Everyone has a Monkey in Her Heart: A Cross-Cultural Study of Conceptual Metaphors in Literary Narrative and Film PDF Free Download
1 / 108/108
100%
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!"#$%&'#()*+(*(,&'-#%(.'(/#$(/#*$01(2(3$&++435605$*6(7058%(&9(3&':#;05*6(,#0*;)&$+(.'(
<.0#$*$%(=*$$*0."#(*'8(>.6?(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
!?.6%(@5#'.(A.'(
(
75B?.00#8(.'(C*$0.*6(>569.66?#'0(&9(0)#(C$#$#D5.+.0#(9&$(/&'&$+(.'(3&?;*$*0."#(<.0#$*05$#(
(
2;$.6(EFGH(
(
3&;%$.I)0(EFGH(!?.6%(@5#'.(A.'(
(
(!
(
E(
TABLE!OF!CONTENTS!
(
TABLE&OF&CONTENTS&......................................................................................................................&2&
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&..................................................................................................................&3&
FOREWORD&....................................................................................................................................&4&
CHAPTER&1:&INTRODUCTION&..........................................................................................................&7&
BASIC&FRAMEWORK&OF&CONCEPTUAL&METAPHORS&..................................................................&7&
CONCEPTUAL&METAPHORS&AND&CULTURE&..............................................................................&11&
MULTILEVEL&EXPANSION&THEORY&............................................................................................&20&
THESIS&......................................................................................................................................&27&
CHAPTER&2:&THEORIES&IN&PSYCHOLOGY&.......................................................................................&29&
OVERVIEW&................................................................................................................................&29&
INTRODUCTION&........................................................................................................................&29&
Study&1&.....................................................................................................................................&32&
METHOD&...............................................................................................................................&32&
RESULTS&................................................................................................................................&33&
DISCUSSION&..........................................................................................................................&34&
Study&2&.....................................................................................................................................&36&
METHOD&...............................................................................................................................&36&
INDEX&...................................................................................................................................&36&
CHAPTER&3:&CONCEPTUAL&METAPHORS&IN&THE&TEXT&“JOURNEY&TO&THE&WEST”&........................&41&
OVERVIEW&................................................................................................................................&41&
INTRODUCTION&........................................................................................................................&43&
THE&“HEART&MONKEY”&.............................................................................................................&44&
IMAGERIES&IN&FANTASTICAL&ELEMENTS&..................................................................................&51&
MOTIF&OF&CLOTHING&................................................................................................................&56&
MOTIF&OF&THE&GOLDEN&HOOP&.................................................................................................&60&
THEMATIC&REPRESENTATIONS&.................................................................................................&66&
CHAPTER&4:&CONCEPTUAL&METAPHORS&IN&THE&MOVIE&MONKEY'KING:'HERO'IS'BACK&..............&69&
OVERVIEW&................................................................................................................................&69&
INTRODUCTION&........................................................................................................................&69&
PLOT&AND&BACKGROUND&.........................................................................................................&74&
CHARACTERS:&MONKEY&............................................................................................................&77&
CHARACTERS:&MONK&................................................................................................................&83&
MOTIF&OF&THE&GOLDEN&HOOP&.................................................................................................&86&
MOTIF&OF&FIRE&.........................................................................................................................&98&
CONCLUSION&..............................................................................................................................&103&
REFERENCES&...............................................................................................................................&106&
(
(!
(
J(
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS!
(
>.$+06%K(L(M&568(6.-#(0&(0)*'-(?%(*8".+&$(!6.N*B#0)(O&5'IP(L(:*''&0(B#(?&$#(I$*0#956(
0&()*"#(?#0(C$&9#++&$(O&5'IP(O&5$(3C<Q(EFR(:6*++(&'(3&I'.0."#(C�.:+(M*+(0)#(#'0.$#(
$#*+&'(0)*0(0).+(#'0.$#(0)#+.+(:&568()*"#(+#0(+*.6P(Q)*'-(%&5(9&$(I5.8.'I(?#(0)$&5I)(0).+(
S&5$'#%K(*6M*%+()#*$.'I(&50(?%(.'+*'#(.8#*+(*'8(I#00.'I(#T:.0#8(M.0)(?#K(*+(M#66(*+(
;$&".8.'I(?#(M.0)(*66(&9(0)#(#':&5$*I#?#'0(*'8()#6;(0)*0(L(:&568(.?*I.'#P(L()*"#(+*.8(0).+(
9&$(*(0)&5+*'8(0.?#+K(B50()#$#(.0(.+(*I*.'1(0)*'-(%&5(9&$(B#.'I(0)#(B#+0(*8".+&$(.'(0)#(M&$68P(
L(M&568(*6+&(6.-#(0&(0)*'-(?%(+#:&'8*$%(*8".+&$(C$&9#++&$(70#;)#'(/P(3)#'(*+(M#66K(9&$(
0*-.'I(?#(5'8#$(%&5$(M.'IK()#6;.'I(?#(M.0)(?%(#'0.$#(:)*;0#$(&'(;+%:)&6&I%(*'8(*6M*%+(
I.".'I(?#(0)#(?&+0(&'4;&.'0(6.9#(*8".:#+(*?.8+0(*66(&9(?%(;*'.:+P((
Q)*'-+(0&(C$&9#++&$(,.'IM#.(7&'IK(C$&9#++&$(28*?(U#.'#$K(C$&9#++&$(/V6W'#(X.6.+(
*'8(C$&9#++&$(Y&B.'(2-#$0K(M)&(*I$##8(0&(+#$"#(&'(?%(0)#+.+(:&??.00##(B&*$8P(7;#:.*6(
0)*'-+(0&(C$&9#++&$(7&'IK(M)&(I*"#(?#(*66(0)#(*8".:#+($#I*$8.'I(3).'#+#(6.0#$*05$#K(*'8(
?*-.'I(?%(6.9#(*(6.006#(B#00#$(M.0)(I$#*0(+:.#':#(9.:0.&'P(Q)*'-+(0&(0)#(:&?;*$*0."#(
6.0#$*05$#(8#;*$0?#'0K(#+;#:.*66%(C$&9#++&$(Q)&?*+(=&68#'K(M)&(+5;;&$0#8(?#(I$#*06%(
*6&'I(0)#(M*%P(L(M&568(*6+&(6.-#(0&(0)*'-(C$&9#++&$(<*M$#':#(Y&+#'M*68K(C$&9#++&$(
,*$I*$#0(Z#*'#K(C$&9#++&$(A5+0.'(2$?+0$&'I(*'8(C$&9#++&$(2'I#6*(3*$;#'0#$K(M)&(0*6-#8(
0)$&5I)(0)#+.+(.8#*+(M.0)(?#(*'8(;$&".8#8(?&+0("*65*B6#(.'+.I)0+P((
Q)*'-+(0&(0)#(A#$&?#(2P(7:).99(9#66&M+).;(0)*0(95'8#8(0).+(;$&S#:0P(
Q)*'-+(0&(?%(>*?.6%([#"#6&;?#'0(C$&S#:0(\3)#'(<*B](9#66&M+P(Q)*'-(%&5(*66(9&$(
$5''.'I(0)#(.'0#$".#M+K(:&8.'I(0)#(8*0*(*'8(0$*'+:$.B.'IP(U.0)&50(%&5$()#6;K(?%(#'0.$#(
;+%:)&6&I%(:)*;0#$(:&568('&0()*"#(;&++.B6%(:&?#(.'0&(+)*;#P(
Q)*'-+(0&(?%(9$.#'8+K(#+;#:.*66%(?%(0)#+.+(B588.#+K(9&$(+0$5II6.'I(0)$&5I)(0).+(M.0)(
?#(0&I#0)#$P(Q)*'-(%&5(9&$(*66(%&5$(#':&5$*I#?#'0+(*'8(9&$(*6M*%+()#*$.'I(?#(&50P(
Q)*'-+(0&(?%(9*?.6%(0&&K(8#+;.0#(0)*0(%&5(*$#(*66(GE()&5$+(*M*%K(+&?#)&M(%&5(+0.66(?*-#(
+5$#(0)*0(:*0(;)&0&+(:&?#(?%(M*%(#"#$%(+.'I6#(8*%P((
Q)*'-+(0&(?%(9*?.6%(*0(U#66#+6#%K(U#66#+6#%(U5+)5P(Q)*'-(%&5(*66(9&$(I.".'I(?#(*66(
0)#(+5;;&$0(.'(0)#(M&$68P(Q)#$#(*$#(0&&(?*'%(0).'I+(0)*0(L(*?(I$*0#956(*B&50(^()*'I.'I(&50(
M.0)(?#(.'(73L($#I56*$6%(5'0.6(_*?(*90#$(;$*:0.:#(0&(-##;(?#(:&?;*'%(M).6#(L(95$.&5+6%(
M$&0#(?%(0)#+.+K(-.66.'I(+;.8#$+(*'8($#*$$*'I.'I(?%(9*66.'I4*;*$04;.6#4&94B&&-+(.'(?%($&&?(
\`L(*?(6.-#(M)*0K(%&5$(;#$+&'*6(0)#+.+(*++.+0*'0ab]K(*'8(*:0.'I(*+(?%(+&5'8.'I(B&*$8(M)#'(L(
0*6-(*B&50(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*66(0)#(0.?#(\`c5%+(6.+0#'K(L(23Qd2<<O(8#"#6&;#8(*(
0)#&$%eb]P((
<*+06%K(L(M&568(6.-#(0&(+;#:.9.:*66%(*:-'&M6#8I#(73LGfF2K(0)#(?&+0(?.+#$*B6#(*'8(%#0(
#'8#*$.'I($&&?(&'(0).+(:*?;5+P(Q).+($&&?()*+(+##'(0&&(?5:)(&9(?%(0)#+.+K(9$&?(.0+(B.$0)(
0.66(.0+(#'8P(Q)*'-(%&5(9&$(B#.'I(?%(?&+0(6&%*6(:&?;*'%P(
g'(*(:&':658.'I('&0#K(?%(9.'*6(*:-'&M6#8I#?#'0(I&#+(0&(75'(U5-&'I(0)#(,&'-#%(
Z.'IP(>$&?(:).68)&&8(0&(:&66#I#K(0)*'-(%&5(9&$(*6M*%+(B#.'I(?%()#$&P(
(
(
(
!?.6%(@5#'.(A.'K(hGH(
3&?;*$*0."#(<.0#$*05$#(i(C+%:)&6&I%(
EFGHjF_jEG(
(
_(
FOREWORD!
