM in formulating sustainable
business policies within an organization. Although the concept of Green HRM is rising
exponentially, however constructing a holistic approach towards this novel concept is needed
This review article, contributes to what‘s next for Green HRM by elaborating insights and
trends for sustainable development. The purpose of this systematic review is to explore what
has been done and what needs to be done in Green HRM Green HRM paradigm. we debated
about the dimensions in green HRM paradigm and from the past twelve years various
researchers have explained about the possible dimensions in GHRM literature. , we identified
the applications that are useful for both employees and organizations in order to embrace
GHRM, we identified the possible antecedents or factors in executing GRHM. , we debated
on the effects of green HRM and their impact on organizations and employees‘ outcomes
Literature review :
The extant literature in the HR field on the topic of sustainability suggests that more
and more HR executives are keen to modulate their corporation as such to become exclusive
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environmental champions. A great extent of empirical research highlights the impact of
environment management practices on performance of the organization using different
parameters (Iraldo, Testa, & Frey, 2009; Yang, Lin, Chan, & Sheu, 2010).
Literature has given importance to adoption of environmental practices as a key
objective of organizational functioning making it important to identify with the support of
human resource management practices. (Cherian & Jacob, 2012, p. 25). Haden, Oyler, and
Humphrey (2009) comprehend that the integration of environmental objectives and strategies
along with the strategic development goals of a company results in an effective environment
management system. Daily and Huang (2001) proposed that organizations essentially need to
balance the industrial growth as well as preservation of the environment because it has been
confirmed that by endorsing green practices, the companies may profit more than before
(Murari & Bhandari, 2011). The Human Resource Department of an organization plays a
significant role in the creation of their company‘s sustainability culture (Harmon, Fairfield, &
Wirtenberg, 2010). It is identified that the greater the strength of green human resource
policies, the greater is the intensity of adoption of environment management systems (EMS)
and policies by the different companies (Bohdanowicz, Zientara, & Novotna, 2011).
Various contemporary scholars have augmented the understanding and studies on
Green HRM in recent years (Berrone & Gomez-Mejia, 2009; Jabbour, Santos, &
Nagano, 2010; Massoud, Daily, & Bishop, 2008; Renwick, 2008; Stringer, 2009). Green
HRM depends on the unique and identifiable patterns of green decisions and behaviors of HR
managers (green signatures; Jackson, Renwick, Jabbour, & Muller-Camen, 2011).
The incorporation of environmental objectives and strategies into the overall strategic
development goals of a company helps in arriving at an effective EMS (Haden et al., 2009).
There are various researchers who support the HRM practices to be effective for promotion
of human capital and results in providing to contributors of organizational performance and
competitive advantage (Boselie, Paauwe, & Jansen, 2001). Distinguished policies in the field
of recruitment, performance and appraisal management, training and personnel development,
employee relations, and reward systems are considered powerful tools for aligning employees
with a company‘s environmental strategy (Renwick, 2008). Several workers argue that in
order to implement an effective corporate green management system, it is important to
promote a great deal of technical and management skills among all employees of the
organization (Daily et al., 2007; Unnikrishnan & Hegde, 2007), whereas, others propose that
organizations look at development of innovative tools and initiatives of environment
management (EM) which will significantly impact sustainability of the firm and promote a
competitive advantage (Hart, 1997; Lin, Jones, & Hsieh, 2001). Therefore, to expand such a
framework, it becomes definitive to have effective human resource management practices
including presentation of strict recruitment strategies (Grolleau, Mzoughi, & Pekovic, 2012),
appraisal, and reward systems which include environmental awareness and implementation in
their evaluation process (Jabbour, Jabbour, Govindan, Teixeira, & Freitas, 2013) and training
and empowerment programs (Unnikrishnan & Hegde, 2007) which will facilitate the
evolution of new set of skills and competencies among the employees of ―pro green‖
organizations. It is evident from the mentioned statements that whatever the method of
research they apply, all of these researchers promote the ideology that is important for proper
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alignment of human resource management principles with objectives of green management in
an organization.
Primarily this study concentrates on GHRM, which according to Dutta (2012)
includes two major elements namely, environmental-friendly HR practices and the
preservation of the knowledge capital. Green human resources refer to using every employee
touch point/interface to promote sustainable practices and increase employee awareness and
commitments on the issues of sustainability (Mandip, 2012). HR department of an
organization plays a major role in making environmental responsibility a part of the corporate
mission statement. Green HRM focuses on employee‘s environmental behavior in the
company, which in turn, employees can carry on such pattern of consumption in their private
life (Muster & Schrader, 2011). The main objective of green HRM is to make the employees
aware of the intricacies of environment management i.e. what action is needed, how it
functions, and how does it help the environment. The exercise really motivates the employees
and develops a sense of pride in them for being a part of the going green program.
According to Muhammad Hamza Khan, Syaharizatul Noorizwan Muktar green HRM
more deeply to meet sustainable development goals. Based on the [93], the sustainable
development revolves around three main spectrums, the social, environmental and economic
concerns, strives for the development that meets the of the people and for future generations
and the need for all sections of life to get involved in achieving sustainability, therefore it is
not limited to the environmentalists in any organization but it needs feedback from the HR
executives as well.
International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning Vol. 16, No. 1,
February, 2021, pp. 181-194 Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijsd
Objectives:
The main purpose of this study is to:
With a basic understanding of green HRM to the readers.
Importance of green HRM and different from other workers.
To incorporated for building a green workplace with various green practices.
To suggest some green initiatives for HR.
To motivates the employees and develops a sense of pride for being a part of going
green HRM.
Methodology:
The study is primarily based upon the secondary data. For this extant literature related
to the topic from different databases, websites and other available sources were collected. A
systematic review of collected literature was done in detail.
What is Green HRM?
The term Green HRM has become the buzz word within the business field at present
and its significance is increasing manifold with the passage of time. This term has also its
secured position as a hot topic in recent research works since the awareness on environmental
management and sustainable development has been increasingly rising day by day all round
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the globe. Today the topic Green HRM not only includes awareness toward environmental
affairs, but also stands for the social as well as economical well-being of both the
organization and the employees within a broader prospect.
Before proceeding further, first of all we take up the question, ―what is Green HRM?‖
Different authors have given different definitions for this term such as ―Green HRM is the
use of HRM policies to promote the sustainable use of resources within organizations and,
more generally promotes the causes of environment sustainability‖(Marhatta &
Adhikari, 2013, p. 2). GHRM is directly responsible in creating green workforce that
understands, appreciates, and practices green initiative and maintains its green objectives all
throughout the HRM process of recruiting, hiring, training, compensating, developing, and
advancing the firms human capital (Mathapati, 2013, p. 2). It refers to the policies, practices,
and systems that make employees of the organization green for the benefit of the individual,
society, natural environment, and the business (Opatha & Arulrajah, 2014, p. 104).
Need for GHRM
Last two decades of this century have witnessed a unanimous consensus for the need
of a realistic environmental management drive all over the world. This effort was undertaken
since the damaging effects of different pollutants among which the industrial wastes being
the major culprit that has been deteriorating and depleting our natural resources very fast has
been evident. The ―Magna Carta‖ on Human Environment was declared in the first United
Nation‘s (International) Conference on Human Environment held in June 1972 in Stockholm
declared that to defend and improve the human environment for present and future generation
have become an imperative goal for mankind (Shaikh, 2010, p. 122). The Green HRM
literature is largely a western one and, given the importance of Asian economic development
for environmental management, this is an important gap for future studies to reduce
(Renwick, Redman, & Maguire, 2013, p. 3). Scholars of management around the world are
now analyzing various managerial practices that can facilitate the achievements of the goals
of GHRM and also have a significant impact on the environmental competitiveness of the
organizations.
GHRM functions future direction
GHRM is a manifesto which helps to create green workforce that can understand and
appreciate green culture in an organization. Such green initiative can maintain its green
objectives all throughout the HRM process of recruiting, hiring and training, compensating,
developing, and advancing the firm‘s human capital (Dutta, 2012). The Human Resource
Department of a company is capable of playing a significant role in the creation of
sustainability culture within the company (Harmon et al., 2010). HR processes play an
important role in translating Green HR policy into practice (Renwick, 2008); therefore,
human capital and its management are instrumental to the fulfillment of EM objectives
(Hersey, 1998). Huslid (1995) mentions the selection processes, incentive compensation,
performance management systems, the employee involvement, and training to be central for
the company‘s success. Consequently, the argument is advanced that the HR function is
instrumental in realizing organizational change aimed at acclimatizing to the new-found
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requirements for corporations and therefore also a potentially important contributor to such a
strategic issue.
It needs to be acknowledged that the intersection of sustainability, the natural
environment, and HR management are new areas in fast development and therefore, not
characterized by a fully developed body of writings (Jackson et al., 2011). Ulrich, Brockbank,
and Johnson (2009) point out that many HR systems need to be aligned with each other in
order to increase the likelihood that the organization will achieve its strategy. Cherian and
Jacob (2012) in their study identified that recruitment, training, employee motivation, and
rewards are important human dimensions which contribute to the improvement in employee
implementation of green management principles. In order to make sure that the organization
gets right employee green inputs and right employee green performance of job, it is
indispensable that HRM functions are adapted or modified to be green (Opatha &
Arulrajah, 2014, p. 107). In this part of the paper, we briefly describe a few specific
functional HRM activities which identify with the sustainability and the natural environment
at the workplace and also provide opportunities for research in future.
Green initiatives for HR
Lado and Wilson (1994) defines HRM system as a set of distinct but interrelated
activities, functions, and process that aims to attract, develop, and maintain a firm‘s human
resource. Organizations generally organize HR practices into systems that are consistent with
their culture and business strategy (Boselie et al., 2001).We can say that green initiatives
included in HRM manifesto is a part of corporate social responsibility in the long run. Today,
organizations are implementing and integrating green initiatives in their agenda with the help
of their human resource. Managers make sure that their HR is utilizing green human resource
practices in appropriate manner. As an addendum to the statement, several authors have
suggested that it is important to promote a great deal of technical and management skills
among all employees of the organization in order to implement an effective corporate green
management system in companies (Daily, Bishop, & Govindarajulu, 2009; Unnikrishnan &
Hegde, 2007).
Organizations across the world are incorporating and working toward implementing
GHRM practices to gain competitive advantages among the corporate world. Complete
adoption and integration of GHRM in business is not impossible but requires a changed
approach toward the existing HR practices on part of both the management as well as
employees simultaneously. A key role for HR environmental executives could be to guide
line managers in terms of gaining full staff co-operation toward implementing environmental
policies which means HR needs to nurture supporters and create networks of problem-
solvers willing to act to change the current status quo (Sathyapriya, Kanimozhi, &
Adhilakshmi, 2014, p. 32). There are numerous issues related to GHRM that is to be taken
into account by HR department before implementing green initiatives and, all of them can be
not contained within a single document. Owing to the space limit the following section of the
paper briefly focus upon some of the major green initiatives for HR departments.
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Green building
The organizations round the globe are considerably opting for green building as their
workplace and offices as an alternative to traditional offices. The phenomenon is quite trend
setting as Green buildings fulfill certain criterion for reducing the exploitation of natural
resources that are utilized in their construction. Furthermore, green buildings include some
enhanced features related to green practices such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, and
storm water management. Recent years have witnessed a great upsurge in adoption of green
buildings by organizations at a fast pace. The business world has become increasingly aware
of the significant role played by green buildings while dealing with environmental issues.
Green buildings also serve as a platform for financial savings for organizations as their
construction and engineering involve low cost. Business giants like Ford, Pepsico, etc. are
committed to sustainability and have included green building design principles into their
buildings. Fortune 1000 companies are adopting company-wide sustainability policies that
have increased the demand for work space in Green or sustainable buildings.
Paperless office
Most of the work in the office is managed on paper but, with introduction of IT, the
consumption of paper has been reduced. Today E-business and learning have changed the
methods and procedures at offices converting them into paperless offices. Paperless office is
a work place where the use of paper is either restricted or eliminated by converting important
official documents and other papers into automated workflows. The practice greatly reduce
the consumption of paper, the costs of paper-related actions including copying, printing, and
storing, and also save the time used for searching paper documents. Jamie Garratt started Idea
Rebel, a Vancouver-based digital agency in 2008, which is a complete paperless office
(Borzykowski, 2013). At Idea Rebel, pay stubs are emailed to employees and notes are taken
on tablet devices and whiteboards. Designers are allowed to bring in a pad of paper but they
have to take the pad to their home at the end of each day. Finally, we assert that by reducing
the use of paper, we can directly conserve natural resources, prevent pollution, and reduce
wastage of water and energy.
Conservation of energy
Conservation of energy in the office has the potential for a great environmental
impact. In an effort to provide more efficient and eco-friendly services, offices around the
world have implemented several energy conservation initiatives to reduce the environmental
impact. The HR department at the UK arm of Sky has started a campaign where the
employees are asked to turn off PCs, TVs, and lights when leaving, to use 100% renewable
energy, and introduced solar lighting (Davies & Smith, 2007), Whereas the HR department of
other British organizations is emphasizing upon their travel policy which promotes car
sharing and the increased use of public transport (Simms, 2007). In addition, HR systems
such as e-HR are seen to be able to help management and employees track their own carbon
emissions (Beechinor, 2007). Organizations are also promoting the extensive use of energy
star-rated light bulbs and fixtures which undoubtedly consumes at least two-thirds less energy
than regular ones.
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Recycling and waste disposal
Recycling is the methodology of processing used up materials (waste) into new and
useful products. Recycling reduces the use of raw materials that would have been otherwise
used to produce new products. Consequently, this practice saves energy and reduces the
amount of waste that is thrown into the dustbins, thereby making the environment cleaner and
the air fresher. As a part of their green initiatives, several organizations are implementing
recycling program to increase the amount of recycled products and decrease the amount of
waste.
Ever since the organizations embraced the concept of saving money, focusing
simultaneously on the environment and sustainability, several human resource professionals
were assigned the task of creating company recycling programs and monitoring office
thermostats. In the process, many HR professionals ascertained that green initiatives were a
necessary aspect of overall corporate social responsibility. At present, the whole corporate
world is reciting the old mantra of three Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle to save the
environment.
Conclusion
It is not a hidden fact that human resource is the most important asset of an
organization that plays an important role in managing the employees. At the moment, the
recent increased trend of corporate focus on greening the business, the modern HR managers
have been assigned with additional responsibility of incorporating the Green HR philosophy
in corporate mission statement along with HR policies. Changes in corporate perspectives
related to the environmental initiatives can be seen in written policy statements,
environmental job titles, marketing strategies, capital investments, auditing practices, new
product design and development, and production processes (Molina-Azorín, Claver-Cortés,
Pereira-Moliner, & Tarí, 2009; Sharfman & Fernando, 2008). Green process and policies are
now making their way through within the HR space complementing the existing green
practices and initiatives. Green HR efforts have resulted in increased efficiencies, cost
reduction, employee retention, and improved productivity, besides other tangible benefits.
Though the green movement and Green HR are still in the stages of infancy, growing
awareness within organizations of the significance of green issues have compelled them to
embrace environment-friendly HR practices with a specific focus on waste management,
recycling, reducing the carbon footprint, and using and producing green products. Clearly, a
majority of the employees feel strongly about the environment and, exhibit greater
commitment and job satisfaction toward an organization that is ever ready to go ―Green.‖ The
effects of GHRM practices are multifaceted and require constant monitoring to recognize
their potential impact on HRM issues. The Greening HRM involves specific HR‘s policies
and practices aligned with the three sustainability pillars environment, social, and economic
balance (Yusliza, Ramayah, & Othman, 2015, p.1) The responsibility of the present
generations, HR managers are to create awareness among the youngsters and among the
people working for the organization about the Green HRM, Green movement, utilization of
natural resources and helping the corporate to maintain proper environment, and retain the
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natural resources for our future generation i.e. sustainable development(Mathapati, 2013,
p. 2).
The future of Green HRM appears promising for all the stakeholders of HRM, be it
the employers, employees, practitioners, or academicians. We propose that GHRM has
substantial scope for research in management field but lacks behind in practice within
academic arena; hence, there is a need to bridge the gap between professional GHRM
practices and preaches in research and teaching environmental management. Pushing further,
we look forward to see more research on this topic in near future, which can highlight the role
of HRM activities in supporting green initiatives and to some extent even influencing
environmental management strategies. Studies that observe the overall impact of GHRM
systems rather than individual practices would be particularly helpful in this respect. Such
studies can help organizations to reduce degradation of the environment become healthier
both physically and financially and, make the world a cleaner and safer place to live. On the
concluding note, we would like to add that HR is the major role player in implementing
GHRM practices and policies. Apart from this, they have a crucial role to play in recruitment
of new employees who are more responsible toward green business practices thus, indirectly
saving the Earth. Last, but not the least, HR has significant opportunity to contribute to the
organization‘s green movement and plays important role in enthusing, facilitating, and
motivating employees for taking up green practices for greener business.
References
5 Turnover and Retention Research: A Glance at the Past, a Closer Review of the Present,
and a Venture into the Future
Source: Academy of Management
A Conceptual Model for Organizational Citizenship Behavior Directed Toward the
Environment
Source: SAGE Publications
A Study of Green HR Practices and Its Effective Implementation in the Organization: A
Review
Source: Canadian Center of Science and Education
A framework for sustainable organizational development in an emerging economy
Source: Emerald
A review of determinant factors of environmental proactivity
Source: Wiley
A systematic literature review from 2007 to 2019
Source: Emerald
Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental
management
Source: Emerald
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BIOFUEL AS FUTURE
ENERGY RESOURCE
A. Leela
Lecturer in Chemistry, Government Degree College for Women,
Madanapalle, Annamayya District, Email: leelaamresh895@gmail.com
Abstract
Cutting of forests, industrial farming, burning fossil fuels for electricity, ranching, and
the use of aerosols all contribute to the global warming of the environment, which in turn
contributes to the deteriorating of human health. Alternative fuel is currently a major issue all
over the world as a result of efforts to reduce emissions. As a result, concerns about the
sustainability of life have prompted a rise in international importance in the search for
realistic trade measures to reducing global warming.
