Statistical Appendix for "Caring and sharing: Global analysis of happiness and kindness," Chapter 2 in World Happiness Report 2025 PDF Free Download
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Chapter 2
Statistical Appendix
World Happiness Report 2025
2
Statistical Appendix for “Caring and sharing:
Global analysis of happiness and kindness,”
Chapter 2 in World Happiness Report 2025
John F. Helliwell, Lara B. Aknin, Haifang Huang, Max Norton,
Shun Wang, Felix Cheung, Yeeun Archer Lee, and Sara Konrath
March 10, 2025
1 Data Sources and Variable Definitions
Happiness score or subjective well-being (variable name ladder ): The survey
measure of SWB is from the November, 2024 release of the Gallup World Poll
(GWP) covering years from 2005/06 to 2024. Unless stated otherwise, it is
the national average response to the question of life evaluations. The English
wording of the question is “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from
0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents the best
possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible
life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you
stand at this time?” This measure is also referred to as Cantril life ladder, or
just life ladder in our analysis.
The statistics of GDP per capita (variable name gdp) in purchasing power parity
(PPP) at constant 2021 international dollar prices are from World Development
Indicators (WDI, version 34, Last Updated:Oct 28, 2024). The GDP figures for
Taiwan Province of China, Syria, State of Palestine, Venezuela, Djibouti and
Yemen are from the Penn World Table 10.01, after adjusting the constant 2017
prices to 2021 price based on the U.S. inflation.
–GDP per capita in 2024 are not yet available as of January 2025. We extend
the GDP-per-capita time series from 2023 to 2024 using country-specific
forecasts of real GDP growth in 2024 first from the OECD Economic Out-
look No 116 (Edition 2024/2) and then, if missing, forecasts from World
Bank’s Global Economic Prospects (Last Updated: 06/11/2024). The
GDP growth forecasts are adjusted for population growth with the sub-
traction of 2022-23 population growth as the projected 2023-24 growth.
Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE). Healthy life expectancies at birth are based on
the data extracted from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Health
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Observatory data repository. The yearly data are available up to 2021 (Last
updated: 2024-08-02). To match this report’s sample period, extrapolation
and interpolation (when necessary) are used. A few countries (regions) are
missing in the WHO data. We compute the measure of healthy life expectancy
using information from World Development Indicators’ life expectancy measure,
which is not adjusted for health, and the ratio of healthy life expectancy to life
expectancy from Table 2 of “Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990-
2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010” by
Joshua A Salomon et al. in Lancet (2012).
Social support (or having someone to count on in times of trouble) is the national
average of the binary responses (either 0 or 1) to the GWP question “If you
were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you
whenever you need them, or not?”
Freedom to make life choices is the national average of responses to the GWP
question “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what
you do with your life?”
Generosity is the residual of regressing national average of response to the GWP
question “Have you donated money to a charity in the past month?” on GDP
per capita.
Corruption Perception: The measure is the national average of the survey re-
sponses to two questions in the GWP: “Is corruption widespread throughout
the government or not” and “Is corruption widespread within businesses or
not?” The overall perception is just the average of the two 0-or-1 responses. In
case the perception of government corruption is missing, we use the perception
of business corruption as the overall perception. The corruption perception at
the national level is just the average response of the overall perception at the
individual level.
Positive affect is defined as the average of three positive affect measures in GWP:
laugh, enjoyment and doing interesting things in the Gallup World Poll. These
measures are the responses to the following three questions, respectively: “Did
you smile or laugh a lot yesterday?”, and “Did you experience the following
feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Enjoyment?”,
“Did you learn or do something interesting yesterday?”
Negative affect is defined as the average of three negative affect measures in
GWP. They are worry, sadness and anger, respectively the responses to “Did
you experience the following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday?
How about Worry?”, “Did you experience the following feelings during A LOT
OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Sadness?”, and “Did you experience the
following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Anger?”
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Institutional trust: The first principal component of the following five measures:
confidence in the national government, confidence in the judicial system and
courts, confidence in the honesty of elections, confidence in the local police force,
and perceived corruption in business. This principal component is then used to
create a binary measure of high institutional trust using the 75th percentile in
the global distribution as the cutoff point; this way a country whose population
tends to have a low level of institutional trust in the global distribution will
have a low average institutional trust at the national level. This measure is
not available for all countries since not all surveys in all countries ask all of the
questions that are used to derive the principal component.
2 Coverage, Summary Statistics and Regression
Tables
WP5 is GWP’s coding of countries including some sub-country territories such as
Hong Kong. Not all the countries and territories appear in all the years. Our analysis
does not cover all of the country/territories that have valid happiness scores.
To appear in regression analysis that uses data from outside the GWP survey,
a wp5-year pair needs to have the necessary external information (GDP, healthy
life expectancy, etc). The regression analysis thus does not necessarily cover all of
the countries/territories in the GWP. Nor does it necessarily cover all the coun-
tries/territories that are ranked by their happiness scores in this report. The under-
lying principle is that we always use the largest available sample. For different kinds
of analysis/ranking, the largest available samples can be different.
Regions: Some of the analysis includes dummy indicator for regions, namely West-
ern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States,
Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, North Amer-
ica and ANZ, Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. A later set of
tables lists individual countries by their region grouping.
3 Imputed Missing Values in Our Exercise of Ex-
plaining Ladder Scores with Six Factors
We do not make use of any imputed missing values in our rankings of happiness and
its supporting factors. The only place where we make use of imputation is when
we try to decompose a country’s average ladder score into components explained by
six hypothesized underlying determinants (GDP per person, healthy life expectancy,
social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and perception of
corruption). A small number of countries have missing values in one or more of these
factors. The most prominent is about the perception of corruption in businesses and
governments. In several countries, the relevant questions were not asked in the Gallup
World Poll. For these countries we impute the missing values using the “control
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of corruption” indicator from the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project.
Specifically, the imputed value is calculated as the predicted value using estimates
from a model that regresses Gallup World Poll’s perception of corruption on WGI’s
control of corruption. We list in a later table all the countries that have the measure
of corruption perception imputed in this way.
In a few cases, countries are missing one or more of the happiness factors in the
most recent years, but the information is available in earlier years; for example they
may have GDP statistics in 2021 but not in the period from 2022 to 2024. In this
case we use the information from the last available year. There is a limit of 3 years for
how far back we go in search of those missing values. A few territories/countries do
not have data on healthy life expectancy in the World Health Organization’s (WHO)
Global Health Observatory data repository. For Hong Kong, we calculate the health
life-to-life expectancy ratio using estimates reported in “Healthy life expectancy in
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,” by C.K. Law, & P.S.F. Yip,
published at the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81 (1). The same
ratio information for Eswatini in the period 2005-2010 can be found in “Healthy
life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990 - 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global
Burden Disease Study 2010,” by Joshua A Salomon et al, The Lancet, Volume 380,
Issue 9859. We then multiply the ratios for Hong Kong and Eswatini, respectively,
with their life expectancy time series in the WDI to get the health life expectancy.
The time series is then extrapolated to the end of our sample period just like for
other countries. The Lancet article also provides information for Taiwan Province of
China and State of Palestine. But the WDI does not provide life expectancy data
for these two regions. For these two, we use their 2010 healthy life expectancy. For
Kosovo, we adjust its time series of life expectancy (available in the World Develop-
ment Indicators) to a time series of health life expectancy by assuming that its health
life-to-life expectancy ratio equals to the world average. We note again we do not
use any of the imputed values to generate country rankings. We use them only for
our decomposition exercises, and the ranking of countries does not depend on those
exercises.
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Table 1: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 1
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
United States (1) 1001 1225 1004 1003 1005 1008 2094 1005 2048 1019 1032 1013 1004 1026 1007 1005 1003 1005 1000
Egypt (2) 999 1024 1105 2112 2053 5296 4186 1149 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2070 1002 1002 1001 1001 1001
Morocco (3) 1006 1001 3000 1007 2050 1008 1006 1001 1015 1006 1001 1015 1015 1019
Lebanon (4) 996 1000 1000 2010 2027 2007 2013 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1050 1000 1000 1000 1004
Saudi Arabia (5) 1004 1006 1150 2052 2038 2022 1077 2036 2035 1012 1000 1002 1003 1045 1043 1008 1023 1021 1018
Jordan (6) 1000 1016 1007 2016 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1012 1002 1001 1012 1000 1000 1000 1006
Syria (7) 1209 2100 2035 2041 2043 1022 1002
Turkiye (8) 995 1001 1004 999 1000 1001 2000 1000 2003 1002 1001 1000 1000 2059 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Pakistan (9) 1001 1502 2484 3122 1030 1000 3012 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1091 1000 1000 1012 1001 1000
Indonesia (10) 1180 1000 1050 1080 1080 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2192 1062 1063 1002 1000 1073
Bangladesh (11) 1048 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3072 1013 1000 1000 1000 1000
United Kingdom (12) 1037 1204 1001 1002 1000 9239 13408 750 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
France (13) 1002 1220 1006 1000 1004 1001 2005 751 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Germany (14) 1001 1221 3016 2010 1007 9105 13269 751 2014 1000 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1002 1001 1000
Netherlands (15) 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 751 2002 1003 1000 1001 1002 1029 1006 1000 1006 1016 1004
Belgium (16) 1003 1022 1002 1003 1002 1001 1006 2004 1037 1000 1001 1011 1025 1005 1010 1000 1000 1002
Spain (17) 1000 1004 1009 1005 1000 1006 2003 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1002 1000
Italy (18) 1002 1008 1008 1005 1000 1005 2007 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001
Poland (19) 1000 1000 1000 2000 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1010 1001 1000 1002 1000
Hungary (20) 1025 1010 1008 1008 1014 1004 1019 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1009 1006 1006
Czechia (21) 1001 1072 2082 1000 1005 1001 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1004 1008 1003 1003 1003
Romania (22) 1022 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 998 1001 1001 1001 1002 1080 1000 1009 1000 1000 1000
Sweden (23) 1000 1001 1000 1002 1002 1006 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1001 1025 1000 1010 1001 1001 1004
Greece (24) 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1006 1000 1006 1004
Denmark (25) 1004 1009 1001 1000 1000 1005 1001 753 2002 1005 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1010 1001 1008 1005
Iran (26) 1300 1004 1040 1003 3507 1000 2009 1001 1000 1000 1002 1058 1009 1011 1007 1007 1008
Hong Kong SAR of China (27) 800 751 755 756 1028 1006 2017 1005 1007 1004 1005 1007 1004 1005 1006
Singapore (28) 1095 1000 2551 1005 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1000 1028 1000 1000
Japan (29) 1000 1150 3000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1001 2006 1003 1003 1002 1003 1023 1016 1007 1005 1009 1008
China (30) 3730 3733 3712 3833 4151 4220 9413 4244 4696 4265 4373 4141 3649 3709 3503 3500 2221 1009
India (31) 2100 3186 2000 3010 6000 3518 100805540 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 6643 9453 3000 3000 3009 3086
Venezuela (32) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1002 1002
Brazil (33) 1029 1038 1032 1031 1043 1042 1002 2006 1007 1004 1001 1000 1000 3001 1002 1005 1000 1000 1000
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Table 2: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 2
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Mexico (34) 1007 999 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1017 1031 1000 1000 1034 1001 1010 1000 1000 1000 1038
Nigeria (35) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000
Kenya (36) 1000 1000 2200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1008 1000 1000 1002 1003
Tanzania (37) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1001 1004 1001
Israel (38) 1002 1001 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1095 1057 1001 1000 1001 1001
State of Palestine (39) 1000 1000 1000 2014 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1000 1000 1000
Ghana (40) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Uganda (41) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1016 1000 1000 1000 1009
Benin (42) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1042 1000 1000 1000 1000
Madagascar (43) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Malawi (44) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1002 1002
South Africa (45) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1019 1032 1007 1000 1000
Canada (46) 1355 1010 1005 1011 1007 1013 2003 1021 2025 1011 1016 1005 1009 1031 1006 1008 1014 1004 1024
Australia (47) 1000 1205 1005 1000 1010 1002 1002 2002 1001 1004 1003 1001 1047 1003 1000 1000 1002 1000
Philippines (48) 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2090 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sri Lanka (49) 1033 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 2031 1030 1062 1062 1104 1109 1083 1000 1005 1000 1000 1000
Viet Nam (50) 1023 1015 1016 1008 1000 1000 2000 1017 1000 1000 1039 1002 1012 2000 1000 1020 1000 1000 1000
Thailand (51) 1410 1006 1038 1019 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1003
Cambodia (52) 1000 1000 1024 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000
Lao PDR (53) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2504 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Myanmar (54) 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1600 1000 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001
New Zealand (55) 1028 750 750 750 1000 1008 500 2001 1007 1004 1001 1001 1042 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000
Angola (56) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Botswana (57) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1002 1114 1003 1005 1000
Ethiopia (60) 1500 1000 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 2222 1003 1000 1000 1001
Mali (61) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Mauritania (62) 1000 1000 1984 2000 2000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000 1000 1000
Mozambique (63) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Niger (64) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Rwanda (65) 1504 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Senegal (66) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Zambia (67) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1026 1000 1000 1000 1002
Republic of Korea (68) 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 2000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1015 1016 1005 1001 1010 1003 1003
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Table 3: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 3
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Taiwan Province of China (69) 1002 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 1000 1000 1003 1000
Afghanistan (70) 1010 2000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1127 1000 1000 1000
Belarus (71) 1092 1114 1091 1077 1013 1007 1052 1032 1036 1034 1039 1053 1061 1128
Georgia (72) 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1001 1000 1000 1000
Kazakhstan (73) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Kyrgyzstan (74) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000
Republic of Moldova (75) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Russian Federation (76) 2011 2949 2019 2042 4000 2000 3000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 3003 2022 2001 2006 2017 1000
Ukraine (77) 1102 1066 1074 1081 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000
Burkina Faso (78) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1007 1000 1000 1000
Cameroon (79) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sierra Leone (80) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1133 1000 1000 1000 1000
Zimbabwe (81) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1082 1004 1000 1000 1000 1001