(
Q)#(:&I'.0."#(M&$68(.+(9&5'8#8(&'(0&;(&9(?#0*;)&$+P(<.-#(*'(.'#+:*;*B6#(M#BK(
?#0*;)&$+(8#9.'#(*6?&+0(#"#$%(*+;#:0(&9(&5$(#"#$%8*%(6."#+P(!"#$%(+##?.'I6%(:*+5*6(
:&'"#$+*0.&'(.+($.886#8(M.0)(*'(*B5'8*':#(&9(?#0*;)&$+P(,*'%(&9(0)&+#(?#0*;)&$+K(
)&M#"#$K(*$#('&0(+.?;6%($)#0&$.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(^($*0)#$K(0)#%(*$#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(M#(5+#(
:&':$#0#K(0*'I.B6#(&BS#:0+(0)*0(#T.+0(.'($#*6(6.9#(0&(#T;6*.'(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+(0)*0(#T.+0(.'(&5$(
)#*8P(U)#'(M#(8$*M(*(:&?;*$.+&'(B#0M##'(0)#(*B+0$*:0(*'8(0)#(:&':$#0#K(:$#*0.'I(*(
?#0*;)&$K(M#(:*'(0)#'(5+#(0)#(:&':$#0#(0&(#T;6*.'(0)#(*B+0$*:0K(M).:)(.+(&0)#$M.+#(
5'#T;6*.'*B6#P(Q)#('*?#(I."#'(0&(0)#+#(-.'8+(&9(?#0*;)&$+(.+(0)5+(:*66#8(!"#!$%&'()*
+$&(%,"-.P(
\7*'$.&K(EFGH](
( Q).+(+.?;6#(;)$*+#K(`Lk?(&'(*(0$.;(:*66#8(6.9#bK(.+(*:05*66%(*(6.'I5.+0.:(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(
0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!OP(L'(0).+(?#0*;)&$K(0)#(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0(&9(<L>!(
.+(:&?;*$#8(0&(0)#(0*'I.B6#(#6#?#'0(2(AgdY=!OK(*'8(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(5'8#$+0*'8(<L>!(9$&?(
0)#(+.?.6*$.0.#+(B#0M##'(0)#+#(0M&(0).'I+1(6.9#K(S5+0(6.-#(*(S&5$'#%K($#D5.$#+(&'#(0&(;)%+.:*66%(
?&"#(*$&5'8K(&"#$:&?#(&B+0*:6#+(*'8(?*-#(8#:.+.&'+(*B&50(9505$#(8.$#:0.&'+P(2+(M#(:*'(
(
l(
+##K(#"#'(.'(*(?.'50#46&'I(*'.?*0#8(".8#&K(?#0*;)&$+(+0.66(:&?#(.'0&(;6*%(0&(&99#$(
.'0#$;$#0*0.&'(&'(:&':#;0+(*+(B$&*8(*'8(*B+0$*:0(*+(`6.9#bP(U#($#*66%(:*''&0(#+:*;#(9$&?(
?#0*;)&$+(*0(*66(^('&0(#"#'(M)#'(M*0:).'I(*(+5;;&+#86%(6.I)0)#*$0#8(".8#&(*B&50(*'(#II(
%&6-(&'(O&5Q5B#e((
L'(I#'#$*6K(?%(0)#+.+(8.+:5++#+(0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(
95':0.&'(.'(*$#*+(0)*0(*$#('&0(S5+0(6.?.0#8(0&(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(6#"#6(^(.'(9*:0(0)#%(#T.+0(.'(?*'%(
&0)#$(9&$?+(0&&K(9$&?(*$0M&$-K(-.'*#+0)#0.:+(0&(#'0.$#(:&?;6#T('*$$*0."#+P(7.':#('*$$*0."#+(
*'8(+0&$.#+(*$#(+5:)(*(:$5:.*6(:&?;&'#'0(&9(6.9#(0)*0().I)6%($#6.#+(&'(?#0*;)&$.:*6(6*'I5*I#(
*+(M#66(*+(?#0*;)&$.:*6(0).'-.'IK(0)$&5I)(8#:.;)#$.'I(0)#(?#0*;)&$+(B#).'8('*$$*0."#+K(M#(
:*'(I*.'(*(I$#*0#$(;#$+;#:0."#(&'(0)#(:&I'.0."#(*+;#:0+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(.0+#69P(,%(0)#+.+(*6+&(
6&&-+(*0(:$&++4:5605$*6("*$.*0.&'+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(7.':#(:5605$#(*::&5'0+(9&$(?*'%(
-#%(8.99#$#':#+(.'(I#'#$*6('&$?+(*'8("*65#+K(.0(.+(5'8&5B0#8(0)*0(:5605$#(;6*%+(*(+.?.6*$(
$&6#(&'(&5$(;#$+;#:0."#+(0&M*$8+(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+(*'8(&5$(0#'8#':%(0&(&50;50(0)&+#(
:&':#;0+(".*(?#0*;)&$+(*+(M#66P(L(M.+)(0&(.665+0$*0#K(0)$&5I)(?%(0)#+.+K(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(*$#(*6+&(:5605$*6(:&'+0$5:0.&'+P(Q)#%('&0(&'6%(#?B&8%(:5605$*6(.8#*+K(B50(*6+&(
+&:.*6.N#(:5605$*6(.8#*+(*+(#85:*0.&'*6(;$&85:0+(0)*0(*$#(:*0#$#8(0&M*$8+(+;#:.9.:(*58.#':#+P(
=&MK(.9(M#(;50(0)#(0M&(.8#*+()#$#(0&I#0)#$K(M#(:*'(+##(*'(&"#$*$:).'I(D5#+0.&'(#?#$I.'I1(
)&M(8&('*$$*0."#+K(5'8#$(0)#()#6;(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(95':0.&'(0&(.'8&:0$.'*0#(
:5605$*6("*65#+(.'(0)#.$($#*8#$+a(L'(&0)#$(M&$8+K()&M(:*'(M#(6#*$'(*B&50(:5605$*6(.8#*6+(
0)$&5I)($#*8.'I(*(+0&$%(^('&(?*00#$(.9(0)#(+0&$%(:&?#+(.'(0)#(9&$?(&9(*(0#T0K(&$(*(?&".#a(X%(
0)#(#'8(&9(0)#(0)#+.+K(L()&;#(0)*0(L()*"#(&99#$#8(?%(&M'(*'+M#$(0&(0).+(D5#+0.&'P(((
>.'*66%K(L('&0(&'6%(M.+)(0&(:&'0$.B50#(+&?#(;#$+;#:0."#(0&(0)#(9.#68(&9(:&I'.0."#(
6.0#$*$%(+058.#+K(B50(*6+&(M.+)(0&(8#?&'+0$*0#(0)#(560.?*0#(;$&85:0(&9(*(6.B#$*6(*$0+(
(
f(
#85:*0.&'1(*(;$&S#:0(0)*0(:&?B.'#+(B&0)(&9(?%(9.#68+(&9(.'0#$#+0+K(:&?;*$*0."#(6.0#$*05$#(.'(
0)#()5?*'.0.#+(*'8(;+%:)&6&I%(.'(0)#(+:.#':#+K(*+(M#66(*+(?%(5'.D5#(B.6.'I5*6(B*:-I$&5'8(
.'(!'I6.+)(*'8(3).'#+#P(Q)#()5?*'.0.#+(*'8(0)#(+:.#':#+(*$#('#"#$(&;;&+#8(B.'*$.#+P(L'(
9*:0K(0)#%(:*'(8#9.'.0#6%(:$&++(;*0)+(*'8(M&$-(0&I#0)#$(0&(*'+M#$(B.II#$(D5#+0.&'+(*B&50(
0)#()5?*'(?.'8(*'8(0)#('*05$#(&9(*$0.+0.:(:$#*0.&'P(
(
(!
(
H(
CHAPTER!1:!INTRODUCTION!
BASIC!FRAMEWORK!OF!CONCEPTUAL!METAPHORS!
(
3&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(?#'0*6(9$*?#M&$-+(5+#8(0&(0).'-(*B&50(*B+0$*:0(
:&':#;0+(0)*0(*$#(&0)#$M.+#(8.99.:560(^(.9('&0(.?;&++.B6#(^(0&(0).'-(*B&50P((260)&5I)(*(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:*'(0*-#(0)#(9&$?(&9(*(:&'"#'0.&'*6K(6.'I5.+0.:(?#0*;)&$K(.0+(
95'8*?#'0*6('*05$#(.+(:&?;6#0#6%(8.99#$#'0P(Q)#(9&5'8.'I(+:)&6*$+(.'(0)#(9.#68(&9(:&I'.0."#(
6.0#$*$%(+058.#+K(<*-&99K(Q5$'#$(*'8(c#*$%K(;$#+#'0(0)#(.8#*(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(
8.+0.':0(:&'0$*+0(0&(:&'"#'0.&'*6(?#0*;)&$+1(M).6#(*(:&'"#'0.&'*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(*(9&$?*6.+0.:(
6.'I5.+0.:(0#:)'.D5#(^(*'(#?B#66.+)?#'0(0)*0(+#$"#+(*($)#0&$.:*6(&$(*#+0)#0.:(;5$;&+#(^(*(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(*(B*+.:(95':0.&'(&9()5?*'(0)&5I)0(\<*-&99(*'8(Q5$'#$K(GRmRn(
<*-&99K(GRREn(c#*$%K(EFGG]P(2::&$8.'I(0&(c#*$%K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(`o*;;$&;$.*0#p(
:&':$#0#(6*'I5*I#(^(0)#(M&$8+(M#(5+#(9&$(#"#$%8*%(#T;#$.#':#+(*'8(;)%+.:*6(0).'I+(*'8(
+#'+*0.&'+(^(0&(8#+:$.B#(*B+0$*:0.&'+(6.-#(0)&5I)0+K(9##6.'I+K(#?&0.&'+K(*'8(.8#*+b(\c#*$%K(
EFGG]P(c#*$%k+(.8#*(&9(*(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(:&?;$.+#8(&9(0M&(:&?;&'#'0+1(*(0*$I#0(*'8(
*(+&5$:#P(Q)#(0*$I#0(.+(0)#(*B+0$*:0(#6#?#'0K(+5:)(*+(`0)&5I)0+K(9##6.'I+K(#?&0.&'+K(*'8(
.8#*+b(\+5:)(*+(<L>!K([!2Q/K(<gq!]n(0)#(+&5$:#(.+(0)#(:&':$#0#(#6#?#'0K(+5:)(*+(`#"#$%8*%(
#T;#$.#':#+K(;)%+.:*6(0).'I+(*'8(+#'+*0.&'+b(\+5:)(*+(AgdY=!OK(>LY!K(7U!!Q]P((X%(
*++&:.*0.'I(0)#(*B+0$*:0(0*$I#0(M.0)(0)#(:&':$#0#(+&5$:#(M#(#+0*B6.+)(*(?#'0*6(9$*?#M&$-(
0)*0(5+#+(:&':$#0#(#?B&8.#8(-'&M6#8I#(\&9(?&"#?#'0K()#*0K(0*+0#(#0:P](0&(:&':#;05*66%(
#6*B&$*0#(&'(0)#(&0)#$M.+#(5'9*0)&?*B6#(*B+0$*:0.&'+(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P((
2(+.I'.9.:*'0(;*$0(&9(<*-&99k+($#+#*$:)(.+(0&(:$#*0#(*'(.'8#T(&9(:&??&'(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*;;#*$(.'(#"#$%8*%(6*'I5*I#K(+5:)(*+(#+0*B6.+)#8(;)$*+#+(&$(.8.&?+(\<*-&99(
GRRE]P(7&?#(#T*?;6#+(9$&?(<*-&99k+(.'8#T(:*'(+#$"#(0&(.665+0$*0#(0)#($#6*0.&'+).;(B#0M##'(
(
m(
0)#(0*$I#0(*'8(0)#(+&5$:#P(>&$(.'+0*':#K(*("#$%(:&??&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(<L>!(L7(2(
AgdY=!OP(/#$#K(<L>!(.+(0)#(0*$I#0(\*B+0$*:0(#6#?#'0]K(*'8(2(AgdY=!O(.+(0)#(+&5$:#(
\:&':$#0#(#6#?#'0]P(Q).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(:&'+0$5:0#8(&'(0)#(B*+.+(&9(:&?;*$.'I(-#%(
:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(&9(<L>!(0&(0)*0(&9(2(AgdY=!OP(Q).+(;$&:#++(&9(:&?;*$.+&'(.+(8#9.'#8(*+(
`?*;;.'Ib(\<*-&99K(GRREn(Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]K(*(;$&:#++(0)*0(0$*:#+(`B*+.:K(*'8(#++#'0.*6K(
:&':#;05*6(:&$$#+;&'8#':#+(B#0M##'(0)#(+&5$:#(*'8(0*$I#0(8&?*.'+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P((
X#6&M(.+(*(:)*$0(0)*0(.665+0$*0#+(0)#(?&+0(B*+.:(?*;;.'I+(&9(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!O(^(0)#(
:&?;*$.+&'+(#+0*B6.+)#8()#$#(*$#(D5.0#(#".8#'0(*'8(+0$*.I)09&$M*$8P((
LIFE!
!
JOURNEY!