A heated dispute is raging regarding the magnitude and severity of rising surface
temperatures, the effects of past and future warming on human life, and the need for action to
mitigate future warming and deal with its consequences. The advantages of biodiesel as
diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency,
non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower sulfur and aromatic content, higher cetane number,
and higher biodegradability.
Biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable, and made from renewable resources, and it
emits a small amount of harmful greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2, and NOx, into the
ecosystem. The sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable
oils and/or oil blends is generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both
direct injection and indirect type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low
volatilities injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon
deposits, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid
composition. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol. Bio-fuel
outputs are an environmentally benign alternative to fossil fuels. The current study identifies
a point of interest in the direction of reducing global warming, as well as revealing the
technique and benefits of biofuel production.
Keywords: Renewable energy sources (RES), Biofuel, Greenhouse emission and
Microalgae.
I. Introduction
High Temperature and pressure can cause drastic changes such as melting ice, rising
water levels, volcanic eruptions, and system disturbances. According to an early report, the
international average temperature has risen 1°F since the early 1900s, and is expected to rise
2.5 to 10.4°F over the next 100 years [1], requiring countries to North America take the
necessary action immediately. The exponential growth of global environmental temperature,
especially through interference with human activities such as deforestation, industrialized
agriculture, burning of fossil fuels for power generation, pasture and the use of aerosols, has
led to deterioration of human health.
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Fig.1-Projected global warming in 2100 for a range of emission scenarios
Generally speaking, when short wave radiation reaches the earth from the sun, as long
as 1/2 is consumed, the left side will regenerate to the extended wavelength and will be
reflected back to the house as the associated infrared rays. Greenhouse gases absorb the heat
released by the earth and emit them to the surface of the earth in the opposite direction,
thereby controlling the temperature of the earth to close to 33 degrees Celsius. When the
greenhouse gases equivalent to carbon dioxide, methane, steam and fluorinated gases are
greatly amplified to a strong degree, they will act as the mantle and prevent the release of
heat [2]. The changes in energy absorbed and released by this greenhouse gas are based on
molecular structure and pure algorithms. Therefore, it is mainly through the units of human
sports venues that these greenhouse gas changes around the earth are an important reason for
the modern warm-up results.
II. GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION
Stojanovic et.al. carried out studies on greenhouse gases and means of their
prevention.[3]According to them, water vapor is one of the greatest contributors to the
greenhouse effect on earth. According to an investigation carried out by ElZein and Chehaye,
vehicular and industrial pollution is main contributor to the global warming. [4]Studies
carried out by A.Shrivastava and S.Shrivastava indicated that the climate changes as a result
of global warming have reached irregular levels.
[5]According to Lacis, combination of solar radioactive heating and the strength of
the greenhouse effect determine the surface temperature of a planet. [6]Sreenivas et.al.
investigated influence of meteorology and interrelationship with greenhouse gases. [7]They
pointed out that gases like carbondioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4) are climate forcing
agents. During their investigation, they observed that methane recorded the maximum during
post monsoon and minimum during monsoon.
The meteorological factors like air temperature, wind speed, wind direction and
relative humidity had strong impact on GHGs. Fekete et.al. studied analysis of current
greenhouse gas emission trends.
[8] They studies greenhouse phenomenon in the light of prevailing policies and
regulations.
According to their estimates the current policies may lead to 3.7 degree rise in
temperature. Byrne and Goldblatt carriedout studies on radio active forcing of greenhouse
gases. [9]Their studies indicated that CO2 radio active forcing is consistent. Chilingar et.al.,
rising concentration of CO2 should result in the cooling of climate. [10] According to studies
carried out by Howarth, use of fossil fuel is major source of emission of greenhouse gases.
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[11]Use of natural gas can reduce the emission to considerable extent. Ramanathan and Feng
studied global and regional perspectives ofair pollution, greenhouse gases and climate
change.[12] Smithet.al. carried out studies on various soil physical factors and the biological
processes which cause the production and consumption in soils of greenhouse gases.
The release of carbon dioxide, according to them, is function of temperature for
considerably wide range of temperature. For dry soil, it becomes function of water contents
[13]. Gas diffusivity, according to them is main factor controlling oxidation. According to
studies carried out by Aggarwal and Markanda, the rapid heating of earth is taking place due
to greenhouse effect, more so in last two decades.[14]. These greenhouse gases are produced
both by natural processes and by human activities. The primary ones are:
Carbon dioxide(CO2)
Methane(CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Industrial Gases, including hydrofluorocarbons,
Perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas
and plays an important role in regulating the climate. Globa l Warming
Table 1: Global Warming Potential of greenhouse gases
Atmospheric
lifetime (years)
Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Variable
1
Methane
(CH4)
12
21
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
114
310
Potential (GWP) [15 ] is an index that represents the global warming impact of a
greenhouse gas relative to carbon dioxide. GWP represents the combined effect of how long
the gas remains in the atmosphere and its relative effectiveness in absorbing outgoing
infrared heat. Table 1 lists the GWP of the three main greenhouse gases (based on a 100-year
time horizon). As the table shows, a given molecule of nitrous oxide has over 300 times the
impact on global warming as does a molecule of carbon dioxide. Assessments by the
independent Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) note that Earth‘s average
global surface temperature has risen between 1.1° and 1.6° Fahrenheit over the [15] past
century and that this is very likely caused by human activity Local changes include shifts in
the patterns and severity of rainfall and snowfall, droughts, cloudiness, humidity, and
growing season [16] length.
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Figure 2: Atmospheric concentrations of the naturally occurring greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide over the past 2000 years. Data are from ice
core records and contemporary measurements.
III. IMPACTS OF WORLDWIDE WARMING
Many harmful gases cause different health problems to human beings. [17-18] There
is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the
primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including
glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and
changes in agricultural productivity.
Anthropogenic forcing has likely contributed to some of the observed changes,
including sea level rise, changes in climate extremes, declines in Arctic sea ice extent and
glacier retreat. The principal risky impact of accelerating temperature leads to melting of the
ocean beds of ice which stimulating unhitch of alkane series compound. The second most
effect of global temperature increase is that the conversion of ocean ice into ceanic darkish
surfaces that's reflective into inflated warmth tack capability leading to more increment of
world temperature, ocean interest, touching the growth of aquatic lifestyles, diverseness and
related food web. Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat
waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. [19]
Recent proof represented that heating adversely effect on the plants like monocot
genus vivipara [20,21], heat impinge the seed germination and viability within the species like
juniper. The accelerated greenhouse gas has an impact on the expansion and yield by
mistreatment inhibiting Photosystem in some species of Wedelia and Rubisco content in rice
species. Moreover, extended greenhouse emission awareness and/or inflated temperature
trigger the status to agent mediate illnesses in wheat and barley, that has been careful greater
in barle thatdecreasing the quantity of protection compound similar to p-coumaroyl hydroxyl
agmatine [22,25].
Moreover, inflated greenhouse emission cut back the biological process composition
of some plants equivalent to expend ascorbic acid content in herb [26]. The impact of global
warming on human fitness is maximum massive, similar to the hotter temperature favours the
enlargement and propagation of dipteron. So dramatically growing existence threatening
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dipteron born sicknesses like dengue fever, chikungunya conjointly as can boom the vector
borne and animal borne illnesses.
The potent heat waves by heating area liable for a rise of temperature associated
deaths. Furthermore pollution because of air conditioner, contributes to inflated quantity of
pollutant that effects metabolic process and respiratory organ diseases [27,28]. From decades, the
warmth tack potential of alkane series is firmer than CO2, therefore gripping 84 times a lot of
heat with in 1st two years of its unleash. Degradation of organic substances by anaerobic
bacteria can initiate discharge of acid fuel and alkane collection. The human sports
accountable for alkane series assortment releases area unit delivery of gasoline, crude
modification, oil and fuel structures. The human activities liable for paraffin releases area
unit transport fuel, crude trade, oil and gas systems.
IV. DIFFERENT GENRATION BIOFUEL
The fuel got from natural materials, including materials from living beings that passed
on generally as of late and from the metabolic results of living life forms is called Biofuel.
The technique for biofuel creation will be grouped into three (Fig.3) class to be specific
beginning age biofuel from eatable sustenance crops, second era biofuel from non-eatable
yields and waste oil feed stock and third era biofuel from algae. Note that the structure of the
biofuel itself does not change between ages, yet rather the source from which the fuel is
inferred changes.
Figure-3-Different Generation of Biofuel
A. 1st generation Bio-fuel
Primary generation bio-fuel is food crops like corn, soya bean, sugar cane, vegetable
oil. Bio-ethanol is combined from sugar stick, corn and maize yet biodiesel is produces by
mixing of soybean plant oil, sunflowers oil, and vegetable oil. Biogas is created by
disintegration of natural material. Among these, corn was wont to turn out fifteen billion
gallon of plant item and sugar stick is particularly utilized for steady reason in Brazil.
Originally biofuels are created straightforwardly from sustenance trims by abstracting the oils
for use in biodiesel or delivering bio ethanol through aging. In 1st generation bio- fuel starch,
sugar, polyose and/or sugar content is regenerate to aldohexose which is converted to alcohol
by microorganism through chemical reaction, further purified by the distillation process. The
foremost preferred supply of biodiesel is soya bean. Biodiesel production involves regenerate
of methyl group from high proportion of carboxylic containing organic compound by trans-
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esterification reaction. The rate of reaction can be increased by use of methyl alcohol or the
other alcohol [29].
B. 2nd generation Bio-fuel
They produce by the use certain techniques like organic chemistry and thermo
chemical ways that utilize the lingo-cellulosic and plastic element additionally to sugar and
starch element of non-edible food crops and waste oil. Organic chemistry process of
―biomass follows 3 steps admire pretreatment either with ammonia or steam explosion for
separation of the plastic content‖, that is regenerate to aldohexose by the aid of acid and/or
macromolecule by chemical reaction. Finally, they are born-again to alcohol or plant product
by microbes. Thermal chemical methodology involves process at higher temperature and
pressure that features direct combustion, chemical process, state change and shift. Direct
combustion of biomass inside the presence of air turns out acid, water, and free heat would be
comfortable for domestic heating functions. Chemical change involves transformation of
biomass into vaporous mixtures like CO, CO2, CH4, N2 and H2 referred to as gas, which can
directly be used in power generation system or treated with catalyst or at higher temperature
to provide liquid fuel for transportation. Shift involves the direct conversion of biomass into
vaporous product by application of intense heat, and reactions administrated inside the
presence of element like group and at intervals the absence of element. The eminent biofuel
created by these ways are Fischer Tropsch liquid, Dimethyl Ether and alcohol fuel [30].
C. 3rd generation Bio-fuel
It encounters the demerits of past 2 generation system and having abundant blessings,
admire highest content of oil in several alga strains admire of its dry weight. Their potential
to grow extraordinarily speedy, wherever some strains might double their biomass inside 24
hours, with minimum necessities like water, daylight and carbonic acid gas and conjointly
capable of growing in harsh conditions that is unfavourable for terrestrial plants. They are
also feasible to culture in an exceedingly wide scale over little space, with the supplemental
advantage that biofuel from alga to be non-cytotoxic, perishable and with favourable
emission profile because it produces no monoxide, sulphur and turn organic compound [31,32].
The preferred choice for manufacturing biofuel like biodiesel from microalgae as a result of
that is found to be high oil content whereas bioethanol and biogas from microalgae has
richest sugar content [33], despite it may well be created from alternate sources. The success
rate of biofuel production lies within the choice of applicable strains of high oil content and
suitableness to grow in an exceedingly giant scale with minimum demand let's say
Botrycococcus, alga species etc wide used for manufacturing biofuel.
D. 4th Generation Biofuel
Four Generation Bio-fills are gone for creating reasonable vitality as well as a method
for catching and putting away CO2. Biomass materials, which have retained CO2 while
developing, are changed over into fuel utilizing indistinguishable procedures from second era
biofuel. This procedure contrasts from second and third era creation as at all phases of
generation the carbon dioxide is caught utilizing procedures, for example, oxy-fuel
combustion. The carbon dioxide would be able to be geo sequestered by putting away it in
old oil and gas fields or saline aquifers. This carbon catch makes fourth era biofuel generation
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carbon negative rather than just carbon unbiased, as it seems to be 'locks' away more carbon
than it produces. This framework not just catches and stores carbon dioxide from the
environment yet it additionally diminishes CO2 discharges by supplanting petroleum
derivatives.
V. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MICROALGAE
There square measure three realistic strategies for developing microalgae relate
degree exceedingly in an exceptionally monster scale incorporates an open framework,
performed in partner open lakes that is at risk to pollution and vanishing of water, so
prompting less efficiency, yet proper for developing alga with a lower substance of oil, a
second shut framework with greatly managed temperature and less probability of tainting
anyway expensive than open framework and furthermore the last however the chief most
famous system is that the symbol bioreactors that might be a shut instrumentation, all around
lit by star or counterfeit light-weight and temperature controlled with persistent stream of
water containing fundamental supplements, air and carbonic corrosive gas, so rising the yield
of biofuel.
Fig.4 Biodiesel production from Microalgae
The developed alga is collected by topographical marvel, filtration, characteristic
process or film filtration so specifically got dried out to dispose of the wetness content at
lower temperature and better pressure respect 300oC, ten MPa [34]. This square measure
pursued by significantly vital drying steps, that check the yield so expensive strategy for
oil/triglycerides extraction method that highlights mechanical ways like expeller press or with
unbearable assisted extraction and substance ways appreciate resolvent dissolvable and
extraction or by exploitation cell layer processing chemicals.
So also, trans-esterification technique is utilized to change over triglycerides to
FAME/biodiesel with glycerine as a side-effect, wherever the response rate is duplicated
inside the presence of impetus like corrosive or base respect NaOH or KOH. The property of
biodiesel relies upon relevant methods for oil extraction and strains of oil. The oil with high
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quantity of immersed carboxylic apparently delivers high stable biodiesel because of, the
nearness of poly unsaturated carboxylic acid square measure subject to oxidization and
antacid based for the most part trans esterification technique gives high quantitative
connection of biomass transformation [35,36]. An ongoing strategy alluded to as aqueous stage
change, turn out biodiesel at vasoconstrictor ~350oC and high twenty MPa that doesn't require
drying or lack of hydration. The efficiency and yield likely could be enhanced by the
expansion of carbonic corrosive gas and furthermore the rate of alga duplicated by the
expansion of component.
VI. CONCLUSION
The global horrifying problem is worldwide warming which affects the fundamental
resources like land, water which leads to undesirable changes like metabolism of living being
and extremely short span of time. ―The recent report in U.S Energy data administration
calculate that a pair of 4 billion metric plenty of carbon free into the atmosphere per annum
for electricity production, in addition as average carriage produces eleven,450 pounds of acid
gas once a year and virtually 246 million cars in U.S alone, this quantity would be
unpredictable globally. But, absorption of carbon through natural resources like plants and
ocean unit lesser and this may be further shrivelled by recent phylogenesis international
amendment and deforestation. It's calculable that nearly 9.9 billion u. s. of America lots of
acid gas free per annum in USA, whereas ocean will absorb at the most of six.6 billion USA
tons per annum and a tree will absorb forty eight pounds of the carbonic acid gas every year,
so the natural resources isn't compatible with the excess quantity of greenhouse gases.
Typically, biofuel turn out lesser quantity of acid gas admire, diesel from fuel oil and fossil
fuel unleash 161 pounds and 117 pounds of acid gas severally compared to 228 pounds from
coal fuel per British thermal unit [British Thermal Unit]. most significantly, biodiesel and
bioethanol emit and absorb virtually equal or additional quantity of acid gas throughout
production, specially with protoctist biofuel, so that isn't increasing the world acid gas level.
In end result, compared to 3 systems, biofuel from alga would be a most property alternate
supply of energy due to the many blessings to decision a number of not having impact on
food cycle, land usage and totally different living organism and drastically scale back the
GHG emission.‖
References
1. Steen M (2001) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generation
Systems. European Commission Joint Research Centre.
2. Dusica Stojanovic, Svetlana Pejovic, Zoran Milosevic, ―Greenhouse Gases And Means
Of Prevention‖, Acta Medica Medianae, 2013,52(3),49-54.
3. Ahmad L. El Zein, Nour A. Chehaye,―The Effect of Greenhouse on Gases on Earth‘s
Temperature‖, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2015,
3(2), 74-79.
4. Dr.Anshu Srivastava, Mr.Shakun Srivastava, ―Brunt of Global House Effect on Flora
and Fauna, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2010,
1(4), 318-320.
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"HARNESSING SOLAR ENERGY: A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO
ENERGY NEEDS-ADDRESSING CHALLENGES"
K.A.Jamal Basha *, H.Sudhakara Rao
Govt. College for men (A), Kadapa.
jamalbashakhanahammad@gmail.com
Abstract
The increasing demand for energy and the depletion of non-renewable sources of
energy have necessitated the need for sustainable energy sources. Solar energy has emerged
as a viable option for meeting our energy needs while also being environmentally sustainable.
This paper explores the potential of solar energy as a sustainable energy source. There are
many challenges in achieving better efficiency in solar cells. One of them is selecting
absorber layer. Selecting the appropriate material for the absorber layer in solar cell making
is a complex process that involves several challenges. Nickel sulfide (NiS) is a promising
candidate for the absorber layer in solar cells due to its low cost, high abundance, and
favorable optical and electrical properties.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Sustainable Energy, Renewable Energy, Solar Technologies, Cost-
effectiveness, Environmental Benefits, NiS absorber layer
Introduction:
The world today is facing a significant challenge in meeting its energy needs while
ensuring environmental sustainability. The use of non-renewable sources of energy such as
coal, oil, and gas has led to increased carbon emissions and environmental degradation.
Therefore, there is a need to transition to renewable energy sources that are sustainable, cost-
effective, and environmentally friendly. Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy
has emerged as a viable option that can meet our energy needs while also being
environmentally sustainable. This paper aims to explore the potential of solar energy as a
sustainable energy source.