Costa Rica (82) 1002 1002 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 1003
Albania (83) 981 1000 1000 1006 1029 1035 999 1000 999 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Algeria (84) 1000 2001 2027 1002 1001 1016 1000 1100 1016 1005 821 1003
Argentina (87) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1000 1000 1005 1007 1000
Armenia (88) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1003 1000 1000
Austria (89) 1004 1001 2000 1004 1001 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Azerbaijan (90) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1028 1000 1000
Bahrain (92) 2128 2032 2010 1000 1002 1005 2004 1010 1064 1060 1009 1009 1015
Belize (94) 502 504 509
Bhutan (95) 1000 1020 1020
Bolivia (96) 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1004 1000 1000 1000
Bosnia and Herzegovina (97) 2002 1002 1000 1009 1005 1010 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000
Bulgaria (99) 1003 2000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1080 1000 1005 1000 1000 1000
Burundi (100) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Central African Republic (102) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Chad (103) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1111 1000 1000 1000
Chile (104) 1007 1023 1108 1009 1007 1009 1003 1001 1032 1040 1008 1040 1000 1060 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000
Colombia (105) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1003 1000
Comoros (106) 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000
DR Congo (107) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
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Table 4: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 4
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Congo (108) 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000
Croatia (109) 1000 1009 1029 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1002 1002 1004 1000
Cuba (110) 1000
Cyprus (111) 1000 502 1005 1005 500 500 2000 1029 1006 1008 1026 1043 1005 1019 1014 1022 1010
Djibouti (112) 1000 2000 1000 1000
Dominican Republic (114) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1078 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000
Ecuador (115) 1067 1061 1001 1000 1000 1003 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
El Salvador (116) 1000 1001 1000 1006 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000
Estonia (119) 1003 1001 601 608 1007 1004 1010 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1024 1004 1006 1006
Finland (121) 1010 1005 1000 1000 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1005 1000 1011 1000
Gabon (122) 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Guatemala (124) 1021 1000 1000 1015 1014 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000 1000 1000
Guinea (125) 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140 1005 1000 1000 1000 1000
Guyana (127) 501
Haiti (128) 505 500 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 500
Honduras (129) 1000 1000 1000 1002 1000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1005 1000 1000 1004
Iceland (130) 502 1002 502 596 529 500 504 501 500 500 507 500
Iraq (131) 990 2001 2000 2000 2000 1003 2010 1009 1011 1000 2097 1000 1002 1046 1035 1000
Ireland (132) 1000 1001 500 1001 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1002 1000
Cˆote d’Ivoire (134) 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1021 1000 1000 1000 1000
Jamaica (135) 543 506 504 504 504 501 502 505 500
Kuwait (137) 1000 2002 2004 2000 1000 1008 1013 2000 1000 1000 2023 1004 1071 1003
Latvia (138) 1000 1017 513 515 1006 1001 1000 1002 1001 1019 1002 1021 1080 1001 1017 1014 1001 1001
Lesotho (139) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1020
Liberia (140) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000
Libya (141) 1002 1006 1001 1007 1004 1040 1000 1016 1000
Lithuania (143) 1015 1007 506 500 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1009 1000 1000 1012
Luxembourg (144) 500 1002 1000 1001 500 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000
North Macedonia (145) 1042 1008 1000 1018 1025 1020 1000 1024 1024 1008 1008 1080 1003 1024 1000 1000 1005
Malaysia (146) 1012 1233 1000 1011 1000 1000 1000 1000 2008 1002 1000 1060 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Maldives (147) 1000
Malta (148) 508 1008 1004 1004 500 2013 1002 1011 1004 1010 1027 1001 1001 1002 1002 1006
Mauritius (150) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1059 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
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Table 5: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 5
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Mongolia (153) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Montenegro (154) 834 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1004 1000 1000 1000
Namibia (155) 1000 1000 1000 1005 1002 1000 1001 1003 1000 1000
Nepal (157) 1002 1000 1003 1002 1000 1000 2000 1050 1050 1000 1000 1000 1000 2095 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Nicaragua (158) 1001 1000 1000 1012 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1010 1000 1000 1129
Norway (160) 1001 1000 1004 2000 1005 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1007 1002 1004 1007
Oman (161) 2016 1003
Panama (163) 1005 1000 1004 1018 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1000 1000 1010
Paraguay (164) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1079 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000
Peru (165) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000
Portugal (166) 1007 1002 2002 1000 1001 1001 2020 1021 1008 1000 1003 1026 1002 1002 1002 1003 1001
Qatar (168) 2028 1000 1032 2000 1000
Serbia (173) 1556 1008 1000 1001 1023 1030 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1000 1001 1000 1000
Slovakia (175) 1018 1007 1012 1007 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1003 1001 1001 1001
Slovenia (176) 1009 500 1002 1001 1000 1001 2020 1002 1000 1000 1000 1025 1001 1001 1030 1000 1001
Somalia (178) 1000 1000 1191 1001
Sudan (181) 1784 1808 2000 1000 1000
Suriname (182) 504
Eswatini (183) 1000 1000 1110 1000 1000 1043
Switzerland (184) 1000 1003 1000 2010 501 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000
Tajikistan (185) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000
The Gambia (186) 1000 1000 1120 1000 1000 1016
Togo (187) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000 1000 1000
Trinidad and Tobago (189) 508 502 504 504 504 502
Tunisia (190) 1006 2085 2034 2053 1053 1056 1000 1001 1001 1001 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000
Turkmenistan (191) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1089
United Arab Emirates (193) 1013 2054 2066 2036 2016 1000 1002 2903 1855 1850 1857 1413 2928 1002 1030 1000 1000
Uruguay (194) 1004 1004 1005 1000 1000 1000 1009 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000
Uzbekistan (195) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Yemen (197) 1000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140 1000 1000
Kosovo (198) 1046 1047 1000 1017 1047 1024 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1088 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000
Somaliland region (199) 2000 2000 2000 1000
South Sudan (205) 1000 1000 1000 1000
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Figure 1: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 1
0 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Afghanistan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Albania
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Algeria
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Angola
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Argentina
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Armenia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Australia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Austria
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Azerbaijan
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bahrain
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bangladesh
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Belarus
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Belgium
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Belize
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Benin
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bhutan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bolivia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Botswana
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Brazil
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Bulgaria
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Burkina Faso
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Burundi
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Cambodia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Cameroon
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Canada
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Central African Republic
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Chad
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Chile
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
China
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Figure 2: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 2
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Colombia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Comoros
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Congo
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Costa Rica
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Croatia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Cuba
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Cyprus
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Czechia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Côte d?Ivoire
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
DR Congo
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Denmark
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Djibouti
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Dominican Republic
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Ecuador
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Egypt
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
El Salvador
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Estonia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Eswatini
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Ethiopia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Finland
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
France
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Gabon
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Gambia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Georgia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Germany
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Ghana
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Greece
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Guatemala
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Guinea
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Guyana
11
World Happiness Report 2025
13
Figure 3: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 3
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Haiti
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Honduras
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Hong Kong SAR of China
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Hungary
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Iceland
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
India
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Indonesia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Iran
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Iraq
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Ireland
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Israel
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Italy
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Jamaica
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Japan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Jordan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Kazakhstan
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Kenya
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Kosovo
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Kuwait
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Kyrgyzstan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Lao PDR
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Latvia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Lebanon
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Lesotho
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Liberia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Libya
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Lithuania
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Luxembourg
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Madagascar
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Malawi
12
World Happiness Report 2025
14
Figure 4: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 4
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Malaysia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Maldives
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mali
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Malta
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mauritania
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mauritius
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mexico
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mongolia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Montenegro
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Morocco
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Mozambique
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Myanmar
2345
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Namibia
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Nepal
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Netherlands
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
New Zealand
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Nicaragua
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Niger
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Nigeria
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
North Macedonia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Norway
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Oman
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Pakistan
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Panama
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Paraguay
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Peru
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Philippines
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Poland
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Portugal
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Qatar
13
World Happiness Report 2025
15
Figure 5: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 5
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Republic of Korea
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Republic of Moldova
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Romania
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Russian Federation
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Rwanda
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Saudi Arabia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Senegal
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Serbia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Sierra Leone
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Singapore
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Slovakia
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Slovenia
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Somalia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Somaliland region
246
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
South Africa
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
South Sudan
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Spain
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Sri Lanka
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
State of Palestine
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Sudan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Suriname
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Sweden
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Switzerland
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Syria
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Taiwan Province of China
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Tajikistan
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Tanzania
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Thailand
2 3 4
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Togo
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Trinidad and Tobago
14
World Happiness Report 2025
16
Figure 6: Country-by-country trajectory plots - part 6
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Tunisia
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Turkmenistan
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Türkiye
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Uganda
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Ukraine
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
United Arab Emirates
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
United Kingdom
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
United States
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Uruguay
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Uzbekistan
2 4 6 8
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Venezuela
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Viet Nam
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Yemen
2 4 6
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Zambia
2 3 4 5
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Zimbabwe
15
World Happiness Report 2025
17
Figure 7: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 1
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Afghanistan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Albania
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Algeria
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Angola
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Argentina
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Armenia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Australia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Austria
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Azerbaijan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bahrain
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bangladesh
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Belarus