Q*-#+(*(;#$.&8(&9(0.?#(0&(
:&?;6#0#(
Q*-#+(*(;#$.&8(&9(0.?#(0&(:&?;6#0#(
,##0+('#M(;#&;6#(
,##0+('#M(;#&;6#(
Q)#$#(.+(*(B#I.''.'I(;&.'0(
\B.$0)](*'8(*(9.'*6(8#+0.'*0.&'(
\8#*0)](.'(*(:)$&'&6&I.:*6(
+#'+#(
Q)#$#(.+(*(B#I.''.'I(;&.'0(*'8(*(9.'*6(
8#+0.'*0.&'(.'(*(:)$&'&6&I.:*6(+#'+#(
U#(*::&?;6.+)(0).'I+(
Q)#$#(*$#(I&*6+(*'8()*66?*$-+(0&(
?##0(
U#(?*-#(9&$M*$8(;$&I$#++.&'(
U#(?*-#(9&$M*$8(;$&I$#++.&'(
g0)#$(;#&;6#()#6;(5+(&50(
U#(?##0(I5.8#+(&'(0)#(M*%(
(
290#$(M#(B#I.'(0&(8#+:$.B#(<L>!(.'(0#$?+(&9(2(AgdY=!OK(M#(:*'(;50(?&$#(*'8(?&$#(
&0)#$M.+#(+#'+#6#++(&$(+)*;#6#++(.8#*+(.'0&(:&'0#T0P(2::&$8.'I(0&(Zr"#:+#+K(0)#+#(
*88.0.&'*6(?*;;.'I(;$&:#85$#+(*$#(6*B#6#8(`.'9#$#':#+bK(M)#$#(`+&5$:#(8&?*.'+(?*;(.8#*+(
&'0&(0)#(0*$I#0(B#%&'8(0)#(B*+.:(:&$$#+;&'8#':#+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(M#(?*%(
:&'+.8#$()*$8+).;+(0)*0(M#(?##0(.'(6.9#(0&(B#(6.-#(&B+0*:6#+(0)*0(M#(#':&5'0#$(.'(S&5$'#%+K(
&$(".#M($#M*$8+(M#(I*.'(.'(6.9#(*+(.8#'0.:*6(0&(0)#(I&*6+(*'8(0$#*+5$#$+(M#(&B0*.'(.'(
S&5$'#%+P(Q)#+#(?*;;.'I(*$#(6#++(*;;*$#'0(0)*'(0)#(&'#+(?#'0.&'#8(.'(0)#(:)*$0(*B&"#K(
(
R(
0)#$#9&$#(.0($#D5.$#+(*88.0.&'*6(:&I'.0."#(;$&:#++#+(0&(.'9#$(0)#(+.?.6*$.0%(B#0M##'(0)&+#(
:&?;*$.+&'+P((
(,*'%(#+0*B6.+)#8K(B*+.:(;*$.'I+(B#0M##'(0)#(0*$I#0(*'8(0)#(+&5$:#(`I."#($.+#(0&(
?#0*;)&$.:*6(6.'I5.+0.:(#T;$#++.&'+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]K(&90#'(0*-.'I(0)#(9&$?(&9(.8.&?+(*'8(
#T;$#++.&'*6(;)$*+#+P((Q)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!OK(9&$(.'+0*':#K(:*'(0*-#(
0)#(9&$?(&9(?*'%(8.99#$#'0(-.'8+(&9(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(0)*0(:&'"#%(0).+(B*+.:(.8#*P((2+(
<*-&99(;&.'0+(&50K('5?#$&5+(#T;$#++.&'+(.'(!'I6.+)(8.$#:06%(&$(.?;6.:.06%(:&'"#%(0)#(.8#*(
0)*0(6.9#(.+(*(S&5$'#%(\<*-&99K(GRRE]P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(M#(?*%(+*%K(`I$*85*0.&'(.+(*(:$&++$&*8b(0&(
#?;)*+.N#(&'(0)#(5':#$0*.'0.#+(*'8(:&?;6#T.0.#+(&9(0).+(+0*I#(&9(6.9#P(g$(M#(?.I)0(+*%K(`+)#(
;*++#8(*M*%b(0&(#5;)#?.+0.:*66%($#9#$(0&(+&?#&'#(M)&()*+($#:#'06%(8.#8P(X&0)(&9(0)#+#(
#T;$#++.&'+().'I#(&'(0)#(.?;6.:.0(.8#*(0)*0(6.9#(.0+#69(.+(*(S&5$'#%(0)*0(M#(?&"#(0)$&5I)(6.-#(
0$*"#66#$+P((
3&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(8&('&0(&'6%(?*'.9#+0(.'(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:($#*6?P(2+(<*-&99(*'8(
A&)'+&'(#+0*B6.+)#+K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0$56%(`$#+.8#(.'(0)#(:&':#;05*6(+%+0#?K(*'8('&0(
S5+0(.'(6*'I5*I#b(\<*-&99(*'8(A&)'+&'K(GRmF]P(Q)#(#++#':#(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)#&$%(.+(
0)#(;$&:#++(&9(?&".'I(9$&?(0)#(*B+0$*:0(0&(0)#(:&':$#0#1(*(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(*(?#'0*6(
:&'+0$5:0.&'(0)*0(;$.?*$.6%()#6;+(&5$(?.'8+(:&':$#0.N#(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+K(B%(8#6.B#$*0#6%(
:&?;*$.'I(0)&+#(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+(0&(0*'I.B6#(#6#?#'0+(^(*'8(0)#+#(:&'+0$5:0+(:*'(0*-#(
?*'%(8.99#$#'0(9&$?+P(g"#$*66K(M)#'(;*++.'I(+&?#0).'I(9$&?(0)#(*B+0$*:0(M&$68(.'0&(0)#(
:&':$#0#(M&$68K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+()#6;(5+(0$*'+:#'8(0)*0(B&5'8*$%P(
2+(Zr"#:+#+(#T;6*.'+K(0)#$#(*$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(8&('&0()*"#(`6.'I5.+0.:(
.'+0*'0.*0.&'+(.'(#"#$%8*%(6*'I5*I#(5+#b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]K(?#*'.'I(0)*0(.0(.+(+.I'.9.:*'06%(
?&$#(8.99.:560(0&(9.'8(#T*:0(;)$*+#+(0)*0(#T;$#++(0)#+#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(
(
GF(
<gq!(L7(QUg(C!gC<!(C!Y>gY,L=c(3/gY!gcY2C/O(Qgc!Q/!YP(L'(0).+(:*+#K(M#(*$#(
*00#?;0.'I(0&(5'8#$+0*'8(0)#(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0(&9(<gq!(.'(0)#(:&':$#0#(0#$?+(&9(QUg(
C!gC<!(C!Y>gY,L=c(3/gY!gcY2C/O(Qgc!Q/!YP(Q)#$#(?*%('&0(#T.+0(;)$*+#+(.'(
6*'I5*I#(0)*0(8#?&'+0$*0#(0).+(;$#:.+#(.8#*K(B50(M#(?*%(+0.66(.'9#$(0)#(?#*'.'I(&9(<gq!(.'(
0)*0(+;#:.9.:(?#'0*6(9$*?#M&$-P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(0M&(;#&;6#(?5+0(M&$-(:6&+#6%(0&I#0)#$K(.0(
$#D5.$#+(;$*:0.:#(*'8(0.?#(0&(B#:&?#(:&?;6#0#6%(.'(+%':K(*'8(B&0)(;*$0.#+(:*$$%(0)#(+*?#(
*?&5'0(&9($#+;&'+.B.6.0%(0&M*$8+(?*.'0*.'.'I(0).+(B*6*':#P(!"#'(M.0)(0)#(6*:-(&9(*(:6#*$(
6.'I5.+0.:(9&5'8*0.&'K(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<gq!(L7(QUg(C!gC<!(C!Y>gY,L=c(
3/gY!gcY2C/O(Qgc!Q/!Y(*;;#*$+(#T0$#?#6%(*;;6.:*B6#(*'8(#*+%(0&(?*;(&'0&P(2I*.'K(
0).+(+0$#'I0)#'+(Zr"#:+#+K(<*-&99(*'8(A&)'+&'k+(;&.'0(.'8.:*0.'I()&M(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(*$#(95'8*?#'0*66%(?#'0*6(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(0)*0(8&('&0('#:#++*$.6%($#D5.$#(*(
6.'I5.+0.:4B*+#8(?#8.5?(0&(;$#+#'0(0)#?+#6"#+K(B50(:*'(*;;#*$(.'("*$.&5+(9&$?+(\+5:)(*+K(
.'(0).+(:*+#K(*(?&$#(8#+:$.;0."#(.?*I#$%]K(*+(6&'I(*+(0)#%(;$&".8#(5+(M.0)(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(
M*%(&9(0).'-.'I(*B&50(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+P(
2?&'I(0)#("*$.#0%(&9(*B+0$*:0(:&':#;0+(0)*0(0)#()5?*'(B$*.'(*00#?;0+(0&(:&':$#0.N#(
5+.'I(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(`#?&0.&'b(.+(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(:&??&'(0*$I#0(8&?*.'+(*'8()*+(
I#'#$*0#8(*'(*B5'8*':#(&9($#6#"*'0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(\<*-&99K(GRRJn(Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(
2+(!'8*$0&(#T;6*.'+K(`B%(?#*'+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K()5?*'(#?&0.&'+(:*'(B#(:6#*$6%(
:&':#;05*6.N#8(.'(0)#(+#'+#(&9(?&$#(0*'I.B6#(:&':#;0+K(.'(B&0)(h8#+:$.B.'Ik(*'8(h#T;$#++.'Ik(
#?&0.&'*6(+0*0#+b\!'8*$0&K(EFG_]P(7.?.6*$6%K(Zr"#:+#+(+0*0#+K(`:&'"#'0.&'*6.N#8(6*'I5*I#(
5+#8(0&(0*6-(*B&50(0)#(#?&0.&'+(:*'(B#(*'(.?;&$0*'0(0&&6(.'(8.+:&"#$.'I(0)#(+0$5:05$#(*'8(
:&'0#'0+(&9(#?&0.&'(:&':#;0+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFGF]P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0)$&5I)(0)#(5+#(&9(
6.'I5.+0.:*66%(:&'+0$5:0#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(M#(*$#(*B6#(0&(.'0#$;$#0(*+(M#66(*+(#T;$#++(
(
GG(
#?&0.&'+P((3&'"#$+#6%K(B%(*'*6%N.'I(;*$0.:56*$(#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*$#(
#?B#88#8(.'(#"#$%8*%(6*'I5*I#(*+(M#66(*+(6.0#$*05$#K(M#(:&568(0$*:#(B*:-(0&(0)#+#(&$.I.'*6(
#?&0.&'+(*'8(+##()&M(0)#%(*$#($#I*$8#8(*'8(+&:.*6.N#8P((
(
CONCEPTUAL!METAPHORS!AND!CULTURE!!
!
Q)#(+058%(&9(:$&++4:5605$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+()*+(#?#$I#8(+.':#(6.'I5.+0+(
8.+:&"#$#8(0)*0(:5605$#+(M.0)(:&?;6#0#6%(8.99#$#'0(6.'I5.+0.:(B*:-I$&5'8+(:&568(+)*$#(*(
"#$%(+.?.6*$(5+*I#(&9(?#0*;)&$.:*6(#T;$#++.&'+(.'(#"#$%8*%(6.9#(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFGF]P(2+(
Zr"#:+#+(#T;6*.'+K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(`.')#$#'06%(:5605$*6s0)#%(*$#(:5605$*66%(
+;#:.9.:(?#'0*6($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+(&9(*+;#:0+(&9(0)#(M&$68b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(,&$#&"#$K(
`:5605$*6(?&8#6+(;6*%(*(?*S&$($&6#(.'(:&'+0.050.'I(&5$(5'8#$+0*'8.'I(&9(0)#(M&$68(*'8(
:&'+0$*.'(0)#(+#6#:0.&'(&9(?#0*;)&$b(\O5K(GRRm]P(A5+0(*+(:5605$#(5'8#$6.#+(&5$(B*+.:("*65#+(
*'8(0)#('&$?+(M#(*8)#$#(0&K(:5605$#(*99#:0+(&5$(:&I'.0."#(;$&:#++#+(*+(M#66K(.':658.'I(&5$(
;#$:#;0.&'(*'8(5+#(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(7.':#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#K(B%(#++#':#K(
$#;$#+#'0*0.&'+(&9(:5605$#K(M#(:*'(:&?#(0&(5'8#$+0*'8(:5605$#(0)$&5I)(*'*6%N.'I(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+n(&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(*6+&(;$&85:0+(&9(
:5605$#K(M)#$#(0)#(+;#:.9.:.0.#+(&9(:5605$#(?*%(.'965#':#(&'#k+(5+#(&9(?#0*;)&$+(.'(
;#$:#.".'I(0)#(M&$68P(O5(*6+&(8.+:5++#+(0)#('##8(9&$(#T;*'8.'I(0)#($#+#*$:)(&'(:$&++4
:5605$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(2+(O5(.?;6.#+K(`0)#(5'."#$+*6.0%(&$($#6*0.".0%(&9(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(.'()5?*'(:&':#;05*6(+%+0#?+s.0(M&568(B#(&9(I$#*0(0)#&$#0.:*6(+.I'.9.:*':#(0&(
9.'8(&50(M)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(5'."#$+*6b(\O5K(GRRm]P(2+(M#(:*'(+##K(0)#(:$&++4
:5605$*6(*;;6.:*B.6.0%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+()*+(*6M*%+(B##'(*(:#'0$*6(0&;.:(0&(+:)&6*$+(
(
GE(
.'(0)#(9.#68K(#+;#:.*66%(0)#(D5#+0.&'+($#I*$8.'I(M).:)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(5'."#$+*66%(
9&5'8(*'8(M).:)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(:5605$*66%(+;#:.9.:P((
,5:)(&9(0)#($#+#*$:)(&'(:$&++4:5605$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.+(:#'0#$#8(&'(0)#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*$#($#6*0#8(0&(#?&0.&'+P(Q)#(;+%:)&6&I.+0(!-?*'(+5II#+0+K(
`95'8*?#'0*6(#?&0.&'+(+5:)(*()*;;.'#++K(+*8'#++(*'8(*'I#$(*$#(5'."#$+*66%(+)*$#8b(
\!-?*'K(GRRJ]P(7.':#(?*'%(:&$#(#?&0.&'+(*$#(+)*$#8(*:$&++(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+K(0)#(M*%(
0)&+#(#?&0.&'+(*$#(:&':$#0.N#8(:&568(;$&".8#(5+(*(I6.?;+#(.'0&()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(
95':0.&'(.'(:$&++4:5605$*6(:&'0#T0+P(2(D5#+0.&'(0)5+(*$.+#+1(.9(95'8*?#'0*6(#?&0.&'+(*$#(
5'."#$+*66%(+)*$#8K(0&(M)*0(#T0#'0(*$#(0)#(:&$$#+;&'8.'I(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(6.-#M.+#(
+)*$#8(B#0M##'(:5605$#+a(