Overview of the Current Energy Scenario and the Need for Sustainable Energy
Sources:
The global energy demand is expected to increase by about 25% by 2040 [1],
primarily driven by population growth and economic development in developing countries.
The use of non-renewable sources of energy has led to increased carbon emissions, which
have contributed to climate change. Furthermore, the depletion of non-renewable sources of
energy poses a significant challenge to meeting future energy needs. Therefore, there is a
need for sustainable energy sources that can meet our energy needs while also being
environmentally friendly.
Benefits of Solar Energy:
Solar energy has several benefits that make it an attractive option for meeting our
energy needs. Firstly, solar energy is cost-effective, and the cost of solar PV panels has
decreased significantly over the years. Secondly, solar energy is environmentally friendly,
and it does not emit any greenhouse gases or pollutants. Thirdly, solar energy provides
energy security as it is not dependent on the availability of fossil fuels.
Challenges Associated with the Adoption of Solar Energy:
Despite the potential of solar energy, there are several challenges associated with its
adoption. Like cost of production, maintenance and material. Selecting the appropriate
material for the absorber layer in solar cell making is crucial in achieving high efficiency and
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durability of the solar cell. However, there are several challenges associated with the
selection of the absorber material, including: Band gap, Materials availability, Toxicity,
Stability, Efficiency, Manufacturing compatibility
To overcome the challenges associated with selecting the absorber material,
researchers and industry professionals have been exploring various materials and approaches,
including alternative absorber materials: Researchers are exploring alternative absorber
materials that are abundant, non-toxic, and cost-effective, such as perovskite materials,
organic materials, and transition metal oxides.
Nickel sulfide (NiS) is a promising candidate for the absorber layer in solar cells
due to its low cost, high abundance, and favorable optical and electrical properties[2]. NiS
has a direct bandgap of about 1.6 eV, which is close to the optimal range for absorbing
sunlight. NiS also has a high extinction coefficient, which means that it absorbs a large
fraction of the incoming sunlight.However, there are some challenges associated with the use
of NiS as an absorber layer in solar cells. These challenges include: low efficiency due to
carrier mobility life times, structural instability at high temperatures, difficulty in fabrication
and scalability.Despite these challenges, NiS shows promise as a potential absorber layer for
solar cells. Researchers are exploring various approaches to address the challenges associated
with NiS, such as doping with other materials to improve its electrical properties, using
different device architectures to enhance its performance, and developing new fabrication
techniques to enable scalable production.
Conclusion:
Solar energy has emerged as a viable option for meeting our energy needs while also
being environmentally sustainable. The adoption of solar energy can provide several benefits,
including cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and energy security. However,
there are several challenges associated with its adoption. We addressed one of those
challenges i.e. selection of proper absorber material. NiS is a promising absorber material for
solar cells, but further research and development are necessary to improve its efficiency,
stability, and scalability. Continued efforts to optimize NiS-based solar cells and develop
cost-effective manufacturing processes could help accelerate the transition to a more
sustainable and renewable energy future.
Reference:
1. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019.
2. Study of the Structural, Optical, Electrical and Morphological Properties of Nickel
Sulfide Thin Films Used in Supercapacitors. Gahtar, Abdelouahab et.al. Annals of
West University of Timisoara - Physics, Volume 63, Issue 1, pp.1-13,December
2021,DOI:10.2478/awutp-2021-0001
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NAPHTHALIMIDE DERIVATIVES AS DNA INTERCALATORS
ANDANTICANCER AGENTS: A MINI REVIEW
Dr. N. Sankara Raoa, K. Nageswara Raoa, T. Appa Raoa
a Department of Chemistry, Dr. V. S. Krishna Government Degree College (A) & P. G.
College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
ABSTRACT
1,8-Naphthalimide moiety is well known to exhibit various biological activities as it
can very well intercalate with DNAand exert their antitumor activities through
Topoisomerase I/II inhibition, photoinduced DNA damage or related mechanism. In recent
years, much of the attention has been given to the preparation of naphthalimide derivatives by
substitution at different positions of the 1,8-naphthalimide ring for their exploration as
anticancer agents. These derivatives possess different anticancer properties, which cover a
broader range of cancer cell lines. Interestingly, some derivatives are more potentagainst the
selective cancer cell lines than the reference compounds like cisplatin, amonafide,
mitonafide. The main objective of this study is to know the effect of different modulations at
various positions of the 1,8-naphthalimide ring with a polyamine, thiourea, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, and formation of metal complexes and bis-naphthalimides which affects the
overall cytotoxic properties of the resulting 1,8-naphthalimides. Moreover, the structure–
activity relationship of these variations for the resulting derivatives‘ anticancer properties has
also been discussed.
Key Words: 1,8-Naphthalimides, DNA intercalators, Topoisomerase inhibitors, Anticancer
agents, Amonafide.
Introduction
According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, cancer is the second leading
cause of death worldwide, which has caused 9.6 million deaths in 20181. International
Agency for Research on Cancer (ICAR) has estimated over 21.7 new cases and 13 million
deaths due to this deadly disease by 20302. Therefore, the design and synthesis of the more
potent anticancer agents with limited side effects, has attracted a lot of attraction over the
several years. Anticancer agents with DNA intercalating properties have been well explored
and aregenerally associated with planar chromophores like a tri or tetracyclic ring system
substituted with flexible substituent groups. This planar structure of the chromophoreresults
in strong binding with DNA leading to the death of the tumor cell. The intercalation of the
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molecules with DNA which involves electrostatic or hydrophobic interaction, is non-covalent
andreversible3, 4 and can lead to unwinding, lengthening, or stiffening of the DNA double
helix, thereby affecting the interaction of DNA with enzymes5. Topoisomerases are the target
DNA enzymes causing cleavage of DNA followed by rearrangement. Therefore, the
molecules that can intercalate with DNA are also associated with the inhibition of Topo I and
Topo II6.
Naphthalimide (1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2H)-diones), consisting of a flat,
generally π–deficient aromatic or heteroaromatic amide, are a class of compounds known to
exhibit wide-ranging biological activities7, such as antitumor activity against both murine and
human tumor cells,antitrypanosomal, antiviral, local anesthetics, analgesic, serotonin 5-HT3
and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist activity and as chemosensors, etc. Apart from this,
naphthalimide derivatives have also been used in non-biological applications like optical
brighteners, non-biological sensors, fluorescent probes and lucifer dyes etc.
Figure 1: Therapeutic applications of naphthalimides.
Naphthalimides as anticancer agents
Two novel mononaphthalimide homospermidine derivatives (1, 2) with three or four
methylene unit as linkages weresynthesized by Tianet al. and evaluated them for cytotoxicity
against human leukemia K562, murine melanoma B16 and Chinese hamster ovary CHOcell
lines (Fig. 2).8 The presence of homospermidine motif could greatly elevate the potency of
1,8-naphthalimide. Conjugate 2 with longerspacer exhibited higher in vitro cytotoxicity than
1. The same research group reported anticancer activity of naphthalimide polyamine
conjugates in which compounds 3 and 4(Fig. 2)exhibited best potency against all tested
cells.9Moreover, a series of naphthalimide–polyamine conjugates were synthesized and
evaluated them for cytotoxicity by Tian and co-workers.10It was found that lead compound 5
(Fig. 2) obviously inhibited Aktphosphorylation.
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Xieet al. recently reported that NPC-16 (6) (Fig. 2) triggered both apoptosis and
autophagy in HepG2 cells, further autophagy facilitated cellular apoptosis.11Liet al.
synthesized novel series of 4-(4-phenyl-[1,2,3]-triazol-1-yl)-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives
easily by employing ―click reaction‖. For anti-tumor activity in vitro, all the compounds were
found to bemore toxic against MCF-7 than Hela and 7721 cells. Among them 7(Fig.
2)showed potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50of 0.323 µM than
amonafide. The UV-vis spectra and circular dichroism titration indicated that the compounds
with photosensitive phenyltriazolyl side chainbehaved as effectiveDNA-intercalating
agents.12
Figure 2:
Chen et al. developed some new naphthalimidesby functionalizing at the imide N-
and the 4-position of the naphthalene ring with polyamines and long alkyl chainsto avoid the
in vivoacetylation of amonafide.13 All these conjugates show higher anticancer activity
compared to amonafide against a variety of human cancer cell lines. These derivatives exhibit
moderately high affinityfor ct-DN and inhibittopoisomerase II activity. Linear and flexible
polyamine conjugates 8, 9, and 10(Fig. 3)showed higher inhibitory activity.
Figure 3: Chemical structure of DNA intercalative Naphthalimides.
Rao et al.14 have reported in vitro cytotoxic activity ofnaphthalimide-
benzothiazole/cinnamide derivatives (Fig. 4) against HT-29, A549, and MCF-7 human cancer
cell lines using amonafide as standard. Derivatives containing electron-donating groups on
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benzene moiety of benzothiazole exhibited better activity against HT-29 and A549 (IC50 =
4.22–4.76 µM and 4.98–6.20 µM for 11a and 11b, respectively) than amonafide (IC50 =
5.46–7.76 µM).Overall, these results demonstrated that the hybrids 12a,12b that have an
amide bond at 6-position showed better activity compared to the analogs with an amide bond
at 2-position of the benzothiazole moiety. All the synthesized hybrids were selectively more
potent in HT-29 and A549 cell lines compared to MCF-7.
Figure 4: Chemical structure ofnaphthalimide–Benzothiazole hybrids
Structural requirements of naphthalimides
On comparing the biological activities of the several mono-naphthalimides the
structure–activity relationship studies have pointed out some important parameters, which
influence the cytotoxic property of naphthalimides related to mitonafide and amonafide.15A
summary of the structural requirements for optimal activity found for the naphthalimides
studied is shown in (Fig. 5).
The presence of a basic terminal group in the side chain is crucial for cytotoxic
activity.
Any decrease in the basicity of this terminal nitrogen leads to less active products.
Quaternization of the terminal amino group produces a new compound with loss of
cytostatic activity.
The activity also decreases with the number of substituents on the terminal nitrogen
atom. Presence of amine (–NH2) and methylamine group (–NHCH3) in the terminal
position of nitrogen instead of dimethylamine (–N(CH3)2) displayed significant loss of
anticancer activity.
Growth inhibition is maximal when the nitrogen atom of the basic side chain is
separated from the naphthalene ring nitrogen by two or three methylene units.
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Figure 5:The best substituted mono-naphthalimides based onSAR studies.
References
1. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1 (Accessed on 30th Jan. 2021).
2. M.F. Brana, M. Cacho, A. Gradillas, B.D. Pascual-Teresa, A. Ramos, Intercalators as
anticancer drugs, Curr. Pharm. Des. 7 (2001) 1745–1780.
3. K. Toshima, T. Kimura, R. Takano, T. Ozawa, A. Ariga, Y. Shima, K. Umezawa, S.
Matsumura, Molecular design, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of
quinoxaline–carbohydrate hybrids as novel and selective photo-induced DNA
cleaving and cytotoxic agents, Tetrahedron 59 (2003) 7057–7066.
4. W.D. Wilson, R.L. Jones, Intercalating drugs: DNA binding and molecular
pharmacology, Adv. Pharmacol. 18 (1981) 177–222.
5. R. Martinez, L. Chacon-Garcia, The search of DNA-intercalators as antitumoral
drugs: what it worked and what did not work, Curr. Med. Chem. 12 (2005) 127–151
6. I.H. Eissa, A.M. Metwaly, A. Belal, A.B. Mehany, R.R. Ayyad, K. El-Adl, H. A.
Mahdy, M.S. Taghour, K.M. El-Gamal, M.E. El-Sawah, Discovery and
antiproliferative evaluation of new quinoxalines as potential DNA intercalators and
topoisomerase II inhibitors, Arch. Pharm. 352 (2019) 1900123.
7. A. Kamal, B.Narasimha Rao, P. S. Srikanth & A. K. Srivastava: Naphthalimide
derivatives with therapeutic characteristics: A patent review, Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.
23 (3) (2013) 299–317
8. Tian, Z. Y.; Ma, H. X.; Xie, S. Q.; Wang, X.; Zhao, J.; Wang, C. J.; Gao, W. Y. Chin.
Chem. Lett.2008, 19, 509.
9. Tian, Z. Y.; Xie, S. Q.; Du, Y. W.; Ma, Y. F.; Zhao, J.; Gao, W. Y.; Wang, C. J. Eur.
J. Med. Chem.2009, 44, 393.
10. Tian, Z. Y.; Xie, S. Q.; Mei, Z. H.; Zhao, J.; Gao, W. Y.; Wang, C. J. Org. Biomol.
Chem.2009, 7, 4651.
11. Xie, S. Q.; Li, Q.; Zhang, Y. H.; Wang, J. H.; Mei, Z. H.; Zhao, J.; Wang, C. J.
Apoptosis. 2011, 16, 27.
12. Li, X.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Q.; Yuan, Y.; Zhang, H.; Qian, X. Eur. J. Med. Chem.2011, 46,
1274.
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GREEN SOLVENTS : A BOON TO THE RESEARCHER IN GREEN CHEMISTRY
M. Renuka1 and V. Saleem Basha2
1NTR Govt. Degree College, Valmikipuram, Annamayya Dist, Andhra Pradesh
2 Govt. Degree college, Baruva, Srikakulam Dist, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract:
―Green Solvents - A boon to the Researcher in Green Chemistry‘ is a valid quote as it
is linked with the present era which is completely depending on various industries and soft
technologies. Industries achieve their own uniqueness by producing environmentally benign
products with less hazardous by-products. Dodeca Principles of Green Chemistry showing
the ways for the sustainable development of environment. Using the green solvents in
chemical synthesis is one of the main principles of green chemistry as they are environmental
friendly solvents and are derived from the processing of agricultural crops, and other natural
processes. Hence it is growing interest for both updated research of a researcher of his
interest and in various chemical industries, as their contributions in achieving quality and
change in environment, minimise environmental pollution and energy economy etc. are
products of the processes. The prolonged exposure to petrochemical and volatile organic
solvents has harmful impact on all living organisms and damage to the organs. Hence, to
replace the hazardous solvents, Green solvents are aimed which are characterised by low
toxicity, Possibility of reuse with great efficiency and convenient accessibility, safer, low
volatility.
In this Article complete picture and Current status of the Green Solvents are focussed
by considering a wide range of economic and environmental factors for Research and
Development.
Key Words: Sustainable development, Pollution, Green Solvents, EnergyReuse and
Biodegradability.
Introduction:
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances . Green solvents are environmentally
friendly solvents, or biosolvents, which are derived from the processing of agricultural
crops.The idea of ―green‖ solvents expresses the goal to minimize the environmental impact
resulting from the use of solvents in chemical production US Environmental Protection
agency (EPA) has suggested Green Chemistry for innovative technologies that reduce
undesired wastes, toxic and impact. The use of petrochemical/ traditional volatile organic
solvents is the key to the majority of chemical processes but not without severe implications
on the environment. Green solvents were developed as a more environmentally friendly and
alternate to petrochemical/ voc solvents. According to Fiskcer, Green solvents expresses the
target for the minmisation of environmental impact from the consuminr of solvents in the
production of chemicals1.Green Solvents improve chemical Processes by decreasing the
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Steps in the process of reaction and lowering the use of solvents. These provide additional
control activity over activity and selectivity in all areas of catalysis which have wide
applications in the advanced fluids. Green solvents has large potential in the contribution of
sustainable processes in Pharmaceuticals. Chemical ad processing industries.
In this some of the green solvents like Supercritical Carbondioxide (ScCO2), Water ,
Ionic Liquids, Ethyl Lactate and Polyethylene glycol(PEG) are discussed. Owing to their
special properties , green solvents lower the use of the solvents, decrease the processing steps
and improve the chemical processes1,2.
Types of Green Solvents:
1. Supercritical Fluids (SCF):
A compound that exists above its Critical temperature (Tc) and Critical Pressure are
calles Suoer critical Fluids and has Physical and Chemical properties between gas and liquid.
Due to their great solubility , these are perfect replacement to organic solvents.
Super Critical Carbondioxide (ScCO2):
It is widely used in Polymerisation reactions3-5. It is used for the Polymerisation of
Flourine and Silicon containing monomers and free radical Polymerisation of acrylate
monomers containing perfluoro- Ponytails and shown in Fig.1
Fig.1.Fluorinated polyacrylate synthesis in ScCO2.
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2. Water:
Water is a Green Solvent for many for many organic reactions like pericyclic
reactions, multi-component and radicals of reaction and calles as Green or Universal Solvent
as it is non-toxic and high specific heat capacity and shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2 . Coversion of alkenes to alkanes in water.
3. Ionic Liquids (IL)
Ionic Liquid is a molten salt in liquid state who‘s melting point is below 1000C. These
have poorly coordinated ions, atleast one ion has a delocalised charge abd one organic
component, which prevents the formation of a stable crystal lattice. These are non-volatile
and are potential to be reused and recycled. These have enough solubility to dissolve a wide
range of materials including inorganic, organic and also polymereic substances6-8. However,
much more ionic liquids are synthesized based on 1,3- dialkylimidazolium cations with 1-
butyl-3-methylimidazolium [bmim]+ being probably the most common cation most common
anions are [PF6]−, [BF4]−, [SbF6]−, [CF3SO3]−, [CuCl2]−, [AlCl4]−, [AlBr4]−, [AlI4]−,
[AlCl3Et]−, [NO3]−, [NO2]− and [SO4]2 −. The most widely used methodology in the synthesis
of a halide salt of the organic xation with a ammonium or group1 salt containing the desired
anion and represented in Fig .3.
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Fig.4. Preparation of Ionic Liquids
The hydrogenation of tiglic acid has been successible using Ru-BINAP in
[bimm]PF6 /H2O with good enantioselectivity. The enantioselectivity depends on the pressure
of the reaction.
At high pressure the presence of water increases the enantioselectivity, but low
pressure show no effect and shown in Fig.5.
Fig.5. Hydrogenation of triglic acid.
4.Ethyl Lactate: This Green Solvent is ester of lactic acid and derived from processing corn.