16
World Happiness Report 2025
18
Figure 8: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 2
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Belgium
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Belize
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Benin
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bhutan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bolivia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Botswana
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Brazil
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Bulgaria
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Burkina Faso
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Burundi
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Cambodia
17
World Happiness Report 2025
19
Figure 9: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 3
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Cameroon
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Canada
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Central African Republic
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Chad
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Chile
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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China
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Colombia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Comoros
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Congo
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Costa Rica
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Croatia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Cuba
18
World Happiness Report 2025
20
Figure 10: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 4
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Cyprus
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Czechia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Côte d?Ivoire
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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DR Congo
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Denmark
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Djibouti
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Dominican Republic
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Ecuador
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Egypt
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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El Salvador
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Estonia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Eswatini
19
World Happiness Report 2025
21
Figure 11: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 5
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Ethiopia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Finland
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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France
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Gabon
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Gambia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Georgia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Germany
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Ghana
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Greece
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Guatemala
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Guinea
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Guyana
20
World Happiness Report 2025
22
Figure 12: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 6
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Haiti
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Honduras
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Hong Kong SAR of China
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Hungary
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Iceland
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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India
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Indonesia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Iran
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Iraq
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Ireland
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Israel
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Italy
21
World Happiness Report 2025
23
Figure 13: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 7
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Jamaica
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Japan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Jordan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Kazakhstan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Kenya
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Kosovo
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Kuwait
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Kyrgyzstan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Lao PDR
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Latvia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Lebanon
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Lesotho
22
World Happiness Report 2025
24
Figure 14: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 8
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Liberia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Libya
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Lithuania
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Luxembourg
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Madagascar
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Malawi
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Malaysia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Maldives
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mali
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Malta
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mauritania
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mauritius
23
World Happiness Report 2025
25
Figure 15: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 9
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mexico
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mongolia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Montenegro
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Morocco
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Mozambique
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Myanmar
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Namibia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Nepal
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Netherlands
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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New Zealand
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Nicaragua
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Niger
24
World Happiness Report 2025
26
Figure 16: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 10
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Nigeria
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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North Macedonia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Norway
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Oman
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Pakistan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Panama
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Paraguay
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Peru
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Philippines
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Poland
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Portugal
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Qatar
25
World Happiness Report 2025
27
Figure 17: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 11
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Republic of Korea
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Republic of Moldova
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Romania
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Russian Federation
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Rwanda
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Saudi Arabia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Senegal
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Serbia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Sierra Leone
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Singapore
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Slovakia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Slovenia
26
World Happiness Report 2025
28
Figure 18: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 12
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Somalia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Somaliland region
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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South Africa
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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South Sudan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Spain
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Sri Lanka
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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State of Palestine
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Sudan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Suriname
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Sweden
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Switzerland
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Syria
27
World Happiness Report 2025
29
Figure 19: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 13
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Taiwan Province of China
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Tajikistan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Tanzania
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Thailand
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Togo
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Trinidad and Tobago
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Tunisia
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Turkmenistan
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Türkiye
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Uganda
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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Ukraine
0 .5 1
2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
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United Arab Emirates
28
World Happiness Report 2025
30
Figure 20: Country-by-country trajectory of prosociality - part 14
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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United Kingdom
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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United States
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Uruguay
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Uzbekistan
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Venezuela
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Viet Nam
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Yemen
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Zambia
0 .5 1
20082012201620202024
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Zimbabwe
29
World Happiness Report 2025
31
Table 6: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Fullest sample
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.49 1.13 1.28 8.02 2508
Positive affect 0.65 0.11 0.18 0.88 2484
Negative affect 0.27 0.09 0.08 0.70 2492
Log GDP per capita 9.56 1.14 5.62 11.89 2478
Social support 0.81 0.12 0.23 0.99 2495
Healthy life expectancy at birth 62.52 6.64 35.27 73.8 2440
Freedom to make life choices 0.75 0.14 0.23 0.99 2470
Generosity 0 0.16 -0.34 0.69 2425
Perceptions of corruption 0.74 0.18 0.04 0.98 2374
Table 7: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Period from 2022 to 2024
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.59 1.16 1.28 7.78 423
Positive affect 0.66 0.11 0.21 0.86 423
Negative affect 0.29 0.09 0.08 0.58 423
Log GDP per capita 9.67 1.13 7.23 11.81 407
Social support 0.8 0.13 0.23 0.99 423
Healthy life expectancy at birth 61.12 6.79 43.25 73.5 411
Freedom to make life choices 0.79 0.12 0.23 0.98 417
Generosity 0.02 0.16 -0.32 0.59 407
Perceptions of corruption 0.72 0.17 0.15 0.95 402
30
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Table 8: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
with year fixed effects)
Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.328 -.017 -.0008 0.366
(0.062)
∗∗∗
(0.01)
∗
(0.007) (0.061)
∗∗∗
Social support 2.686 0.325 -.343 2.021
(0.336)
∗∗∗
(0.055)
∗∗∗
(0.043)
∗∗∗
(0.348)
∗∗∗
Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.032 -.0007 0.003 0.033
(0.01)
∗∗∗
(0.001) (0.001)
∗∗∗
(0.01)
∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 1.518 0.381 -.089 0.694
(0.295)
∗∗∗
(0.045)
∗∗∗
(0.039)
∗∗
(0.276)
∗∗
Generosity 0.382 0.081 0.026 0.198
(0.243) (0.032)
∗∗
(0.027) (0.232)
Perceptions of corruption -.669 -.016 0.095 -.645
(0.249)
∗∗∗
(0.027) (0.021)
∗∗∗
(0.235)
∗∗∗
Positive affect 2.212
(0.326)
∗∗∗
Negative affect 0.147
(0.379)
Year 2005 0.405 -.003 0.034 0.408
(0.081)
∗∗∗
(0.009) (0.008)
∗∗∗
(0.076)
∗∗∗
Year 2006 -.047 -.003 -.0006 -.033
(0.061) (0.01) (0.009) (0.06)
Year 2007 0.237 0.011 -.028 0.23
(0.063)
∗∗∗
(0.009) (0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.062)
∗∗∗
Year 2008 0.345 0.021 -.041 0.311
(0.06)
∗∗∗
(0.008)
∗∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.064)
∗∗∗
Year 2009 0.223 0.006 -.025 0.217
(0.059)
∗∗∗
(0.008) (0.008)
∗∗∗
(0.057)
∗∗∗
Year 2010 0.134 -.003 -.027 0.147
(0.049)
∗∗∗
(0.008) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.05)
∗∗∗
Year 2011 0.144 -.014 -.022 0.18
(0.049)
∗∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.05)
∗∗∗
Year 2012 0.128 -.0003 -.015 0.133
(0.041)
∗∗∗
(0.006) (0.006)
∗∗
(0.042)
∗∗∗
Year 2013 0.021 0.004 -.007 0.017
(0.04) (0.005) (0.006) (0.041)
Year 2015 0.009 -.0002 0.003 0.011
(0.039) (0.005) (0.004) (0.038)
Year 2016 -.037 -.008 0.017 -.020
(0.047) (0.005) (0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.045)
Year 2017 0.036 -.018 0.022 0.075
(0.054) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.052)
Year 2018 0.048 -.016 0.028 0.081
(0.061) (0.007)
∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.058)
Year 2019 0.04 -.019 0.026 0.079
(0.063) (0.007)
∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.06)
Year 2020 0.077 -.018 0.042 0.112
(0.067) (0.007)
∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.063)
∗
Year 2021 0.078 -.019 0.025 0.118
(0.065) (0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.059)
∗∗
Year 2022 0.071 -.017 0.032 0.106
(0.059) (0.007)
∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.056)
∗
Year 2023 0.174 -.019 0.027 0.214
(0.058)
∗∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.056)
∗∗∗
Year 2024 0.227 -.011 0.031 0.249
(0.063)
∗∗∗
(0.007) (0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.061)
∗∗∗
Obs. 2234 2229 2233 2228
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.761 0.437 0.35 0.785
Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
31
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33
Table 9: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
without year fixed effects)
Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.349 -.018 0.003 0.389
(0.059)
∗∗∗
(0.009)
∗∗
(0.007) (0.058)
∗∗∗
Social support 2.678 0.341 -.386 1.931
(0.33)
∗∗∗
(0.053)
∗∗∗
(0.043)
∗∗∗
(0.34)
∗∗∗
Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.028 -.0007 0.003 0.029
(0.009)
∗∗∗
(0.001) (0.001)
∗∗∗
(0.009)
∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 1.428 0.355 -.026 0.64
(0.274)
∗∗∗
(0.04)
∗∗∗
(0.036) (0.252)
∗∗
Generosity 0.428 0.087 0.017 0.235
(0.242)
∗
(0.031)
∗∗∗
(0.027) (0.231)
Perceptions of corruption -.668 -.018 0.101 -.627
(0.246)
∗∗∗
(0.027) (0.022)
∗∗∗
(0.234)
∗∗∗
Positive affect 2.230
(0.329)
∗∗∗
Negative affect 0.025
(0.349)
Obs. 2234 2229 2233 2228
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.756 0.432 0.285 0.781
Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
32
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Table 10: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
with both year fixed effects and country fixed effects)
Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.588 0.043 -.025 0.457
(0.125)
∗∗∗
(0.012)
∗∗∗
(0.009)
∗∗∗
(0.103)
∗∗∗
Social support 2.510 0.143 -.372 1.790
(0.319)
∗∗∗
(0.032)
∗∗∗
(0.038)
∗∗∗
(0.288)
∗∗∗
Healthy life expectancy at birth -.012 0.0004 0.003 -.010
(0.01) (0.0009) (0.001)
∗∗
(0.009)
Freedom to make life choices 0.947 0.119 -.072 0.599
(0.239)
∗∗∗
(0.022)
∗∗∗
(0.028)
∗∗
(0.218)
∗∗∗
Generosity 0.585 0.122 0.091 0.383
(0.202)
∗∗∗
(0.023)
∗∗∗
(0.026)
∗∗∗
(0.168)
∗∗
Perceptions of corruption -.842 0.003 0.11 -.733
(0.21)
∗∗∗
(0.025) (0.025)
∗∗∗
(0.215)
∗∗∗
Positive affect 2.403
(0.355)
∗∗∗
Negative affect -.992
(0.41)
∗∗
Year 2005 0.194 -.008 -.018 0.196
(0.049)
∗∗∗
(0.005) (0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.048)
∗∗∗
Year 2006 -.134 -.007 0.005 -.109
(0.062)
∗∗
(0.006) (0.007) (0.057)
∗
Year 2007 0.138 0.004 -.029 0.091
(0.065)
∗∗
(0.007) (0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.063)
Year 2008 0.247 0.0002 -.042 0.208
(0.066)
∗∗∗
(0.006) (0.008)
∗∗∗
(0.066)
∗∗∗
Year 2009 0.211 0.002 -.028 0.18
(0.055)
∗∗∗
(0.006) (0.008)
∗∗∗
(0.055)
∗∗∗
Year 2010 0.116 -.0006 -.030 0.089
(0.048)
∗∗
(0.006) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.049)
∗
Year 2011 0.141 -.010 -.023 0.143
(0.048)
∗∗∗
(0.006) (0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.049)
∗∗∗
Year 2012 0.11 -.006 -.014 0.112
(0.039)
∗∗∗
(0.005) (0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.038)
∗∗∗
Year 2013 0.028 0.003 -.005 0.018
(0.038) (0.004) (0.005) (0.039)
Year 2015 0.013 0.004 0.0006 0.007
(0.039) (0.004) (0.004) (0.039)
Year 2016 -.030 -.0008 0.018 -.008
(0.043) (0.004) (0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.041)
Year 2017 0.062 -.010 0.024 0.111
(0.054) (0.005)
∗∗
(0.005)
∗∗∗
(0.049)
∗∗
Year 2018 0.094 -.007 0.033 0.144
(0.061) (0.005) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.053)
∗∗∗
Year 2019 0.103 -.010 0.03 0.159
(0.064) (0.005)
∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.056)
∗∗∗
Year 2020 0.097 -.005 0.046 0.155
(0.063) (0.005) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.054)
∗∗∗
Year 2021 0.036 -.016 0.025 0.101
(0.062) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.053)
∗
Year 2022 -.002 -.017 0.032 0.074
(0.061) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.053)
Year 2023 0.067 -.018 0.028 0.141
(0.061) (0.006)
∗∗∗
(0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.054)
∗∗∗
Year 2024 0.089 -.006 0.034 0.139
(0.062) (0.006) (0.007)
∗∗∗
(0.055)
∗∗