C$#".&5+($#+#*$:)()*+(.'8.:*0#8(0)#(+.?.6*$.0.#+(B#0M##'(+&?#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(5+#8(.'(!'I6.+)(*'8(3).'#+#P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(O5(9&5'8(0)*0(/2CCL=!77(L7(dC(*'8(
/2CCL=!77(L7(<Lc/Q(*$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(;$&?.'#'0(.'(B&0)(!'I6.+)(*'8(3).'#+#K(*+(
.665+0$*0#8(B%($#6#"*'0(.8.&?+P(L'(!'I6.+)K(`S5?;.'I(M.0)(S&%b($#;$#+#'0+(/2CCL=!77(L7(dCP(
2'(#D5."*6#'0(#T;$#++.&'(#T.+0+(.'(3).'#+#K(`0&(:)##$(*'8(B&5':#(*$&5'8(6.-#(*(B.$8bP(Q).+(
.8.&?(.+(*6+&($&&0#8(.'(/2CCL=!77(L7(dCP(L9(M#(#T*?.'#(0)&+#(0M&(.8.&?+(+.8#(B%(+.8#K(M#(
:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#%(#++#'0.*66%($#;$#+#'0(*(+.?.6*$(:&':#;05*6(.8#*(^(M)#'(*(;#$+&'(
#T;#$.#':#+()*;;.'#++K(.0(.+(*+(.9().+(&$()#$(B&8%(;#$9&$?+(*'(5;M*$8(?&0.&'P((X50K(*+(0).+(
0)#+.+(M.66(#T;6&$#K(0)#$#(*$#(*6+&(?*S&$(8.99#$#':#+(.'()&M(0)#+#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(I#0(#T;$#++#8(*'8(+)*;#8(.'(3).'#+#(*'8(!'I6.+)P(
L'(0).+(0)#+.+K(L(#T*?.'#(;)#'&?#'&'(&9()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?*'.9#+0(
8.99#$#'06%(.'(8.99#$#'0(6*'I5*I#+(*'8(:5605$#+K('*?#6%(!'I6.+)(\U#+0#$'(:5605$#](*'8(
3).'#+#(\3).'#+#(:5605$#]P(QM&(&9(0)#(-#%(D5#+0.&'+(5'8#$6%.'I(?%(;$&S#:0(*$#(0)#(
(
GJ(
9&66&M.'I1(*$#(0)#$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(+;#:.9.:(0&(&'#(:5605$#K(M).:)(8&('&0(#T.+0(.'(
&0)#$(:5605$#+(*0(*66a(>5$0)#$?&$#K()&M(8&#+(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(8.99#$(M)#'(
5+#8(M.0).'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6(&$(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'0#T0+a(
>&$(0)#(9.$+0(D5#+0.&'K(Zr"#:+#+(8.+:5++#+(0)#(:*+#(M)#$#(`*(:5605$#(5+#+(*(+#0(&9(
8.99#$#'0(+&5$:#(8&?*.'+(9&$(*(;*$0.:56*$(0*$I#0(8&?*.'K(&$(:&'"#$+#6%K(*(:5605$#(5+#+(*(
;*$0.:56*$(+&5$:#(8&?*.'K(9&$(0)#(:&':#;05*6.N*0.&'(&9(*(+#0(&9(8.99#$#'0(0*$I#0(8&?*.'+b(
\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(A5+0(*+(!-?*'(+5II#+0+K(?*'%(:5605$#+(?*%(+)*$#(0)#(+*?#(0*$I#0K(
#+;#:.*66%($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'+(\)*;;.'#++K(+*8'#++K(*'I#$(*'8(6&"#K(#0:]P(/&M#"#$K(
8#;#'8.'I(&'(M)*0(+&5$:#+(*$#(*"*.6*B6#(*'8(;$&?.'#'0(.'(0)#+#(:5605$#+K(8.99#$#'0(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(50.6.N#8(0&(?*;(0)&+#(0*$I#0+(?*%(B#("#$%(8.99#$#'0P(Q&(.665+0$*0#(0).+(
;&.'0K(<"(*'8(t)*'I(&99#$(*'(*B5'8*':#(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*$#(;$&?.'#'0(.'(
3).'#+#K(B50(8&('&0()*"#(!'I6.+)(#D5."*6#'0+P((!T;6*.'.'I(0)#+#(8.99#$#':#+K(<"(*'8(t)*'I(
+5II#+0(0)*0(`;#&;6#(6.".'I(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+(*:0(*'8(B#)*"#(8.99#$#'06%K(*'8()*"#(
8.99#$#'0(;)%+.:*6(#T;#$.#':#+b(\<"(i(t)*'IK(EFGE]P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(U2Y,Q/(L7(U!7Q(UL=[(
.'(!'I6.+)(B50(U2Y,Q/(L7(!27Q(UL=[(.'(3).'#+#P(Q).+(.+(6*$I#6%(85#(0&(0)#(;)%+.:*6(
I#&I$*;)%(&9(:5605$#+(0)*0(+;#*-(!'I6.+)(*'8(:5605$#+(0)*0(+;#*-(3).'#+#P((
2'&0)#$(#T*?;6#(M&568(B#(0)#(?*;;.'I(&9(0)#(0*$I#0(<gq!P(<gq!(.+(*(5'."#$+*6(
#?&0.&'(+)*$#8(B%(;#&;6#(.'(B&0)(U#+0#$'(*'8(3).'#+#(:5605$#+K(%#0(0)#(+;#:.9.:(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+($#I*$8.'I(6&"#(*$#(.??#'+#6%(8.99#$#'0P(L'(3).'#+#K(<gq!(L7(C2LY![(2=L,2<7(
.+(*(:&??&'(.8#*P(,*'%(M&$-+(&9(:6*++.:*6(;�$%(*6658#(0&(`0M.'(6&"#B.$8+b(*'8(`;)&#'.T#+(
96%.'I(+.8#(B%(+.8#b(.'(&$8#$(0&(.665+0$*0#($&?*'0.:(6&"#K(+5:)(*+(.'(X*.(A5%.k+(`Q)#(!"#$6*+0.'I(
Y#I$#0b(*'8(<.(7)*'I%.'k+(`d'0.06#8(C&#?bP(Q).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(".+5*6.N#8(*'8(
$#;$#+#'0#8(.'(8*.6%(6.9#(*+(M#66K(M)#$#(0)#(.?*I#(&9(`0M.'(6&"#B.$8+b(&90#'(*;;#*$+(&'(
(
G_(
3).'#+#(?*$$.*I#(:*$8+P(2+(<"(*'8(t)*'I(#T;6*.'K(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$()*+(.0+($&&0(
8##;(.'(3).'#+#(0$*8.0.&'+K(*'8(0)#(#D5."*6#'0(:*''&0(B#(9&5'8(.'(U#+0#$'(:5605$#(\<"(i(
t)*'IK(EFGE]P(
2'&0)#$(#T*?;6#(.+(0)#(+;#:.9.:(3).'#+#(.8.&?(5+#8(0&(#T;$#++()*;;.'#++1(`96&M#$+(
B6&&?(.'(&'#k+()#*$0b(\心花怒放]P(Q)#($#6*0#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(/2CCL=!77(L7(
><gU!Y7(L=(Q/!(/!2YQ(\O5K(GRRm]P(O5(*::&5'0+(9&$(0).+(+;#:.9.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(B%(
+5II#+0.'I(0)*0(3).'#+#("*65#+(*8"&:*0#(9&$(.'0$&"#$+.&'(*'8(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(M).6#(
U#+0#$'("*65#+(*$#(B*+#8(&99(&9(#T0$&"#$+.&'(*'8(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(\O5K(GRRm]P(
Q)#$#9&$#K(#"#'(M)#'(*(0*$I#0(*+(5'."#$+*6(*+(/2CCL=!77(.+(B#.'I(?*;;#8K(.0(.+(;*.$#8(M.0)(
*(9*$(?&$#(:&'0*.'#8(.?*I#(\0)#(B6&&?.'I(&9(*(96&M#$(.'(&'#k+()#*$0(.+(.'8##8("#$%(+5B06#]P(
g'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(.'(!'I6.+)K(M#()*"#(X!L=c(/2CCO(L7(X!L=c(g>>(Q/!(cYgd=[K(M).:)(.+(
*6+&()*$86%(+##'(.'(0)#(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(\O5K(GRRmn(Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(Q)#+#(*$#(*66(:*+#+(
M)#$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?*;;.'I(0)#(+*?#(0*$I#0(:&568()*"#(8.99#$#'0(+&5$:#+K(85#(0&(
:5605$*6("*65#+(*'8(:5605$*66%($&&0#8(?&0.9+P((
Q)#'K(M)*0(*B&50(0)#(+#:&'8(D5#+0.&'a(3&568(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(#T.+0(.'(
"*$.&5+(:5605$#+K(%#0(0*-#(&'(+6.I)06%(8.99#$#'0(*;;#*$*':#+a(L'(;*$0.:56*$K(0)#$#(.+(&'#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)*0(:&568(+#$"#(*+(0)#(#T#?;6*$(0&($#;$#+#'0()&M(0)#(+*?#(.8#*(
:&568(*;;#*$(8.99#$#'06%(5'8#$(*60#$.'I(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0+1(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!YP(Zr"#:+#+k($#+#*$:)(8#?&'+0$*0#+(0)*0(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(
;$&?.'#'06%(;$#+#'0(.'(!'I6.+)K(3).'#+#(*'8(7;*'.+)(6.'I5.+0.:(+%+0#?+(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFGF]K(
M).:)(.'8.:*0#+(0)#(*;;6.:*B.6.0%(&9(*(:$&++4:5605$*6(*'*6%+.+P(Q).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(
*00#?;0+(0&(:&':$#0.N#(`#?&0.&'+b(B%(:&?;*$.'I(0)#?(0&(`#6#?#'0+(.'(*(:&'0*.'#$bP(Q).+(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(0)#(:&?B.'*0.&'(&9(*(9#M(#?B&8.#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(+5:)(*+(
(
Gl(
Q/!(Xg[O(L7(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(>gY(!,gQLg=7(\<*-&99K(GRmH]K(*+(M#66(*+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
><dL[7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFGF]P(266(&9(0)#+#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*.?(0&(0*:-6#(
0)#(+.?.6*$.0.#+(B#0M##'(`#?&0.&'+b(*'8(`#6#?#'0+(.'(*(:&'0*.'#$bK(.'(&$8#$(0&()#6;(5+(
5'8#$+0*'8(`#?&0.&'+b(B#00#$1(#?&0.&'+(*$#(I#'#$*0#8(B%(0)#()#*$0(*'8(B$*.'K(*'8(0)#%(*$#(
95'8*?#'0*66%(:&'0*.'#8(M.0).'(&5$+#6"#+n(M#(:*'(:)&&+#(M)#0)#$(0&(:&'0.'5#(:&'0*.'.'I(
0)#?K(&$(#T;$#++.'I(0)#?P((L'(0).+(0)#+.+K(L(9&:5+(&'(*(+6.I)06%(?&8.9.#8("#$+.&'(&9(0).+(
:&??&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)*0(.+(:&??&'(*?&'I(+;#*-#$+(&9(B&0)(!'I6.+)(*'8(
3).'#+#1(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(Q&(*$$."#(*0(0).+("*$.*0.&'K(L(
I#'#$*6.N#8(0)#(#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(#+0*B6.+)#8(B%(<*-&99(*'8(Zr"#:+#+K(*'8(
:&?;.6#8(0)#?(.'0&(*(B$&*8#$(:&?;*$.+&'P(U).6#(?*.'0*.'.'I(0)#(+&5$:#(`:&'0*.'#$bK(L(5+#8(
`#6#?#'0+b(.'(I#'#$*6(0&($#;6*:#(+;#:.9.:(+&5$:#+(+5:)(*+(`965.8+bP((
X#9&$#(?&".'I(&'(0&(*'%(:$&++4:5605$#(*'*6%+.+K(L(M.66(B#I.'(B%(#T*?.'.'I(0)#(5+#(&9(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.'(*'(#"#$%8*%(!'I6.+)(6*'I5*I#(+#00.'IK(M.0)(
*(+;#:.*6(9&:5+(&'(72[=!77(*+(0)#(0*$I#0(#?&0.&'P(U.0)($#I*$8+(0&(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(&9(
+*8'#++K(M#()*"#(&90#'()#*$8(#T;$#++.&'+(+5:)(*+(`*90#$(0)#(.':.8#'0K(+)#(:&?;6#0#6%(
B&006#8(5;b(*+(M#66(*+(`L(*?(9.66#8(M.0)(+&$$&MbP(X&0)(.8.&?+(*$#(6.'I5.+0.:(#T0#'+.&'+(&9(0)#(
B*+.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(L'(B&0)(.8.&?+K(
0)#(0*$I#0(`72[=!77b(.+(?*;;#8(&'0&(0)#(+&5$:#(&9(`!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YbP(Q)#(
"#$B+(`B&006#8(5;b(*'8(`9.66#8b(8#?&'+0$*0#(0).+(:&I'.0."#(?*;;.'I(".".86%1(.'(`B&006#8(5;bK(
0)#(B&8%(.+(*6?&+0(8.$#:06%($#9#$$#8(0&(*+(*(B&006#n(.'(`9.66#8(M.0)(+&$$&MbK(0)#(96&M.'IK(
+)*;#6#++('*05$#(&9(0)#(M&$8(`9.66b(:&?;*$#+(0)#(#?&0.&'(`+&$$&Mb(0&(*'(#6#?#'0(0)*0(:&568(
B#(#*+.6%(:&?;$#++#8(*'8(9.0(.'0&(*'&0)#$("#++#6P(!++#'0.*66%K(.9(M#(".#M(0)#(B&8%(*+(*(B&006#K(
0)#'(0)#(+*8'#++(:&568(B#(0)#(6.D5.8(&$(I*+(:&'0*.'#8(M.0).'(0)*0(B&006#P(Q)#(9##6.'I(&9(
(
Gf(
:&'+0$*.'0(*+(M#66(*+(+599&:*0.&'K(*+(&99#$#8(B%(0)#(+&5$:#(`:&'0*.'#$bK(.+(.'8##8(.'(:&??&'(
M.0)(0)#(*00$.B50.&'+(&9(0)#(0*$I#0(`+*8'#++b(^(B&5'8#8K(8#;$#++#8K(*(I#'#$*6(6&M#$(&$(
:&?;$#++#8(6#"#6(&9(?&&8P((
Q)#(.8#'0.:*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(
*;;#*$+(.'(3).'#+#(#"#$%8*%(6*'I5*I#(*+(M#66P(2(;$&?.'#'0(.8.&?*0.:(#T;$#++.&'K(5+#8(
B&0)(.'(6.0#$*05$#(*'8(.'(8*.6%(6*'I5*I#K(.+(`:)&5(:)*'IbP(/#$#K(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(`:)&5b(8.$#:06%(
0$*'+6*0#+(0&(`+&$$&MK(+*8'#++Kb(M)#$#*+(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(`:)*'Ib(0$*'+6*0#+(0&(`B&M#6+bP((
<.0#$*66%K(0).+(#T;$#++.&'(8#+:$.B#+K(`B&M#6+(9.66#8(M.0)(+*8'#++bK(&$(.'(+)&$0K(`+*8(B&M#6+bP(