It is a prominent used solvent being 100% biodegradeble, easy to recycle, nonozone -
depleting and non-corrosive. These are commonly used in paints and particularly attractive
solvent for coating industry due to its high solvency power, low vapour pressure , high
boiling point and low surface tension. It also acts as a very effective paint Stripper and rgafitti
remover and are used in the substitution of toulene, acetone and xylene resulting in a much
safer work place. It is also an excellent cleaneer for polyurethane Industry as well as metal
surfaces.
Ehtyl acetate used for the synthesis of diyones as a sustainable carbonyl source and shown
in Fig.6.
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Fig.6.Synthesis of diynones in Ethyl lactate
5. Poly Ethylene Glycol(PEG)
Poly Ethylene Glycol is a special type of inexpensive and green solvent used in
various chemical synthesis due to its low toxicity, readily recover and reuse and formation of
product with pure yield.
These can be used in Pharmaceutical, Chemical, Cosmetic and food industries eg., as
drug delivery system or for protein modificatons9,10. They widely employed as
environmentally friendly alternative solvent Among these Poly disperse PEGs are
ubiquitously used due to their low cost. Using PEG as a recyclable solvent medium
organocatalytic Michael addition of aldehydes to trans-β-nitrostyrenes can be done with high
stereo selectivity with good yield11-14 and shown in Fig.7.
Fig.7. Michael Addition of Aldehydes in PEG.
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6. IsoPropyl Alcohol (IPA):
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is used as the reaction solvent for the preparation of Silicone-
ures co-polymers.Silicone-urea Polymers composed of extremely non-polar
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft segments and very polar urea hard segments are materials
of interesting.They posses unique combination of properties such as high UV and Oxidative
stability, excellent low temperature flexibility, high gas permeability, low surface energy,
good thermal, electricaland mechanical properties and biocompatability15-16. which leads to
very strong hydrogen bonding in the hard segments of urea and excellent mechanical
properties in silicone-urea co-polymers17-19. It is also possible to prepare high molecular
weight, segmented polyether-ures elastomers based on amine terminated poly(ethylene oxide)
and poly(propylene oxide) oligomers and shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Silicon – Urea Co-Polymers
Conclusion:
Green Chemistry is aiming for the use of green ones with the commonly used organic
volatile solvents resulting in an environmental impact. Solvent losses represent a major
portion of organic pollution and removal of solvent represents a large proportion of process
energy consumption. To counter these issues, a range of more sustainable solvents have been
proposed and developed over the past three decades. The green solvents produce better
results than the conventional synthesis in organic solvents. The discussed solvents are more
advatageous than the organic solvents. Water as a cheap, abundsantly available, non-toxic
and non flammable solvent represents an ideal reaction medium for many chemical
processes. Ionic liquids, Poly ethylene glycol and Ethyl lactate are also good and attractive
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for performing reactions. Supercritical carbondioxide exhibits outstanding characteristics for
the green reactions due to its intermediate properties between gas and liquid state.
Hence, the green approach, where the solvent alternatives complement one another ,
provide the ideal basis for the sustainable chemical synthesis and chemical industry and will
lead to fundamental innovations in chemical science.
References:
1.Welton T., Solvents and Sustainable Chemistry. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci.,
2015; 471(2183) 20150502.
2.Hyatt JA 1984. Liquid and Super critical Carbondioxide as organic solvents. J
Orga Chem. 49, 5097-5101.
3.Beckmann EJ., Super critical and near critical C02 in green chemical Synthesis
and Processing. J supercrit. Fluids 2004; 28 : 212-191.
4.Rayner CM., The potential of carbondioxide in Synthetic organic chemistry.
Org process Res Dev., 2007; 11: 121-132.
5.Welton T., Room-temperature Ionic liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and
catalysis. Chem Rev., 1999; 99: 2071-2084.
6.Parvulesku V.I., Hardacre C., Catalysis in ionic Liquids. Chem Rev., 2007;
107: 2615-2665
7.Van Rantwijk F., Sheldon R.A., Biocatalysis in ionic liquids. Chem. Rev, 2007;
107- 2757-2785.
8.A.A. D‘souza, R. Shegokar, expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 13, 1257 (2016).
9. H. Schellekenes, W.E. Hennink, V. Brinks, Pharm. Res. 30, 1729 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-013-106-7.
10.J.F. Campos, S. Berteina-Raboin, Catalyst 10, 429 (2020)
11. F. Lima, J. Gouvenaux, L.C. Branco, A.J.D. Silvestre, I.M. Marrucho, Fuel
234, 414 (2018). https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. fuel. 2018. 07. 043.
12. J. Chen, S.K. Spear, J.G. Huddleston, R.D. Rogers, Green Chem. 7,64 (2005).
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1039/ B4135 46F.
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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH – A REVIEW
Venkata Lakshmi J1 and Ch.M. Kumari Chitturi2
1. Department of Chemistry, Government College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa.
2. Department of Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam,
Tirupati, India.
lakshmivenkatjanapati@gmail.com , chandi2222002@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
We find that pollution remains responsible for approximately 9 million deaths per
year as per the data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study
2019, corresponding to one in six deaths worldwide. However, reductions in deaths from
household air pollution and water pollution are offset by increased deaths attributable to
ambient air pollution and toxic chemical pollution. Deaths from these modern pollution risk
factors, which are the unintended consequence of industrialisation and urbanisation, have
risen by 7% since 2015 and by over 66% since 2000. The impact of land use type on the
content of potentially toxic elements in the soils and the associated ecological and human
health risks has drawn great attention. The literature signs a notable undesirable effect from
particle matter, O3, NO2, SO2, metals, and poly aromatic hydrocarbons emissions on
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. This review mainly focusses on the impact of air,
water, soil and plastic pollution on human health. Despite its substantial effects on health,
societies, and economies, pollution prevention is largely overlooked in the international
development agenda. Pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss are closely linked,
actions taken to control pollution have a high potential to also mitigate the effects of those
other planetary threats, thus producing a double or even a triple benefit.
Key Words: Pollution, Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Biodiversity, Planetary threats.
INTRODUCTION
Pollution is an unwanted waste of human origin released to air, land, water, and the
ocean without regard for cost or consequence. It is an existential threat to human health and
planetary health, and jeopardises the sustainability of modern societies[1]. Pollution includes
contamination of air by fine particulate matter, ozone, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,
freshwater pollution, contamination of the ocean by mercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, plastic,
and petroleum waste, and poisoning of the land by lead, mercury, pesticides, industrial
chemicals, electronic waste, and radioactive waste [2]. Over the past two decades deaths
caused by ambient air pollution and toxic chemical pollution have increased by 66% due to
industrialization and urbanization. More than 90% pollution related deaths occur in low
income and middle income countries. Key areas of present review are Air, Water, Soil and
Plastic pollution and their impact on human health.
AIR POLLUTION – HUMAN HEALTH
Scientific evidence shows that ambient air quality is one of the major environmental
issues related to human health. Air pollution is a factor of concern on a global scale,
accelerating the deterioration of historic medieval architecture and having harmful effects on
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human health [13]. WHO estimated that urban particulate air pollution contributed to
approximately 800,000 deaths and 6.4 million lost life years worldwide in 2000, with two-
thirds of these losses occurring in Asia [4].
The main source which has been found to exert harmful effects on human are particle
matter (PM), Ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), metals, and poly
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) [3]. Results showed that air pollution has a significant
contribution in the number of related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and deaths
[12].
Air pollutants may alter the composition of the normal microflora of the human body.
Studies have indicated air pollution‘s role in gut microbiota dysbiosis and its negative
outcomes. Since the gut microbiota acts as the control room to regulate several systemic
functions or acts, it is associated with the gut-brain axis. Disturbance in the gut microbiota
may be responsible for several systemic diseases and multiple organ functionalities, including
liver and neuropsychiatric diseases. Air pollutants are inhaled into the lungs. The smaller
particles can reach the alveolar space where they can be phagocytosed by alveolar
macrophages and consequently transported to the oropharynx and into the gastrointestinal
tract [7].
Sedimented dusts showed high proportions of organometallic particles (Al, As, Ba,
Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, V and Zn) [14]. These
dangerous elements are harmful to human health in ultrafine particles, easily suspended by
the wind and highly corrosive to historical buildings from the medieval period which are
identified in the air of a busy metropolitan tourist site [15].
WATER POLLUTION – HUMAN HEALTH
Water covers about 70% Earth‘s surface. Water pollution occurs when unwanted
materials enter in to water, changes the quality of water and harmful to environment. Safe
drinking water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are
waterborne. Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population
growth, excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major
sources of water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health [11].
Health risk associated with polluted water includes different diseases such as
respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease, neurological disorder and cardiovascular
disease. Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible for cancer and blue baby syndrome. Mortality
rate due to cancer is higher in rural areas than urban areas because urban inhabitants use
treated water for drinking while rural people don‘t have facility of treated water and use
unprocessed water. Poor people are at greater risk of disease due to improper sanitation,
hygiene and water supply. Contaminated water has large negative effects in those women
who are exposed to chemicals during pregnancy which may lead to the increased rate of low
birth weight as a result fetal health is affected [5].
According to UNESCO 2021 World Water Development Report, about 829,000
people die each year from diarrhea caused by unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hand
hygiene, including nearly 300,000 children under the age of five, representing 5.3 percent of
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all deaths in this age group. The usage of heavily polluted water is associated with a risk of
skin diseases. Excessive bacteria in seawater and heavy metals in drinking water are the main
pathogenic factors of skin diseases. Arsenic, nitrate, chromium, and trihalomethane are major
carcinogens in water sources. Carcinogens may be introduced during chlorine treatment from
water treatment. The effects of drinking water pollution on cancer are complex, including
chlorinated by-products, heavy metals, radionuclides, herbicides and pesticides left in water,
etc.,
SOIL POLLUTION – HUMAN HEALTH
The impact of land use type on the content of potentially toxic elements in the soils
and the associated ecological and human health risks has drawn great attention. The total
concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were exceeding, revealing a moderate and
considerable ecological risk. The primary source of soil potentially toxic elements was
industrial discharge. Higher amounts of Cr and Pb lead to high probability of non-
carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Cr had the highest contribution in health [8].
PLASTIC POLLUTION – HUMAN HEALTH
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are key indicators of the plasticine era,
widely spread across different ecosystems. MPs and NPs become global stressors due to their
inherent physicochemical characteristics and potential impact on ecosystems and humans.
MPs and NPs have been exposed to humans via various pathways, such as tap water, bottled
water, seafood, beverages, milk, fish, salts, fruits, and vegetables. MPs have been evident in
vivo and vitro and have been at health risks, such as respiratory, immune, reproductive, and
digestive systems. Polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are common MPs and
NPs, reported in human implants via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure, which can
cause carcinogenesis, according to Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR) reports. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure-response cause genotoxicity,
cell division and viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction, metabolism disruption,
DNA damage, inflammation, and immunological responses in humans [2].
CONCLUSION
The most air-polluted capital cities of Asia are Delhi and Tehran. Causes of air
pollutions including cheap and low quality of vehicle's fuel particularly gas oil, nonstandard
motor engines, inappropriate public transport, overuse of fossil fuel, lack of public awareness
and transparency, legislation, and cooperation between different departments and green
societies are similar in the two cities. Therefore, urgent and concerted actions at national and
international levels are required.
The critical deficits in basic water supply and sewage treatment infrastructure have
increased the risk of exposure to infectious and parasitic disease and to a growing volume of
industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and algal toxins. The lack of coordination between
environmental and public health objectives, a complex and fragmented system to manage
water resources, and the general treatment of water as a common property resource mean that
the water quality and quantity problems observed as well as the health threats identified are
likely to become more acute.
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Continuous monitoring of air quality, water quality, soil quality, designing and
developing tools to identify the pollutants, finding the origin of the particles, and the use of
particulate filter are other suggested practical approaches to reduce pollution. Extensive
media campaign to increase public awareness about environmental, and public health issues.
Pollution is a global issue over the centuries since the industrial revolution; it is
proposed to establish an interdisciplinary academic field on pollution. It is also suggested that
more communication and collaboration between specialists in different sciences including
toxicology, environmental health, analytical chemistry, mechanics, and applied physics will
be performed.
REFERENCES
1. Fuller, Richard, Philip J. Landrigan, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Glynda Bathan, Stephan
Bose-O'Reilly, Michael Brauer, Jack Caravanos et al. "Pollution and health: a
progress update." The Lancet Planetary Health (2022).
2. Kumar, Rakesh, Camelia Manna, Shaveta Padha, Anurag Verma, Prabhakar Sharma,
Anjali Dhar, Ashok Ghosh, and Prosun Bhattacharya. "Micro (nano) plastics pollution
and human health: How plastics can induce carcinogenesis to
humans?." Chemosphere 298 (2022): 134267.
3. Khardi, Salah, and Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac. "Editorial for the Special Issue ―Impacts
of Transport Systems on Air Pollution and Human Health‖." Atmosphere 13, no. 7
(2022): 1060.
4. Silva, Luis FO, Marcos LS Oliveira, Alcindo Neckel, Laércio Stolfo Maculan, Celene
B. Milanes, Brian W. Bodah, Laura P. Cambrussi, and Guilherme L. Dotto. "Effects
of atmospheric pollutants on human health and deterioration of medieval historical
architecture (North Africa, Tunisia)." Urban Climate 41 (2022): 101046.
5. Lin, Li, Haoran Yang, and Xiaocang Xu. "Effects of water pollution on human health
and disease heterogeneity: a review." Frontiers in Environmental Science (2022):
975.
6. Shahriyari, Habib Allah, Yousef Nikmanesh, Saeid Jalali, Noorollah Tahery, Akram
Zhiani Fard, Nasser Hatamzadeh, Kourosh Zarea, Maria Cheraghi, and Mohammad
Javad Mohammadi. "Air pollution and human health risks: mechanisms and clinical
manifestations of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases." Toxin Reviews 41, no. 2
(2022): 606-617.
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ABSTRACTS
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WINTER AIR POLLUTION IN DELHI
Dr. P. Sachi Devi
Dept. of Zoology, SKR & SKR Govt. College for Women, Kadapa, A.P.
ABSTRACT
New Delhi ties for first place, along with Beijing, China, for having the world‘s worst
air. Pollution levels in New Delhi were at least seven times greater than the national standard
for safe air, especially during winter. 64 per cent of Delhi‘s winter pollution load comes from
outside Delhi‘s boundary. Biomass burning of agricultural waste during the stubble burning
phase and burning for heating and cooking needs during peak winter are estimated to be the
major sources of air pollution from outside the city. Locally, transport (12 per cent), dust (7
per cent), and domestic biomass burning (6 per cent) contribute the most to the PM2.5
pollution load of the city. While transport and dust are perennial sources of pollution in the
city, the residential space heating component is a seasonal source. However, this seasonal
contribution is so significant that as the use of biomass as a heat source in and around Delhi
starts going up as winter progresses, the residential sector becomes the single-largest
contributor by 15 December. This indicates the need to ramp up programs to encourage
households to shift to cleaner fuels for cooking and space heating. As a result of unplanned,
unregulated and haphazard urban growth in Delhi, the associated micro and meso scale
climatic changes are imposing challenges to human health. The atmospheric composition of
gases has been altered by industrial and vehicular growth. There are rising concentrations of
oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon dioxide. Added to this, suspended particulate matter
(SPM) and compounds such as benzene and ozone. Studies on air pollution and mortality
from Delhi found that all-natural-cause mortality and morbidity increased with increased air
pollution. Delhi has taken several steps to reduce the level of air pollution in the city during
the last 10 years. However, more still needs to be done to further reduce the levels of air
pollution.
Key words: Biomass burning, Particulate matter, urban growth, vehicular pollution &
mortality.
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PREPARATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY AIR OXIDATION OF
ALDEHYDES CATALYZED BY N-HETERO CYCLIC CARBENES
Dr. Gopi Reddy Raveendra Reddya, Dr. Muram Reddy Subba Reddya
a SBVR Aided Degree College Badvel, YSR Kadpa, A.P., India
raveendrareddy89@gmail.com, msreddy.subbareddy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
An NHC-Catalyzed oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids was realized by using
air as the oxidant and water as the solvent in the presence of base. Mild and safe oxidation of
aromatic, hetero aromatic aldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes to the corresponding acids was
achieved by using NHC-Catalyzed reaction. An economic, safe, practical, and
environmentally benign protocol for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with
ambient air as the sole oxidant was developed. The oxidation has a number of advantages
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such as high yields, great functionality tolerance, and easy purification without
chromatography.
KEY WORDS
Oxidation, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid, Air, N-Heterocyclic Carbenes.
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NATURAL FARMING - A NEW DIMENSION FOR SUSTAINABILITY
AND ENHANCED FARMER’S INCOME
G.Sashikala, B.K.K Reddy, B.Chandana, K.Madhavi and S.N Malleswari
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reddipalli, Angrau
ABSTRACT
Natural Farming or Eco-Agriculture or Ecofriendly Agriculture is suggested as a
neoteric approach to improve both traditional and modern agricultural practices, which aims
to safeguard the environment, public health, and communities without serious
degradation.Natural farming is urine based farming system that does not involve any external
chemical or organic Fertilizers. It is known by various names like Zero Budget Natural
Farming, Prakrithik Krishi, Cow Based Natural Farming, Shashwat Kheti, Chemical Free
Agriculture, etc.The four main elements of zero budget natural farming are Bijamrita,
Jiwamrita, Acchadana and Waaphasa. Bijamrita includesseeds are treated with formulations
prepared using cow dung and cow urine from native cow species thereby protecting the seed
from seed borne or soil borne diseases.Jiwamrita is a fermented microbial culture obtained
from cow dung, urine, jaggery, pulse flour and uncontaminated soil. This fermented
microbial culture when applied to soil, adds nutrients to the soil besides acting as a catalytic
agent to promote the activity of microorganisms and earthworms in the soil.