Obs. 2234 2229 2233 2228
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.897 0.868 0.74 0.907
Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
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35
Table 11: Individual-Level Regressions by Sample Period and Age Group, with Year
Fixed Effects and Country Fixed Effects
All Below30 Age30To59 Age60above
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Female 0.178 0.199 0.199 0.129
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Age below 30 0.231
(0.036)∗∗∗
Age 30 to 44 -.040 0.038
(0.031) (0.013)∗∗∗
Age 45 to 59 -.069
(0.023)∗∗∗
Log of household income 0.354 0.28 0.396 0.373
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Social support 0.737 0.725 0.714 0.759
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.404 -.317 -.512 -.540
(0.02)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗ (0.054)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.445 0.397 0.445 0.555
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.024)∗∗∗
University degree 0.298 0.15 0.347 0.313
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner -.051 -.212 0.084 0.144
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗
Separated, divorced or widowed -.242 -.462 -.138 0.041
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.034)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.028)
Donation 0.23 0.175 0.23 0.259
(0.011)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗
Volunteering 0.094 0.079 0.079 0.13
(0.011)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Help stranger 0.03 0.038 0.028 0.062
(0.009)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.009)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.081 -.077 -.083 -.005
(0.026)∗∗∗ (0.032)∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.03)
Perception of corruption -.235 -.189 -.239 -.280
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗
Health problems -.444 -.252 -.420 -.591
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.027)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Institutional trust 0.264 0.253 0.257 0.295
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗
Obs. 1556187 487373 783174 285640
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155
e(r2-a) 0.265 0.239 0.282 0.3
Notes: 1) All regressions include year fixed effects and country fixed effects (estimates not shown
here for space reason). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical
significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted
at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 3). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
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Table 12: Individual-Level Regressions with Cohort Fixed Effects, Year Fixed Effects
and Country Fixed Effects
AllYears NAandANZ AllYears2 NAandANZ2 Y2017To2023 Y2009To2016
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Log of household income 0.354 0.257 0.307 0.413
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗
Social support 0.728 0.997 0.8 0.641
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.137)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.398 -.515 -.426 -.355
(0.02)∗∗∗ (0.079)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.446 0.701 0.507 0.364
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.102)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
University degree 0.333 0.156 0.342 0.345
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.047)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner 0.028 0.241 0.052 -.017
(0.015)∗(0.048)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.015)
Separated, divorced or widowed -.173 -.071 -.156 -.208
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.044) (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Generosity 0.261 0.215 0.244 0.249
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.079 -.140 -.071 -.098
(0.026)∗∗∗ (0.049)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Perception of corruption -.227 -.206 -.237 -.182
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.012)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗
Health problems -.435 -.713 -.476 -.413
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.054)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗
Institutional trust (TIDA) 0.259 0.31 0.269 0.232
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.027)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗
Female 0.089 0.124 0.169 0.159 0.207 0.135
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.018)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗
Age -.047 -.046 -.052 -.051 -.054 -.047
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗
Age squared divided by 100 0.033 0.051 0.044 0.06 0.046 0.039
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Born 1965-1980 0.14 0.181 0.164 0.151 0.188 0.112
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.042)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.085)∗(0.017)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Born before 1965 0.205 0.257 0.247 0.211 0.278 0.19
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.046)∗∗∗ (0.025)∗∗∗ (0.108)∗(0.033)∗∗∗ (0.028)∗∗∗
Obs. 2812735 78773 1558530 40562 732003 721316
e(N-clust) 165 4 155 4 146 150
e(r2-a) 0.196 0.027 0.266 0.199 0.252 0.304
Notes: 1) All regressions include year fixed effects and country fixed effects (estimates not
shown here for space reason). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate
statistical significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors
are cluster-adjusted at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of
countries. 3). See section “Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
35
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Table 13: Individual-Level Regressions by Birth Cohort, with Year Fixed Effects and
Country Fixed Effects
All GenY GenX Boomer GenYNAandANZ GenXNAandANZ BoomerNAandANZ
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Log of household income 0.354 0.301 0.405 0.403 0.241 0.284 0.248
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.015)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.055)∗∗∗ (0.043)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Social support 0.728 0.724 0.702 0.731 0.94 1.101 0.908
(0.019)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.22)∗∗∗ (0.155)∗∗∗ (0.114)∗∗∗
Unemployed -.398 -.346 -.535 -.526 -.380 -.753 -.677
(0.02)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.029)∗∗∗ (0.038)∗∗∗ (0.081)∗∗∗ (0.14)∗∗∗ (0.058)∗∗∗
Freedom to make life choices 0.446 0.412 0.441 0.502 0.627 0.692 0.811
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.113)∗∗∗ (0.11)∗∗∗ (0.121)∗∗∗
University degree 0.333 0.309 0.343 0.331 0.208 0.146 0.137
(0.018)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.048)∗∗∗ (0.051)∗∗∗
Married or domestic partner 0.028 -.018 0.102 0.128 0.219 0.26 0.338
(0.015)∗(0.016) (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.026)∗∗∗ (0.045)∗∗∗ (0.091)∗∗∗ (0.038)∗∗∗
Separated, divorced or widowed -.173 -.244 -.112 -.013 -.153 -.074 0.048
(0.016)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.023) (0.151) (0.067) (0.019)∗∗
Generosity 0.261 0.215 0.27 0.278 0.119 0.244 0.301
(0.012)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.033)∗∗∗ (0.046)∗∗∗ (0.033)∗∗∗
Foreign born indicator -.079 -.075 -.070 -.031 -.213 -.129 -.057
(0.026)∗∗∗ (0.03)∗∗ (0.034)∗∗ (0.027) (0.032)∗∗∗ (0.056)∗∗ (0.066)
Perception of corruption -.227 -.184 -.239 -.270 -.143 -.125 -.311
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.031)∗∗∗ (0.052)∗∗ (0.029)∗∗∗
Health problems -.435 -.280 -.397 -.568 -.709 -.692 -.711
(0.023)∗∗∗ (0.027)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.08)∗∗∗ (0.106)∗∗∗ (0.045)∗∗∗
Institutional trust (TIDA) 0.259 0.248 0.253 0.29 0.422 0.245 0.244
(0.015)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.019)∗∗∗ (0.02)∗∗∗ (0.062)∗∗∗ (0.055)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗
Female 0.169 0.182 0.191 0.145 0.109 0.192 0.172
(0.014)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.016)∗∗∗ (0.017)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗ (0.021)∗∗∗ (0.022)∗∗∗
Age -.052 -.029 -.002 0.006 -.018 0.009 0.029
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Age squared divided by 100 0.044
(0.003)∗∗∗
Born 1965-1980 0.164
(0.013)∗∗∗
Born before 1965 0.247
(0.025)∗∗∗
Obs. 1558530 712886 411705 433939 8999 9667 21896
e(N-clust) 155 155 155 155 4 4 4
e(r2-a) 0.266 0.248 0.288 0.302 0.174 0.225 0.189
Notes: 1) All regressions include year fixed effects and country fixed effects (estimates not
shown here for space reason). 2). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate
statistical significance at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors
are cluster-adjusted at the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of
countries. 3). See section “Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
36
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38
Table 14: Countries/territories that are missing 2024 information
Country name 2022 samplesize 2023 samplesize 2024 samplesize
Afghanistan 997 999
Jamaica 492
Luxembourg 997 1000
Somalia 1000
Yemen 998 998
37
World Happiness Report 2025
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Figure 21: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48 (c.i. 35−57) Malta(6.316)
47 (c.i. 35−58) Nicaragua(6.330)
46 (c.i. 35−54) Viet Nam(6.352)
45 (c.i. 35−54) Chile(6.361)
44 (c.i. 34−54) Guatemala(6.362)
43 (c.i. 35−51) Kazakhstan(6.378)
42 (c.i. 33−50) Argentina(6.397)
41 (c.i. 30−51) Panama(6.407)
40 (c.i. 33−49) Italy(6.415)
39 (c.i. 33−49) Estonia(6.417)
38 (c.i. 29−49) Spain(6.466)
37 (c.i. 26−49) El Salvador(6.492)
36 (c.i. 26−49) Brazil(6.494)
35 (c.i. 23−43) Romania(6.563)
34 (c.i. 24−40) Singapore(6.565)
33 (c.i. 22−39) France(6.593)
32 (c.i. 21−39) Saudi Arabia(6.600)
31 (c.i. 21−39) Serbia(6.606)
30 (c.i. 19−38) Kuwait(6.629)
29 (c.i. 17−37) Kosovo(6.659)
28 (c.i. 16−37) Uruguay(6.661)
27 (c.i. 17−37) Taiwan Province of China(6.669)
26 (c.i. 17−36) Poland(6.673)
25 (c.i. 10−42) Belize(6.711)
24 (c.i. 16−35) United States(6.724)
23 (c.i. 16−34) United Kingdom(6.728)
22 (c.i. 15−32) Germany(6.753)
21 (c.i. 14−33) United Arab Emirates(6.759)
20 (c.i. 14−30) Czechia(6.775)
19 (c.i. 13−30) Slovenia(6.792)
18 (c.i. 12−29) Canada(6.803)
17 (c.i. 12−29) Austria(6.810)
16 (c.i. 10−26) Lithuania(6.829)
15 (c.i. 10−23) Ireland(6.889)
14 (c.i. 10−22) Belgium(6.910)
13 (c.i. 10−20) Switzerland(6.935)
12 (c.i. 10−19) New Zealand(6.952)
11 (c.i. 9−17) Australia(6.974)
10 (c.i. 9−17) Mexico(6.979)
9 (c.i. 6−11) Luxembourg(7.122)
8 (c.i. 4−9) Israel(7.234)
7 (c.i. 4−9) Norway(7.262)
6 (c.i. 4−9) Costa Rica(7.274)
5 (c.i. 4−8) Netherlands(7.306)
4 (c.i. 4−8) Sweden(7.345)
3 (c.i. 2−3) Iceland(7.515)
2 (c.i. 2−3) Denmark(7.521)
1 (c.i. 1−1) Finland(7.736)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
38
World Happiness Report 2025
40
Figure 22: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96 (c.i. 89−101) Mozambique(5.190)
95 (c.i. 90−100) South Africa(5.213)
94 (c.i. 89−100) Türkiye(5.262)
93 (c.i. 88−98) Lao PDR(5.301)
92 (c.i. 86−98) Nepal(5.311)
91 (c.i. 84−96) Georgia(5.400)
90 (c.i. 83−96) Tajikistan(5.411)
89 (c.i. 82−96) Albania(5.411)
88 (c.i. 81−93) Hong Kong SAR of China(5.491)
87 (c.i. 81−93) Armenia(5.494)
86 (c.i. 81−93) North Macedonia(5.503)
85 (c.i. 80−91) Bulgaria(5.554)
84 (c.i. 80−91) Algeria(5.571)
83 (c.i. 77−89) Indonesia(5.617)
82 (c.i. 70−87) Venezuela(5.683)
81 (c.i. 63−83) Greece(5.776)
80 (c.i. 60−82) Republic of Moldova(5.819)
79 (c.i. 59−83) Libya(5.820)
78 (c.i. 59−82) Mauritius(5.832)
77 (c.i. 59−82) Mongolia(5.833)
76 (c.i. 58−82) Dominican Republic(5.846)
75 (c.i. 59−82) Kyrgyzstan(5.858)
74 (c.i. 58−82) Bolivia(5.868)
73 (c.i. 49−88) Jamaica(5.870)
72 (c.i. 58−82) Croatia(5.870)
71 (c.i. 58−82) Montenegro(5.877)
70 (c.i. 50−83) Trinidad and Tobago(5.905)
69 (c.i. 56−81) Hungary(5.915)
68 (c.i. 62−83) China(5.921)
67 (c.i. 56−81) Cyprus(5.942)
66 (c.i. 56−81) Russian Federation(5.945)
65 (c.i. 55−81) Peru(5.947)
64 (c.i. 55−80) Malaysia(5.955)
63 (c.i. 53−81) Honduras(5.964)
62 (c.i. 53−81) Ecuador(5.965)
61 (c.i. 52−79) Colombia(6.004)
60 (c.i. 52−77) Portugal(6.013)
59 (c.i. 49−79) Bahrain(6.030)
58 (c.i. 50−74) Republic of Korea(6.038)
57 (c.i. 48−70) Philippines(6.107)
56 (c.i. 48−67) Bosnia and Herzegovina(6.136)
55 (c.i. 46−65) Japan(6.147)
54 (c.i. 44−65) Paraguay(6.172)
53 (c.i. 44−63) Uzbekistan(6.193)
52 (c.i. 39−69) Oman(6.197)
51 (c.i. 44−60) Latvia(6.207)
50 (c.i. 42−60) Slovakia(6.221)
49 (c.i. 41−60) Thailand(6.222)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
39
World Happiness Report 2025
41
Figure 23: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147 (c.i. 147−147) Afghanistan(1.364)
146 (c.i. 145−146) Sierra Leone(2.998)
145 (c.i. 144−146) Lebanon(3.188)
144 (c.i. 141−145) Malawi(3.260)
143 (c.i. 140−144) Zimbabwe(3.396)
142 (c.i. 140−144) Botswana(3.438)
141 (c.i. 140−144) DR Congo(3.469)
140 (c.i. 137−143) Yemen(3.561)
139 (c.i. 131−140) Comoros(3.754)
138 (c.i. 131−140) Lesotho(3.757)
137 (c.i. 131−140) Eswatini(3.774)
136 (c.i. 131−140) Tanzania(3.800)
135 (c.i. 131−139) Egypt(3.817)
134 (c.i. 131−139) Bangladesh(3.851)
133 (c.i. 131−139) Sri Lanka(3.891)
132 (c.i. 131−139) Ethiopia(3.898)
131 (c.i. 131−139) Zambia(3.912)
130 (c.i. 121−130) Madagascar(4.157)
129 (c.i. 114−130) Liberia(4.277)
128 (c.i. 114−130) Jordan(4.310)
127 (c.i. 115−130) Togo(4.315)
126 (c.i. 114−130) Myanmar(4.321)
125 (c.i. 114−130) Ghana(4.340)
124 (c.i. 114−130) Cambodia(4.341)
123 (c.i. 114−130) Mali(4.345)
122 (c.i. 113−130) Somalia(4.347)
121 (c.i. 113−130) Benin(4.357)
120 (c.i. 113−129) Burkina Faso(4.383)
119 (c.i. 113−129) Chad(4.384)
118 (c.i. 114−129) India(4.389)
117 (c.i. 112−129) Gambia(4.423)
116 (c.i. 112−129) Uganda(4.461)
115 (c.i. 110−129) Kenya(4.510)
114 (c.i. 110−126) Mauritania(4.542)
113 (c.i. 110−123) Tunisia(4.552)
112 (c.i. 108−117) Morocco(4.622)
111 (c.i. 106−115) Ukraine(4.680)
110 (c.i. 102−115) Niger(4.725)
109 (c.i. 100−113) Pakistan(4.768)
108 (c.i. 100−112) State of Palestine(4.780)
107 (c.i. 100−111) Senegal(4.856)
106 (c.i. 100−110) Azerbaijan(4.875)
105 (c.i. 100−110) Nigeria(4.885)
104 (c.i. 98−111) Cameroon(4.887)
103 (c.i. 97−110) Namibia(4.911)
102 (c.i. 96−110) Guinea(4.929)
101 (c.i. 96−109) Iraq(4.976)
100 (c.i. 95−107) Congo(5.030)
99 (c.i. 92−104) Iran(5.093)
98 (c.i. 92−104) Côte d?Ivoire(5.102)
97 (c.i. 92−103) Gabon(5.120)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Average Life Evaluation
95% confidence interval
40
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42
Figure 24: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2022-2024 (Part 1)
50. Honduras(0.400)
49. Czechia(0.416)
48. Thailand(0.418)
47. Burkina Faso(0.457)
46. Indonesia(0.458)
45. Chad(0.465)
44. Mozambique(0.497)
43. Republic of Moldova(0.514)
42. Cameroon(0.522)
41. El Salvador(0.536)
40. Ecuador(0.540)
39. Slovakia(0.564)
38. Niger(0.604)
37. Iceland(0.627)
36. Russian Federation(0.661)
35. Taiwan Province of China(0.682)
34. Portugal(0.685)
33. Peru(0.688)
32. Nepal(0.706)
31. Montenegro(0.730)
30. Uruguay(0.762)
29. Paraguay(0.774)
28. Kazakhstan(0.784)
27. Tajikistan(0.797)
26. Dominican Republic(0.810)
25. Benin(0.864)
24. Poland(0.870)
23. Slovenia(0.870)
22. Côte d?Ivoire(0.905)
21. Uzbekistan(0.968)
20. Hungary(0.972)
19. Viet Nam(0.992)
18. Armenia(1.020)
17. Kyrgyzstan(1.029)
16. Estonia(1.087)
15. North Macedonia(1.134)
14. Congo(1.210)
13. Nicaragua(1.215)
12. Kosovo(1.238)
11. Lithuania(1.241)
10. China(1.241)
9. Mongolia(1.271)
8. Bosnia and Herzegovina(1.279)
7. Philippines(1.282)
6. Togo(1.307)
5. Romania(1.384)
4. Latvia(1.445)
3. Georgia(1.507)
2. Bulgaria(1.664)
1. Serbia(2.041)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2022−2024 95% confidence interval
41
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43
Figure 25: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2022-2024 (Part 2)
100. Brazil(−0.204)
99. Belgium(−0.204)
98. Colombia(−0.198)
97. United Arab Emirates(−0.174)
96. Iran(−0.167)
95. Italy(−0.163)
94. France(−0.154)
93. Madagascar(−0.152)
92. Tanzania(−0.049)
91. Sweden(−0.035)
90. Singapore(0.016)
89. Saudi Arabia(0.020)
88. Costa Rica(0.023)
87. Namibia(0.026)
86. Türkiye(0.028)
85. Nigeria(0.029)
84. Israel(0.036)
83. Mauritania(0.048)
82. Kuwait(0.056)
81. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.068)
80. Luxembourg(0.071)
79. Guatemala(0.086)
78. Japan(0.087)
77. Algeria(0.108)
76. Comoros(0.110)
75. South Africa(0.112)
74. Iraq(0.121)
73. Malaysia(0.131)
72. Lao PDR(0.140)
71. Uganda(0.148)
70. Argentina(0.154)
69. Finland(0.157)
68. Germany(0.181)
67. Bahrain(0.214)
66. Chile(0.233)
65. Bolivia(0.234)
64. Liberia(0.237)
63. Mexico(0.238)
62. Morocco(0.239)
61. Croatia(0.248)
60. Cambodia(0.253)
59. Belize(0.260)
58. State of Palestine(0.266)
57. Albania(0.278)
56. Kenya(0.291)
55. Azerbaijan(0.293)
54. Malta(0.356)
53. Senegal(0.359)
52. Mali(0.378)
51. Republic of Korea(0.395)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2022−2024 95% confidence interval
42
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Figure 26: Changes in Happiness: from 2006-2010 to 2022-2024 (Part 3)
136. Afghanistan(−2.956)
135. Lebanon(−1.843)
134. Jordan(−1.398)
133. Malawi(−1.364)
132. Venezuela(−1.239)
131. Egypt(−1.152)
130. Botswana(−1.142)
129. Yemen(−0.997)
128. Bangladesh(−0.922)
127. Zambia(−0.792)
126. Canada(−0.696)
125. Sierra Leone(−0.587)
124. India(−0.586)
123. Switzerland(−0.564)
122. United States(−0.546)
121. Tunisia(−0.545)
120. DR Congo(−0.515)
119. Cyprus(−0.474)
118. Panama(−0.455)
117. New Zealand(−0.420)
116. Austria(−0.418)
115. Ukraine(−0.409)
114. Zimbabwe(−0.408)
113. Ireland(−0.396)
112. Sri Lanka(−0.385)
111. Pakistan(−0.368)
110. Ghana(−0.365)
109. Trinidad and Tobago(−0.358)
108. Greece(−0.357)
107. Australia(−0.356)
106. Jamaica(−0.338)
105. Denmark(−0.335)
104. Spain(−0.295)
103. Norway(−0.262)
102. United Kingdom(−0.209)
101. Netherlands(−0.206)
−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2
Changes from 2006−2010 to 2022−2024 95% confidence interval
43
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45
Figure 27: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 1); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
48 (c.i. 35−57) Malta(6.316)
47 (c.i. 35−58) Nicaragua(6.330)
46 (c.i. 35−54) Viet Nam(6.352)
45 (c.i. 35−54) Chile(6.361)
44 (c.i. 34−54) Guatemala(6.362)
43 (c.i. 35−51) Kazakhstan(6.378)
42 (c.i. 33−50) Argentina(6.397)
41 (c.i. 30−51) Panama(6.407)
40 (c.i. 33−49) Italy(6.415)
39 (c.i. 33−49) Estonia(6.417)
38 (c.i. 29−49) Spain(6.466)
37 (c.i. 26−49) El Salvador(6.492)
36 (c.i. 26−49) Brazil(6.494)
35 (c.i. 23−43) Romania(6.563)
34 (c.i. 24−40) Singapore(6.565)
33 (c.i. 22−39) France(6.593)
32 (c.i. 21−39) Saudi Arabia(6.600)
31 (c.i. 21−39) Serbia(6.606)
30 (c.i. 19−38) Kuwait(6.629)
29 (c.i. 17−37) Kosovo(6.659)