Q)#(.'0$&85:0.&'(&9(`B&M#6+b()#$#($#6*0#+(0&(*'(#+0*B6.+)#8(3).'#+#(6.'I5.+0.:(;*00#$'K(
M)#$#(`B&M#6+b(.+(&90#'(5+#8(*+(*(?#0*;)&$(.0+#69P(L0+(0*'I6#8(*;;#*$*':#(M*+(&90#'(
:&?;*$#8(0&(0)#(:&?;6#T.0%(&9()5?*'(#?&0.&'+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(`B&M#6+b(.+(*(B&8.6%(&$I*'(0)*0(
*6$#*8%(:*$$.#+(0)#(:&''&0*0.&'(&9(`#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'bn(85#(0&(0).+(-#%(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:K(.0(
.+(&90#'(+##'(.'(#?&0.&'*66%(#T;$#++."#(6*'I5*I#P((A5+0(*+(M.0)(0)#(!'I6.+)(.8.&?+K(0)#(0*$I#0(
`+*8'#++b(.+(?*;;#8(&'0&(0)#(+&5$:#(&9(`#6#?#'0+(.'(*(:&'0*.'#$bP(Q)#(.8#*(&9(`:)&5bK(&$(
`+*8'#++K(+&$$&Mb(+#$"#+(*+(0)#(#6#?#'0n(0)#(`:)*'IbK(0)#(`B&M#6+b(;6*%+(0)#($&6#(&9(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$P(((
=&M(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(-#%(8.99#$#':#(B#0M##'(0)#(!'I6.+)(*'8(3).'#+#(
#T;$#++.&'+(6.#+(.'(0)#(8#9.'.0.&'(&9(0)#(`:&'0*.'#$bP((L'(0)#(!'I6.+)(#T;$#++.&'+K(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$(M*+(0)#(B&8%(^(0)#(#'0.$#(B&8%(+#$"#+(*+(0)#(B&006#K(M).:)(0)#(+*8'#++(9.66+(5;P((L'(
0)#(3).'#+#(#T;$#++.&'+K(&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(.+(*'(&$I*'^(0)#(B&M#6+(4(+.05*0#8(
/0&,0#(0)#(B&8%P((U)#$#(0)#(!'I6.+)(.8.&?(5+#+(&'6%(&'#(6#"#6(&9(:&'0*.'?#'0K(0)#(3).'#+#(
.8.&?(5+#+(8&5B6#4:&'0*.'?#'0n(0)#(B&M#6+(95':0.&'(*+(*'(*88.0.&'*6(6*%#$(M.0).'(0)#(B&8%(
:&'0*.'.'I(0)#(+*8'#++P(Q).+(+#'+#(&9(:&'+0$*.'0(.+(95$0)#$(*?;6.9.#8(.'(0)#(3).'#+#(
(
GH(
#T;$#++.&'+(M)#$#(+*8'#++(.+(:&?;$#++#8(0&(#"#'(*(+?*66#$("&65?#K().88#'(8##;(.'(*'(
&$I*'(0)*0(.+K(.0+#69K(M.0).'(0)#(B&8%P(75:)(*'(.8.&?*0.:($#;$#+#'0*0.&'(&9(B&8.6%(
:&'0*.'?#'0(*'8(:&'+0$*.'0(.+(^(L(M.66(*$I5#(.'(0).+(0)#+.+(^(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(#T;$#++.&'(&9(
9&$?+(&9(#?&0.&'*6($#+0$*.'0(:&??&'6%(;$&?&0#8(*'8(#'*:0#8(M.0).'(3).'#+#(:5605$#P(2+(
M#(+)*66(+##K(0)#(;)#'&?#'&'(&9(#?&0.&'*6(+5;;$#++.&'(.'(!*+0(2+.*'(:5605$#(.+(+##'(*:$&++(
*($*'I#(&9(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(B&0)('#I*0."#(*'8(;&+.0."#P(
2'&0)#$(:&??&'(#?&0.&'*6(0*$I#0(.'(B&0)(3).'#+#(*'8(!'I6.+)(.+(/2CCL=!77P(L'(
!'I6.+)K(M)#'(#T;$#++.'I()*;;.'#++K(.8.&?+(+5:)(*+(`Lk?(S5?;.'I(9&$(S&%b(*$#("#$%(:&??&'P(
/#$#K(0)#(0*$I#0(`)*;;.'#++b(.+(?*;;#8(&'(0&(0)#(+&5$:#(`S5?;.'IbP((Q).+(.8.&?(.+(*'&0)#$(
"*$.*0.&'(&'(0)#(:&$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!YP(>.$+06%K(0)#()*;;.'#++(#?#$I#+(M.0).'(0)#(B&8%n(0)#'K(0)#()*;;.'#++(B#:&?#+(
+&(.??#'+#(0)*0(.0(6.90+(0)#(B&8%K(+&(0)*0(0)#(B&8%($.+#+(.'0&(0)#(*.$P(/#$#K(0)#()*;;.'#++(.+(
+&(;&M#$9566%(;$#+#'0#8(0)*0(.0(:&568('&0('#+0(.'(.0+(&68(:&'0*.'#$K(0)#(B&8%K(*'%?&$#P(L0()*+(
B#:&?#(+&(;$&?.'#'0(0)*0(.0(6.0#$*66%(6.90+(0)#(B&8%(.'0&(0)#(*.$P(20(0).+(;&.'0K(0)#(B&8%(.+('&(
6&'I#$(*(:&'0*.'#$(B50(*'(#?B&8.?#'0(&9()*;;.'#++(.0+#69P(3&'+#D5#'06%K(0)#(B&5'86#++(+-%(
)*+(*++5?#8(0)#($&6#(*+(0)#('#M(:&'0*.'#$K(M).:)()*+(B#:&?#(+&(#'&$?&5+6%(#T;*'8#8(
0)*0(0)#(:&'+0$*.'0+(.?;&+#8(&'()*;;.'#++(B*$#6%(#T.+0+P((Q).+(.8.&?(M#66(#T;$#++#+(0)#(
8.+0.':06%(;&+.0."#(^(*'8(8.+0.':06%(U#+0#$'(^(.8#*(&9()*;;.'#++(+&(.'0#'+#(.0(-'&M+('&(
B&5'8+P((
L'(:&?;*$.+&'K(*(;&;56*$(3).'#+#(.8.&?(0&(#T;$#++()*;;.'#++(.+(`T.(%*'I(%*'Ib（喜
洋洋）K(M).:)(0$*'+6*0#+(*+(`)*;;.'#++(&"#$96&M+(*'8(:$#*0#+(*'(*5$*bP(/#$#K(`T.b（喜）(
$#;$#+#'0+()*;;.'#++K(*'8(`%*'I(%*'Ib（洋洋）(.'8.:*0#+(*(+#'+#(&9(&"#$96&M.'IP(Q).+(
.8.&?(6.-#M.+#(?*-#+(5+#(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(<.-#(
(
Gm(
`+&*$.'I(M.0)(S&%bK()#$#K()*;;.'#++(.+(0)#(!<!,!=Q(*'8(0)#(B&8%(.+(0)#(3g=Q2L=!YP(X50(
0)#(.8#*(&9(.'0#'+#()*;;.'#++(.+(#T;$#++#8(+&?#M)*0(8.99#$#'06%P((/#$#K()*;;.'#++(.+(
;$#+#'0#8(*+(`&"#$96&M.'Ib(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(&9(0)#(B&8%(^(B50(5'6.-#(0)#(!'I6.+)(#T;$#++.&'K(.0(
'#"#$(#'0.$#6%(0$*'+:#'8+(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(&9(0)#(B&8%P(L0($#?*.'+(8#9.'#8(*'8(B&5'8#8(B%(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$K(#T;$#++#8(*+(*'(`*5$*b(0)*0(+5$$&5'8+(0)#(B&8%(*0(*(:6&+#(8.+0*':#P((<.-#(0)#(
!'I6.+)(.8.&?(`S5?;.'I(M.0)(S&%bK(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(`)*;;.'#++(&"#$96&M+(*'8(:$#*0#+(*'8(
*5$*b(.'8.:*0#+(*'(#?&0.&'(+&(+0$&'I(0)*0(.0(:*''&0(B#(#'0.$#6%(:&'0*.'#8P((/&M#"#$K(5'6.-#(
`S5?;.'I(M.0)(S&%b(^(`6#00.'I()*;;.'#++(&"#$96&Mb(.'(&$8#$(0&(:$#*0#(*'(*5$*(*$&5'8(0)#(
B&8%(?*.'0*.'+(*(+#'+#(&9(;)%+.:*6(:&'+0$*.'0(5;&'(0)#(#?&0.&'P((Q).+(.8#*(&9(;)%+.:*6(
:&'+0$*.'0(.'8.:*0#+(*'(.8#*6(&9(#?&0.&'*6(+5;;$#++.&'(:&??&'(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#P((Q)#(
#?&0.&'(&9()*;;.'#++(#T;$#++#8(B%(0).+(.8.&?($#?*.'+(:&?;$#++#8K(6.?.0#8(*'8(8.+:$##0(
:&?;*$#8(0&(0)#()*;;.'#++(&9(0)#(#D5."*6#'0(!'I6.+)(.8.&?P((
U).6#(0)#(!'I6.+)(.8.&?(9$##+()*;;.'#++(B%(;&+.0.&'.'I(.0(.'(*(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0(
#++#'0.*66%()*+('&(B&5'8*$.#+(*'8(;$&".8.'I(.0(M.0)(0)#(?&+0(".+.B6#(*'8(8$*?*0.:(9&$?(&9(
#T;$#++.&'K(*(3).'#+#(.8.&?(+0.66(M&$-+(0&(:&'+0$*.'(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(&9()*;;.'#++P(!"#'(.9(0)#(
)*;;.'#++('##8+(0&(B#(+&?#M)*0(".+.B6%(8.+;6*%#8K(0)#(3).'#+#(.8.&?(#T;$#++#+(.0(*+(+5B06%(
*+(;&++.B6#P((L9(0)#(;$.?*$%(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(5+#8(.'(0)#(!'I6.+)("#$+.&'(.+(!,gQLg=7(
*$#(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(0)#(3).'#+#("#$+.&'(?.I)0(B#(+5??#8(5;(*+(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(ULQ/L=(2=gQ/!Y(3g=Q2L=!YP(L'(
!'I6.+)K(0)#(+*8'#++(.+(?#$#6%(:&'0*.'#8(B%(0)#(B&8%n(.'(3).'#+#K(0)#(+*8'#++(.+(:&'0*.'#8(
B%(0)#(B&M#6+(9.$+0K(M).:)(.+(0)#'(.'(05$'(:&'0*.'#8(B%(0)#(B&8%P(2+(L(M.66(*$I5#(0)$&5I)&50(
0).+(0)#+.+K(0).+(B*+.:(8.99#$#':#(.'(0)#(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(?#0*;)&$(.'(!'I6.+)(*'8(
3).'#+#($#96#:0+(8.99#$#':#+(.'(:5605$*6(*00.058#+(*B&50()&M(#?&0.&'+(+)&568(B#(#T;$#++#8(
(
GR(
.'(U#+0#$'(*'8(3).'#+#(:5605$#P(260)&5I)(0)#(+*?#(B*+.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(95':0.&'+(*+(
0)#(5'8#$6%.'I(:&I'.0."#(+0$5:05$#(&9(B&0)(:5605$#+k(:&':#;0(&9(!,gQLg=7K(0)#(8#0*.6+(&9(0)#(
?#0*;)&$(8.99#$(0$#?#'8&5+6%(B#0M##'(U#+0#$'(*'8(3).'#+#(:5605$#P((
Zr"#:+#+(*::&5'0+(9&$(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+(.'(0)#(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(?#0*;)&$(B%(;&.'0.'I(&50(.++5#+(&9(I#'#$*6.N*0.&'1(`*60)&5I)(0).+(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+('#*$(5'."#$+*6s.0(95':0.&'+(*0(*'(#T0$#?#6%(I#'#$*6(6#"#6P(Q)#(
?#0*;)&$(8&#+('&0(+;#:.9%(?*'%(0).'I+(0)*0(:&568(B#(+;#:.9.#8b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(U.0)(
Zr"#:+#+k(#T;6*'*0.&'K(*60)&5I)(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(
;$#+#$"#+(.0+(9&$?(0)$&5I)&50(.0+(*;;#*$*':#(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+K(0)*0(9&$?(.+(*($*0)#$(
I#'#$.:(+0$5:05$#P(,*'%(8#0*.6+(*B&50()&M(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(?.I)0(*:05*66%(
?*'.9#+0(*$#(*?B.I5&5+P(2:::&$8.'I(0&(Zr"#:+#+K(0)&+#(*?B.I5&5+(8#0*.6+(*$#(;$#:.+#6%(
M)#$#(0)#(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+(9.66(.'P(Zr"#:+#+(95$0)#$(8#?&'+0$*0#+K(9&$(#T*?;6#K(*(
:&?;&'#'0(0)*0(.+(6#90(5'+;#:.9.#8(.'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(
`M)*0(-.'8(&9(:&'0*.'#$(.+(5+#8b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P((L'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(&5$(;$#".&5+(
8.+:5++.&'K(M#(:*'(.??#8.*0#6%(+##(0)#(8."#$I#':#(.'(0)#(8#9.'.0.&'(&9(0)#(:&'0*.'#$+(0)*0(
$#+560#8(.'(0)#(+&6#(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+1(*(+?*664+:*6#(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0(.+(+0$.:06%($#+0$*.'#8(.'(
0)#(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#K(*'8(*(6*$I#4+:*6#(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0()*+(?&$#(96#T.B6#K(#T;*'8*B6#(
B&5'8*$.#+(.'(0)#(!'I6.+)(6*'I5*I#P(Q)#$#9&$#K(*60)&5I)(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/(
L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(:&??&'6%(5+#8(*:$&++(!'I6.+)(*'8(3).'#+#K()&M(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(.0+#69(.+(
8#9.'#8(?*'.9#+0+(-#%(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+P(Zr"#:+#+(*$I5#+(0)*0K(`M)#'(0)#(I#'#$.:(+:)#?*(
.+(9.66#8(&50K(.0($#:#."#+(5'.D5#(:5605$*6(:&'0#'0(*0(*(+;#:.9.:(6#"#6b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(/#$#K(
0)#(.8#*(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(0)#(`I#'#$.:(+:)#?*bK(*(
I#'#$*6(;*00#$'(0)*0(6*%+(0)#(:&I'.0."#(9&5'8*0.&'(9&$(5+(0&(.'0#$;$#0(#?&0.&'+P(,#*'M).6#K(
(
EF(
0)#(#T*:0(8#9.'.0.&'(&9(0)#(3g=Q2L=!YK(.+(*0(*(`+;#:.9.:(6#"#6b(0)*0(`$#:#."#+(5'.D5#(:5605$*6(
:&'0#'0bP((Q)#(:5605$*6(:&'0#'0(.'(0)#(*9&$#?#'0.&'#8(3).'#+#j!'I6.+)(#T*?;6#(.+(0)#(
I#'#$*6(0#'8#':%(0&M*$8(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#(&9(*'8(0&M*$8(
#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++."#'#++(.'(U#+0#$'(:5605$#P((Q)#+#(8.99#$.'I(:5605$*6(#T;#:0*0.&'+(.'96#:0(
0)#(+*?#(#?&0.&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.'(8.99#$#'0(M*%+P((
(
MULTILEVEL!EXPANSION!THEORY!