Acchadana/Mulchingis the process of covering the top soil with crop wastes/organic waste or
with cover cropswhich conserves top soil, increases water retention capacity of the soil,
decreases evaporation loss, encourages soil fauna besides enriching soil nutrient status and
controlling weed growth.Waaphasa/Moisture (soil aeration)is required in the soil for plant
growth and development.Due to the application of Jiwamrita and mulching, the aeration of
the soil increases, thus improves humus content, water availability, water holding capacity
and soil structure which is most suitable for crop growth especially during drought
periods.Natural farming reduces the cost of cultivation, water requirement of crops, climate
change resilient, reduces risks in farming. Helps in rejuvenation of farm lands, safe and
healthy food for citizens, utilising the available cattle (Desi Cow) as valuable resource and
helps in arresting growing needs for fertilizer and reduce subsidy burden.
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REMOVAL OF CU(II) AND CD(II) FROM AQUEOUS PHASE BY
SILVER NANO PARTICLES DEPOSITED FUNCTIONALIZED
MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
Dr.D.K. Venkata Ramanaa*, M. Bhanu Prakash Reddyb, Dr. A L V Ramana Reddyc
* Corresponding author email: dkvramana76@gmail.com
aDepartment of Chemistry, Blue Moon Degree College, Kutagulla, Kadiri– 515541
bDepartment of Chemistry, Govt Degree College for Men, Rayachoti – 516 269.
cDepartment of Chemistry, SKR&SKR Govt College for Women(A), Kadapa – 516 001.
Abstract
A new composite based on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes
(FMWCNTs) reduced with N,N-dimethylformamide andcross–linked with silver nitrate (Ag–
MWCNTs) was invented.The Ag–MWCNTs was characterized by FT-IR, X–ray diffraction,
Raman spectroscopy, TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM).The experimental equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by three
widely used two-parameter equationsLangmuir, Freundlichand Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–
R) isotherms. Among these isotherm models Langmuir model provided a better fit with the
experimental data than others as revealed by high correlation coefficients and low chi-square
values. The kinetics data fitted well into the pseudo–second–order model with correlation
coefficient greater than 0.99. Desorption experiments were carried out to explore
thefeasibility of regenerating the adsorbent and the adsorbed Cu(II) and Cd(II) from Ag–
MWCNTs was desorbed using 0.25 M HClwith an efficiency of 98.53% recovery.
Thermodynamic properties, i.e., ∆Go, ∆Ho, and ∆So, showed that adsorption of Cu(II) and
Cd(II) onto Ag–MWCNTs was endothermic, spontaneous and feasible in the temperature
range of 293–313 K and can be successfully used for separation of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from
aqueous solutions.
Keywords: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Silver nanoparticles, Metal Absorbents,
Thermodynamics
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POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
*Dr.J Rama Devi, ** Dr.K.Usha Sri
*Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Smt NPS Govt.College for Women, Chittoor.
**Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Smt NPS Govt.College for Women,Chittoor.
Abstract
Pollution and its direct and indirect negative effects on humans, and animals is one of
the most important issues that researchers have been studying and searching for radical
solutions. Therefore, the research sheds light on the definition of pollution, its causes and
environmental effects, its most important types, especially radioactive, industrial and
household waste, and their levels of risk. The research focuses on the issue of air pollution
resulting from fumes, smoke, and gases emitted from cars, factories, volcanic eruptions, and
others. It also absorbs the problem of soil and water pollution due to the failure to properly
treat factory, household and other waste, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
harmful to water, air and soil. The research addresses the topic of noise pollution and its
causes by limiting loud noises from radio, television, cars, airplanes, music, etc.
Key words: pollution, development, soil, noise, water, air
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BIOFUEL AS FUTURE
ENERGY RESOURCE
A.Leela
Lecturer in Chemistry, Government Degree College for Women, Madanapalle, Annamayya District,
Email: leelaamresh895@gmail.com
Abstract
Cutting of forests, industrial farming, burning fossil fuels for electricity, ranching, and
the use of aerosols all contribute to the global warming of the environment, which in turn
contributes to the deteriorating of human health. Alternative fuel is currently a major issue all
over the world as a result of efforts to reduce emissions. As a result, concerns about the
sustainability of life have prompted a rise in international importance in the search for
realistic trade measures to reducing global warming. A heated dispute is raging regarding the
magnitude and severity of rising surface temperatures, the effects of past and future warming
on human life, and the need for action to mitigate future warming and deal with its
consequences. The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability,
renewability, higher combustion efficiency, non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower
sulphur and aromatic content, higher cetane number, and higher biodegradability. Biodiesel is
non-toxic, biodegradable, and made from renewable resources, and it emits a small amount of
harmful greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2, and NOx, into the ecosystem. The sources of
biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable oils and/or oil blends is
generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both direct injection and indirect
type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low volatilities injector coking and
trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon deposits, oil ring sticking, and
thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid composition. Biodiesel is obtained by
trans esterifying triglycerides with methanol. Bio-fuel outputs are an environmentally benign
alternative to fossil fuels. The current study identifies a point of interest in the direction of
reducing global warming, as well as revealing the technique and benefits of biofuel
production.
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CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Dr.S.Venkata Lakshmi Reddy
Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt.Degree College for Women, Rayachotyt-516269.A.P
Email id: svlreddy2003@gmail.com
Natural resources, especially water and soil, are essential for the function and structure of
agricultural production systems and for the overall social and environmental sustainability.
Agriculture accounts for roughly 70% of total freshwater withdrawals globally. Most of this
freshwater is used by agriculture operations in Least Developed Countries. Farming also contributes
to water pollution from nutrient and pesticide run-off and soil erosion. Without improved efficiency
measures, agricultural water consumption is expected to rise by about 20% globally by 2050.. With
increased pressure from urbanization and industrialization, agriculture will face more competition for
scarce water resources. Additionally, climate change is already affecting water supply and agriculture
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through changes in the seasonal timing of rainfall and snowpack melt, as well as with higher
occurrence and severity of droughts, floods, and fires. As the supply of healthy and productive land
decreases and the population grows, competition is also intensifying for land and soil resources. One-
third of the planet‘s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of 24 billion tons
a year because of bad farming practices, such as heavy tilling, multiple sequential harvests, and
abundant use of agrochemicals . An increase of agricultural productivity and agricultural goods
nutrition quality can help push progress towards future food security and the general wellbeing of
producers and rural communities globally but given the limited natural resource base on which
agriculture and livestock depend, sustainable development will ultimately depend on the responsible
management of the planet‘s natural resources.
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FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION BASED ON SOIL FERTILITY
MAPS
B. Sai Meghana, *Dr. G.P. Leelavathy and Dr.B. Vajantha
Department of Soil Science, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India
*e-mail: saimeghana112@gmail.com
Abstract
Soil is vital resource and can be termed as ―soul of infinite life‖. Soil should be used
judiciously according to its potential to meet the increasing demands of ever-growing
population. To ensure optimum agricultural production, it is imperative to know best fact
about our soils and their management to achieve sustainable production. Soil being finite
resources available for agriculture, is shrinking and crop productivity has been declining by
the indiscriminate use of external inputs. Nutrients applied through fertilizers have played a
major role in improving the crop productivity, but also resulted in imbalance of nutrients in
the soils due to increased demand from high yielding varieties, intensive cropping, continued
expansion of cropping on marginal lands with low levels of micronutrients.Soil survey
includes mapping out the qualities and distribution of different soil units as well as systematic
investigation of the soils in a given area. Remote sensing holds the potential for identifying
spatial patterns in soil properties and speed up the conventional soil survey by reducing the
field work.In order to better manage land and other resourcesfor sustainable agricultural
production, remote sensing and GIS technologies has enabled the collection and analysis of
data in all possible ways to create the accurate field maps and also to assess complex spatial
relationships between soil fertility factors.Soil nutrient variability is the big hurdle to higher
crop productivity. The location-specific collective information of soil nutrient status should
be generated by using remote sensing and GIS techniques.
Keywords: Soil fertility, Productivity, Remote sensing, Geographic information system.
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ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION CONTROL
L.Raja Mohan Reddy1*,G.V.Ramana2, B.Purusotham3 and N.B.Sivarami Reddy1
1Lecturer in Physics ,GDC, Rajampeta,YSR(Dt),A.P.,India-516115
2Lecturer in Physics, SCNRGDC, Proddatur,YSR(Dt),A.P.,India-516360
3Lecturer in Zoology, GDC, Rajampeta,YSR(Dt),A.P.,India-516115
e-mail ID:lrmrmphil@gmail.com
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an upcoming technology that can provide solution for combating
pollution by controlling shape and size of materials at the nanoscale. Source reduction or
pollution prevention, remediation or degradation of pollutants sensing of pollutants are three
main different steps for pollution control. Pollution prevention is defined as the reduction of
pollutants at the source. Metal oxide nanocatalysts, chiefly gold nanocatalyst, show
promising results for preventing or reducing the pollution at the source. Remediation is the
science of removal or reduction of pollutants from the environment using chemical or
biological means. Recent advancements have made the control and reduction of contaminants
in soil, sediments and water the major environmental issue. Nanotechnology offers great
diversity in the types of materials- carbon nanotubes, nanoscale zeolites, dendrimers,
enzymes, bimetallic particles and metal oxides that can be used for the purpose of
remediation.Iron nanoparticles can be used to remediate surface contaminants like
petrochemical compounds and even sub-surface contaminants like pesticides, organic
solvents, fertilizers and heavy metals. Continuous monitoring or sensing of pollutants is
essential to protect the environment from the harmful effect of the contaminants. Sensors
based on nanoparticles can be used for sensing organic contaminants, inorganic contaminants
or biological organisms. The detection of various heavy metals, like Pb, Hg, Cd, using
nanoparticles is either fluorescence based or calorimetric based.
Keywords:- Pollution prevention, Remediation, nanoparticles
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LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN INDIA
Dr.U.Srineetha
Assistant Professor in zoology, Govt. College for men (A), Kadapa, A.P
Srineetha.ummadi@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article reviews the significant changes India has achieved in environmental
policy in the past years, especially in terms of regulatory procedures and organizational
structure. Despite these changes, however, environmental quality has continued to
deteriorate, largely because a wide gap persists between the intent of policy and the actual
achievement and because major problems have eluded serious attention. The paper analyzes
major problems in the implementation of Indian environmental policy, with particular
attention to policy design, policy analysis, and standard setting. Political problems are
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identified that underlie difficulties in policy formulation and implemetation, and strategies to
improve implemetation are proposed. Since independence, Indian policymakers have
attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as
per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. Air pollution in
urban areas arises from multiple sources, which may vary with location and developmental
activities. Anthropogenic activities as rampant industrialization, exploitation and over c
However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation,
environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s.
But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in
India‘s approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in
India‘s perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on
Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972.consumption of natural
resources, ever growing population size are major contributors of air pollution. The down
sides related to enforcement mechanism for the effective implementation of environmental
laws for air pollution control have been highlighted.
Keywords: Constitution, policy, Air pollution, Acts, Environmental laws
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
1.Dr.K. Ushasri, 2. Dr.J. Ramadevi
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Smt NPS Govt college (W), Chittoor,
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Smt NPS Govt college (W), Chittoor.
Abstract:
The rapid anthropogenic climate change that is being experienced in the early twenty-
first century is intimately entwined with the health and functioning of the biosphere.Climate
change associated factors including temperature increases, changes in rain fall pattern and
occurrence of pest and diseases negatively influence agricultural production, productivity and
qualityAt some point this century, as human civilization faces the decarbonization challenge,
global atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are likely to stabilize, and global
temperatures will peak. The variety of the Earth‘s living species is declining at an alarming
rate due to human activity, from habitat destruction to the emission of greenhouse gases
resulting in climate change. Climate change is impacting ecosystems through changes in
mean conditions and in climate variability, coupled with other associated changes such as
increased ocean acidification and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It also interacts
with other pressures on ecosystems, including degradation, defaunation and fragmentation.
One of the most pressing and globally recognized challenges is how to mitigate the effects of
global environment change brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases,
especially CO2. The effects of climate change on agriculture may depend not only on
changing climate condition, but also on the ability to adapt through changes in technology
and demand for food. Biotechnology positively reduced the effects of climate change by
using modern biotechnology. The ultimate climate change effects on agriculture are reduction
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crop yield due to rainfall, extreme temperature, emergence of weeds, occurrence pest and
disease. One of the possible ways of adapting to such global problem is apply agricultural
biotechnologies that combat the negative effects of such changes is by using genetic
engineering offer new opportunities for improving stress resistance. Modern biotechnology
through the use of genetically modified stress tolerant and high yielding transgenic crops also
stand to significantly counteract the negative effects of climate change. Convectional
biotechnology such as bio fertilizer and energy efficient farming are among reasonable
options that could solve problems of climate change. Finally, the paper highlighted the
current challenges and future perspective of biotechnology for climate change adaptation and
mitigation.
Key words: Climate change, Ecosystems, Biotechnology, Mitigating approaches
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FLOWER MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
*Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
Abstract:
Kadiyam is renowned flower market that supplies flowers to entire Andhra Pradesh
and surrounding states on wholesale basis [1]. There is a bulk quantities of flower wastage
depending on the seasonal market trends. Majority of the flowers that go waste in Kadiyam
flower market are Marigold flowers. Calendula officinalis or common marigold has a wider
range of applications ranging from fabric colors to food colors, aroma oils to pain relief oils,
antiseptic tinctures to floor mopping disinfectants. In this work we suggest a few globally
successful and locally implementable marigold flower recycling techniques for an effective
management of flower market waste [2,3].
References:
1. State ‗blooms‘ to the third place in flower production, T. Appala Naidu, The Hindu,
11th December 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-
blooms-to-the-third-place-in-flower-production/article37928839.ece
2. Exploring temple floral refuse for biochar production as a closed loop perspective for
environmental management, Pardeep Singh et.al. Waste Management,77,78-86,
(2018).
3. An endeavor to achieve sustainable development goals through floral waste
management: A short review, ArunLal Srivastav et.al .Journal of Cleaner Production,
283,124669, (2021).
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ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA –
AN OVERVIEW
G Chandra Sekhara* N JayasimhaaP Suresha Veera Sudarsanb K Sanjeeva Reddyb
a Dept. of Chemistry, SCNR Govt. Degree College, Proddatur, Kadapa (Dt.) A.P.
bDept. of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Jammalamadugu, Kadapa (Dt.) A.P.
Abstract:
Environment is a broad concept encompassing the whole range of diverse
surroundings in which one perceives experience and react to events and changes. It includes
the land, water, sea, forest, vegetation, air and the whole gamut of the social order. It also
includes the physical and ecological environment. It concerns people‘s ability to adapt both
physically and mentally to the continuing changes in environment. Environment is a tool or
resource to overcome the poverty by making use it slowly and gradually but not abruptly. If
we use environment, it may leads to so many environmental problems.
Keywords: Environment, Sustainable development
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A NEW CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND
VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF
DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND
RELATED IMPURITIES
B. Sudharania and N.Y. Sreedhara*
a Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP, India-517502.
Abstract:
The combination of Doxylamine Succinate and pyridoxine Hydrochloride was
recognized for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy women. The present
investigation illustrates a new rapid, precise, accurate, stability indicating reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatographic separation methodology was developed for highly
resolved separation and determination of Doxylamine Succinate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride
and related nineteen impurities in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation
is achieved on an ACE Excel 5 AR 150 x 3.0 mm C-18 column using gradient elution.
Mixture of Di ammonium hydrogen phosphate-n-pentane sulfonic acid buffer (PH=4.00 ±
0.05), Methanol and n-propanol in a ratio of 400: 525: 75v/v/v respectively was used as
mobile phase. The eluted compounds were monitored at 268 nm; the flow rate was 0.7
ml/min and column oven temperature maintained at 25±2°C. Resolution of determination of
doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride and impurities (potential, bi-products
and degradation) is greater than 2.0 for all pair of components. The high correlation
coefficient (r2 > 0.999) values indicated good correlations. The repeatability and intermediate
precision, expressed by the RSD was less than 1.46%. The performance of the method was
validated according to the present ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of
quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness. Stress studies and
Peak purity studies were carried out according to ICH guidelines. All the degradation product
(s) arose by induced degradation were well separated from the drug peaks. The degradation
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peaks observed due to various extreme conditions (such as acidic, alkaline, oxidation,
hydrolysis, photolytic, thermal, etc.) are completely resolved from main drug peak. Hence the
method found to be stability indicating.
Keywords: RP-HPLC; Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride; Stress;
validation; peak purity studies;
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IMPACT OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON
SOIL FERTILITY STATUS AND YIELD OF FINGER MILLET
(Eleusine coracana L.) IN SANDY LOAM SOILS OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
P. Kejiya1*, B. Vajantha2, M.V.S. Naidu3, A.V. Nagavani4
1. Department of Soil Science, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, ANGRAU,A.P, India.
2. Senior scientist, Soil Science, Agricultural Research Station, Perumalapalle, ANGRAU,A.P, India.
3. Professor & Head, Department of Soil Science, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupat,A.P, India.
4. Co-ordinator, DAATTC, Chittor, ANGRAU, A.P, India.
*Corresponding author email: kejiyaagri60@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Perumalapalle,
Tirupati, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India during kharif ,
2018 on sandy loam soil to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizer, PSB and VAM on soil
fertility status and yield of finger millet. The experiment was laid out in randomized block
design with nine treatments consists of combination of phosphorus fertilizer, PSB and VAM
and replicated thrice. Soil samples were collected at initial and after harvest and analyzed for
physico-chemical, chemical properties and grain yield was recorded after harvest. The results
revealed that application of PSB, VAM along with phosphorus fertilizer exerted significant
effect on available N, P2O5, K2O, S and DTPA extractable micronutrients. Significantly the
highest available N (150 kg ha-1), P2O5 (42.34 kg ha-1 ), K2O (227 kg ha-1 ), S (9.57mg kg-1),
DTPA extractable manganese (38.67 mg kg-1) and grain yield (4328 kg ha-1) was registered
with application of 100 % RDP + PSB @ 750 ml ha-1 + VAM @ 12.5 kg ha-1 (T6). Physico-
chemical properties (pH,EC) was non significant with phosphorus management practices.