28 (c.i. 16−37) Uruguay(6.661)
27 (c.i. 17−37) Taiwan Province of China(6.669)
26 (c.i. 17−36) Poland(6.673)
25 (c.i. 10−42) Belize(6.711)
24 (c.i. 16−35) United States(6.724)
23 (c.i. 16−34) United Kingdom(6.728)
22 (c.i. 15−32) Germany(6.753)
21 (c.i. 14−33) United Arab Emirates(6.759)
20 (c.i. 14−30) Czechia(6.775)
19 (c.i. 13−30) Slovenia(6.792)
18 (c.i. 12−29) Canada(6.803)
17 (c.i. 12−29) Austria(6.810)
16 (c.i. 10−26) Lithuania(6.829)
15 (c.i. 10−23) Ireland(6.889)
14 (c.i. 10−22) Belgium(6.910)
13 (c.i. 10−20) Switzerland(6.935)
12 (c.i. 10−19) New Zealand(6.952)
11 (c.i. 9−17) Australia(6.974)
10 (c.i. 9−17) Mexico(6.979)
9 (c.i. 6−11) Luxembourg(7.122)
8 (c.i. 4−9) Israel(7.234)
7 (c.i. 4−9) Norway(7.262)
6 (c.i. 4−9) Costa Rica(7.274)
5 (c.i. 4−8) Netherlands(7.306)
4 (c.i. 4−8) Sweden(7.345)
3 (c.i. 2−3) Iceland(7.515)
2 (c.i. 2−3) Denmark(7.521)
1 (c.i. 1−1) Finland(7.736)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.37) + residual 95% confidence interval
44
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Figure 28: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 2); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
96 (c.i. 89−101) Mozambique(5.190)
95 (c.i. 90−100) South Africa(5.213)
94 (c.i. 89−100) Türkiye(5.262)
93 (c.i. 88−98) Lao PDR(5.301)
92 (c.i. 86−98) Nepal(5.311)
91 (c.i. 84−96) Georgia(5.400)
90 (c.i. 83−96) Tajikistan(5.411)
89 (c.i. 82−96) Albania(5.411)
88 (c.i. 81−93) Hong Kong SAR of China(5.491)
87 (c.i. 81−93) Armenia(5.494)
86 (c.i. 81−93) North Macedonia(5.503)
85 (c.i. 80−91) Bulgaria(5.554)
84 (c.i. 80−91) Algeria(5.571)
83 (c.i. 77−89) Indonesia(5.617)
82 (c.i. 70−87) Venezuela(5.683)
81 (c.i. 63−83) Greece(5.776)
80 (c.i. 60−82) Republic of Moldova(5.819)
79 (c.i. 59−83) Libya(5.820)
78 (c.i. 59−82) Mauritius(5.832)
77 (c.i. 59−82) Mongolia(5.833)
76 (c.i. 58−82) Dominican Republic(5.846)
75 (c.i. 59−82) Kyrgyzstan(5.858)
74 (c.i. 58−82) Bolivia(5.868)
73 (c.i. 49−88) Jamaica(5.870)
72 (c.i. 58−82) Croatia(5.870)
71 (c.i. 58−82) Montenegro(5.877)
70 (c.i. 50−83) Trinidad and Tobago(5.905)
69 (c.i. 56−81) Hungary(5.915)
68 (c.i. 62−83) China(5.921)
67 (c.i. 56−81) Cyprus(5.942)
66 (c.i. 56−81) Russian Federation(5.945)
65 (c.i. 55−81) Peru(5.947)
64 (c.i. 55−80) Malaysia(5.955)
63 (c.i. 53−81) Honduras(5.964)
62 (c.i. 53−81) Ecuador(5.965)
61 (c.i. 52−79) Colombia(6.004)
60 (c.i. 52−77) Portugal(6.013)
59 (c.i. 49−79) Bahrain(6.030)
58 (c.i. 50−74) Republic of Korea(6.038)
57 (c.i. 48−70) Philippines(6.107)
56 (c.i. 48−67) Bosnia and Herzegovina(6.136)
55 (c.i. 46−65) Japan(6.147)
54 (c.i. 44−65) Paraguay(6.172)
53 (c.i. 44−63) Uzbekistan(6.193)
52 (c.i. 39−69) Oman(6.197)
51 (c.i. 44−60) Latvia(6.207)
50 (c.i. 42−60) Slovakia(6.221)
49 (c.i. 41−60) Thailand(6.222)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.37) + residual 95% confidence interval
45
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Figure 29: Ranking of Happiness: 2022-2024 (Part 3); those with empty columns have
the happiness score for ranking, but not all the necessary factors for decomposition
even after the imputation process described in section 3
147 (c.i. 147−147) Afghanistan(1.364)
146 (c.i. 145−146) Sierra Leone(2.998)
145 (c.i. 144−146) Lebanon(3.188)
144 (c.i. 141−145) Malawi(3.260)
143 (c.i. 140−144) Zimbabwe(3.396)
142 (c.i. 140−144) Botswana(3.438)
141 (c.i. 140−144) DR Congo(3.469)
140 (c.i. 137−143) Yemen(3.561)
139 (c.i. 131−140) Comoros(3.754)
138 (c.i. 131−140) Lesotho(3.757)
137 (c.i. 131−140) Eswatini(3.774)
136 (c.i. 131−140) Tanzania(3.800)
135 (c.i. 131−139) Egypt(3.817)
134 (c.i. 131−139) Bangladesh(3.851)
133 (c.i. 131−139) Sri Lanka(3.891)
132 (c.i. 131−139) Ethiopia(3.898)
131 (c.i. 131−139) Zambia(3.912)
130 (c.i. 121−130) Madagascar(4.157)
129 (c.i. 114−130) Liberia(4.277)
128 (c.i. 114−130) Jordan(4.310)
127 (c.i. 115−130) Togo(4.315)
126 (c.i. 114−130) Myanmar(4.321)
125 (c.i. 114−130) Ghana(4.340)
124 (c.i. 114−130) Cambodia(4.341)
123 (c.i. 114−130) Mali(4.345)
122 (c.i. 113−130) Somalia(4.347)
121 (c.i. 113−130) Benin(4.357)
120 (c.i. 113−129) Burkina Faso(4.383)
119 (c.i. 113−129) Chad(4.384)
118 (c.i. 114−129) India(4.389)
117 (c.i. 112−129) Gambia(4.423)
116 (c.i. 112−129) Uganda(4.461)
115 (c.i. 110−129) Kenya(4.510)
114 (c.i. 110−126) Mauritania(4.542)
113 (c.i. 110−123) Tunisia(4.552)
112 (c.i. 108−117) Morocco(4.622)
111 (c.i. 106−115) Ukraine(4.680)
110 (c.i. 102−115) Niger(4.725)
109 (c.i. 100−113) Pakistan(4.768)
108 (c.i. 100−112) State of Palestine(4.780)
107 (c.i. 100−111) Senegal(4.856)
106 (c.i. 100−110) Azerbaijan(4.875)
105 (c.i. 100−110) Nigeria(4.885)
104 (c.i. 98−111) Cameroon(4.887)
103 (c.i. 97−110) Namibia(4.911)
102 (c.i. 96−110) Guinea(4.929)
101 (c.i. 96−109) Iraq(4.976)
100 (c.i. 95−107) Congo(5.030)
99 (c.i. 92−104) Iran(5.093)
98 (c.i. 92−104) Côte d?Ivoire(5.102)
97 (c.i. 92−103) Gabon(5.120)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support
Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.37) + residual 95% confidence interval
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Table 15: Countries that used imputed corrupt based on WGI control of corruption
indicators
Country name Imputation indicator: corrupt is imputed based on WGI’s
control of corruption in
Egypt 1
Saudi Arabia 1
China 1
Bahrain 1
Kuwait 1
United Arab Emirates 1
Table 16: Countries/territories that are not covered in the decomposition exerise due
to missing factors; an empty table means all countries are covered
Country name Country Missing factors
Oman 161 Perceptions of corruption,
Tajikistan 185 Freedom to make life choices,
State of Palestine 39 Healthy life expectancy,
Note: Any countries/territories that are missing per-capita GDP automatically miss Generosity,
because we adjust the latter to filter out the influence of per-capita GDP. In addition, any
countries/territories that are missing the variable of corruption perception are indeed missing the
perception on both business and government.
47
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Ranking by Prosociality
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Table 17: Rankings by Life Ladder and by Prosociality (2019 for wallter return measures, 2022-2024 for all others) - Part 1
Country name Life
Ladder
Rank
Donation
Rank
value Volunteering
Rank
value Help
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
neighbour
Rank
value Wallet-
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
police
Rank
value
Finland 1 39 .416 75 .232 96 .569 3 .879 5 .412 2 .943
Denmark 2 25 .536 64 .25 76 .607 8 .852 6 .411 18 .855
Iceland 3 5 .667 77 .225 125 .496
Sweden 4 15 .58 87 .198 90 .577 4 .864 31 .339 11 .903
Netherlands 5 9 .629 42 .309 134 .459 1 .918 4 .425 6 .911
Costa Rica 6 92 .247 84 .202 36 .679 92 .544 121 .134 97 .503
Norway 7 11 .602 43 .307 101 .558 2 .913 1 .504 1 .946
Israel 8 32 .494 61 .253 84 .591 41 .681 65 .275 53 .7
Luxembourg 9 31 .495 41 .309 135 .457 24 .734 41 .324 8 .91
Mexico 10 102 .208 89 .195 61 .636 119 .423 113 .147 128 .254
Australia 11 20 .561 34 .316 39 .676 7 .854 14 .393 12 .886
New Zealand 12 22 .553 22 .336 65 .633 10 .839 8 .408 5 .915
Switzerland 13 21 .561 56 .273 137 .44 11 .831 18 .384 7 .911
Belgium 14 35 .449 68 .246 118 .518 33 .709 60 .283 34 .769
Ireland 15 7 .649 36 .315 88 .58 9 .841 20 .362 16 .859
Lithuania 16 110 .196 125 .118 131 .468 127 .365 125 .115 54 .7
Austria 17 10 .604 59 .261 111 .53 5 .861 7 .41 4 .917
Canada 18 17 .568 25 .331 47 .66 12 .806 17 .384 14 .865
Slovenia 19 37 .434 47 .288 127 .482 15 .79 30 .341 23 .832
Czechia 20 38 .426 73 .238 66 .628
United Arab Emirates 21 16 .574 19 .359 67 .627 50 .653 12 .401 13 .88
Germany 22 26 .524 67 .246 82 .599 6 .856 15 .39 3 .926
United Kingdom 23 4 .675 54 .278 108 .537 14 .794 26 .348 15 .862
United States 24 12 .597 15 .379 12 .744 17 .777 50 .309 24 .822
Belize 25 100 .213 37 .314 23 .717
Poland 26 125 .166 143 .065 146 .243 73 .599 85 .244 42 .742
Taiwan Province of China 27 42 .413 112 .156 86 .586 42 .678 21 .361 26 .817
Uruguay 28 75 .29 95 .188 34 .681 58 .638 70 .271 86 .56
Kosovo 29 23 .553 139 .08 63 .634 70 .609 43 .318 45 .728
Kuwait 30 33 .493 46 .289 27 .708 19 .765 11 .406
Serbia 31 41 .415 145 .062 140 .432 72 .601 52 .307 51 .704
Saudi Arabia 32 48 .402 92 .191 41 .673 16 .779 24 .355 20 .843
France 33 52 .384 38 .311 143 .406 21 .746 58 .292 22 .838
Singapore 34 14 .58 32 .319 35 .679 25 .732 54 .304 9 .907
Romania 35 119 .18 140 .075 110 .531 82 .564 82 .248 48 .712
49
World Happiness Report 2025
51
Table 18: Rankings by Life Ladder and by Prosociality (2019 for wallter return measures, 2022-2024 for all others) - Part 2
Country name Life
Ladder
Rank
Donation
Rank
value Volunteering
Rank
value Help
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
neighbour
Rank
value Wallet-
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
police
Rank
value
Brazil 36 78 .284 85 .201 58 .641 57 .641 71 .267 81 .589
El Salvador 37 128 .154 70 .243 85 .587 107 .483 122 .134 109 .442
Spain 38 44 .408 97 .188 83 .596 13 .794 39 .325 10 .905
Estonia 39 36 .442 82 .207 102 .556 31 .717 61 .282 30 .795
Italy 40 65 .338 106 .167 121 .514 62 .632 94 .215 31 .792
Panama 41 104 .203 62 .253 75 .609 118 .435 108 .162 99 .491
Argentina 42 105 .201 94 .188 52 .653 84 .562 68 .273 120 .366
Kazakhstan 43 51 .385 122 .128 138 .439 30 .722 40 .325 62 .668
Guatemala 44 98 .215 20 .34 71 .619 111 .464 112 .148 119 .368
Chile 45 68 .325 105 .167 40 .675 81 .569 93 .215 110 .438
Viet Nam 46 136 .127 124 .12 122 .507
Nicaragua 47 89 .254 50 .283 69 .623 128 .355 129 .08 122 .358
Malta 48 6 .653 55 .277 105 .546 53 .648 66 .274 47 .717
Thailand 49 8 .645 81 .215 87 .583 114 .45 130 .076 80 .591
Slovakia 50 88 .256 103 .172 136 .451 56 .645 86 .242 55 .696
Latvia 51 54 .381 126 .116 117 .52 49 .659 83 .248 58 .677
Oman 52 34 .466 83 .202 20 .722
Uzbekistan 53 29 .516 107 .164 100 .564 18 .766 47 .314 19 .843
Paraguay 54 76 .289 30 .32 48 .66 113 .458 99 .188 123 .301
Japan 55 131 .149 104 .169 147 .221 35 .7 25 .35 33 .77
Bosnia and Herzegovina 56 28 .52 128 .106 113 .529 52 .651 46 .315 56 .691
Philippines 57 106 .2 6 .421 51 .654 89 .551 19 .369 61 .671
Republic of Korea 58 53 .381 93 .19 109 .533
Bahrain 59 27 .521 63 .25 31 .689 23 .745 9 .408 17 .855
Portugal 60 101 .21 120 .136 116 .522 46 .67 79 .253 39 .759
Colombia 61 130 .15 100 .183 80 .601 112 .461 106 .165 113 .409
Ecuador 62 118 .18 90 .194 92 .575 126 .371 127 .102 114 .407
Honduras 63 70 .324 31 .32 43 .672 101 .509 109 .159 117 .388
Malaysia 64 19 .562 28 .322 81 .599 76 .584 115 .146 63 .665
Peru 65 124 .166 88 .197 79 .603 125 .382 114 .147 116 .397
Russian Federation 66 60 .353 91 .194 64 .634
Cyprus 67 56 .374 76 .232 70 .621 26 .731 37 .329 32 .772
China 68 85 .27 74 .235 123 .504 48 .662 57 .299 21 .84
Hungary 69 58 .363 119 .136 21 .721 32 .712 105 .176 27 .813
Trinidad and Tobago 70 50 .389 40 .309 3 .809
50
World Happiness Report 2025
52
Table 19: Rankings by Life Ladder and by Prosociality (2019 for wallter return measures, 2022-2024 for all others) - Part 3
Country name Life
Ladder
Rank
Donation
Rank
value Volunteering
Rank
value Help
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
neighbour
Rank
value Wallet-
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
police
Rank
value
Montenegro 71 84 .273 136 .081 142 .413 64 .623 45 .315 65 .657
Croatia 72 126 .162 134 .084 144 .353 77 .583 80 .252 44 .734
Jamaica 73 108 .199 9 .396 1 .828 74 .593 76 .255 96 .503
Bolivia 74 117 .181 66 .248 72 .616 129 .352 119 .136 125 .292
Kyrgyzstan 75 40 .416 78 .22 55 .648 39 .683 87 .241 92 .522
Dominican Republic 76 96 .23 21 .339 25 .71 102 .5 120 .136 126 .292
Mongolia 77 30 .511 18 .361 132 .468 93 .543 95 .196 57 .683
Mauritius 78 69 .324 29 .321 119 .518 85 .559 64 .276 82 .589
Libya 79 73 .311 80 .217 30 .693 20 .752 10 .407 69 .644
Republic of Moldova 80 116 .181 127 .116 73 .615
Greece 81 138 .105 114 .147 104 .547 86 .554 101 .185 37 .765
Venezuela 82 111 .196 23 .336 8 .783 105 .487 124 .122 129 .141
Indonesia 83 1 .874 1 .641 59 .639 71 .602 110 .158 52 .702
Algeria 84 114 .185 121 .129 99 .566 55 .647 3 .43 59 .675
Bulgaria 85 94 .237 146 .053 129 .476 61 .633 62 .281 46 .722
North Macedonia 86 46 .406 138 .08 130 .469 115 .448 92 .219 112 .418
Armenia 87 134 .133 131 .091 89 .58 68 .617 28 .343 77 .606
Hong Kong SAR of China 88 43 .408 102 .174 114 .528
Albania 89 72 .318 135 .082 103 .548 121 .414 117 .143 107 .461
Tajikistan 90 122 .168 4 .46 60 .639 47 .665 90 .235 40 .751
Georgia 91 146 .062 86 .201 37 .679 44 .675 56 .299 50 .711
Nepal 92 59 .361 26 .325 120 .518 106 .485 100 .186 87 .558
Lao PDR 93 55 .377 108 .16 141 .42
T¨urkiye 94 112 .195 132 .09 115 .523 54 .648 73 .261 28 .808
South Africa 95 113 .195 60 .256 54 .651 90 .546 98 .19 89 .554
Mozambique 96 103 .204 24 .332 93 .574 75 .586 53 .306 79 .597
Gabon 97 127 .161 115 .147 22 .718 124 .383 111 .157 111 .438
Cˆote d’Ivoire 98 95 .236 96 .188 50 .656
Iran 99 18 .567 117 .144 29 .695 28 .726 2 .473 29 .805
Congo 100 115 .185 58 .265 24 .712
Iraq 101 77 .285 110 .159 17 .729 29 .723 29 .341 78 .605
Guinea 102 61 .345 12 .383 16 .73 65 .622 69 .271 108 .456
Namibia 103 133 .143 57 .27 53 .651 91 .545 74 .26 74 .618
Cameroon 104 99 .214 65 .249 33 .683 97 .516 78 .253 91 .532
Nigeria 105 45 .406 5 .436 7 .784 69 .612 32 .337 118 .375
Azerbaijan 106 90 .253 123 .121 62 .635 36 .698 27 .345 64 .658
51
World Happiness Report 2025
53
Table 20: Rankings by Life Ladder and by Prosociality (2019 for wallter return measures, 2022-2024 for all others) - Part 4
Country name Life
Ladder
Rank
Donation
Rank
value Volunteering
Rank
value Help
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
neighbour
Rank
value Wallet-
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
police
Rank
value
Senegal 107 79 .283 35 .315 6 .784 27 .726 34 .336 25 .817
State of Palestine 108 137 .121 130 .091 95 .569 43 .677 16 .388 49 .712
Pakistan 109 71 .319 109 .159 133 .46 79 .575 35 .333
Niger 110 109 .199 69 .243 13 .739 34 .701 49 .311 76 .611
Ukraine 111 3 .68 45 .289 9 .754 60 .634 38 .327 102 .476
Morocco 112 144 .08 129 .106 32 .686 67 .618 89 .236 75 .616
Tunisia 113 139 .104 118 .137 77 .606 78 .583 72 .263 93 .521
Mauritania 114 86 .266 44 .301 42 .672 59 .637 63 .278 83 .583
Kenya 115 24 .541 3 .508 4 .797 80 .572 88 .238 90 .546
Uganda 116 74 .302 39 .311 19 .724 95 .538 104 .177 84 .579
Gambia 117 13 .587 16 .378 14 .736 45 .671 48 .311 60 .673
India 118 57 .368 10 .386 74 .615 109 .47 81 .25 88 .556
Chad 119 66 .337 17 .368 28 .697 96 .531 102 .185 121 .363
Burkina Faso 120 81 .279 49 .286 56 .645 83 .563 67 .274 35 .767
Benin 121 121 .177 99 .184 124 .504 117 .442 84 .246 70 .627
Somalia 122 47 .404 71 .24 49 .659
Mali 123 132 .145 53 .279 98 .568 88 .552 23 .36 103 .473
Cambodia 124 64 .342 144 .063 145 .264 130 .352 131 .068 100 .483
Ghana 125 63 .342 14 .38 44 .669 63 .629 33 .336 72 .619
Myanmar 126 2 .802 48 .286 106 .541 99 .514 118 .139 95 .505
Togo 127 123 .167 79 .22 107 .539 108 .473 77 .253 66 .654
Jordan 128 135 .132 142 .072 57 .643 40 .682 44 .316 36 .766
Liberia 129 91 .25 2 .597 2 .826 98 .514 51 .308 104 .469
Madagascar 130 97 .216 8 .409 94 .571 131 .338 128 .092 115 .4
Zambia 131 83 .276 52 .281 10 .753 103 .498 96 .194 94 .516
Ethiopia 132 49 .39 51 .281 91 .575 104 .496 123 .132 101 .481
Sri Lanka 133 62 .343 7 .412 45 .665 66 .62 13 .397 43 .74
Bangladesh 134 80 .281 111 .157 11 .747 116 .447 91 .232 98 .492
Egypt 135 143 .087 147 .035 38 .678 37 .69 42 .319 73 .618
Tanzania 136 67 .333 116 .145 112 .529 110 .47 59 .291 71 .622
Eswatini 137 129 .15 72 .239 26 .708 122 .409 116 .144 68 .648
Lesotho 138 145 .079 101 .181 68 .627 51 .652 55 .304 38 .764
Comoros 139 93 .238 11 .385 78 .604
Yemen 140 147 .055 141 .073 128 .48 22 .746 22 .36 105 .469
DR Congo 141 87 .263 27 .323 46 .663
52
World Happiness Report 2025
54
Table 21: Rankings by Life Ladder and by Prosociality (2019 for wallter return measures, 2022-2024 for all others) - Part 5
Country name Life
Ladder
Rank
Donation
Rank
value Volunteering
Rank
value Help
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
neighbour
Rank
value Wallet-
stranger
Rank
value Wallet-
police
Rank
value
Botswana 142 141 .096 113 .149 15 .732 87 .552 97 .191 41 .748
Zimbabwe 143 140 .099 98 .187 97 .569 100 .509 103 .182 106 .467
Malawi 144 120 .179 33 .317 18 .727 94 .54 36 .331 85 .567
Lebanon 145 107 .2 137 .08 139 .436 38 .686 75 .256 67 .652
Sierra Leone 146 82 .279 13 .382 5 .793 120 .416 107 .164 124 .298
Afghanistan 147 142 .087 133 .086 126 .486 123 .394 126 .111 127 .261
53
World Happiness Report 2025
55
Figure 30: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Saudi Arabia(0.402)
47. Somalia(0.404)
46. North Macedonia(0.406)
45. Nigeria(0.406)
44. Spain(0.408)
43. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.408)
42. Taiwan Province of China(0.413)
41. Serbia(0.415)
40. Kyrgyzstan(0.416)
39. Finland(0.416)
38. Czechia(0.426)
37. Slovenia(0.434)
36. Estonia(0.442)
35. Belgium(0.449)
34. Oman(0.466)
33. Kuwait(0.493)
32. Israel(0.494)
31. Luxembourg(0.495)
30. Mongolia(0.511)
29. Uzbekistan(0.516)
28. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.520)
27. Bahrain(0.521)
26. Germany(0.524)
25. Denmark(0.536)
24. Kenya(0.541)
23. Kosovo(0.553)
22. New Zealand(0.553)
21. Switzerland(0.561)
20. Australia(0.561)
19. Malaysia(0.562)
18. Iran(0.567)
17. Canada(0.568)
16. United Arab Emirates(0.574)
15. Sweden(0.580)
14. Singapore(0.580)
13. Gambia(0.587)
12. United States(0.597)
11. Norway(0.602)
10. Austria(0.604)
9. Netherlands(0.629)
8. Thailand(0.645)
7. Ireland(0.649)
6. Malta(0.653)
5. Iceland(0.667)
4. United Kingdom(0.675)
3. Ukraine(0.680)
2. Myanmar(0.802)
1. Indonesia(0.874)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
54
World Happiness Report 2025
56
Figure 31: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Dominican Republic(0.230)
95. Côte d?Ivoire(0.236)
94. Bulgaria(0.237)
93. Comoros(0.238)
92. Costa Rica(0.247)
91. Liberia(0.250)
90. Azerbaijan(0.253)
89. Nicaragua(0.254)
88. Slovakia(0.256)
87. DR Congo(0.263)
86. Mauritania(0.266)
85. China(0.270)
84. Montenegro(0.273)
83. Zambia(0.276)
82. Sierra Leone(0.279)
81. Burkina Faso(0.279)
80. Bangladesh(0.281)
79. Senegal(0.283)
78. Brazil(0.284)
77. Iraq(0.285)
76. Paraguay(0.289)
75. Uruguay(0.290)
74. Uganda(0.302)
73. Libya(0.311)
72. Albania(0.318)
71. Pakistan(0.319)
70. Honduras(0.324)
69. Mauritius(0.324)
68. Chile(0.325)
67. Tanzania(0.333)
66. Chad(0.337)
65. Italy(0.338)
64. Cambodia(0.342)
63. Ghana(0.342)
62. Sri Lanka(0.343)
61. Guinea(0.345)
60. Russian Federation(0.353)
59. Nepal(0.361)
58. Hungary(0.363)
57. India(0.368)
56. Cyprus(0.374)
55. Lao PDR(0.377)
54. Latvia(0.381)
53. Republic of Korea(0.381)
52. France(0.384)
51. Kazakhstan(0.385)
50. Trinidad and Tobago(0.389)
49. Ethiopia(0.390)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
55
World Happiness Report 2025
57
Figure 32: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Yemen(0.055)
146. Georgia(0.062)
145. Lesotho(0.079)