(
( 2+(8#+:$.B#8(B%(<*-&99K(O5(*'8(Zr"#:+#+k(*(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(*(:&':#;05*6(
+:)#?*(M.0)(8#0*.6+(&9(#T;$#++.&'(0)*0(*$#(+5BS#:0(0&(:)*'I#P(U.0)($#I*$8(0&(0).+(9.'8.'IK(L(
M&568(6.-#(0&(;$&;&+#(*(D5#+0.&'1(*$#(M#(*B6#(0&(#T;*'8(0)#(+:&;#(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(
0)#&$%(0&(*;;6%(0&(9&$?+(&9(6.0#$*$%(#T;$#++.&'(B#%&'8(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+a(/#$#K(L(M.+)(
0&(;$&;&+#(*'(&$.I.'*6(0)#&$%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+1(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%P((
Q).+(0)#&$%(*;;6.#+(0&('*$$*0."#(M&$-+(.':658.'I(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(*'8(?&".#+P((U.0)(0).+(
0)#&$%(L(;$&;&+#(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#('&0(6.?.0#8(B%(<*-&99k+(9$*?#M&$-(&9(
6.'I5.+0.:+K(*;;#*$.'I(+&6#6%(.'(0)#(9&$?+(&9(;)$*+#+(*'8(#T;$#++.&'+P(2+(6&'I(*+(*(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(9&66&M+(0)#(:&I'.0."#(;$&:#++(&9(:&':$#0.N.'I(+&?#0).'I(0)*0(.+(
*B+0$*:0(*'8(&0)#$M.+#(8.99.:560(0&(#T;6*.'(B%(8$*M.'I(:&?;*$.+&'+(M.0)(0*'I.B6#(.0#?+K(.0(
:*'(:&?#(.'(?*'%(9&$?+1((".+5*6K(-.'*#+0)#0.:(#0:P(2+(L(M.66(+)&M(.'(0).+(0)#+.+K(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(:*'(5'8#$6.#(?560.;6#(#6#?#'0+(&9('*$$*0."#+K(+5:)(*+(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0K(
5+#(&9(?&0.9+K(*'8(#"#'(#'0.$#(0)#?*0.:(:&'+0$5:0+P(L'(9*:0K(.'(*(+.'I6#('*$$*0."#K(0)#(+*?#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:&568(#T.+0(+.?560*'#&5+6%(&'(?*'%(8.99#$#'0(6#"#6+K(9$&?(+.?;6#(
6.'I5.+0.:(#T;$#++.&'+(0&(+%?B&6+K(:)*$*:0#$+K(*'8(&"#$*66(0)#?#+P(
(
EG(
!*$6.#$($#+#*$:)()*+(8#?&'+0$*0#8(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(.'8##8(#T;*'8(
B#%&'8(6.'I5.+0.:(B&5'8*$.#+P((260)&5I)(0)#(9&5'8.'I($#+#*$:)#$+(.'(0)#(9.#68(+5:)(*+(<*-&99(
*'8(A&)'+&'(B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)#&$%(&99(&9(0)#(+058%(&9(6.'I5.+0.:+K(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(*$#('&0(6.?.0#8(0&(?#$#(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+P(Zr"#:+#+(*'8(c#*$%()*"#(
#T;*'8#8(0)#(0)#&$%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*'8(*;;$&*:)#8(0)&+#(:&I'.0."#(
:&'+0$5:0.&'+(9$&?(*(B$&*8#$(;#$+;#:0."#K(+5II#+0.'I(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?*'.9#+0(
.'(&0)#$(9&$?+(*+(M#66P((Zr"#:+#+(;$&;&+#+(0)*0K(`?#0*;)&$K(&'(0)#(:&I'.0."#(6.'I5.+0.:(".#MK(
.+('&0(*'(#T:65+."#6%(6.'I5.+0.:(;)#'&?#'&'s:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(&90#'(?*0#$.*6.N#K(&$(
*$#($#*6.N#8K(.'('&'6.'I5.+0.:(M*%+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P((/#(?#'0.&'+(:*+#+(M)#'(0)#(+&5$:#(
8&?*.'(.+(".+5*66%($#;$#+#'0#8K(+5:)(*+(*$0K('&'"#$B*6(:&??5'.:*0.&'(*'8(#"#'(:*$0&&'+P(
Q)#(0#$?(Zr"#:+#+(5+#+(0&(+;#:.9.:*66%(8#9.'#(0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(
?*'.9#+0(.+(`#?B&8.?#'0bP((2+()#(;50+(.0K('&'6.'I5.+0.:(9&$?+(`#?B&8%b(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(.'(0)#(#T*:0(+*?#(M*%(*+(6.'I5.+0.:(9&$?+(#+0*B6.+)#8(B%(<*-&99P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(9&$(
0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!OK(.0+(6.'I5.+0.:(?*'.9#+0*0.&'(:&568(B#(:*$$.#8(
0)$&5I)(#T;$#++.&'+(+5:)(*+(`I#00.'I(&99(0$*:-b(.'(&'#k+(:*$##$(M).6#(.0+(".+5*6(?*'.9#+0*0.&'(
:&568(*;;#*$(.'(*(;*.'0.'I(8#;.:0.'I(*(;#$+&'(+##-.'I(9&$(0$#*+5$#(*0(0)#(#'8(&9(*(6&'I($&*8P((((
c#*$%(6.-#M.+#(&99#$+(*'(.'48#;0)(8.+:5++.&'(&9()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(
#T;*'8(B#%&'8(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(6#"#6(*+(M#66P(c#*$%(.'0$&85:#+(*(+058%(B%(U.6-&M+-.(#0(*6P(0&(
.665+0$*0#(0)#(;&M#$(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(".+5*6($#;$#+#'0*0.&'(\U.6-&M+-.(#0(*6PK(
EFFR]P(Q).+(+058%(.+(B*+#8(&'(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(:&??&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+($#I*$8.'I(0)#(
0*$I#0(2=c!YK(M).:)(.+(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!P(Q)#($#+#*$:)#$+(M*'0#8(0&(+058%(M)#0)#$(0)#(
:&'I$5#':%(B#0M##'(".+5*6(.?*I#$%(*'8(?*;;#8(+&5$:#+(*99#:0(;#&;6#k+(*B.6.0%(0&(
$#:&I'.N#(0)#(0*$I#0P(L'(0).+(+058%K(0)#(M&$8(2=c!Y(.+(#.0)#$(8#;.:0#8(.'(*(9.#$%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#(
(
EE(
\0)#(M&$8(8.+;6*%#8('#T0(0&(*'.?*0#8(9.$#(&$(0)#(M&$8+()*"#(96*?#+(96.:-#$.'I(9$&?(0)#(
0&;]K(&$(*(9$&+0%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#(\0)#(M&$8(8.+;6*%#8(.'(*(+'&M49.66#8(B*:-I$&5'8K(&$(0)#(M&$8+(
)*"#(.:.:6#+()*'I.'I(9$&?(0)#?]P(L'(0).+(:*+#K(I."#'(0)*0(0)#(9&5'8*0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(.+(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!K(0)#'(0)#(9.#$%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#(M&568(B#(*(:&'I$5#'0($#*6.N*0.&'(&9(
2=c!Y(L7(>LY!K(M)#$#*+(0)#(9$&+0%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#(M&568(B#(*'(.':&'I$5#'0($#*6.N*0.&'(&9(
2=c!Y(L7(>LY!P(Q)#($#+#*$:)#$+(8.+:&"#$#8(0)*0(0)#(;*$0.:.;*'0+($#:&I'.N#8(0)#(M&$8(
2=c!Y(?&$#(#*+.6%(M)#'(.0(.+(;*.$#8(M.0)(0)#(9.#$%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#K(+.':#(0)*0(:&$$#+;&'8+(0&(
0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!(0)*0(0)#%(*$#(9*?.6.*$(M.0)P(288.0.&'*66%K(0).+(
+058%($#96#:0+(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(B#($#;$#+#'0#8(*'8(#"&-#8(0)$&5I)(
'&'6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+K(+5:)(*+(0)#(9.#$%(*'8(9$&+0%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#+(.'(0).+(+058%P(d;&'(
+##.'I(0)#(9.#$%(*$0.+0.:(+0%6#(8#;.:0.'I(0)#(M&$8(2=c!YK(0)#(;*$0.:.;*'0+(*50&?*0.:*66%(
0$*'+6*0#(0).+(".+5*6(.?*I#(.'0&(0)#(I#'#$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!n($#"#$+#6%K(
.9(*'(*$0.+0(M*'0+(0&(#':*;+56*0#(0)#(I#'#$*6(:&':#;0(2=c!Y(.'(*(8#6.B#$*0#6%(:&'+0$5:0#8(
M&$8(*$0K(0)#'($#*6.N.'I(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!(0)$&5I)(8#6.B#$*0#6%(
50.6.N.'I(9.$#(+%?B&6+(?*%(B#(*'(#99#:0."#(*;;$&*:)P(((
Zr"#:+#+K(&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(*6+&(;$&".8#+(#T*?;6#+(9$&?(&0)#$(9&$?+(&9(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(#?B&8.?#'0(0&(.665+0$*0#().+(;&.'0K('*?#6%(?&".#+(*'8(:*$0&&'+P(>.$+0(&9(*66K()#(
*$I5#+K(`.'8.".85*6(.?*I#+(.'(*(?&".#(?*%(B#(B*+#8(&'(&'#(&$(+#"#$*6(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(Q)#(#T*?;6#()#(;$&".8#+(:&?#(9$&?(0)#([.+'#%(*'.?*0#8(
?&".#(1"!(,"#&(.K(M)#$#(*(+:#'#(&9(C&:*)&'0*+(*'8(A&)'(7?.0)(9*66.'I(8&M'(*(M*0#$9*66(.+(
0)#($#*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(>2<<L=c(L=(<gq!(L7(C/O7L32<(>2<<L=c(
\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(Q)#(8%'*?.:('*05$#(&9(0).+(?&".#(+:#'#(.'8.:*0#+(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(:*'(B#($#*6.N#8(.'(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(9*$(?&$#(:&?;6#T(0)*'(*(+.?;6#(;)$*+#(&$(*(
(
EJ(
+0*0.:(.?*I#(^(.'+0#*8K(>2<<L=c(L=(<gq!(L7(C/O7L32<(>2<<L=c(.+(#?B&8.#8(B%(*'(#'0.$#(E4
?.'50#46&'I(+:#'#(.'"&6".'I(?&".'I(:)*$*:0#$+K(8.*6&I5#+(*'8(;6&0(8#"#6&;?#'0P((
Q)#(+*?#(:*'()*;;#'(.'(:*$0&&'+P(3&?;*$#8(0&(+0*0.:(.?*I#+K(:*$0&&'+(*$#(?&$#(+.?.6*$(0&(
0)#(6#"#6(&9(:&?;6#T.0%(&9(?&".#(+:#'#+(.'(0)*0(0)#%(0&&(5+#(*(+#0(&9(.?*I#+(0&(8#;.:0(
&'I&.'I(;6&0(*'8(:)*$*:0#$+P(Zr"#:+#+(#T;6*.'+(0)*0(`:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(&90#'(
8#;.:0#8(.'(*(h6.0#$*6k(M*%b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl](.'(:*$0&&'+P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(5;&'(;&$0$*%.'I(0)#(
:&':#;0(&9(<gq!K(*(:*$0&&'(*$0.+0(?*%(8$*M(&'(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<gq!(L7(>LY!K(*'8(
:)&&+#(0&(8#;.:0(+&?#&'#(.'(6&"#(*+(6.0#$*66%(&'(9.$#(^(+5:)(*+(*(6&"#4:$*N#8(:&5;6#(M)&+#(
B&8.#+(.I'.0#(*+(0)#%(#?B$*:#P(Q)#(9$##8&?(&9(:$#*0.".0%(*'8(#T*II#$*0.&'(.'(:*$0&&'(
*66&M+(*$0.+0+(0&($#*6.N#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(0)#(?&+0(6.0#$*6(M*%(;&++.B6#P((((
g'#(#T*?;6#(&9()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(?*'.9#+0(.'(.?*I#+(:*'(B#(9&5'8(.'(