Keywords: Phosphorus fertilizer, PSB, VAM, soil fertility, grain yield and finger millet.
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SUSTAINABLE N- HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE CATALYZED INTRA
MOLECULAR CONDENSATION
S.Farheen Banu, P. Vasu Govardhana Reddy*
Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, A.P., India.
Benzoin condensation reaction usually conducted in the presence of NaCN/KCN.
Cyanide chemicals are toxic and harmful to the environment. Researchers are looking for
alternative and environmental benign methods to prepare such benzoin products. In the three
two decades N-Heterocycliccarbene (NHC)-organocatalyzed umpolung reactions have gained
considerable attention for C–C bond formation involving various potentially useful
unconventional organic transformations for synthesizing diverse building blocks and also
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have been elegantly applied in target-oriented organic synthesis.1,2With regards to this we
have planned a method as NHC catalyzed benzoin condensation reactions. Further, the
intramolecular benzoin condensation is of particular interest to access carbo- and
heterocycles. However, NHC-catalyzed intramolecular benzoin condensation is mostly
limited to constructing more viable five-membered and six-membered rings while the
construction of large-membered rings is not known. A cyclic benzoin might be produced via
intramolecular benzoin condensation between two aldehyde groups. In order to that we have
been prepared a series of benzimidazole bearing N-Heterocyclic carbenes, further these are
used as catalysts in intramolecular benzoin condensation reactions for the preparation cyclic
benzoins, currently under progress.
References
1. P. Vasu Govardhana Reddy, S. Tabassum, A.Blanrue, R. Wilhelm, Chem. Commun,
2009, 5910.
2. M. V. Krishna Reddy, G. Anusha, P. Vasu Govardhana Reddy, New. J. Chem. 2020,
44, 11694.
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URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Shaik Mohammad Ali*1Shaik Aaliya Afreen*2
*1 Student- MS Food Science and Technology, *2Student - MS Food Technology
*1 Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab.*2 Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email ID - mohammadshaik0777@gmail.com
Abstract
Urban waste management is a complex and critical issue facing cities around the
world today. With the rapid pace of urbanization, the amount of waste generated in urban
areas is increasing, posing significant challenges for public health, the environment, and
sustainability. By 2025, there will most probably be 4.3 billion urban dwellers creating
approximately 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid trash (2.2 billion tonnes per year).
Effective urban waste management involves the systematic collection, transportation,
treatment, and disposal of solid waste generated by households and commercial
establishments. The goal is to minimize the environmental impact of waste and recover
resources wherever possible. The approach to urban waste management includes various
methods, such as source segregation, recycling, composting, and safe landfilling.Moreover,
there are several other technologies such as internet of things (IoT), information
communication technologies (ICT) which are arsing currently to improve the Innovations in
technology and best practices in waste management can help cities address the challenges
posed by increasing waste generation. The adoption of circular economy principles, which
aim to maximize the use of resources can also help cities to transition towards a more
sustainable and low-waste future. In conclusion, urban waste management is a crucial aspect
of sustainable development and the well-being of urban populations. Effective and efficient
waste management systems are essential for ensuring public health, protecting the
environment, and conserving natural resources. By adopting innovative technologies and best
practices, cities can work towards creating a more sustainable future for all. Furthermore,
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involving the novel technologies to the local community, private sector and government
agencies in the waste management process can lead to more sustainable and efficient urban
waste management system.
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CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON FUNGI AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
ON LIFE
D. Nagaraju 1, D. Narmada1, KLV VaraPrasada Rao1 and C. Manoharachary 2
1. Government City College (A), Nayapyl, Hyderabad
2. Hon. NASI Senior Scientist Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad
Email:drdnr123@gmail.com
The Earth‘s climate has been changing rapidly since the mid-twentieth century
and this has consequences for all living organisms. These changes will affect the evolution of
species and their ability to adapt, to migrate and reside within ecosystems. The direct climate
change effects on fungal growth and indirect effects on their habitats. Because fungi play a
dominant role in terrestrial decomposition and nutrient cycling, as well as plant nutrient
uptake, plant health and the diet of many animals. Changes in fungal growth resulting from
climate change will have considerable effects on ecosystem functions. Environmental
disruptions due to climate change such as floods, storms, and hurricanes can disperse and
aerosolize fungi, leads to increase the geographic range of very rare unknown fungal
pathogenic species or their vectors, causing the emergence of diseases in areas where they
have not previously been reported. Candida aurisis considered the first novel pathogen to
have evolved in response to climate change, Fusarium head blight (FHB) by Fusarium
graminearum infection leads to reduced cereal yield and quality, Stripe rust is one of the most
devastating global diseases of wheat recently been seen to invade warmer
regions.Cryptococcus deuterogattii, traditionally associated with tropical and subtropical
climates acquired greater capacity for thermal adaptation. Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis (Bd) is an emerging pathogen of amphibians causing most spectacular loss of
amphibian diversity. It is surprising that black fungal yeast is found to survive in harsh
habitat caused affects in covid time. Talaromyces marneffei occurring in immune
compromised host has become emerging pathogen. Unless action is taken to reduce carbon
emissions, the global temperature will continue to rise than the fungi are likely to continue to
affect crops, native plants, and human beings with expanding ecological range and long-
distance dispersal events producing new risks. Therefore the mycologists have to find out ways
and means to stop these consequences, and need to explore the fungi that can provide the solutions to
the global challenges.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Climate change, Fungi, Pathogen, Soil, Temperature
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EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS: CHALLENGES
AND STRATEGIES
Shaik Aaliya Afreen*1Shaik Shireen*2
*1Student - MS Food Technology, *2Lecturer in Home Science
*1Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, *2Government Degree College For Women
(A), Guntur, Email ID:aaliya_shaik@yahoo.com
Environmental contaminants are substances introduced into the environment and
adversely affect the quality of air, water, soil, and wildlife. In recent years, a wide range of
environmental contaminants have emerged with the rise of industrialization and urbanization,
posing a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems. They can come from both
natural and human-made sources, such as industrial processes, agricultural activities, and
improper waste disposal.These contaminants include heavy metals, persistent organic
pollutants (POPs), pharmaceuticals, and nanomaterials.The effects of these contaminants on
human health can be severe and long-lasting. Environmental toxins can affect both humans
and animals in different ways, resulting in a range of health issues. Long-term exposure to
these pollutants can lead to serious diseases such as cancer, birth defects, respiratory
ailments, and neurological disorders. Therefore, it is important to identify sources of these
contaminants to develop solutions that can control and prevent these emerging environmental
contaminants to reduce their impact on our environment. To combat this growing problem,
we must look for solutions for both the control and prevention of these contaminants. This
includes the development of new technologies to detect and monitor contaminants, as well as
the implementation of policies to reduce their presence in the environment. As the sources of
these pollutants become more diverse, we need to focus on solutions that are tailored to each
source. This could include better regulation of industries, improved waste management and
disposal practices, and increased public awareness. Additionally, technological advancements
such as advanced water filtration systems can help reduce the number of contaminants
entering our waterways. By taking a proactive approach to controlling and preventing
emerging environmental contaminants, we can ensure a healthier future for our planet.
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THE ELECTROCHEMICAL AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF
CuCo2O4/CuO
Pavani Suggana
Department of Physics, SKP Government College, Guntakal, 515801, India.
Abstract:
Creating CuCo2O4-based composites and designing them could be a great way to
improve electrochemical performance. In general, composite electrode materials have
effective ion transport pathways, a variety of electroactive sites, and unique synergistic and
multifunctional effects that can considerably increase the electrochemical performance of
supercapacitors among the participants. CuCo2O4-based composites have undergone
research and have a variety of physicochemical and electrochemical properties published on
them.
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GLOBAL WARMING- WORLD UNDER THREAT
Vadugu Likhita*1Shaik Aaliya Afreen*2
*1Student- MSc Food science and nutrition, *2Student – MS Food Technology
*1Loyola Academy, Telangana (Affiliated to Osmania University), *2Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh,Email: vadugulikhitha@gmail.com
The increase in temperature that the earth experiences as a result of certain gases in
the atmosphere trapping solar energy is known as the greenhouse effect. The average global
temperature of the planet would be significantly lower without the greenhouse effect, making
life on earth as we know it impossible. Water vapour, CO2, and N2O are examples of
greenhouse gases. Burning fossil fuels increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere which
strengthens the natural greenhouse effect and warms the earth. Carbon pollution, climatic
change, and energy are the three main causes of the greenhouseeffect. The environment is
suffering critical climatic changes due to global warming and it increases in the future if not
take the required actions earlier. Most individuals are still clueless about global warming and
do not believe it will be a substantial issue in the future. Unquestionably, climate change will
have an impact on the entire world and requires global cooperation. The health, food supply
and water supply ofhumans are all at risk due to changes in wind patterns, average
temperature, precipitation amounts and the frequency of extreme weather events. The loss of
biological variety and extinction of species that pose a threat to the majority of the world‘s
regions are directly related to those threats. Due to the effects of climate change, many
communities‘ living conditions will change as a result of socioeconomic and political
instability. The immediate environmental consequence of global warming is the increase in
natural disasters example: melting glaciers, further extreme and more frequent cataracts,
backfires, storms and famines or heat waves. The circular consequences include pitfalls to
moral health or the reduction of biodiversity and inhabitable areas feeding to migration and
deterioration of community, public health and socioeconomic conditions in utmost countries
of the world.
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ROLE OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
G. Raviteja*, B. Vajantha, A. Prasanthiand M. Raveendra Reddy
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India
*e-mail:gobidesitejasriyadav@gmail.com
Abstract
The worldwide increase in human population every year raises a major threat to the
food security of the people as the land for agriculture is restricted and even drastic reduction
with time. Therefore, it is essential that agricultural productivity should be enhanced
significantly within the next few decades to meet the large demand of food by emerging
population. Not to point out too much dependence on chemical fertilizers for more crop
productions certainly damages both ecosystem and human health with great severity.
Microbial inoculants are one of the greatest nature gifts of our agricultural science as a
replacement to chemical fertilizers. Living microorganisms are used in the preparation of bio-
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fertilizers which have specific functions to augment plant growth and reproduction.Microbial
inoculants are the substances which contain microorganisms those microorganisms may be
fungi, bacteria, and protozoa which have ability to increase fertility of soil by Nitrogen
fixation, Phosphorous solubilization, and Iron sequestration. These processes convert
insoluble form of nutrients into soluble form and make it available to the roots of plant which
easily take them up and utilize them. There are variety of the crops whose productivity can be
increased by applying microbial inoculants such as rice, oat, and other grain crops. There are
two means due to which we have to use the microbial inoculants. First one that they provide
the unavoidable amount of yield and nutrition to human food, they are very safe to use for
bothenvironment, plants and animals and human and highly eco-friendly. Second one is that
they ensure the sustainable growth of agriculture by providing the nutrition to plant in it
rhizosphere such as N, P, and K and other minerals and vitamins. Microbial inoculants being
essential components of sustainable farming play vital role in maintaining long term soil
fertility and sustainability of crop production.
Keywords; chemical fertilizers, microbial inoculants,nutrients, sustainable agriculture
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN INDIA
P.Chendrayudu* and K.Narayana Rao**
*Dept. of Chemistry,Govt. Degree College,Pendlimarri,YSR(Dt),A.P,India.
**Dept. of Chemistry,Govt. Degree Collegefor Men, Kadapa,YSR(Dt),A.P,India
pchendrayudu@gmail.com
Abstract.
Solid waste management (SWM) has emerged as one of the most massive
development challenges in urban India. Numerous studies indicate that the unsafe disposal
of waste generates dangerous gases and leachates, due to microbial decomposition, climate
conditions, refuse characteristics and land-filling operations. The report of the Planning
Commission of 2014 found that over 80 percent of the waste collected in India is disposed
of indiscriminately in dump yards in an unhygienic manner, leading to health and
environmental degradation in India. The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched by
the Indian government on 2 October 2014 for five years (2014–19), aimed at creating a
―Clean India‖ with an emphasis on eliminating open defecation by October 2019. The
COVID-19 pandemic is one of the gravest global crises in the modern era.― Excessive
volume of COVID-19 waste has become a significant challenge for its proper handling to
the waste management authorities.‖The developing countries including India, Vietnam and
Malaysia have published guidelines for the handling of medical waste and waste generated
in infected households.‖ The SWM systemworkers in the industry, lack legal status and
protection, and are hardly effective or capable of enforcing systems in the collection and
segregation of waste. The policy agenda for sustainable SWM must drive behavioral
change amongst citizens, elected representatives and decision-makers, to minimize
wastage and littering, and increase reuse and recycling. Community awareness and a
change in people‘s attitudes towards solid waste and their disposal can go a long way in
improving India‘s SWM system.
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ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PHARMA
INDUSTRY – A THEORETICAL STUDY
Dasthagiri Bande
Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Yogi vemana university, kadapa,AP,india
Abstract:
Similar to all other industries, the pharma industry has also been in its journey of evolution to
more and more development through the technological breakthroughs‘ in 21 st century. Since from
the origin of sustainable concept in development process, industries need to go along the lines of
sustainable development pathway and is same for pharma industry also. The basic objective of this
research paper is to examine the scale of awareness and necessary steps taken in Indian
pharmaceutical sector towards the sustainable development process. The issue of sustainability in
development is more complex in pharma industry than other industries. The research work is carried
in such way that by comprehensively going through the literature and practices of the major
companies on lines of said sustainable development process. The basic nature of paper is qualitative
paper concentrating on the literature review and reported practices of the pharma companies on
sustainable development. The research methodology adopted is explorative in methods of sustainable
development process adopted by the companies. The results of the present study in this paper throw
light on the risks and advantages of the sustainable development transformation and its effect on
business profitability and achieving the goals of sustainable development.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical, Pharma industry, Sustainability, Sustainable development, Socio-
Economic and Environmental, UN SDGs, Future generations of human.
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EFFECT OF NANOSCALE ZINCOXIDE PARTICLES ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT IN ALFISOLS
B. Jayasree, T.N.V.K.V. Prasad, T. Giridhara Krishna, N. Sunitha
S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, 517502
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Lam, Guntur, 522034
Abstract:
Nanotechnology deals with the matter at nanoscale (1-99 nm) in at least one
dimension. The development of nano materials could open up new applications in agriculture
and allied sciences.Evaluation of the effects of nanoscale materials on agricultural crops is
currently under exploitation. The present investigation was initiated considering the
micronutrient deficiencies in the food crops especially the zinc. From the human health point
of view, the enrichment of oilseeds with zinc is a desired outcome and in recent days there is
an increasing interest in making the oilseeds with optimum zinc concentration. In the present
study groundnut was selected as a test crop. Nano ZnO particles were prepared using
modified oxalate decomposition method. As prepared ZnO nanoparticles were characterized
using the techniques viz., UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and zeta potential analyzer.The
experiment was laid in twelve treatments and three replications to know the effect of nano
zinc oxide particles on the growth and development, yield and yield attributes of groundnut
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along with the bulk ZnSO4 and control. Yield attributes like number of pods, test weight, dry
matter production have shown significant effect by the application of nanoscale zinc oxide
particles of different sizes and concentrations. The maximum pod yield was recorded in the
treatment n- ZnO particles of size 25 nm 150 ppmwhich is 25 % more than control, 15.5 %
more than bulk ZnSO4 @ 2000 ppm.However accumulation of Zn in kernels was more with
the application of n-ZnO particles of size 30 nm @ 200 ppm which is 21.6 % more than
control and 11.8 % more than bulk ZnSO4 @ 2000 ppm.These results indicate that the
nanoZnO particles have significant effects on the growth, development, and yield
enhancement of agricultural crops especially in groundnut.
Key words: Nanoscale, Zinc oxide, Characterization, Growth, Groundnut.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS
* S. Jahan Ara & **SMD. Gayazuddin
Lecturer in Library & Information Science, KVR. Govt. College for Women (A), Kurnool- 518004
library@kvrgdcwa.ac.in
Technical Assistant, KVR. Govt. College for Women (A), Kurnool- 518004 g4gayaz@gmail.com
Abstract:
―8 billion people are estimated to experience severe water scarcity for at least some
part of the year due to climatic and non-climatic factors. During the last two decades, the
global glacier mass loss rate exceeded 0.5 meters water equivalent per year, impacting
humans and ecosystems. Agriculture and energy production have been impacted by changes
in the hydrological cycle. Between 1983 and 2009, approximately three-quarters of the global
harvested areas experienced yield losses induced by drought, with the cumulative production
losses corresponding to USD 166 billion. (Source: IPCC_AR6_WGII)‖
On June 16, 2013, flash floods hit the Kedarnath valley, claiming over 4,000 lives.
Over nine years since this catastrophe, thousands of people lost their lives, lakhs lost their
livelihood, thousands turned homeless, and none have any idea as to how many actually died
during the calamity.
In October 2021 heavy rainfall caused in large part of Uttarakhand devastating flash
and loss of lives. In August 2022, a team of scientists, geologists and researchers organized
by the state government of Uttarakhand conducted a geological survey of Joshimath and
noted that local residents reported an accelerated pace of land erosion.
Chipko movement in 1974, Narmada Bachav in 1985, fighting for right the clean air
in Delhi cleaning the Ganga in 1980. Managing the industrial pollutions sewage systems
garbage in cities etc… are many environmental issues to be answered in future.
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URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Dr .Sailaja C.S
Assistant Professor of Botany, Government Degree College, Kuppam, Chittoor District, Andhra
Pradesh-517425, Mobile No: 9676269010, Email :sailajarajaram2009@gmail.com
Abstract
Today the Urban Solid Waste Management is a great challenge and problem faced by
India and the World. These are of different types and produced from various activities. In
this Solid waste has different kinds of wastes generated from the Urban places. It has
different varieties of wastes released from the Urban community, agricultural, Industries,
Mining, Biomedical wastes etc. These wastes discards as an unusable materials. In Urban
Waste Management system is not related to defuse the Urban waste but it is also related to
reduce the generation of solid waste. The waste should be collected properly and disposed in
secured method. In India disposal methods are very common like Open dumping, Ocean
dumping, Sanitary Land filling, Composting and incineration. In collection of waste the
fixed storage bins and refuses is stored in the bins till it is collected for disposal by a larger
vehicles for shifting it to transfer station. Community storage point, Kerbside collection and
Block collection methods are some Popular methods for waste collection. Some potential
disposal methods are also beneficial for waste management like Reduction, Reuse and
Recycle i.e., 3R‘s. Improper management of Solid Waste poses risks to the Environment and
Public health.