144. Morocco(0.080)
143. Egypt(0.087)
142. Afghanistan(0.087)
141. Botswana(0.096)
140. Zimbabwe(0.099)
139. Tunisia(0.104)
138. Greece(0.105)
137. State of Palestine(0.121)
136. Viet Nam(0.127)
135. Jordan(0.132)
134. Armenia(0.133)
133. Namibia(0.143)
132. Mali(0.145)
131. Japan(0.149)
130. Colombia(0.150)
129. Eswatini(0.150)
128. El Salvador(0.154)
127. Gabon(0.161)
126. Croatia(0.162)
125. Poland(0.166)
124. Peru(0.166)
123. Togo(0.167)
122. Tajikistan(0.168)
121. Benin(0.177)
120. Malawi(0.179)
119. Romania(0.180)
118. Ecuador(0.180)
117. Bolivia(0.181)
116. Republic of Moldova(0.181)
115. Congo(0.185)
114. Algeria(0.185)
113. South Africa(0.195)
112. Türkiye(0.195)
111. Venezuela(0.196)
110. Lithuania(0.196)
109. Niger(0.199)
108. Jamaica(0.199)
107. Lebanon(0.200)
106. Philippines(0.200)
105. Argentina(0.201)
104. Panama(0.203)
103. Mozambique(0.204)
102. Mexico(0.208)
101. Portugal(0.210)
100. Belize(0.213)
99. Cameroon(0.214)
98. Guatemala(0.215)
97. Madagascar(0.216)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
56
World Happiness Report 2025
58
Figure 33: Ranking by Volunteering: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Myanmar(0.286)
47. Slovenia(0.288)
46. Kuwait(0.289)
45. Ukraine(0.289)
44. Mauritania(0.301)
43. Norway(0.307)
42. Netherlands(0.309)
41. Luxembourg(0.309)
40. Trinidad and Tobago(0.309)
39. Uganda(0.311)
38. France(0.311)
37. Belize(0.314)
36. Ireland(0.315)
35. Senegal(0.315)
34. Australia(0.316)
33. Malawi(0.317)
32. Singapore(0.319)
31. Honduras(0.320)
30. Paraguay(0.320)
29. Mauritius(0.321)
28. Malaysia(0.322)
27. DR Congo(0.323)
26. Nepal(0.325)
25. Canada(0.331)
24. Mozambique(0.332)
23. Venezuela(0.336)
22. New Zealand(0.336)
21. Dominican Republic(0.339)
20. Guatemala(0.340)
19. United Arab Emirates(0.359)
18. Mongolia(0.361)
17. Chad(0.368)
16. Gambia(0.378)
15. United States(0.379)
14. Ghana(0.380)
13. Sierra Leone(0.382)
12. Guinea(0.383)
11. Comoros(0.385)
10. India(0.386)
9. Jamaica(0.396)
8. Madagascar(0.409)
7. Sri Lanka(0.412)
6. Philippines(0.421)
5. Nigeria(0.436)
4. Tajikistan(0.460)
3. Kenya(0.508)
2. Liberia(0.597)
1. Indonesia(0.641)
0 1
Volunteer
95% confidence interval
57
World Happiness Report 2025
59
Figure 34: Ranking by- Volunteering: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Côte d?Ivoire(0.188)
95. Uruguay(0.188)
94. Argentina(0.188)
93. Republic of Korea(0.190)
92. Saudi Arabia(0.191)
91. Russian Federation(0.194)
90. Ecuador(0.194)
89. Mexico(0.195)
88. Peru(0.197)
87. Sweden(0.198)
86. Georgia(0.201)
85. Brazil(0.201)
84. Costa Rica(0.202)
83. Oman(0.202)
82. Estonia(0.207)
81. Thailand(0.215)
80. Libya(0.217)
79. Togo(0.220)
78. Kyrgyzstan(0.220)
77. Iceland(0.225)
76. Cyprus(0.232)
75. Finland(0.232)
74. China(0.235)
73. Czechia(0.238)
72. Eswatini(0.239)
71. Somalia(0.240)
70. El Salvador(0.243)
69. Niger(0.243)
68. Belgium(0.246)
67. Germany(0.246)
66. Bolivia(0.248)
65. Cameroon(0.249)
64. Denmark(0.250)
63. Bahrain(0.250)
62. Panama(0.253)
61. Israel(0.253)
60. South Africa(0.256)
59. Austria(0.261)
58. Congo(0.265)
57. Namibia(0.270)
56. Switzerland(0.273)
55. Malta(0.277)
54. United Kingdom(0.278)
53. Mali(0.279)
52. Zambia(0.281)
51. Ethiopia(0.281)
50. Nicaragua(0.283)
49. Burkina Faso(0.286)
0 1
Volunteer
95% confidence interval
58
World Happiness Report 2025
60
Figure 35: Ranking by Volunteering: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Egypt(0.035)
146. Bulgaria(0.053)
145. Serbia(0.062)
144. Cambodia(0.063)
143. Poland(0.065)
142. Jordan(0.072)
141. Yemen(0.073)
140. Romania(0.075)
139. Kosovo(0.080)
138. North Macedonia(0.080)
137. Lebanon(0.080)
136. Montenegro(0.081)
135. Albania(0.082)
134. Croatia(0.084)
133. Afghanistan(0.086)
132. Türkiye(0.090)
131. Armenia(0.091)
130. State of Palestine(0.091)
129. Morocco(0.106)
128. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.106)
127. Republic of Moldova(0.116)
126. Latvia(0.116)
125. Lithuania(0.118)
124. Viet Nam(0.120)
123. Azerbaijan(0.121)
122. Kazakhstan(0.128)
121. Algeria(0.129)
120. Portugal(0.136)
119. Hungary(0.136)
118. Tunisia(0.137)
117. Iran(0.144)
116. Tanzania(0.145)
115. Gabon(0.147)
114. Greece(0.147)
113. Botswana(0.149)
112. Taiwan Province of China(0.156)
111. Bangladesh(0.157)
110. Iraq(0.159)
109. Pakistan(0.159)
108. Lao PDR(0.160)
107. Uzbekistan(0.164)
106. Italy(0.167)
105. Chile(0.167)
104. Japan(0.169)
103. Slovakia(0.172)
102. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.174)
101. Lesotho(0.181)
100. Colombia(0.183)
99. Benin(0.184)
98. Zimbabwe(0.187)
97. Spain(0.188)
0 1
Volunteer
95% confidence interval
59
World Happiness Report 2025
61
Figure 36: Ranking by Help Stranger: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Paraguay(0.660)
47. Canada(0.660)
46. DR Congo(0.663)
45. Sri Lanka(0.665)
44. Ghana(0.669)
43. Honduras(0.672)
42. Mauritania(0.672)
41. Saudi Arabia(0.673)
40. Chile(0.675)
39. Australia(0.676)
38. Egypt(0.678)
37. Georgia(0.679)
36. Costa Rica(0.679)
35. Singapore(0.679)
34. Uruguay(0.681)
33. Cameroon(0.683)
32. Morocco(0.686)
31. Bahrain(0.689)
30. Libya(0.693)
29. Iran(0.695)
28. Chad(0.697)
27. Kuwait(0.708)
26. Eswatini(0.708)
25. Dominican Republic(0.710)
24. Congo(0.712)
23. Belize(0.717)
22. Gabon(0.718)
21. Hungary(0.721)
20. Oman(0.722)
19. Uganda(0.724)
18. Malawi(0.727)
17. Iraq(0.729)
16. Guinea(0.730)
15. Botswana(0.732)
14. Gambia(0.736)
13. Niger(0.739)
12. United States(0.744)
11. Bangladesh(0.747)
10. Zambia(0.753)
9. Ukraine(0.754)
8. Venezuela(0.783)
7. Nigeria(0.784)
6. Senegal(0.784)
5. Sierra Leone(0.793)
4. Kenya(0.797)
3. Trinidad and Tobago(0.809)
2. Liberia(0.826)
1. Jamaica(0.828)
0 1
Help stranger
95% confidence interval
60
World Happiness Report 2025
62
Figure 37: Ranking by Help Stranger: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Finland(0.569)
95. State of Palestine(0.569)
94. Madagascar(0.571)
93. Mozambique(0.574)
92. Ecuador(0.575)
91. Ethiopia(0.575)
90. Sweden(0.577)
89. Armenia(0.580)
88. Ireland(0.580)
87. Thailand(0.583)
86. Taiwan Province of China(0.586)
85. El Salvador(0.587)
84. Israel(0.591)
83. Spain(0.596)
82. Germany(0.599)
81. Malaysia(0.599)
80. Colombia(0.601)
79. Peru(0.603)
78. Comoros(0.604)
77. Tunisia(0.606)
76. Denmark(0.607)
75. Panama(0.609)
74. India(0.615)
73. Republic of Moldova(0.615)
72. Bolivia(0.616)
71. Guatemala(0.619)
70. Cyprus(0.621)
69. Nicaragua(0.623)
68. Lesotho(0.627)
67. United Arab Emirates(0.627)
66. Czechia(0.628)
65. New Zealand(0.633)
64. Russian Federation(0.634)
63. Kosovo(0.634)
62. Azerbaijan(0.635)
61. Mexico(0.636)
60. Tajikistan(0.639)
59. Indonesia(0.639)
58. Brazil(0.641)
57. Jordan(0.643)
56. Burkina Faso(0.645)
55. Kyrgyzstan(0.648)
54. South Africa(0.651)
53. Namibia(0.651)
52. Argentina(0.653)
51. Philippines(0.654)
50. Côte d?Ivoire(0.656)
49. Somalia(0.659)
0 1
Help stranger
95% confidence interval
61
World Happiness Report 2025
63
Figure 38: Ranking by Help Stranger: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Japan(0.221)
146. Poland(0.243)
145. Cambodia(0.264)
144. Croatia(0.353)
143. France(0.406)
142. Montenegro(0.413)
141. Lao PDR(0.420)
140. Serbia(0.432)
139. Lebanon(0.436)
138. Kazakhstan(0.439)
137. Switzerland(0.440)
136. Slovakia(0.451)
135. Luxembourg(0.457)
134. Netherlands(0.459)
133. Pakistan(0.460)
132. Mongolia(0.468)
131. Lithuania(0.468)
130. North Macedonia(0.469)
129. Bulgaria(0.476)
128. Yemen(0.480)
127. Slovenia(0.482)
126. Afghanistan(0.486)
125. Iceland(0.496)
124. Benin(0.504)
123. China(0.504)
122. Viet Nam(0.507)
121. Italy(0.514)
120. Nepal(0.518)
119. Mauritius(0.518)
118. Belgium(0.518)
117. Latvia(0.520)
116. Portugal(0.522)
115. Türkiye(0.523)
114. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.528)
113. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.529)
112. Tanzania(0.529)
111. Austria(0.530)
110. Romania(0.531)
109. Republic of Korea(0.533)
108. United Kingdom(0.537)
107. Togo(0.539)
106. Myanmar(0.541)
105. Malta(0.546)
104. Greece(0.547)
103. Albania(0.548)
102. Estonia(0.556)
101. Norway(0.558)
100. Uzbekistan(0.564)
99. Algeria(0.566)
98. Mali(0.568)
97. Zimbabwe(0.569)
0 1
Help stranger
95% confidence interval
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Figure 39: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Neighbour: 2019 (Part 1)
48. China(0.662)
47. Tajikistan(0.665)
46. Portugal(0.670)
45. Gambia(0.671)
44. Georgia(0.675)
43. State of Palestine(0.677)
42. Taiwan Province of China(0.678)
41. Israel(0.681)
40. Jordan(0.682)
39. Kyrgyzstan(0.683)
38. Lebanon(0.686)
37. Egypt(0.690)
36. Azerbaijan(0.698)
35. Japan(0.700)
34. Niger(0.701)
33. Belgium(0.709)
32. Hungary(0.712)
31. Estonia(0.717)
30. Kazakhstan(0.722)
29. Iraq(0.723)
28. Iran(0.726)
27. Senegal(0.726)
26. Cyprus(0.731)
25. Singapore(0.732)
24. Luxembourg(0.734)
23. Bahrain(0.745)
22. Yemen(0.746)
21. France(0.746)
20. Libya(0.752)
19. Kuwait(0.765)
18. Uzbekistan(0.766)
17. United States(0.777)
16. Saudi Arabia(0.779)
15. Slovenia(0.790)
14. United Kingdom(0.794)
13. Spain(0.794)
12. Canada(0.806)
11. Switzerland(0.831)
10. New Zealand(0.839)
9. Ireland(0.841)
8. Denmark(0.852)
7. Australia(0.854)
6. Germany(0.856)
5. Austria(0.861)
4. Sweden(0.864)
3. Finland(0.879)
2. Norway(0.913)
1. Netherlands(0.918)
0 1
Wallet returned by neighbour
95% confidence interval
63
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Figure 40: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Neighbour: 2019 (Part 2)
96. Chad(0.531)
95. Uganda(0.538)
94. Malawi(0.540)
93. Mongolia(0.543)
92. Costa Rica(0.544)
91. Namibia(0.545)
90. South Africa(0.546)
89. Philippines(0.551)
88. Mali(0.552)
87. Botswana(0.552)
86. Greece(0.554)
85. Mauritius(0.559)
84. Argentina(0.562)
83. Burkina Faso(0.563)
82. Romania(0.564)
81. Chile(0.569)
80. Kenya(0.572)
79. Pakistan(0.575)
78. Tunisia(0.583)
77. Croatia(0.583)
76. Malaysia(0.584)
75. Mozambique(0.586)
74. Jamaica(0.593)
73. Poland(0.599)
72. Serbia(0.601)
71. Indonesia(0.602)
70. Kosovo(0.609)
69. Nigeria(0.612)
68. Armenia(0.617)
67. Morocco(0.618)
66. Sri Lanka(0.620)
65. Guinea(0.622)
64. Montenegro(0.623)
63. Ghana(0.629)
62. Italy(0.632)
61. Bulgaria(0.633)
60. Ukraine(0.634)
59. Mauritania(0.637)
58. Uruguay(0.638)
57. Brazil(0.641)
56. Slovakia(0.645)
55. Algeria(0.647)
54. Türkiye(0.648)
53. Malta(0.648)
52. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.651)
51. Lesotho(0.652)
50. United Arab Emirates(0.653)
49. Latvia(0.659)
0 1
Wallet returned by neighbour
95% confidence interval
64
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Figure 41: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Neighbour: 2019 (Part 3)
131. Madagascar(0.338)
130. Cambodia(0.352)
129. Bolivia(0.352)
128. Nicaragua(0.355)
127. Lithuania(0.365)
126. Ecuador(0.371)
125. Peru(0.382)
124. Gabon(0.383)
123. Afghanistan(0.394)
122. Eswatini(0.409)
121. Albania(0.414)
120. Sierra Leone(0.416)
119. Mexico(0.423)
118. Panama(0.435)
117. Benin(0.442)
116. Bangladesh(0.447)
115. North Macedonia(0.448)
114. Thailand(0.450)
113. Paraguay(0.458)
112. Colombia(0.461)
111. Guatemala(0.464)
110. Tanzania(0.470)
109. India(0.470)
108. Togo(0.473)
107. El Salvador(0.483)
106. Nepal(0.485)
105. Venezuela(0.487)
104. Ethiopia(0.496)
103. Zambia(0.498)
102. Dominican Republic(0.500)
101. Honduras(0.509)
100. Zimbabwe(0.509)
99. Myanmar(0.514)
98. Liberia(0.514)
97. Cameroon(0.516)
0 1
Wallet returned by neighbour
95% confidence interval
65
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Figure 42: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Stranger: 2019 (Part 1)
48. Gambia(0.311)
47. Uzbekistan(0.314)
46. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.315)
45. Montenegro(0.315)
44. Jordan(0.316)
43. Kosovo(0.318)
42. Egypt(0.319)
41. Luxembourg(0.324)
40. Kazakhstan(0.325)
39. Spain(0.325)
38. Ukraine(0.327)
37. Cyprus(0.329)
36. Malawi(0.331)
35. Pakistan(0.333)
34. Senegal(0.336)
33. Ghana(0.336)
32. Nigeria(0.337)
31. Sweden(0.339)
30. Slovenia(0.341)
29. Iraq(0.341)
28. Armenia(0.343)
27. Azerbaijan(0.345)
26. United Kingdom(0.348)
25. Japan(0.350)
24. Saudi Arabia(0.355)
23. Mali(0.360)
22. Yemen(0.360)
21. Taiwan Province of China(0.361)
20. Ireland(0.362)
19. Philippines(0.369)
18. Switzerland(0.384)
17. Canada(0.384)
16. State of Palestine(0.388)
15. Germany(0.390)
14. Australia(0.393)
13. Sri Lanka(0.397)
12. United Arab Emirates(0.401)
11. Kuwait(0.406)
10. Libya(0.407)
9. Bahrain(0.408)
8. New Zealand(0.408)
7. Austria(0.410)
6. Denmark(0.411)
5. Finland(0.412)
4. Netherlands(0.425)
3. Algeria(0.430)
2. Iran(0.473)
1. Norway(0.504)
0 1
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95% confidence interval
66
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Figure 43: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Stranger: 2019 (Part 2)
96. Zambia(0.194)
95. Mongolia(0.196)
94. Italy(0.215)
93. Chile(0.215)
92. North Macedonia(0.219)
91. Bangladesh(0.232)
90. Tajikistan(0.235)
89. Morocco(0.236)
88. Kenya(0.238)
87. Kyrgyzstan(0.241)
86. Slovakia(0.242)
85. Poland(0.244)
84. Benin(0.246)
83. Latvia(0.248)
82. Romania(0.248)
81. India(0.250)
80. Croatia(0.252)
79. Portugal(0.253)
78. Cameroon(0.253)
77. Togo(0.253)
76. Jamaica(0.255)
75. Lebanon(0.256)
74. Namibia(0.260)
73. Türkiye(0.261)
72. Tunisia(0.263)
71. Brazil(0.267)
70. Uruguay(0.271)
69. Guinea(0.271)
68. Argentina(0.273)
67. Burkina Faso(0.274)
66. Malta(0.274)
65. Israel(0.275)
64. Mauritius(0.276)
63. Mauritania(0.278)
62. Bulgaria(0.281)
61. Estonia(0.282)
60. Belgium(0.283)
59. Tanzania(0.291)
58. France(0.292)
57. China(0.299)
56. Georgia(0.299)
55. Lesotho(0.304)
54. Singapore(0.304)
53. Mozambique(0.306)
52. Serbia(0.307)
51. Liberia(0.308)
50. United States(0.309)
49. Niger(0.311)
0 1
Wallet returned by stranger
95% confidence interval
67
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Figure 44: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Stranger: 2019 (Part 3)
131. Cambodia(0.068)
130. Thailand(0.076)
129. Nicaragua(0.080)
128. Madagascar(0.092)
127. Ecuador(0.102)
126. Afghanistan(0.111)
125. Lithuania(0.115)
124. Venezuela(0.122)
123. Ethiopia(0.132)
122. El Salvador(0.134)
121. Costa Rica(0.134)
120. Dominican Republic(0.136)
119. Bolivia(0.136)
118. Myanmar(0.139)
117. Albania(0.143)
116. Eswatini(0.144)
115. Malaysia(0.146)
114. Peru(0.147)
113. Mexico(0.147)
112. Guatemala(0.148)
111. Gabon(0.157)
110. Indonesia(0.158)
109. Honduras(0.159)
108. Panama(0.162)
107. Sierra Leone(0.164)
106. Colombia(0.165)
105. Hungary(0.176)
104. Uganda(0.177)
103. Zimbabwe(0.182)
102. Chad(0.185)
101. Greece(0.185)
100. Nepal(0.186)
99. Paraguay(0.188)
98. South Africa(0.190)
97. Botswana(0.191)
0 1
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95% confidence interval
68
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Figure 45: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Police: 2019 (Part 1)
48. Romania(0.712)
47. Malta(0.717)
46. Bulgaria(0.722)
45. Kosovo(0.728)
44. Croatia(0.734)
43. Sri Lanka(0.740)
42. Poland(0.742)
41. Botswana(0.748)
40. Tajikistan(0.751)
39. Portugal(0.759)
38. Lesotho(0.764)
37. Greece(0.765)
36. Jordan(0.766)
35. Burkina Faso(0.767)
34. Belgium(0.769)
33. Japan(0.770)
32. Cyprus(0.772)
31. Italy(0.792)
30. Estonia(0.795)
29. Iran(0.805)
28. Türkiye(0.808)
27. Hungary(0.813)
26. Taiwan Province of China(0.817)
25. Senegal(0.817)
24. United States(0.822)
23. Slovenia(0.832)
22. France(0.838)
21. China(0.840)
20. Saudi Arabia(0.843)
19. Uzbekistan(0.843)
18. Denmark(0.855)
17. Bahrain(0.855)
16. Ireland(0.859)
15. United Kingdom(0.862)
14. Canada(0.865)
13. United Arab Emirates(0.880)
12. Australia(0.886)
11. Sweden(0.903)
10. Spain(0.905)
9. Singapore(0.907)
8. Luxembourg(0.910)
7. Switzerland(0.911)
6. Netherlands(0.911)
5. New Zealand(0.915)
4. Austria(0.917)
3. Germany(0.926)
2. Finland(0.943)
1. Norway(0.946)
0 1
Wallet returned by police
95% confidence interval
69
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Figure 46: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Police: 2019 (Part 2)
96. Jamaica(0.503)
95. Myanmar(0.505)
94. Zambia(0.516)
93. Tunisia(0.521)
92. Kyrgyzstan(0.522)
91. Cameroon(0.532)
90. Kenya(0.546)
89. South Africa(0.554)
88. India(0.556)
87. Nepal(0.558)
86. Uruguay(0.560)
85. Malawi(0.567)
84. Uganda(0.579)
83. Mauritania(0.583)
82. Mauritius(0.589)
81. Brazil(0.589)
80. Thailand(0.591)
79. Mozambique(0.597)
78. Iraq(0.605)
77. Armenia(0.606)
76. Niger(0.611)
75. Morocco(0.616)
74. Namibia(0.618)
73. Egypt(0.618)
72. Ghana(0.619)
71. Tanzania(0.622)
70. Benin(0.627)
69. Libya(0.644)
68. Eswatini(0.648)
67. Lebanon(0.652)
66. Togo(0.654)
65. Montenegro(0.657)
64. Azerbaijan(0.658)
63. Malaysia(0.665)
62. Kazakhstan(0.668)
61. Philippines(0.671)
60. Gambia(0.673)
59. Algeria(0.675)
58. Latvia(0.677)
57. Mongolia(0.683)
56. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.691)
55. Slovakia(0.696)
54. Lithuania(0.700)
53. Israel(0.700)
52. Indonesia(0.702)
51. Serbia(0.704)
50. Georgia(0.711)
49. State of Palestine(0.712)
0 1
Wallet returned by police
95% confidence interval
70
World Happiness Report 2025
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Figure 47: Ranking by Wallet Returned by Police: 2019 (Part 3)
129. Venezuela(0.141)
128. Mexico(0.254)
127. Afghanistan(0.261)
126. Dominican Republic(0.292)
125. Bolivia(0.292)
124. Sierra Leone(0.298)
123. Paraguay(0.301)
122. Nicaragua(0.358)
121. Chad(0.363)
120. Argentina(0.366)
119. Guatemala(0.368)
118. Nigeria(0.375)
117. Honduras(0.388)
116. Peru(0.397)
115. Madagascar(0.400)
114. Ecuador(0.407)
113. Colombia(0.409)
112. North Macedonia(0.418)
111. Gabon(0.438)
110. Chile(0.438)
109. El Salvador(0.442)
108. Guinea(0.456)
107. Albania(0.461)
106. Zimbabwe(0.467)
105. Yemen(0.469)
104. Liberia(0.469)
103. Mali(0.473)
102. Ukraine(0.476)
101. Ethiopia(0.481)
100. Cambodia(0.483)
99. Panama(0.491)
98. Bangladesh(0.492)
97. Costa Rica(0.503)
0 1
Wallet returned by police
95% confidence interval
71
World Happiness Report 2025
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Ranking of the Six Factors Used to Explain Happiness Scores
The next set of figures are rankings of countries by the six underlying factors used to
explain international differences in happiness scores, namely GDP per person, healthy
life expectancy, social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and
perception of corruption. The ranking figures do not show imputed data. As we
explain when describing our imputation algorithm, we do not use the imputed values
in any of our headline results including the happiness rankings. The only place where
we use them is when we try to decompose a country’s average happiness score into
components explained by the six factors. The imputation involves only a small num-
ber of countries. Here, we avoid relying on the imputation to generate the rankings.
If a country is missing the information about corruption perceptions, for example,
they won’t show up in the corruption ranking, thus the ranking for corruption will
cover a smaller number of countries than the ranking of overall happiness.