0)#(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(.0+#69P((3).'#+#(:)*$*:0#$+(*$#(6*$I#6%(B*+#8(&'(0)#(5+#(&9($*8.:*6+P(L'(
#"#$%(3).'#+#(:)*$*:0#$K(0)#$#(#T.+0+(*($*8.:*6(0)*0(+#$"#+(*+(*(:*0#I&$.:*6(6*B#6(0&(.'8.:*0#(
0)#('*05$#(&9(0)#(M&$8P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(9&$(*6?&+0(*66(&9(0)#(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:)*$*:0#$+K(0)#(
95'8*?#'0*6($*8.:*6(.+(0)#(`心bK(M).:)(8.$#:06%(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`)#*$0b(\0).+(:*'(B#(+.?;6.9.#8(
.'(9&$?(*'8(M$.00#'(*+(`忄b(.'+0#*8K(+0.66(:*$$%.'I(0)#(+*?#(?#*'.'I]P((Q)#(?&+0(:&??&'6%(
5+#8(M&$8(0&($#;$#+#'0(#?&0.&'+(.+(`感情bP((X&0)(`感b(*'8(`情b(*$#(+0$5:05$#8(M.0)(0)#(
`)#*$0b($*8.:*6K(M.0)(`心b(&'(0)#(B&00&?(&9(`感bK(*'8(`忄b(&'(0)#(6#90(+.8#(&9(`情bP(Q)#$#9&$#K(
.'(0)#(3).'#+#(6.'I5.+0.:(+%+0#?K(0)#(`)#*$0b(+#$"#+(*+(*($#;$#+#'0*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'+n(.0(:&568(
#"#'(B#(+*.8(0)*0(0)#('*05$#(&9(0)#(`)#*$0b($*8.:*6(.0+#69(.+(*'(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(/!2YQP((Q).+(.8#*(M.66(B#(8.+:5++#8(M.0)(I$#*0#$(8#0*.6(.'(
3)*;0#$(JP((
(
E_(
Q)#($*8.:*6(+%+0#?(.'95+#+(3).'#+#(:)*$*:0#$+(M.0)()#.I)0#'#8(".+5*6.N*0.&'P(L'(
&0)#$(M&$8+K(9&$(3).'#+#(+;#*-#$+K(5;&'(9.$+0(+##.'I(*'(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:)*$*:0#$K(0)#%(
*50&?*0.:*66%(+##(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(Q/!(/!2YQ(#T;$#++#8(0)$&5I)(
0)#($*8.:*6P(,&$#&"#$K(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(.+('&0(&'6%(#?B&8.#8(B%(0)#(`)#*$0b(
$*8.:*6K(B50(*6+&(B%(?*'%(#+0*B6.+)#8(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*'8(;)$*+#+P(2(:&??&'(#T;$#++.&'(.'(
3).'#+#(.+(`死心bK(M).:)(6.0#$*66%(?#*'+(`8#*0)(&9(0)#()#*$0bP(Q).+($#;$#+#'0+(*'(#?&0.&'*6(
+0*0#(&9(#T0$#?#(8#+;*.$P(U)#'(8#+:$.B.'I(+&?#&'#(M)&(I."#+(5;(*66()&;#(*B&50(
+&?#0).'IK(.0(.+(5+5*6(0&(+*%(0)*0().+(&$()#$(`)#*$0()*+(8.#8kP(2'&0)#$(#T;$#++.&'(.+(`伤心b(
M).:)(?#*'+(+*8'#++K(*'8(.0(6.0#$*66%(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`0&(;)%+.:*66%()5$0(0)#()#*$0bn(`担心b(
?#*'+(0&(M&$$%K(M.0)(0)#(6.0#$*6(?#*'.'I(*+(`:*$$%(M#.I)0(&'()#*$0bP(Q)&+#(M&$8+K(8#+;.0#(
;$.?*$.6%(B#.'I(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+K(*6$#*8%(#T;$#++(".".8(.?*I#+(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(.'(0)#.$(M$.00#'(9&$?P(2'(.'8#T(.':658.'I(;$&?.'#'0(
3).'#+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(.+(;$#+#'0#8(.'(3)*;0#$(EK(&'(;*I#(JfP(
L'0#$#+0.'I6%K(.'(&'#(&9(0)#(Q*'I([%'*+0%(Q*6#+(M$.00#'(.'(H0)(:#'05$%(3).'*K(0)#(+0&$%(
&9(/5&(@.*&%5(6.0#$*66%(8#;.:0+([!7C2LY(L7(Q/!([!2Q/(g>(Q/!(/!2YQ(.'(.0+(;6&0P(Q)#(+0&$%(
.+(*(+*8(6&"#(+0&$%(M)#$#(*(I.$6(0$.#+()*$8(0&($#5'.0#(M.0)(0)#(6&"#$(M)&(*B*'8&'#8()#$(9&$(
9*?#(*'8(9&$05'#K(9*66+(.'0&(8#+;*.$(5;&'($#*6.N.'I().+(B#0$*%*6K(*'8(9.'*66%(8.#+(9$&?(
)#*$0B$&-#''#++P(Q)#(+0&$%(8#+:$.B#+()#$(8#+;*.$K(&'#(&9(0)#(-#%(#?&0.&'+(0)*0(0).+(+0&$%(.+(
:#'0#$#8(&'K(B%(#?B&8%.'I([!7C2LY(L7(Q/!([!2Q/(g>(Q/!(/!2YQP(L'(0)#(+0&$%K(M)#'(0)#(
I.$6(9.'*66%(I."#+(5;(&'(*66()&;#(0&M*$8+()#$(&68(6&"#$(*'8(8#:.8#+(0)*0(+)#(M.+)#+(0&(:50(*66(
0.#+(M.0)().?K()#$()#*$0(6.0#$*66%(`8.#+b(*'8(+0&;+(B#*0.'I(*66(*0(&':#K($#+560.'I(.'()#$(8#*0)(
*+(M#66P(Q).+(+0&$%K(*60)&5I)(M$.00#'(*(0)&5+*'8(%#*$+(*I&K(+#$"#+(*+(*'(#T*?;6#(0&()&M(0)#(
(
El(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$([!7C2LY(L7(Q/!([!2Q/(g>(Q/!(/!2YQK(&$($*0)#$(0)#(3).'#+#(M&$8(
`死心bK(:*'(?*'.9#+0(.'('&0(&'6%(+)&$0(.?*I#$.#+(B50(*6+&(+0&$%6.'#+P((
>$&?()#$#K(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(+##(0)*0(&'#(0).'I(0)*0(B&0)(Zr"#:+#+(*'8(c#*$%(0&5:)(
&'(%#0('#I6#:0#8(0&(8.+:5++(.'($#I*$8+(0&()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?*'.9#+0(.'('*$$*0."#+1(
0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(#T0#'8#8('*$$*0."#+K(+5:)(*+(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(&$(?&".#+K(:*'(#?B&8%(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*0(?560.;6#(6#"#6+P(=*$$*0."#+(*$#(:&?;$.+#8(&9(?560.;6#(9#*05$#+(^(
9$&?(B*+.:(6.'I5.+0.:K($)#0&$.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(0&(?&$#(*8"*':#8(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#+(+5:)(*+(
:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(5+#(&9(?&0.9+P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(S5+0(6.-#(?&".#(+:#'#+(*'8(
:*$0&&'+K('*$$*0."#+(*$#(*6+&(0)#?*0.:(.'('*05$#K(5+5*66%(8#;.:0.'I(&'#(&$(?&$#(I#'#$*6(
:&':#;0+(&$(0)#?#+(M.0).'(0)#(;6&0P(((
2+(L(M.66(+)&M(.'(0).+(0)#+.+K(0).'-.'I(*B&50(0)#(#6#?#'0+(&9(6.0#$*$%(*'8(9.6?.:(
'*$$*0."#(0)$&5I)(0)#(6#'+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)#&$%(:*'()#6;(5+(#T;6*.'(?*'%(
:&?;6#T.0.#+(5'8#$6%.'I(0)&+#('*$$*0."#+P(Q).+(.+(M)#$#(?%(0)#&$%K(0)#(`?560.6#"#6(
#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%b(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:&?#(.'0&(;6*%P(Q).+(0)#&$%(;$&;&+#+(0)*0(
*$0.+0.:('*$$*0."#+K($*'I.'I(9$&?(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(0&(9.6?+K(#T).B.0(?560.;6#(6*%#$+(&9(
?#0*;)&$.:*6(#?B&8.?#'01(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0K(;6&0(+0$5:05$#K(?&0.9+K(.?*I#$%K(
+%?B&6+K(*'8(+&(&'P(2+(+5;;&$0#8(B%(Zr"#:+#+(*'8(c#*$%K(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(.+(*B6#(0&(#T;*'8(0&(0)#+#(6*%#$+(*+(M#66(^(9&$(#*:)(&9(0)#+#(6*%#$+(:&568(+0*'8(*+(
.'8#;#'8#'0(#?B&8.?#'0+(*'8($#*6.N*0.&'+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P((2$0.+0.:('*$$*0."#+(
:*'(0)5+(9#*05$#(*(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(&9(B*+.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+1(`#T;*'+.&'b(.'(0)#(
+#'+#(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(#T;*'8(B#%&'8(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(*+(#+0*B6.+)#8(
B%(<*-&99(0&(B#(#?B&8.#8(B%($#+;#:0."#(+0$5:05$.'I(6*%#$+(&9(0)#('*$$*0."#n(`?560.6#"#6b(.'(
(
Ef(
0)#(+#'+#(0)*0(*66(&9(0)&+#(6#"#6+(95':0.&'(+.?560*'#&5+6%(.'(*('*$$*0."#(.'(&$8#$(0&()*"#(*'(
&"#$*66(#99#:0(&'(0)#(*58.#':#P((
Y#05$'.'I(0&(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!O(*+(*'(#T*?;6#K(*;*$0(9$&?(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(
:&'+0$5:0.&'+(*'8(*$0($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+(0)*0(M#()*"#(0*6-#8(*B&50K(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#()*"#(
*6+&(#?B&8.#8(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$P(g'#().I)6%(*::6*.?#8(:&'0#?;&$*$%(M&$-(&9(
9.:0.&'(.+(B%(3&$?*:(,:3*$0)%k+(`Q)#(Y&*8bK(M).:)(8#;.:0+(*(9*0)#$(*'8(*(+&'(S&5$'#%.'I(
0)$&5I)(*(;&+04*;&:*6%;0.:(6*'8+:*;#(.'(&$8#$(0&(+5$"."#P(Q)#(;6&0(&9(0).+(#'0.$#('*$$*0."#(.+(
*'(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(<L>!(L7(2(AgdY=!OP(=*$$*0."#+K(6.-#(:*$0&&'+K(
)*"#(0)#(:$#*0."#(9$##8&?(&9(?*-.'I(?#0*;)&$.:*6(6*'I5*I#(6.0#$*6(&$(#"#'(#T*II#$*0#8P(
,:3*$0)%k+(0#T0($#*6.N#+(0)#(AgdY=!O(*'8(8#;.:0+(.0(.'(?*'%(8#0*.6+K(.':658.'I(#T0$#?#(
&B+0*:6#+(+5:)(*+(+0*$"*0.&'(*'8(:&?B*0K(*+(M#66(*+(I5.8#+(*6&'I(0)#(M*%P((((((
>.'*66%K(+&?#('*$$*0."#+(*$#(:&'+0$5:0#8(8#6.B#$*0#6%(M.0)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(
?.'8P(Zr"#:+#+(.'8.:*0#(0)*0(`+5::#++956(*$0(*'8(*8"#$0.+#?#'0+(8#;#'8(*6?&+0(#'0.$#6%(&'(
?#0*;)&$+(0)*0($#+&'*0#(M.0)(0)#(0*$I#0(*58.#':#s#+;#:.*66%(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(0*;(.'0&(0)#(
#?&0.&'*6(*++&:.*0.&'+(0)*0(?&0."*0#(;5$:)*+.'I(8#:.+.&'+b(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(Q)#(+*?#(
*$I5?#'0(*;;6.#+(0&('*$$*0."#+(0&&K(#+;#:.*66%(0)&+#(M.0)(*(0*$I#0(*58.#':#(.'(?.'8(^(0)#%(
*$#(:$#*0#8(.'(&$8#$(0&(#"&-#(#?&0.&'*6($#+;&'+#(9$&?(*(+;#:.9.:(*58.#':#K(&$(#"#'(
?&0."*0#(0)#(*58.#':#(0&(*8&;0(:#$0*.'(:5605$*6("*65#+(0)*0(0)&+#('*$$*0."#+(*$#(.'95+#8(
M.0)(^(*'8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(*(;&M#$956(M*%(&9(8&.'I(+&P((2+(0)#(?560.6#"#6(
#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(+5II#+0+K(M.0)(0)#()#6;(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(#?B#88#8(.'0&(?560.;6#(
6*%#$+(&9(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#+K(*('*$$*0."#(:*'(B#(*'(#+;#:.*66%(;&M#$956(0&&6(9&$(+&:.*6.N.'I(
.0+(*58.#':#(.'0&(;*$0.:56*$("*65#+(*'8(.8#*6+P(
(
(
EH(
THESIS! !