Keys Words: Solid Waste, Land fill, Management, Methods, Environment, Public health.
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IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT AND
STRATEGIES TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
B. Meghana*1, Shaik. Shireen*2
*1Lecturer in Home Science, *2Lecturer in Home ScienceGovernment Degree College For Women
(A), Guntur, E-Mail ID: meghanaflorence16@gmail.com
Abstract
Air pollution is one of our era's greatest scourges; while it is not a new phenomenon,
it remains the world's most serious problem, as well as one of the leading environmental
causes of morbidity and mortality. In support of this above observation, the World Health
Organization estimates that 2.4 million people die each year as a result of the health effects of
air pollution. By 2030, urban areas are expected to house roughly half of the world's
population, resulting in increased urbanisation, rapid industrialization, and associated
anthropogenic activities becoming the primary causes of air pollution and poor air quality.
The major sources of air pollution are classified as transportation, industries, power, waste
treatment, biomass burning, demolition wasteand The pollutants emitted are as follows:
Particulate matter, SOx, NOx, CO, ammonia, and dust particles are examples of primary air
pollutants that are emitted directly, whereas secondary air pollutants include ozone, smog,
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peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), and others. These pollutants are linked to a variety of health
issues, including short-term effects that range from simple discomfort, such as irritation of
the eyes, skin, and throat, to long-term exposure that is harmful to the neurological,
reproductive, and respiratory systems and causes cancer and, in rare cases, death. Air
pollution not only harms human health but also has an impact on the environment in which
we live, such as acid rain, ozone depletion, global warming, ecological imbalance, climate
change, resource depletion, and habitat destruction. The only way to address this issue is to
raise public awareness coupled with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific experts.
National and international organisations must address the emergence of this threat and
propose long-term solutions. In this context, we discuss the causes and effects of air
pollution, as well as solutions for combating pollution for a sustainable environment and
health.
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FLOWER MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
*Teki Chandra Mouli, D. Sanjeev Kumar
Government College (A), Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh-533105, Indi, moulic242@gmail.com
Abstract
Kadiyam is renowned flower market that supplies flowers to entire Andhra Pradesh
and surrounding states on wholesale basis [1]. There is a bulk quantities of flower wastage
depending on the seasonal market trends. Majority of the flowers that go waste in Kadiyam
flower market are Marigold flowers. Calendula officinalis or common marigold has a wider
range of applications ranging from fabric colors to food colors, aroma oils to pain relief oils,
antiseptic tinctures to floor mopping disinfectants. In this work we suggest a few globally
successful and locally implementable marigold flower recycling techniques for an effective
management of flower market waste [2,3].
References:
1. State ‗blooms‘ to the third place in flower production, T. Appala Naidu, The Hindu,
11th December 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-
blooms-to-the-third-place-in-flower-production/article37928839.ece
2. Exploring temple floral refuse for biochar production as a closed loop perspective for
environmental management, Pardeep Singh et. al. Waste Management, 77, 78-86,
(2018).
3. An endeavor to achieve sustainable development goals through floral waste
management: A short review, Arun Lal Srivastav et . al. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 283, 124669, (2021).
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REVIEW ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND
POLLUTION PREVENTION
M.ObulaReddya, S. Nagendrab, & M.SreekanthReddyc
aLecturer in Physics, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
bLecturer in Chemistry, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
cLecturer in Botany, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
Email: mormphil@gmail.com
Abstract
Environmental sustainability is one of the biggest issues faced by the mankind at
present. Increasing population along with tremendous escalation in anthropogenic activities
has raised several questions on the sustainability of natural resources on our planet. No part
of the Earth is now untouched by the effect of human activities or pollution. Ever increasing
human population and increment in per capita consumption has put great constraint on the
natural resources. In addition to this, urbanization, industrialization and modern agricultural
practices have polluted the water resources, air and soil all around the globe. The natural
resources are thus not only being over-exploited but also becoming contaminated with toxic
chemicals making it difficult for the survival of future generations. It is the major attention
area for researchers, academicians, scholars, governments and non-government organizations
involving individuals, communities, countries, continents and the globe as whole.
Environmental sustainability is the key strategy against the backdrop of the growth of human
population and the rampant exploitation of environment by humans.This paper delineates the
mitigation plan that can be adopted by facility managers to overcome environmental issues
that may affect the total management, performance and operation of development.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Facility Managers, Environmental Issues, Solutions
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IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON HEALTH
S. Nagendraa, M.Obula Reddyb & M.Sreekanth Reddyc
aLecturer in Chemistry, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
bLecturer in Physics, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
cLecturer in Botany, YSRV Govt. Degree College, Vempalli, YSR District
Email: snagendraharthik@gmail.com
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to acquire an efficient of how various forms of
pollution, air, water, noise and land has an influence on the health and well-being of the
individuals. Throughout the country in rural and in urban communities, the individuals need
to be imparted information in terms of ways of curbing all forms of pollution and keeping the
environment clean. The various forms of pollution have detrimental effects upon the health
conditions of the individuals. When the individuals are engaged in hazardous occupations in
industries and factories are obtaining water from the water bodies or wells, they need to
ensure that the water bodies are clean. In rural communities, the individuals are normally
residing in the state of backwardness and are unaware, hence, they need to be made aware in
terms of ways of curbing various forms of pollution and keeping the environment clean.
Therefore, promoting cleanliness and keeping the water bodies free from various forms of
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pollution is regarded as one of the indispensable ways of promoting good health and well-
being. The main areas that have been taken into account in this research paper are, causes of
air pollution, causes of water pollution, effects of noise pollution on health and effects of land
pollution on health.
Keywords: Air, Environment, Health, Land, Noise, Pollution, Water
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A NEW CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND
VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF
DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND
RELATED IMPURITIES
B. Sudharania and N.Y. Sreedhara*
a Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP,India-517502.
*Corresponding author mail: sreedhar-ny@rediffmail.com
Abstract: The combination of Doxylamine Succinate and pyridoxine Hydrochloride was
recognized for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy women. The present
investigation illustrates a new rapid, precise, accurate, stability indicating reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatographic separation methodology was developed for highly
resolved separation and determination of Doxylamine Succinate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride
and related nineteen impurities in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation
is achieved on an ACE Excel 5 AR 150 x 3.0 mm C-18 column using gradient elution.
Mixture of Di ammonium hydrogen phosphate-n-pentane sulfonic acid buffer
(PH=4.00±0.05), Methanol and n-propanol in a ratio of 400: 525: 75v/v/v respectively was
used as mobile phase. The eluted compounds were monitored at 268 nm; the flow rate was
0.7 ml/min and column oven temperature maintained at 25±2°C. Resolution of determination
of doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride and impurities (potential, bi-products
and degradation) is greater than 2.0 for all pair of components. The high correlation
coefficient (r2 > 0.999) values indicated good correlations. The repeatability and intermediate
precision, expressed by the RSD was less than 1.46%. The performance of the method was
validated according to the present ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of
quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness. Stress studies and
Peak purity studies were carried out according to ICH guidelines. All the degradation product
(s) arose by induced degradation were well separated from the drug peaks. The degradation
peaks observed due to various extreme conditions (such as acidic, alkaline, oxidation,
hydrolysis, photolytic, thermal, etc.) are completely resolved from main drug peak. Hence the
method found to be stability indicating.
Keywords: RP-HPLC; Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride; Stress;
validation; peak purity studies;
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CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF TANKER WATER
SAMPLES IN A RURAL AREA IN BANGALORE
Atreyee Sarkar, Dr. Shantee Devi K
Abstract
The tanker water samples supplied in a rural area of Bangalore is being studied during
the COVID-19 pandemic. The study area is water stressed and is heavily dependent on water
supplied by tankers throughout the year. It is claimed that the water supplied by the tankers
are of drinkable quality. The physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, Electrical
Conductivity and Total Hardness are being measured and seasonal variation among the
parameters is being attempted to be identified. Water samples have been collected from 04
tanker water samples and 01 sample from RO water served as the control. The results
obtained so far prove that the tanker water samples are not fir for direct consumption as the
TDS, Electrical conductivity and total hardness far exceed the prescribed limits.Microbial
contamination by E.coli was also found for some of the smaples. A marked difference was
observed for these parameters between the tanker water and purified water samples. Hence
the water should be treated by either boiling or filtering before consumption.
Key-words: tanker water, rural area, Bangalore
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PHYTOREMEDIATION AND PTERIDOPHYTES – A BRIEF REVIEW
Saivenkatesh Korlam1, Dr. C. Venkatakrishnaiah2, S. Padmavathi1
1 Department of Botany. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
2 Department of Zoology. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an approach involving plants in which plants will be employed to
extract, remove elemental contamination and lower their bioavailability in soil. Heavy metals
and metalloids contamination to soil is a serious problem which needs to be considered.
There are several costly methods available for removal of contaminants from nature but the
method of phytoremediation is cost effective and eco-friendly. Pteridophytes, the vascular
cryptogams have been found to have a potential of remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil.
Pteridophytes are non-flowering plant that reproduces by spores. Pteris vittata reported as the
first fern plant to hyperaccumulate Arsenic. Other ferns that are known phytoremediators are
Nephrolepis cordifolia and Hypolepismuelleri, Pteris umbrosa and Pteris cretica Most of
these plants can accumulate Arsenic in their leaves. So, notable number of Pteridophytes
have the capacity to accumulate contaminants. Though many of them have been identified,
while various other are to be explored. These plants used to developed mechanisms to
mitigate the toxic effects by means of efficient anti oxidative system, specialised transporters,
Contaminant sequestration mechanism in vacuoles.
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IMPACT OF MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES ON CONTROLLING
AIR POLLUTION
Dr. D. Veera Nagendra Kumar * 1, S. Prakash Rao 2 and Dr. S. Naresh 3
1 Department of Zoology, Government College for Men (A), Kadapa, A.P
2 Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Porumamilla, A.P
3 Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Porumamilla, A.P
*Corresponding author: Veera Nagendra Kumar@gmail.com
Abstract
It is well renowned that trees have capacity to reduce the air pollution. It is mandatory
to expand tree plantation in industrial area to minimize the threat of pollutants. For green belt
development, it is necessary to use plants that are tolerant to air pollution. The role of plants
in developing a healthy atmosphere is very desirable in the context of deteriorating
environment resulting from increased urbanization, industrialization and improper
environmental management. This investigation has attempted to screen plants for their ability
to improve the design and development of healthy environment. It is necessary that plants
used must be tolerant to air pollution. In this study, dust removal capacities and Air Pollution
Tolerance Index (APTI) of plants commonly used for green belt establishment. On the basis
of APTI and some biological parameters of plants study of different medicinal plant will be
discussed at this paper.
Key words: Air pollution Medicinal plants, Phytoremediation, APTI
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DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMERIC MICROBEADS-INTERCALATED
WITH MONTMORILLONITE NANOCLAY AND SILVER
NANOPARTICLES FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF
LEVOFLOXACIN-AN ANTIBACTERIAL DRUG
Dharmender Pallerlaa and Sunkari Jyothia*
a,bDepartment of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 009 Telangana, India.
Correspondence to: Sunkari Jyothi (E-mail: jyothisri97@yahoo.co.in)
Abstract
Controlled release drug carriers have gained significant interest in recent years due to
their potential to produce greater therapeutic success. To address this need, the study presents
the fabrication of sodium alginate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) microbeads
intercalated with montmorillonite (MMT) clay and silver nanoparticles for the controlled
release of levofloxacin by a simple ionotropic gelation technique. The prepared beads were
characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized
microbeads were tested against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus by the agar disc
diffusion method. The developed microbeads could significantly inhibit bacterial
development. In-vitro release studies and swelling studies were carried out at (pH 7.4)
simulated intestinal fluid and (pH 1.2) simulated gastric fluid at 25 oC and 37 oC. The MMT-
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containing microbeads showed higher encapsulation efficiency and controlled drug release
than other formulations. The results obtained from the swelling and in-vitro release studies
revealed that pH had influenced the drug release of developed microbeads and that they are
suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The in vitro release kinetics was assessed by fitting the
release data into the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and finding that the release mechanism
follows the Fickian diffusion process.
Graphical Abstract
References
1. Abdeen, R.; Salahuddin, N. Modified chitosan-clay nanocomposite as a drug delivery
system intercalation and in vitro release of ibuprofen. Journal of Chemistry, 2013,
576370 (2013).
2. Awwad, A. M.; Salem, N. M.; Abdeen, A. O. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
using carob leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. International Journal of
Industrial Chemistry, 4(1), 29 (2013). DOI: 10.1186/2228-5547-4-29.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMINING THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM SHRIMP
FARMING'S CONTAMINATED MACRO ALGAE
Abstract
The goal of this study was to manage and use three contaminated shrimp farmed
macro algae, Caulerpalentillifera, Caulerpa racemosa, and Acanthophora spicifera, as an
alternative oil feedstock for biodiesel production. To maximize output, oil extraction and
biodiesel manufacturing were combined. The molar ratio of oil to methanol, the impact of
reaction duration, reaction temperature, and the amount of catalyst were all optimized. The
average percentage of oil from these macro algae was reported to be roughly 3.3% on a dried
basis. The ideal conditions for biodiesel generation with these three macro algae were
essentially identical. The process was finished in 8 hours, and the biodiesel yield was 55.58%
from Caulerpa lentillifera with the appropriate conditions of oil to methanol molar ratio 1:15
and 1% KOH at 60°C. Caulerpa racemosa can create 58.36% biodiesel from an oil-to-
methanol ratio of 1:15 with 1.5% KOH at 60°C. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for
biodiesel generation from Acanthophora spicifera were a 1:12 oil-to-methanol ratio with 1%
KOH, yielding 49.29% biodiesel.
Keywords: Macro algae, Shrimp aquaculture, Greenhouse gas, Oil feedstock
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GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES BY
AZADIRACHTA INDICA LEAFEXTRACT AND THEIR EFFICACY OF
CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE
M. Vidya Vani1, L. Vijayalakshmi2 and K. Riazunnisa1*
1Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Department of Zoology, NTR Government Degree College, Valmikipuram, Annamayya district, India
*Corresponding author: e-mail: khateefriaz@gmail.com;krbtbi@yogivemanauniversity.ac.in
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have gained considerable interest due to its potential
applications in biomedical engineering, diet supplement, and drug delivery, thermoelectric
and electronic devices. In the present study we describethe eco-friendly synthesis of CuNPs
employingAzadirachta indica leaf extract as bioreducing agent. The synthesized copper
nanoparticles were initially confirmed through the colour change of the solution. The visual
colour change from brown to dark green color indicated the formation of copper
nanoparticles. The green-synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV–Vis and SEM-
EDAXanalyses. The formation of CuNPs was confirmed by the appearance of characteristic
SPR peak at 310 nm due to the collective oscillation of electrons in the conduction band in
UV–Vis spectra. The catalytic activity of the synthesized CuNPs was monitored to have
potential efficacy to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye at room conditions. This was
confirmed by the decrease in maximum absorbance of MB dye with respect to time using
UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The bio-synthesized Azadirachta indica leafCuNPs effectively
degraded nearly 93 % of MB dye.
Keywords: CuNPs, methylene blue, neem, dye degradation, SEM.
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STUDIES ON VARIOUS CHARACTERIZATION METHODS OF BIO-
AEROSOLS
Sayed Altaf Ahmed1, Syed Mohammed Shoaib2and H Aleem Basha 1
1Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli,
Hyderabad-500 032, Telangana State., India.
2Applied Physics Lab,School of Technology, MANUU Polytechnic Kadapa Satellite Campus, Maulana Azad
National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 032, T.S., India altafsayed038@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
In our atmosphere various type of air pollutants are exist. Out of them bioaerosols is
important one, because of their nature. Its size varies from 0.0004µm to 0.004 µm and the
lifespan of these are indefinite. Some viruses have very short spam of life whereas pollen
grain can exist for few hours. Similarly, it‘s sampling and characterization is much typical. In
our study we compare bio aerosols from indoor and outdoor sources like mall,
supermarkets,banks, offices, schools, cinema halls, heavy traffic regions, hospitals and public
places etc., and classify their characterization on the basis of their nature. As we know
bioaerosols are of two types, viable and non-viable. Viable bioaerosols like virus, bacteria,
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fungi, protozoa, algae and non-viable bacteria like Pollen, Insect excreta, Endotoxin,
Mycotoxine.Analysis of these bioaerosols may be classified on the basis of inertial, non-
inertial,culturable and non-culturable characterization methods. Few of them areFiltration,
Impaction, Liquid Impinger, Cyclone, Real time-qPCR, PCR-DGGE, MALDI-TOF and NGS
Analysis were illustrated. Nowadays photoacoustic spectroscopy techniquesare also utilized
in the characterization of bio-aerosol. Thestudy of characterization of bioaerosols helps us to
understand the relationship between corona virus bioaerosols and their lungs related diseases
during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Keywords: Bioaerosols, Characterization, Air Pollutants, PhotoacousticSpectroscopy, and COVID-19
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ETHNOBOTANY – A SOURCE OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
M Vishnupriya1, Saivenkatesh Korlam2, J Koteswara Rao2
1 Department of Botany. Govt. College (A), Ananthapuramu, A.P.
2 Department of Botany. Govt. Degree College, Puttur, Tirupati Dt. A.P.
ABSTRACT
Ethnobotany deals with the plants in relation to ethnic groups and animals. The
ethnobotanical studies comprise all types of interrelations amonghumans and plants, in
relation to their medicinal, religiousbelieves and uses. Recently ethnobotany is emerging in a
very complex structure which often requires collaboration of various fields such as
anthropology, ecology, pharmacy, linguistics and medicine. The tribes act as storehouses of
traditional knowledge applied in the continuous utilisation of plants in their daily life. The
knowledge related to plant forwarded from generation after generation by the elderly people
of particular tribes. As this tribe associated indigenous and traditional knowledge is not
documented and transfer verbally, due to which its integrity may be depleted in due course of
time. Ethnobotany helps to preserve this knowledge before its complete loss. Indigenous
societies or tribals or aborigines all over the parts of the world but in different geographical
regions are recognised as an invaluable bank of traditional knowledge.