72
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Figure 48: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2022-2024; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 1)
48. Türkiye( 34,082)
47. Kazakhstan( 34,516)
46. Panama( 35,302)
45. Oman( 36,302)
44. Greece( 36,824)
43. Latvia( 38,078)
42. Slovakia( 39,292)
41. Russian Federation( 39,482)
40. Romania( 40,105)
39. Hungary( 40,364)
38. Croatia( 41,159)
37. Portugal( 41,384)
36. Estonia( 41,969)
35. Poland( 43,969)
34. Japan( 45,653)
33. Lithuania( 46,440)
32. Spain( 47,358)
31. Kuwait( 47,411)
30. Czechia( 47,620)
29. Slovenia( 47,657)
28. Israel( 48,055)
27. New Zealand( 48,552)
26. Republic of Korea( 50,144)
25. Cyprus( 51,886)
24. Italy( 52,551)
23. United Kingdom( 52,689)
22. France( 54,007)
21. Saudi Arabia( 55,648)
20. Finland( 56,623)
19. Canada( 56,650)
18. Bahrain( 57,232)
17. Malta( 58,570)
16. Australia( 59,941)
15. Belgium( 62,806)
14. Sweden( 62,847)
13. Germany( 63,148)
12. Hong Kong SAR of China( 64,252)
11. Austria( 64,423)
10. Iceland( 65,926)
9. United Arab Emirates( 68,641)
8. Netherlands( 70,804)
7. Denmark( 71,476)
6. United States( 74,551)
5. Switzerland( 81,854)
4. Norway( 90,387)
3. Ireland(117,360)
2. Singapore(130,014)
1. Luxembourg(132,422)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
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Figure 49: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2022-2024; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 2)
96. Uzbekistan( 9,978)
95. Jamaica( 10,072)
94. Namibia( 10,082)
93. Eswatini( 10,105)
92. El Salvador( 11,394)
91. Lebanon( 11,424)
90. Libya( 12,277)
89. Guatemala( 12,370)
88. Belize( 12,620)
87. Tunisia( 12,651)
86. Iraq( 12,829)
85. Sri Lanka( 13,226)
84. Viet Nam( 13,513)
83. Kosovo( 13,625)
82. South Africa( 13,703)
81. Indonesia( 13,905)
80. Ecuador( 14,375)
79. Algeria( 15,102)
78. Peru( 15,482)
77. Ukraine( 15,699)
76. Paraguay( 15,739)
75. Iran( 15,820)
74. Republic of Moldova( 15,923)
73. Mongolia( 16,092)
72. Egypt( 16,641)
71. Albania( 17,936)
70. Colombia( 18,399)
69. Gabon( 18,737)
68. Botswana( 18,894)
67. Brazil( 19,039)
66. Armenia( 19,065)
65. Bosnia and Herzegovina( 19,853)
64. Thailand( 21,178)
63. Azerbaijan( 21,342)
62. Mexico( 21,748)
61. Georgia( 22,405)
60. China( 22,471)
59. Dominican Republic( 23,294)
58. North Macedonia( 23,357)
57. Serbia( 25,688)
56. Costa Rica( 25,898)
55. Mauritius( 26,433)
54. Argentina( 26,899)
53. Montenegro( 27,089)
52. Chile( 29,703)
51. Uruguay( 31,309)
50. Malaysia( 32,898)
49. Bulgaria( 33,147)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
74
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Figure 50: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2022-2024; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 3)
142. Somalia( 1,402)
141. DR Congo( 1,444)
140. Mozambique( 1,511)
139. Liberia( 1,620)
138. Madagascar( 1,648)
137. Malawi( 1,649)
136. Chad( 1,671)
135. Niger( 1,740)
134. Afghanistan( 1,987)
133. Mali( 2,383)
132. Burkina Faso( 2,499)
131. Lesotho( 2,601)
130. Togo( 2,757)
129. Ethiopia( 2,761)
128. Uganda( 2,798)
127. Gambia( 2,941)
126. Sierra Leone( 3,013)
125. Zimbabwe( 3,420)
124. Comoros( 3,501)
123. Tanzania( 3,625)
122. Zambia( 3,642)
121. Benin( 3,719)
120. Guinea( 3,932)
119. Senegal( 4,354)
118. Tajikistan( 4,448)
117. Cameroon( 4,882)
116. Nepal( 4,883)
115. Myanmar( 5,365)
114. Pakistan( 5,473)
113. Nigeria( 5,602)
112. Kenya( 5,675)
111. Congo( 6,205)
110. Mauritania( 6,207)
109. Kyrgyzstan( 6,370)
108. Honduras( 6,465)
107. Côte d?Ivoire( 6,491)
106. Cambodia( 6,711)
105. Ghana( 6,796)
104. Nicaragua( 7,476)
103. Bangladesh( 8,244)
102. Lao PDR( 8,387)
101. Morocco( 8,839)
100. India( 9,121)
99. Jordan( 9,358)
98. Bolivia( 9,789)
97. Philippines( 9,911)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita
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Figure 51: Ranking of Social Support: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Montenegro(0.876)
47. Thailand(0.876)
46. Tajikistan(0.878)
45. Luxembourg(0.879)
44. Portugal(0.880)
43. United Kingdom(0.880)
42. Singapore(0.881)
41. Saudi Arabia(0.882)
40. Chile(0.886)
39. Taiwan Province of China(0.888)
38. Austria(0.891)
37. Poland(0.893)
36. Panama(0.894)
35. Costa Rica(0.894)
34. United States(0.900)
33. Paraguay(0.900)
32. Uzbekistan(0.900)
31. Serbia(0.902)
30. Switzerland(0.902)
29. Argentina(0.903)
28. Germany(0.904)
27. Belgium(0.912)
26. Canada(0.912)
25. Australia(0.912)
24. Uruguay(0.914)
23. Ireland(0.916)
22. Netherlands(0.919)
21. Malta(0.921)
20. Croatia(0.922)
19. Spain(0.926)
18. Kazakhstan(0.927)
17. Sweden(0.931)
16. Lithuania(0.931)
15. Latvia(0.936)
14. Norway(0.936)
13. New Zealand(0.936)
12. Kyrgyzstan(0.937)
11. Estonia(0.937)
10. Czechia(0.938)
9. Slovenia(0.938)
8. Bulgaria(0.941)
7. Mongolia(0.943)
6. Hungary(0.947)
5. Israel(0.947)
4. Denmark(0.949)
3. Slovakia(0.955)
2. Finland(0.962)
1. Iceland(0.984)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
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Figure 52: Ranking of Social Support: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. United Arab Emirates(0.780)
95. China(0.785)
94. Sri Lanka(0.786)
93. Libya(0.786)
92. Malaysia(0.788)
91. Ecuador(0.790)
90. Guatemala(0.794)
89. Uganda(0.798)
88. Cyprus(0.800)
87. Armenia(0.801)
86. Bolivia(0.803)
85. Republic of Korea(0.804)
84. Algeria(0.806)
83. Peru(0.806)
82. Iran(0.807)
81. Indonesia(0.809)
80. Philippines(0.814)
79. Bahrain(0.816)
78. Romania(0.820)
77. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.824)
76. Oman(0.824)
75. Republic of Moldova(0.831)
74. Greece(0.834)
73. Türkiye(0.836)
72. Kosovo(0.840)
71. State of Palestine(0.841)
70. South Africa(0.844)
69. Nicaragua(0.846)
68. Ukraine(0.847)
67. Kuwait(0.850)
66. Namibia(0.850)
65. Yemen(0.850)
64. Venezuela(0.855)
63. Dominican Republic(0.857)
62. Mexico(0.859)
61. Colombia(0.862)
60. Brazil(0.864)
59. Mauritius(0.865)
58. Italy(0.867)
57. Trinidad and Tobago(0.869)
56. Viet Nam(0.870)
55. France(0.870)
54. North Macedonia(0.871)
53. Belize(0.872)
52. Jamaica(0.874)
51. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.874)
50. Russian Federation(0.875)
49. Japan(0.876)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
77
World Happiness Report 2025
79
Figure 53: Ranking of Social Support: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Afghanistan(0.299)
146. Benin(0.383)
145. Bangladesh(0.405)
144. Malawi(0.481)
143. Comoros(0.485)
142. Morocco(0.535)
141. Sierra Leone(0.556)
140. Togo(0.573)
139. Pakistan(0.581)
138. Côte d?Ivoire(0.581)
137. Guinea(0.593)
136. Congo(0.595)
135. Niger(0.595)
134. Burkina Faso(0.607)
133. India(0.619)
132. Somalia(0.625)
131. Liberia(0.629)
130. Chad(0.634)
129. Tanzania(0.636)
128. Mali(0.637)
127. Mauritania(0.641)
126. DR Congo(0.644)
125. Madagascar(0.648)
124. Gambia(0.655)
123. Zimbabwe(0.656)
122. Senegal(0.662)
121. Lebanon(0.665)
120. Cameroon(0.666)
119. Ghana(0.675)
118. Lao PDR(0.675)
117. Zambia(0.676)
116. Azerbaijan(0.682)
115. Kenya(0.688)
114. Ethiopia(0.690)
113. Egypt(0.699)
112. Albania(0.716)
111. Mozambique(0.720)
110. Lesotho(0.720)
109. Myanmar(0.725)
108. Botswana(0.725)
107. Eswatini(0.727)
106. Honduras(0.741)
105. Jordan(0.746)
104. Nepal(0.749)
103. Cambodia(0.751)
102. Tunisia(0.754)
101. Gabon(0.755)
100. El Salvador(0.756)
99. Nigeria(0.762)
98. Georgia(0.773)
97. Iraq(0.773)
0 1
Social support
95% confidence interval
78
World Happiness Report 2025
80
Figure 54: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2021 (Part 1)
48. Bosnia and Herzegovina(64.990)
47. Colombia(65.020)
46. Jordan(65.070)
45. Montenegro(65.150)
44. Türkiye(65.210)
43. Viet Nam(65.350)
42. Poland(65.520)
41. Algeria(65.550)
40. Saudi Arabia(65.640)
39. Thailand(65.760)
38. Czechia(66.660)
37. Albania(66.690)
36. Sri Lanka(66.730)
35. Estonia(66.740)
34. Panama(66.740)
33. Croatia(66.800)
32. United Arab Emirates(67.270)
31. Costa Rica(67.630)
30. Chile(67.650)
29. Kuwait(67.780)
28. Greece(68.550)
27. China(68.580)
26. United Kingdom(68.640)
25. Germany(68.930)
24. Slovenia(69.360)
23. Portugal(69.520)
22. Canada(69.780)
21. Belgium(69.790)
20. Austria(69.790)
19. Finland(69.930)
18. New Zealand(69.980)
17. Ireland(70.000)
16. Denmark(70.060)
15. France(70.080)
14. Italy(70.560)
13. Australia(70.610)
12. Malta(70.710)
11. Cyprus(70.740)
10. Israel(70.760)
9. Spain(71.110)
8. Sweden(71.120)
7. Switzerland(71.150)
6. Norway(71.160)
5. Luxembourg(71.230)
4. Iceland(71.370)
3. Republic of Korea(72.450)
2. Japan(73.400)
1. Singapore(73.650)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
hleWHO
79
World Happiness Report 2025
81
Figure 55: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2021 (Part 2)
96. Lao PDR(60.410)
95. Cambodia(60.630)
94. Indonesia(60.670)
93. Paraguay(60.880)
92. Russian Federation(60.940)
91. Iraq(61.020)
90. Republic of Moldova(61.210)
89. Mongolia(61.310)
88. Mexico(61.440)
87. Ukraine(61.550)
86. Kazakhstan(61.550)
85. Jamaica(61.720)
84. Brazil(61.830)
83. Trinidad and Tobago(61.940)
82. Venezuela(62.050)
81. Libya(62.060)
80. El Salvador(62.200)
79. Morocco(62.340)
78. Bulgaria(62.390)
77. Georgia(62.480)
76. Peru(62.990)
75. Bangladesh(63.050)
74. Tajikistan(63.090)
73. Oman(63.190)
72. Lebanon(63.220)
71. Uzbekistan(63.360)
70. Kyrgyzstan(63.420)
69. Dominican Republic(63.560)
68. Tunisia(63.580)
67. Mauritius(63.630)
66. North Macedonia(63.710)
65. Latvia(63.760)
64. Belize(63.820)
63. Romania(63.850)
62. Serbia(63.870)
61. United States(63.910)
60. Malaysia(63.950)
59. Iran(63.980)
58. Armenia(64.010)
57. Azerbaijan(64.040)
56. Lithuania(64.230)
55. Bahrain(64.240)
54. Ecuador(64.340)
53. Nicaragua(64.610)
52. Argentina(64.790)
51. Hungary(64.840)
50. Slovakia(64.940)
49. Uruguay(64.990)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
hleWHO
80
World Happiness Report 2025
82
Figure 56: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2021 (Part 3)
141. Lesotho(44.630)
140. Somalia(47.420)
139. Eswatini(47.470)
138. Mozambique(49.720)
137. Afghanistan(50.450)
136. Zimbabwe(51.250)
135. Chad(51.520)
134. Niger(52.610)
133. South Africa(52.760)
132. Namibia(52.820)
131. Zambia(52.970)
130. Botswana(53.100)
129. Sierra Leone(53.130)
128. DR Congo(53.210)
127. Guinea(53.430)
126. Mali(53.560)
125. Liberia(53.960)
124. Cameroon(54.010)
123. Burkina Faso(54.560)
122. Malawi(54.670)
121. Congo(54.840)
120. Nigeria(54.950)
119. Madagascar(55.140)
118. Benin(55.720)
117. Gambia(55.840)
116. Togo(55.850)
115. Gabon(56.260)
114. Yemen(56.460)
113. Pakistan(56.890)
112. Uganda(57.220)
111. Bolivia(57.430)
110. Ghana(57.880)
109. Tanzania(58.070)
108. India(58.150)
107. Kenya(58.220)
106. Philippines(58.770)
105. Ethiopia(58.830)
104. Senegal(58.900)
103. Comoros(59.020)
102. Guatemala(59.250)
101. Myanmar(59.750)
100. Honduras(60.050)
99. Nepal(60.200)
98. Egypt(60.360)
97. Mauritania(60.390)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
hleWHO
81
World Happiness Report 2025
83
Figure 57: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Tanzania(0.865)
47. Netherlands(0.866)
46. New Zealand(0.867)
45. Honduras(0.867)
44. Dominican Republic(0.870)
43. Jamaica(0.872)
42. Zambia(0.874)
41. United Kingdom(0.874)
40. Panama(0.877)
39. Kazakhstan(0.878)
38. Portugal(0.878)
37. Mexico(0.878)
36. Guatemala(0.881)
35. Switzerland(0.885)
34. Kosovo(0.888)
33. Belgium(0.889)
32. Estonia(0.894)
31. Ireland(0.897)
30. Bahrain(0.897)
29. Nicaragua(0.900)
28. Uruguay(0.901)
27. India(0.902)
26. Lao PDR(0.903)
25. Czechia(0.903)
24. Somalia(0.903)
23. Indonesia(0.905)
22. Bangladesh(0.906)
21. Paraguay(0.906)
20. Thailand(0.910)
19. Oman(0.912)
18. Luxembourg(0.913)
17. United Arab Emirates(0.915)
16. Kuwait(0.915)
15. Costa Rica(0.924)
14. Sweden(0.927)
13. El Salvador(0.929)
12. Denmark(0.929)
11. Slovenia(0.933)
10. Norway(0.933)
9. Philippines(0.936)
8. Iceland(0.939)
7. Uzbekistan(0.943)
6. Kyrgyzstan(0.946)
5. Finland(0.949)
4. Cambodia(0.950)
3. Malaysia(0.953)
2. Viet Nam(0.966)
1. Belize(0.970)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
82
World Happiness Report 2025
84
Figure 58: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Botswana(0.759)
95. Jordan(0.761)
94. Lithuania(0.762)
93. Russian Federation(0.762)
92. Venezuela(0.762)
91. Slovakia(0.763)
90. Bulgaria(0.766)
89. Peru(0.767)
88. Ecuador(0.768)
87. Libya(0.777)
86. Spain(0.783)
85. Israel(0.787)
84. France(0.789)
83. Japan(0.791)
82. Morocco(0.792)
81. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.793)
80. Uganda(0.794)
79. Niger(0.799)
78. Trinidad and Tobago(0.800)
77. Taiwan Province of China(0.801)
76. Mauritius(0.801)
75. Nepal(0.803)
74. China(0.803)
73. Senegal(0.805)
72. Mali(0.805)
71. Serbia(0.805)
70. Montenegro(0.806)
69. Ghana(0.808)
68. Colombia(0.812)
67. Chile(0.813)
66. Azerbaijan(0.817)
65. Armenia(0.817)
64. Latvia(0.820)
63. Poland(0.820)
62. Mozambique(0.835)
61. Canada(0.835)
60. Bolivia(0.838)
59. Argentina(0.842)
58. Republic of Moldova(0.846)
57. Brazil(0.846)
56. Malta(0.851)
55. Albania(0.854)
54. Georgia(0.856)
53. Romania(0.858)
52. Austria(0.863)
51. Singapore(0.864)
50. Australia(0.864)
49. Germany(0.865)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
83
World Happiness Report 2025
85
Figure 59: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
145. Afghanistan(0.300)
144. Türkiye(0.460)
143. Comoros(0.471)
142. Lebanon(0.484)
141. Madagascar(0.492)
140. Tunisia(0.551)
139. Greece(0.561)
138. Eswatini(0.581)
137. Yemen(0.594)
136. Mauritania(0.598)
135. Iran(0.600)
134. Chad(0.614)
133. Croatia(0.615)
132. Iraq(0.631)
131. Algeria(0.644)
130. Pakistan(0.648)
129. Ethiopia(0.656)
128. Namibia(0.671)
127. Myanmar(0.674)
126. Togo(0.679)
125. Egypt(0.690)
124. Zimbabwe(0.693)
123. DR Congo(0.695)
122. Lesotho(0.699)
121. Gambia(0.702)
120. Cyprus(0.703)
119. Sierra Leone(0.703)
118. State of Palestine(0.707)
117. Congo(0.712)
116. Mongolia(0.714)
115. North Macedonia(0.719)
114. Nigeria(0.721)
113. Italy(0.722)
112. United States(0.724)
111. Kenya(0.727)
110. Gabon(0.729)
109. Liberia(0.730)
108. Côte d?Ivoire(0.735)
107. Cameroon(0.736)
106. Burkina Faso(0.742)
105. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.743)
104. South Africa(0.745)
103. Guinea(0.745)
102. Malawi(0.746)
101. Republic of Korea(0.746)
100. Benin(0.747)
99. Hungary(0.748)
98. Ukraine(0.753)
97. Sri Lanka(0.758)
0 1
Freedom to make life choices
95% confidence interval
84
World Happiness Report 2025
86
Figure 60: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Saudi Arabia(0.402)
47. Somalia(0.404)
46. North Macedonia(0.406)
45. Nigeria(0.406)
44. Spain(0.408)
43. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.408)
42. Taiwan Province of China(0.413)
41. Serbia(0.415)
40. Kyrgyzstan(0.416)
39. Finland(0.416)
38. Czechia(0.426)
37. Slovenia(0.434)
36. Estonia(0.442)
35. Belgium(0.449)
34. Oman(0.466)
33. Kuwait(0.493)
32. Israel(0.494)
31. Luxembourg(0.495)
30. Mongolia(0.511)
29. Uzbekistan(0.516)
28. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.520)
27. Bahrain(0.521)
26. Germany(0.524)
25. Denmark(0.536)
24. Kenya(0.541)
23. Kosovo(0.553)
22. New Zealand(0.553)
21. Switzerland(0.561)
20. Australia(0.561)
19. Malaysia(0.562)
18. Iran(0.567)
17. Canada(0.568)
16. United Arab Emirates(0.574)
15. Sweden(0.580)
14. Singapore(0.580)
13. Gambia(0.587)
12. United States(0.597)
11. Norway(0.602)
10. Austria(0.604)
9. Netherlands(0.629)
8. Thailand(0.645)
7. Ireland(0.649)
6. Malta(0.653)
5. Iceland(0.667)
4. United Kingdom(0.675)
3. Ukraine(0.680)
2. Myanmar(0.802)
1. Indonesia(0.874)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
85
World Happiness Report 2025
87
Figure 61: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Dominican Republic(0.230)
95. Côte d?Ivoire(0.236)
94. Bulgaria(0.237)
93. Comoros(0.238)
92. Costa Rica(0.247)
91. Liberia(0.250)
90. Azerbaijan(0.253)
89. Nicaragua(0.254)
88. Slovakia(0.256)
87. DR Congo(0.263)
86. Mauritania(0.266)
85. China(0.270)
84. Montenegro(0.273)
83. Zambia(0.276)
82. Sierra Leone(0.279)
81. Burkina Faso(0.279)
80. Bangladesh(0.281)
79. Senegal(0.283)
78. Brazil(0.284)
77. Iraq(0.285)
76. Paraguay(0.289)
75. Uruguay(0.290)
74. Uganda(0.302)
73. Libya(0.311)
72. Albania(0.318)
71. Pakistan(0.319)
70. Honduras(0.324)
69. Mauritius(0.324)
68. Chile(0.325)
67. Tanzania(0.333)
66. Chad(0.337)
65. Italy(0.338)
64. Cambodia(0.342)
63. Ghana(0.342)
62. Sri Lanka(0.343)
61. Guinea(0.345)
60. Russian Federation(0.353)
59. Nepal(0.361)
58. Hungary(0.363)
57. India(0.368)
56. Cyprus(0.374)
55. Lao PDR(0.377)
54. Latvia(0.381)
53. Republic of Korea(0.381)
52. France(0.384)
51. Kazakhstan(0.385)
50. Trinidad and Tobago(0.389)
49. Ethiopia(0.390)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
86
World Happiness Report 2025
88
Figure 62: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Yemen(0.055)
146. Georgia(0.062)
145. Lesotho(0.079)
144. Morocco(0.080)
143. Egypt(0.087)
142. Afghanistan(0.087)
141. Botswana(0.096)
140. Zimbabwe(0.099)
139. Tunisia(0.104)
138. Greece(0.105)
137. State of Palestine(0.121)
136. Viet Nam(0.127)
135. Jordan(0.132)
134. Armenia(0.133)
133. Namibia(0.143)
132. Mali(0.145)
131. Japan(0.149)
130. Colombia(0.150)
129. Eswatini(0.150)
128. El Salvador(0.154)
127. Gabon(0.161)
126. Croatia(0.162)
125. Poland(0.166)
124. Peru(0.166)
123. Togo(0.167)
122. Tajikistan(0.168)
121. Benin(0.177)
120. Malawi(0.179)
119. Romania(0.180)
118. Ecuador(0.180)
117. Bolivia(0.181)
116. Republic of Moldova(0.181)
115. Congo(0.185)
114. Algeria(0.185)
113. South Africa(0.195)
112. Türkiye(0.195)
111. Venezuela(0.196)
110. Lithuania(0.196)
109. Niger(0.199)
108. Jamaica(0.199)
107. Lebanon(0.200)
106. Philippines(0.200)
105. Argentina(0.201)
104. Panama(0.203)
103. Mozambique(0.204)
102. Mexico(0.208)
101. Portugal(0.210)
100. Belize(0.213)
99. Cameroon(0.214)
98. Guatemala(0.215)
97. Madagascar(0.216)
0 1
Generosity, not adjusted
95% confidence interval
87
World Happiness Report 2025
89
Figure 63: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Belize(0.816)
47. Latvia(0.816)
46. State of Palestine(0.818)
45. Honduras(0.819)
44. Cambodia(0.821)
43. Kenya(0.829)
42. Lesotho(0.831)
41. Italy(0.831)
40. Slovakia(0.833)
39. Iraq(0.835)
38. Liberia(0.837)
37. Ecuador(0.839)
36. Croatia(0.841)
35. Paraguay(0.843)
34. Greece(0.844)
33. DR Congo(0.846)
32. Cameroon(0.849)
31. Hungary(0.853)
30. Albania(0.853)
29. Namibia(0.854)
28. Mongolia(0.858)
27. Kyrgyzstan(0.859)
26. Bolivia(0.860)
25. Sierra Leone(0.861)
24. Colombia(0.862)
23. Tunisia(0.863)
22. Uganda(0.863)
21. Pakistan(0.869)
20. Gambia(0.871)
19. Indonesia(0.873)
18. South Africa(0.873)
17. Panama(0.876)
16. Cyprus(0.877)
15. Lebanon(0.877)
14. Thailand(0.879)
13. Republic of Moldova(0.883)
12. Portugal(0.888)
11. Nigeria(0.897)
10. Sri Lanka(0.900)
9. Ghana(0.901)
8. Ukraine(0.904)
7. Peru(0.907)
6. Jamaica(0.909)
5. Romania(0.916)
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.925)
3. North Macedonia(0.927)
2. Trinidad and Tobago(0.937)
1. Bulgaria(0.938)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
88
World Happiness Report 2025
90
Figure 64: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Lao PDR(0.693)
95. Myanmar(0.694)
94. Côte d?Ivoire(0.696)
93. United States(0.697)
92. Armenia(0.702)
91. Togo(0.709)
90. Republic of Korea(0.730)
89. Montenegro(0.732)
88. Niger(0.734)
87. Malawi(0.735)
86. Afghanistan(0.736)
85. Bangladesh(0.741)
84. Zimbabwe(0.742)
83. Mauritius(0.744)
82. Eswatini(0.744)
81. Brazil(0.748)
80. Congo(0.750)
79. Russian Federation(0.750)
78. Lithuania(0.754)
77. Iran(0.755)
76. India(0.758)
75. Kazakhstan(0.761)
74. Costa Rica(0.762)
73. Madagascar(0.762)
72. Mexico(0.762)
71. Venezuela(0.763)
70. Malta(0.766)
69. Mali(0.767)
68. Slovenia(0.769)
67. Chad(0.771)
66. Philippines(0.773)
65. Malaysia(0.773)
64. Serbia(0.778)
63. Zambia(0.779)
62. Yemen(0.779)
61. Türkiye(0.783)
60. Ethiopia(0.789)
59. Nepal(0.791)
58. Guinea(0.791)
57. Morocco(0.795)
56. Senegal(0.803)
55. Kosovo(0.809)
54. Gabon(0.809)
53. Guatemala(0.812)
52. Chile(0.812)
51. Czechia(0.812)
50. Botswana(0.814)
49. Argentina(0.815)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
89
World Happiness Report 2025
91
Figure 65: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
140. Singapore(0.158)
139. Finland(0.188)
138. Denmark(0.208)
137. Switzerland(0.238)
136. Sweden(0.239)
135. New Zealand(0.297)
134. Norway(0.302)
133. Luxembourg(0.344)
132. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.361)
131. Ireland(0.367)
130. Estonia(0.373)
129. Germany(0.413)
128. Netherlands(0.423)
127. Tajikistan(0.426)
126. Canada(0.455)
125. United Kingdom(0.462)
124. Belgium(0.480)
123. Australia(0.513)
122. Austria(0.519)
121. Nicaragua(0.533)
120. France(0.543)
119. El Salvador(0.544)
118. Tanzania(0.575)
117. Benin(0.582)
116. Algeria(0.611)
115. Burkina Faso(0.612)
114. Libya(0.618)
113. Uzbekistan(0.626)
112. Japan(0.639)
111. Uruguay(0.644)
110. Mauritania(0.647)
109. Israel(0.649)
108. Somalia(0.651)
107. Taiwan Province of China(0.659)
106. Dominican Republic(0.660)
105. Spain(0.669)
104. Azerbaijan(0.671)
103. Viet Nam(0.678)
102. Mozambique(0.679)
101. Iceland(0.679)
100. Georgia(0.680)
99. Poland(0.686)
98. Jordan(0.692)
97. Comoros(0.693)
0 1
Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval
90
World Happiness Report 2025
92
Figure 66: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Somalia(0.720)
47. Switzerland(0.721)
46. United Kingdom(0.721)
45. Cambodia(0.722)
44. United States(0.722)
43. Taiwan Province of China(0.724)
42. South Africa(0.726)
41. Ireland(0.731)
40. Gambia(0.732)
39. Argentina(0.734)
38. Viet Nam(0.734)
37. Luxembourg(0.735)
36. Dominican Republic(0.735)
35. New Zealand(0.736)
34. Kenya(0.738)
33. Finland(0.740)
32. Oman(0.744)
31. Lesotho(0.746)
30. Czechia(0.746)
29. Bolivia(0.747)
28. Sweden(0.751)
27. Venezuela(0.753)
26. Uzbekistan(0.755)
25. Norway(0.756)
24. Malaysia(0.757)
23. Estonia(0.761)
22. Trinidad and Tobago(0.763)
21. Uruguay(0.763)
20. Peru(0.766)
19. Colombia(0.767)
18. Niger(0.768)
17. Honduras(0.773)
16. Chile(0.776)
15. Denmark(0.779)
14. Ecuador(0.780)
13. Nicaragua(0.785)
12. Belize(0.788)
11. Iceland(0.788)
10. Thailand(0.796)
9. Costa Rica(0.800)
8. El Salvador(0.808)
7. Philippines(0.818)
6. Mexico(0.819)
5. Indonesia(0.826)
4. Paraguay(0.830)
3. Senegal(0.833)
2. Panama(0.834)
1. Guatemala(0.845)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
91
World Happiness Report 2025
93
Figure 67: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. Liberia(0.635)
95. Kosovo(0.636)
94. Ghana(0.639)
93. Namibia(0.643)
92. Gabon(0.644)
91. Romania(0.644)
90. Zambia(0.648)
89. Botswana(0.651)
88. Hungary(0.651)
87. Burkina Faso(0.652)
86. Spain(0.653)
85. Myanmar(0.653)
84. India(0.654)
83. Portugal(0.654)
82. Malta(0.656)
81. Slovakia(0.658)
80. Latvia(0.660)
79. Côte d?Ivoire(0.662)
78. Kyrgyzstan(0.665)
77. Cyprus(0.666)
76. Japan(0.668)
75. Mali(0.669)
74. France(0.679)
73. United Arab Emirates(0.679)
72. Bahrain(0.680)
71. Mauritania(0.681)
70. Singapore(0.685)
69. Germany(0.688)
68. Eswatini(0.690)
67. Lao PDR(0.692)
66. Tajikistan(0.693)
65. Guinea(0.697)
64. Madagascar(0.697)
63. Brazil(0.699)
62. Mauritius(0.699)
61. China(0.701)
60. Tanzania(0.702)
59. Kuwait(0.707)
58. Austria(0.709)
57. Netherlands(0.711)
56. Sri Lanka(0.713)
55. Saudi Arabia(0.714)
54. Belgium(0.714)
53. Canada(0.715)
52. Jamaica(0.715)
51. Nigeria(0.716)
50. Uganda(0.717)
49. Australia(0.719)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
92
World Happiness Report 2025
94
Figure 68: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Afghanistan(0.233)
146. Türkiye(0.322)
145. Lebanon(0.343)
144. Bangladesh(0.438)
143. Egypt(0.444)
142. Yemen(0.453)
141. Nepal(0.470)
140. Pakistan(0.471)
139. Montenegro(0.505)
138. Tunisia(0.507)
137. Sierra Leone(0.508)
136. Azerbaijan(0.513)
135. Ukraine(0.521)
134. North Macedonia(0.527)
133. Jordan(0.530)
132. Iran(0.533)
131. Serbia(0.538)
130. Malawi(0.539)
129. Georgia(0.542)
128. Ethiopia(0.543)
127. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.545)
126. Morocco(0.550)
125. Armenia(0.551)
124. Algeria(0.555)
123. DR Congo(0.559)
122. Mongolia(0.559)
121. Lithuania(0.561)
120. Israel(0.561)
119. Togo(0.563)
118. Chad(0.564)
117. Congo(0.568)
116. Bulgaria(0.569)
115. Iraq(0.572)
114. Albania(0.574)
113. Poland(0.576)
112. State of Palestine(0.578)
111. Comoros(0.580)
110. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.582)
109. Benin(0.589)
108. Republic of Korea(0.590)
107. Republic of Moldova(0.592)
106. Greece(0.593)
105. Cameroon(0.595)
104. Croatia(0.596)
103. Libya(0.604)
102. Russian Federation(0.608)
101. Kazakhstan(0.617)
100. Zimbabwe(0.622)
99. Slovenia(0.622)
98. Italy(0.623)
97. Mozambique(0.625)
0 1
Positive affect
95% confidence interval
93
World Happiness Report 2025
95
Figure 69: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 1)
48. Nicaragua(0.330)
47. Sri Lanka(0.332)
46. Malawi(0.334)
45. Tunisia(0.335)
44. Eswatini(0.342)
43. Nepal(0.342)
42. Zambia(0.344)
41. Trinidad and Tobago(0.345)
40. Egypt(0.351)
39. Côte d?Ivoire(0.352)
38. Myanmar(0.352)
37. Libya(0.355)
36. Cameroon(0.355)
35. Mozambique(0.355)
34. Mauritania(0.357)
33. Ecuador(0.359)
32. Türkiye(0.360)
31. Malta(0.364)
30. Burkina Faso(0.368)
29. Peru(0.373)
28. Madagascar(0.373)
27. State of Palestine(0.376)
26. Mali(0.378)
25. Ukraine(0.383)
24. Comoros(0.384)
23. Togo(0.387)
22. Pakistan(0.388)
21. Cambodia(0.396)
20. Niger(0.397)
19. India(0.398)
18. Bolivia(0.400)
17. Lebanon(0.403)
16. Morocco(0.404)
15. Uganda(0.406)
14. Gabon(0.415)
13. Bangladesh(0.420)
12. Benin(0.432)
11. Congo(0.435)
10. Liberia(0.443)
9. Iran(0.444)
8. Jordan(0.450)
7. DR Congo(0.466)
6. Iraq(0.472)
5. Armenia(0.476)
4. Sierra Leone(0.493)
3. Chad(0.505)
2. Guinea(0.510)
1. Afghanistan(0.517)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
94
World Happiness Report 2025
96
Figure 70: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 2)
96. South Africa(0.245)
95. Slovenia(0.247)
94. Republic of Korea(0.250)
93. Panama(0.251)
92. Kenya(0.255)
91. Australia(0.256)
90. Romania(0.256)
89. Czechia(0.257)
88. United Kingdom(0.261)
87. Ghana(0.261)
86. Uruguay(0.261)
85. Nigeria(0.263)
84. United Arab Emirates(0.263)
83. Chile(0.264)
82. Azerbaijan(0.265)
81. Botswana(0.265)
80. United States(0.265)
79. Jamaica(0.267)
78. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.267)
77. North Macedonia(0.267)
76. Republic of Moldova(0.270)
75. Dominican Republic(0.273)
74. Greece(0.277)
73. Costa Rica(0.277)
72. Argentina(0.278)
71. Senegal(0.279)
70. Lesotho(0.280)
69. Indonesia(0.282)
68. Italy(0.283)
67. Colombia(0.283)
66. Guatemala(0.287)
65. Honduras(0.291)
64. Albania(0.292)
63. Montenegro(0.298)
62. El Salvador(0.298)
61. Yemen(0.298)
60. Canada(0.304)
59. Portugal(0.308)
58. Cyprus(0.311)
57. Venezuela(0.315)
56. Bahrain(0.316)
55. Lao PDR(0.317)
54. Spain(0.318)
53. Brazil(0.322)
52. Philippines(0.324)
51. Ethiopia(0.325)
50. Israel(0.330)
49. Gambia(0.330)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
95
World Happiness Report 2025
97
Figure 71: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2022-2024 (Part 3)
147. Viet Nam(0.108)
146. Taiwan Province of China(0.113)
145. Kazakhstan(0.117)
144. Kosovo(0.122)
143. Poland(0.144)
142. Mauritius(0.159)
141. Japan(0.172)
140. Finland(0.173)
139. Lithuania(0.178)
138. Iceland(0.178)
137. Switzerland(0.180)
136. Bulgaria(0.183)
135. Kyrgyzstan(0.186)
134. Sweden(0.188)
133. Belize(0.191)
132. Estonia(0.191)
131. Hong Kong SAR of China(0.192)
130. Mongolia(0.193)
129. Zimbabwe(0.194)
128. Russian Federation(0.199)
127. Tanzania(0.202)
126. Singapore(0.204)
125. Luxembourg(0.206)
124. Netherlands(0.207)
123. Mexico(0.208)
122. Malaysia(0.209)
121. China(0.210)
120. Georgia(0.212)
119. Hungary(0.217)
118. Tajikistan(0.219)
117. Denmark(0.219)
116. Latvia(0.219)
115. Thailand(0.219)
114. Uzbekistan(0.220)
113. Germany(0.221)
112. Namibia(0.224)
111. New Zealand(0.224)
110. Saudi Arabia(0.224)
109. Norway(0.224)
108. Austria(0.228)
107. Serbia(0.228)
106. Kuwait(0.231)
105. Oman(0.231)
104. Algeria(0.233)
103. Somalia(0.236)
102. Belgium(0.236)
101. Paraguay(0.236)
100. Ireland(0.237)
99. France(0.238)
98. Slovakia(0.239)
97. Croatia(0.241)
0 1
Negative affect
95% confidence interval
96
World Happiness Report 2025
98
Table 22: Decomposing the happiness difference between a hypothetical average coun-
try and Dystopia
Average
country
Dystopia Explained
excess
happiness
over
Dystopia
due to
Share of
explained
excess
happiness
over
Dystopia
due to
Happiness 5.58 1.37
Logged GDP per capita 9.64 5.62 1.32 .31
Social support .79 .3 1.33 .32
Healthy life expectancy 61.19 43.71 .55 .13
Freedom to make life choices .79 .3 .75 .18
Generosity .02 -.28 .11 .03
Perceptions of corruption .72 .94 .15 .03
Sum of explained excess over Dystopia 4.21 1
Table 23: Decomposing the happiness difference between the group of top 10 coun-
tries/territories and the group of bottom 10 countries/territories in the ranking of
happiness scores
Top 10 Bottom
10
Difference
in
happiness
due to
Share of
explained
difference
due to
Happiness 7.33 3.22
Logged GDP per capita 10.96 8.12 .93 .31
Social support .93 .61 .85 .28
Healthy life expectancy 69.17 51.81 .55 .18
Freedom to make life choices .9 .61 .44 .14
Generosity .08 -.05 .05 .02
Perceptions of corruption .46 .79 .22 .07
Total explained difference in happiness 3.05 1
Total difference in happiness 4.11
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Figure 72: Predicted happiness and actual happiness in 2022-2024
2 4 6 82 4 6 82 4 6 82 4 6 8
2 4 6 8
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States
Southeast Asia South Asia East Asia
Latin America and Caribbean North America and ANZ Middle East and North Africa
Sub−Saharan Africa Total
45 degree line
Actual happiness, average 2022−2024
Predicted happiness from Table 2.1, average 2022−2024
Note: These average actual (predicted) happiness scores by country/territory for the
2022-2024 period are weighted averages of the yearly averages by county/territory used in
(predicted by) column (1)’s regression in Table 8. The yearly weights are the sums of
Gallup-assigned individual weights by country/territory in that year.
98