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STUDY ON PESTICIDE CONTENT PRESENT IN RICE GROWN IN
NORTHERN PARTS OF THE INDIA BY USING LC-MS/MS AND
GC-MS/MS
Pasupuleti Venkata Vidya Sagar1,2and K.V.N. Suresh Reddy2
1National Commodities Management Services Limited (NCML), Hyderabad, India&
2Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management
(Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
* Corresponding author email: vidyasagarpv@gmail.com
Abstract
India is one of the major rice exporting nations. To produce rice economically and get a
higher yield, farmers use many pesticides. However, it is critical to ensure that such pesticide residues
do not end up in food at levels that pose an unacceptable risk to humans. This study sought to
ascertain how closely rice samples complied with the Export Inspection Council (EIC) of India
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requirements in the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. In 2020, 425 rice samples and 567 samples in
2021 were tested for the quantification of pesticide residues using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS.
According to the findings, 44.7% of samples in 2020 and 39.7% of samples in 2021 do not meet the
requirements provided by the EIC of India. It suggests that either the preharvest interval was not
followed or pesticides were applied at a dose higher than recommended. Buprofezin, Thiamethoxam,
Propiconazole, Tricyclazol, and Propiconazole were found more in rice samples at a level higher than
MRL. Triazophos, which was banned for manufacture, import, and use since August 2018 was also
found in the samples.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NANOMATERAILS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION-A MINI
REVIEW
A.Ramesh Babu1*, M.Sanakara Rao1, B.Nagaseshadri2, V.Prabhakar Rao3, P.Suresh4
1Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Puttur, A.P
2Dept. of Chemistry, SVA Govt. College (M), Srikalahasti, A.P
3Dept. of Chemistry, YSR Govt. Degree College, Vedurukuppam, A.P
4Dept. of Chemistry, SCNR Govt. Degree College, Proddatur
*corresponding author: rameshavu@gmail.com
Abstract
Environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious global problems facing by
society as it produces irreversible damage. Hazardous materials, smoke, and noxious gases
are released into environment because of urbanization and industrialization which leads to
toxic effects on living things. Nanocatalyst and nanomaterials are generally used for the
remediation process. Different kind of nanomaterials including inorganic, carbon materials
and polymeric based materials are used in remediation of environment contaminants. This
mini review mainly focuses on the applications of nanomaterails for environmental cleanup
process.
Key words: Nanomaterials, Nanocatalyst, environmental remediation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHYTOREMEDIATION - AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO TAKE CARE OF
NEW POLLUTANTS
P V Krishna Reddy
Lecturer in Botany, Govt. College for Men (A), Kadapa
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a process which effectively uses plants as a tool to eliminated,
detoxified, or immobilise Contaminants. It has been an eco-friendly and cost-effective
technique to clean contaminated environments. The contaminants from various sources have
caused an irreversible damage to all the biotic factors in the biosphere. Bioremediation has
become an essential tactic for recovering or rehabbingthe environment that was damaged by
the contaminants. The process of bioremediation has been extensively used for the past few
decades to neutralize toxic contaminants, but the results have not been satisfactory due to the
lack of cost-effectiveness, production of by-products that are toxic and requirement of large
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landscape. Under in situ circumstances, phytoremediation aids in the treatment of emerging
organic pollutants (EOPs) and emerging inorganic pollutants (EIOPs), two major groups of
chemical pollutants.The EOPs are produced from pharmaceutical, chemical and synthetic
polymer industries, which have potential to pollute water and soil environments. Similarly,
EIOPs are produced during mining operations, transportation, and urban development
industries. According to the EIOPs, pollution in metropolitan areas is a result of the
generation of radioactive waste, electronic waste, and heavy metals.Moreover, in
recentlyphytoremediation has gained acceptance as a practical technique for handling
biological pollutants. Since remediation of soil and water is very important to preserve
natural habitats and ecosystems, it is necessary to devise new strategies in using plants as a
tool for remediation. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in Strategies for
phytoremediation that could be used to lessen the negative effects of developing pollutants
without harming the environment.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, Detoxification, Contaminants, Environment.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CLEAN UP
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Panati Kalpana
Department of Biotechnology, Government College for Men (A), Kadapa
Chemical synthesis and usage were increased rapidly after industrialization in our
country to develop new drugs to combat various diseases and to yield large quantities from
crops to meet the needs of the increasing population such as drugs, pesticides, industrial
chemicals etc. Some of these chemicals are not naturally existing and these are completely
man-made, known as xenobiotics.Naturally existing chemicals are degraded by the enzyme
systems available in microorganisms. The available enzyme systems in microbes cannot
degrade man-made compounds. Unfortunately, the natural compounds in large quantities
(e.g. Oil spills in accidents or at refinery) behave like xenobiotics during the degradation
process such as slow degradation etc., but the biodiversity loss may occur due to their adverse
effects. In this context, the biotechnology offers some remediation techniques to clean up
those pollutants in a cost-effective, safer and faster ways with the help of recombination
DNA technology. Here, the microorganisms are modified in such a way that they contain
special genes that produce specific enzymes to degrade the pollutants in less time. One such
example is ―Super bug‖. It was developed by Prof. Anand Mohan Chakrabarty in 1971 using
genetic cross-linking method to transfer the required genes into the modified bacterium
Pseudomonas putida (oil eating bacterium) to increase the degradation of petroleum at the oil
spills. Another example is an anaerobic halorespiring strain (Desulfitobacteriumstrain Y51)
that dehalogenates the polychlorinated biphenyls. There are many super bugs (modified
microorganisms) today to clean the environment pollutants or to degrade the harmful
chemicals that are highly useful globally.
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ELUCIDATING MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN LIQUID
MIXTURES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES VIA EXCESS
THERMODYNAMIC AND FT-IR SPECTROSCOPIC APPROACHES
T. Ankaiaha, S. Karlapudib, K. Siva Kumarb, N.Y. Sreedhara*
aBiopolymers and Thermophysical Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupat i-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
bDepartment of Chemistry, S.V. Arts UG & PG College (TTD’S), Tirupati-517502, India
*Corresponding author: E-mail: nysthermodynamics@gmail.com (N.Y. Sreedhar)
Abstract:
Density, speed of sound and refractive index measurements are performed for Ethyl
Lactate, Ethyl acetate, 2-chloroethanol, 2-aminoethanol and their binary mixtures {Ethyl
Lactate + Ethyl acetate, Ethyl Lactate + 2-chloroethanol, Ethyl Lactate + 2-aminoethanol} at
different temperatures from 298.15 K - 323.15 K with interval of 5 K and 0.1 MPa. These
data were used to compute excess volume (VE), isentropic compressibility (ks), excess
isentropic compressibility (
E
s
) and excess refractive index (
E
D
n
). These excess properties
data have been correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation satisfactorily. However, the FT-IR
spectrum was recorded for pure liquids and their mixtures at different mole fractions. This
study mainly focuses on predicting the molecular interactions i.e. Vander Waals interactions,
dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding interactions and structural effects between component
molecules in liquid mixtures with the aid of thermodynamic and spectroscopic studies.
Keywords: Density, Speed of sound, Refractive index, Excess volume, Isentropic
compressibility, FT-IR.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH – A REVIEW
Venkata Lakshmi J1, and Ch.M. Kumari Chitturi2
1. Department of Chemistry, Government College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa.
2. Department of Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry, Sri Padmavati MahilaVisvavidyalayam,
Tirupati, India.
Abstract
We find that pollution remains responsible for approximately 9 million deaths per
year as per the data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study
2019, corresponding to one in six deaths worldwide.However, reductions in deaths from
household air pollution and water pollution are offset by increased deaths attributable to
ambient air pollution and toxic chemical pollution. Deaths from these modern pollution risk
factors, which are the unintended consequence of industrialisation and urbanisation, have
risen by 7% since 2015 and by over 66% since 2000. The impact of land use type on the
content of potentially toxic elements in the soils and the associated ecological and human
health risks has drawn great attention.The literature signs a notable undesirable effect from
particle matter, O3, NO2, SO2, metals, and poly aromatic hydrocarbons emissions on
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.This review mainly focusses on the impact of air,
water, soil and plastic pollution on human health. Despite its substantial effects on health,
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societies, and economies, pollution prevention is largely overlooked in the international
development agenda. Pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss are closely linked,
actions taken to control pollution have a high potential to also mitigate the effects of those
other planetary threats, thus producing a double or even a triple benefit.
Key Words: Pollution, Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Biodiversity, Planetary threats.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A STUDY ON THE DECOLORIZATION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY
USING PLANT (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS) LEAF
EXTRACTS
C.M.Ugendar1, K.Rambabu2, A.Sarangapani1, M.Hema3, K.Sivakumar1
1 Dept. of chemistry, Sri Venkateshwara Arts college (TTD’s), Tirupati-517.501, AP, India
2Depat. of chemistry, Sanjay Gandhi Government Degree college, Piler -517214, AP, India.
3Depat. of Virology, Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati-517501, AP, India.
Abstract
Dye decolorization is a crucial process in wastewater treatment because it helps
decrease toxic substances enter into the environment. In this study, we investigated the use of
Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves extract for the decolorization of Methylene blue. The leaves
of Artocarpus heterophyllus, also known as jackfruit, were extracted by grinding the leaves
into a fine powder and used to decolorize methylene blue dye. The results showed that the
Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves extract was effective in the decolorization of dyes, with a
maximum dye removal efficiency. The optimal conditions for dye decolorization were found
to be at room temperature and a contact time of 7 days. The findings of this study suggest that
Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf extract can be used as a cost-effective and eco-friendly
alternative for the decolorization of dyes in wastewater
Keywords: Jackfruit, Leaf extract, Azo dyes, Concentrations, UV Visible spectrophotometer.
Reference:
1. Lee, K. T., & Wertz, J. E. (1982). Chemical modification of cotton with methylene
blue. Textile Research Journal, 52(10), 609-616.
2. Ash-Bernal, R., Wise, R., & Wright, S. M. (2015). Methylene blue-induced
hemoglobinemia and hematuria. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine,
33(9), 132.e3-132.e5.
3. Berney, M., Hammes, F., Bosshard, F., Weilenmann, H. U., & Egli, T. (2007).
Assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the LIVE/DEAD
BacLight Kit in combination with flow cytometry. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 73(10), 3283-3290.
4. Horsley, J. A. (2002). The cyanotype process: a photographic printing process from
the 19th century. Journal of Chemical Education, 79(6), 739.
5. Zolotov, V. Y., & Sagdeev, A. S. (2002). Analytical application of dyes for the
determination of oxygen in aqueous solutions. Talanta, 57(2), 213-223.
6. Bruchez, M., Moronne, M., Gin, P., Weiss, S., & Alivisatos, A. P. (1998).
Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science, 281(5385),
2013-2016.
NCPCSE-2023 ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
332
SYNTHESIS OF THREE RING BASED THERMOTROPIC MESOGENS WITH A
DIMETHYLAMINO GROUP: STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION,
PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
1,2 M. Venkateswara Reddy, 1P. Venkateswarlu.
1Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra pradesh
2PSC & KVSC Govt. Degree College, Nandyala.
Abstract
Thermotropic liquid crystals found potential use in photo-voltaics, organic thin film
transistors. The liquid crystal mesogens having light emitting property are gaining popularity
as functional materials in view of their application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes. Such
mesogens essentially require active chromophoric moieties in the mesogenic core so that the
mutual light emitting and liquid crystalline properties can be envisaged. In this work, three
ring core based mesogens with terminal dimethylamino unit were synthesized and confirmed
with 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques. The characterization of mesogens
was done by doing UV- Vis Spectroscopy and flouroscence. These mesogens exhibit
enantiotropic nematic phase and it was confirmed with DSC study. Further, the photophysical
properties of a representative C12 mesogen with three benzene rings and dimethyl amino
terminal group in solution exhibited an exciting feature. The steady state and time resolved
fluorescence studies indicate the negative solvotochromism in solvents with differing
polarity.
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INTRA AND INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN 1-
ALKANOL AND BENZONITRILE: COMPUTATIONAL AND
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY
K. Sreenivasulua, T. Ankaiahc, K. Siva Kumarb*
aDept. of Chemistry, Siddharth institute of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, AP, India.
b Biopolymers and Thermophysical Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, S.V. Arts UG & PG College
(TTD’S), Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
cDepartment of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
This study presents an investigation on the intra- and inter molecular interactions of
binary systems composed of benzonitrile (BN) and 1-alkanols namely, 1-propanol, 1-butanol,
1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and 1-heptanol. For this purpose, from the experimental density (ρ)
and speed of sound (u) data, excess volume (VE), isentropic compressibility (κs) and excess
isentropic compressibility
)
(kE
s
were calculated for all binary systems at different
temperatures range from (293.15 to 323.15)K with an interval of 5 K and at 0.1 MPa. Then,
the calculated excess properties data have been correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation
satisfactorily. Moreover, the optimized geometries, bond characteristics, natural bond orbital
(NBO) and interaction energies has been theoretically calculated using Density Functional
Theory (DFT - B3LYP) method with 6-31G (d,p) basis sets for pure components and their
complexes.
KEYWORDS: Density, Speed of sound, Benzonitrile, 1-alkanol, Redlich-Kister, Natural
bond orbital.
NCPCSE-2023 ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
333
GREEN SOLVENTS - A BOON TO THE RESEARCHER IN GREEN
CHEMISTRY
M. Renuka1 and V. Saleem Basha2
1NTR Govt. Degree College, Vayalpadu, Annamayya Dist, Andhra Pradesh
2 Govt. Degree College, Baruva, Srikakulam Dist, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract
―Green Solvents - A boon to the Researcher in Green Chemistry‘ is a valid quote as it
is linked with the present era which is completely depending on various industries and soft
technologies. Industries achieve their own uniqueness by producing environmentally benign
products with less hazardous by-products. Dodeca Principles of Green Chemistry showing
the ways for the sustainable development of environment. Using the green solvents in
chemical synthesis is one of the main principles of green chemistry as they are environmental
friendly solvents and are derived from the processing of agricultural crops, and other natural
processes. Hence it is growing interest for both updated research of a researcher of his
interest and in various chemical industries, as their contributions in achieving quality and
change in environment, minimise environmental pollution and energy economy etc. are
products of the processes. The prolonged exposure to petrochemical and volatile organic
solvents has harmful impact on all living organisms and damage to the organs. Hence, to
replace the hazardous solvents, Green solvents are aimed which are characterised by low
toxicity, Possibility of reuse with great efficiency and convenient accessibility, safer, low
volatility. In this Article complete picture and Current status of the Green Solvents are
focussed by considering a wide range of economic and environmental factors for Research
and Development.
Key Words: Sustainable development, Pollution, Green Solvents, Energy Usage, Reuse and
Biodegradability.
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“BEST WAYS TO REDUCE AIR POLUTION”
Dr. Bashetty Latha,
Lecturer in Telugu, KVR GDCW (a), Kurnool.
Abstract
Air is dynamic and many external factors can influence the natural composition of air.
These include natural as well as human related reasons that can alter the natural composition
of air, and affect the air quality. The air quality can change over different geographical areas
depending upon the physical factors that exist at a specific location. This deterioration of air
quality due to various natural and man-made reasons is known as air pollution. But is it really
that harmful that many believe it to be, is air pollution a fact or a myth? We will observe here
in this paper.
There are a lot of misconceptions regarding air pollution out there. Despite the
widespread claims to the contrary, air pollution is just as harmful to health.Some of the Best
Ways to Reduce Air Pollution
Using public transports.
NCPCSE-2023 ISBN: 978-93-5780-717-3
334
Turn off the lights when not in use.
Recycle and Reuse. ...
No to plastic bags. ...
Reduction of forest fires and smoking. ...
Use of fans instead of Air Conditioner. ...
Use filters for chimneys. ...
Avoid usage of crackers.
Key Words: Types of Pollution, Air Pollution, Preventive methods,
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ROLE OF FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENT IN
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Y. Savithri and Dr. P. Ravi Sekhar
Lecturer in Zoology, Government College for Men(A), Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega biodiverse regions of the world. India's
Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas are amongst the 32 biodiversity hotspots on earth.
India is a large and diverse country. Its land area includes regions with some of the world's
highest rainfall to very dry deserts, coast line to alpine regions, river deltas to tropical islands.
India is one of the ten most forest-rich countries of the world. The forests support a variety
of ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna. India is home to 12% of world's recorded flora,
some 47000 species of flowering and non-flowering plants. Over 59000 species of insects,
2500 species of fishes, 17000 species of angiosperms live in Indian forests. About 90000
animal species, representing over 7% of earth's recorded faunal species have been found in
Indian forests. Over 4000 mammal species are found here. India has one of the richest
varieties of bird species on earth, hosting about 12.5% of known species of birds. Many of
these flora and fauna species are endemic to India. Indian forests and wetlands serve as
temporary home to many migrant birds. In 2010, forestry industry contributed 0.9% to India's
GDP.
The wildlife in India comprises a mix of species of different types of organisms. It is home
to Bengaltigers, Indianlions, deers, pythons, wolves, foxes, bears, crocodiles, camels, wild
dogs, monkeys, snakes, antelope species, varieties of bison and the Asian elephant. The
region's rich and diverse wildlife is preserved in 89 national parks, 18 Bio-reserves and
400+ wildlife sanctuaries across the country. In recent decades India‘s flora and fauna is
threatened with extinction. Human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife. The
exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food
and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times.
Key words : Forests, Wild life, Conservation and sustainable development