(
Q)#$#(*$#(0M&(;$.?*$%(*$I5?#'0+(0)*0(L(*?(;$&;&+.'I(.'(0).+(0)#+.+1(9.$+0(&9(*66K('&0(&'6%(8&(
8.99#$#'0(-.'8+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(#T.+0(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+K(B50(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(:&568(*6+&("*$%(8#;#'8.'I(&'(0)#(:5605$*6(&$(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'0#T0(9$&?(M).:)(.0(#?#$I#8P(
7#:&'86%K(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#('&0(6.?.0#8(0&(0)#(9&$?(&9(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+P(L0(:*'(*6+&(
0*-#(0)#(9&$?(&9(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#+K(0)#?#+(&$(".+5*6($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+K(*'8(0).+(;)#'&?#'&'(.+(
;$#+#'0(0)$&5I)&50(?*'%(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(*'8(?#8.*(*$0+P((
L'(B&0)(0)#(:*+#(&9(:$&++4:5605$*6(#T*?.'*0.&'(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*'8(0)#(
.'"#+0.I*0.&'(&9()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:&568(B#(#T;*'8#8(B#%&'8(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(+:&;#K(;*+0(
+:)&6*$+()*"#(;$&85:#8(;6#'0.956($#+#*$:)P(O5K(<"(i(t)*'I(6&&-(*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(+;#:.9.:(
0&(3).'#+#(:5605$#(*'8(:&?;*$#(0)#?(0&(0)#.$(!'I6.+)(:&5'0#$;*$0+n(Zr"#:+#+(*'8(c#*$%(&99#$(.'4
8#;0)(8.+:5++.&'+(&'()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:&568(B#(#T0#'8#8(9$&?(?#$#(6.'I5.+0.:(
:&'+0$5:0.&'+(0&('&'"#$B*6(:5#+(*'8(+#'+#+P(,%(:&'0$.B50.&'(.+(0)*0(L(*?(0*-.'I(0)#(*+;#:0(&9(0)#.$(
0)#&$.#+(0)*0()#.I)0#'(0)#(:$&++4:5605$*6(*;;6.:*B.6.0%(*'8(#T;*'8*B.6.0%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(
*'8(9&:5+.'I(&'(#'0.$#('*$$*0."#+(+5:)(*+(M&$-+(&9(6.0#$*05$#(*'8(?&".#+(^(0)&+#('*$$*0."#+(
.665+0$*0#(?%(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(6.0#$*05$#K(M)#$#(0)#(+*?#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(?*'.9#+0+(0)$&5I)&50(?*'%(8.99#$#'0(6#"#6+(&9(#6#?#'0+(+.?560*'#&5+6%(.'(
&'#(+.'I6#('*$$*0."#n(95$0)#$?&$#K(0)#%(+#$"#(*+(#85:*0.&'*6(;$&85:0+(0)*0(.'8&:0$.'*0#+(:5605$*6(
'&$?+(*'8("*65#+(0&(:#$0*.'(0*$I#0(*58.#':#+K(0)5+(:*$$%.'I(*'*6%N*B6#(+.I'.9.:*':#+(0)*0(:&568(B#(
:&?;*$#8(*:$&++(:5605$#+P(
( 2;*$0(9$&?(3)*;0#$(G(0)#(.'0$&85:0.&'K(0)#$#(*$#(0)$##(?&$#(:)*;0#$+(0&(?%(0)#+.+(*+(M#66(
*+(*(:&':65+.&'P(3)*;0#$(G(#T;6*.'+(0)#(95'8*?#'0*6(0)#&$.#+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*'8(&99#$+(
0M&('#M(8.$#:0.&'+(&9(#T;6&$*0.&'(0)*0(0).+(0)#+.+(M.66(#T;*'8(5;&'1("*$.*0.&'+(&9(0)#(+*?#(
(
Em(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(8#;#'8.'I(&'(.0+(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0K(*'8(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%P(
3)*;0#$(E(8."#+(.'0&(;+%:)&6&I%(0)#&$.#+(*'8(5+#+($#*64M&$68(+058.#+(0&(+5;;&$0(0)#(0)#+#+(
;$&;&+#8(.'(3)*;0#$(GP(Q)#(0M&(+058.#+(B*+#8(&'(;+%:)&6&I%(8*0*(:*$$.#8(&50(.'(3)*;0#$(E(
$#+;#:0."#6%(+5;;&$0(0)#(:5605$*6("*$.*0.&'+(.'(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(
0)#&$%P(3)*;0#$(J(*'8(3)*;0#$(_(.665+0$*0#(0)#(*;;6.:*B.6.0%(&9(0)&+#(0M&(9.'8.'I+(0&('*$$*0."#(
M&$-+K(+)&M.'I()&M(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(:*'(?*'.9#+0(.'("#$%(8.99#$#'0(M*%+(8#;#'8.'I(&'(0)#(:5605$*6("*65#+(.0(#T;$#++#+P((
Q)#+#(:)*;0#$+(*6+&(8#?&'+0$*0#()&M(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(:*'(*.8(0)#(*'*6%+.+(&9(
#'0.$#('*$$*0."#+P(3)*;0#$(J(9&:5+#+(&'('*$$*0."#(.'(0)#(9&$?(&9(*(M&$-(&9(6.0#$*05$#K(`A&5$'#%(0&(
0)#(U#+0bK(M).:)(.+(*(:6*++.:*6(3).'#+#(#;.:(:$#*0#8(.'(0)#(Gf0)(:#'05$%(0)*0(#'8&$+#+(?*'%(
0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#("*65#+(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'+P(3)*;0#$(_(#T;6&$#+('*$$*0."#(.'(9.6?P(L0(+).90+(0&(0)#(
*'*6%+.+(&9(*(I6&B*66%(;&;56*$(*'.?*0#8(9.6?(:*66#8(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3K(*(?&8#$'($#'8.0.&'(
&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(M).:)(8#6.B#$*0#6%(*;;#*6+(0&(0)#("*65#+(&9(*(U#+0#$'(&$(I6&B*6.N#8(
*58.#':#P(Q)#(:&':65+.&'($#:*;+(0)#(?*.'(;&.'0+(&9(0).+(0)#+.+(*'8(+5II#+0+(;&0#'0.*6(9505$#(
8.$#:0.&'+(&9($#+#*$:)P((
( (
(
ER(
CHAPTER!2:!THEORIES!IN!PSYCHOLOGY!
OVERVIEW!
(
( L'(0).+(:)*;0#$K(L(M.66(*;;$&*:)(0)#(0M&(?*.'(0)#+#+(;$&;&+#8(.'(0)#(;*+0(:)*;0#$(
5+.'I(0)#&$.#+(*'8(+058.#+(.'(;+%:)&6&I%P(QM&(+058.#+(5+.'I(;*$0.:.;*'0(8*0*(*$#(:&'85:0#8(
0&($#+;#:0."#6%(.665+0$*0#(#*:)(0)#+.+P((
7058%(G(+&5I)0(0&(.8#'0.9%($#6*0.&'+(B#0M##'(;*$0.:.;*'0+k(&$.#'0*0.&'(0&(2?#$.:*'(
:5605$#(*'8(0)#.$(#?&0.&'(6*'I5*I#(M)#'(0)#%(*$#(8.+:5++.'I(#?&0.&'*6(#"#'0+(.'(
.'0#$".#M+P(,%()%;&0)#+.+(.+(0)*0().I)#$(&$.#'0*0.&'(0&(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#(M&568(B#(
;&+.0."#6%(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(?&$#(9$#D5#'0(5+#(&9(#?&0.&'(M&$8+K(?&$#(;&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(
M&$8+K(I$#*0#$(#?&0.&'(#6*B&$*0.&'(*'8().I)#$(D5*6.0%(&9(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'P((
7058%(E(*.?+(0&(#6*B&$*0#(&'(0)#(?560.6*%#$(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(*'8(.'8.:*0#+()&M(0)#(
3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(.')#$#'06%(#?B&8.#+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(*(?5:)(?&$#(".+5*64B*+#8(
M*%P(L0(0*-#+(<*-&99K(O5(*'8(Zr"#:+#+k(?#0)&8(&9(:&8.'I(9&$(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(
#"#$%8*%(6*'I5*I#K(*'8(#+0*B6.+)#+(*'(.'8#T(&9(:&??&'(3).'#+#(#?&0.&'*6(M&$8+P(Q)$&5I)(
0).+(.'8#TK(L(M.+)(0&(.665+0$*0#(0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(3).'#+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*$#($#*6.N#8(
#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(Q).+(M.66(560.?*0#6%(#T;*'8(5;&'(<*-&99k+(0)#&$%(
*'8(8#?&'+0$*0#(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:&568(*;;#*$(.'(?*'%(9&$?+(&9(#?B&8.?#'0(
&0)#$(0)*'(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+K(+5:)(*+(8#+:$.;0."#(.?*I#$%P((
INTRODUCTION!
(
2+(Zr"#:+#+(#+0*B6.+)#8K(8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6("*65#+(:*'(*::&5'0(9&$(0)#(8.99#$#':#+(.'(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(!"#'(M)#'(0)#(I#'#$*6(9$*?#M&$-(&9(*(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(
5'."#$+*6K(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+(:*'(+0.66(:*5+#(8.99#$#':#+(.'(+&?#(+;#:.9.:(8#0*.6+(0&(&::5$P(L'(
;*$0.:56*$K(*+(M#()*"#(+##'(9$&?(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
(
JF(
ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(0)#(3).'#+#("*65#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*'8(0)#(U#+0#$'("*65#(
&9(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(*$#(0)#(8#9.'.'I(9*:0&$+(0)*0(:&568(#T;6*.'(0)#(8.99#$#':#(.'(0)#(
05$'&50(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$P(O5(.'8.:*0#+(.0(?*%(B#(85#(0&(0)#(.'965#':#(&9(
0$*8.0.&'*6(3&'95:.5+("*65#+(.'(!*+0(2+.*'(:5605$#K(M)#$#(".$05#+(&9(?&8#+0%(*'8(+0#*8.'#++(
*$#(?5:)(?&$#(*;;$#:.*0#8(\O5K(GRRm]P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(&9(#?&0.&'+(.+('&0(*+(
".+.B6#P(L(M&568(6.-#(0&(#T;*'8(5;&'(O5k+(#T;6*'*0.&'(.'(0).+(:)*;0#$(B%(8$*M.'I(0)#&$.#+(
9$&?(:5605$*6(;+%:)&6&I%(*+(M#66(*+(0)#($#+560+(&9(?%(&M'(:&'85:0#8(+058%P((
C$.?*$.6%K(!-?*'(;$&;&+#+(0)#(0)#&$%(&9(8.+;6*%($56#+P(/.+(+058%(.'(GRRJ(
.'"#+0.I*0#8(.'(8#;0)(0)#($56#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'+(*:$&++(:5605$#+K(*'8(8.+:&"#$#8(0)*0(
`:5605$#(+;#:.9.:(;$#+:$.;0.&'+(*B&50(M)&(:*'(+)&M(M).:)(#?&0.&'+K(0&(M)&?K(*'8(
M)#'s:&?;*$#8(0&(U#+0#$'(:5605$#(0)*0(#':&5$*I#+(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(#"#'(
#T*II#$*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'+K(2+.*'(:5605$#+(.'(I#'#$*6(0#'8(0&(.').B.0(#?&0.&'4#T;$#++."#(
B#)*".&$b(\!-?*'K(GRRJ]P(Q).+(#T;6*'*0.&'(;$#:.+#6%(*::&5'0+(9&$(0)#(I#'#$*6(8.99#$#':#+(.'(
0)#(5+#(&9(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(
2I*.'K(!-?*'('&0#+K(`0)#$#(.+('&(#".8#':#(+5II#+0.'I(0)*0(0)#(#?&0.&'+(#T;#$.#':#8(.'(
U#+0#$'(:5605$#(*'8(2+.*'(:5605$#+(*$#(8.99#$#'0n(&'6%(0)#(#T0#'0(&9(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(
"*$.#+b(\!-?*'K(GRRJ]P(Q).+(.'8.:*0#+(0)*0(0)#(0*$I#0(`#?&0.&'+bK(;&+.0."#(&$('#I*0."#K(.+(
#T;#$.#':#8(?&$#(&$(6#++(0)#(+*?#(.'(*(U#+0#$'(:5605$#(*'8(*'(!*+0(2+.*'(:5605$#P(
/&M#"#$K(0)#(+&5$:#(`:&'0*.'#$b(8#;#'8+(&'(0)#($#+;#:0."#(:5605$#P(<.'I5.+0.:(
:&'+0$5:0.&'+(&9(0).+(+&5$:#(.'(*(U#+0#$'(:5605$#(0#'8(0&(#T;*'8(0)#(:&'0*.'#$K(M)#$#*+(
6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(&9(0).+(+&5$:#(.'(*'(!*+0(2+.*'(:5605$#(0#'8(0&(#.0)#$(:&?;$#++(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$(&$(*88(&'(?&$#(6*%#$+(&9(:&'0*.'#$+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(.'(I#'#$*6K(U#+0#$'(6*'I5*I#4
B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(9*$#(?&$#(#?&0.&'*66%(#T;$#++."#(0)*'(!*+0(2+.*'(
(
JG(
6*'I5*I#4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+n(!*+0(2+.*'(6*'I5*I#4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(
&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(8#?&'+0$*0#(+.I'.9.:*'0(0$*:#+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(+5;;$#++.&'(.'(*8)#$#':#(0&(
8.+;6*%($56#+K(M)#$#(`2+.*'(:5605$#+(.'(I#'#$*6(0#'8+(0&(.').B.0(#?&0.&'4#T;$#++."#(
B#)*".&$bP(
g0)#$(+058.#+()*"#(*6+&(B##'(:&'85:0#8(M.0)(0)#(9&5'8*0.&'(&9(0).+(;$.?*6(:5605$*6(
8.99#$#':#($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(:&'0*.'?#'0P(3)#'K(Z#''#8%K(i(t)&5(
;$&".8#("#$%(8#0*.6#8(#T;6*'*0.&'+(0&(0)#(:5605$*6("*$.*0.&'+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P(Q)#%(
+5II#+0(0)*0(#T;6.:.0("#$B*6(+0*0#?#'0+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(*$#(#T0$*'#&5+(.'(`).I)#$(
:&'0#T0b(:5605$#+K(*+(6&'I(*+(+&:.*6($#6*0.&'+).;+(*$#(?*.'0*.'#8(0)$&5I)(B#)*".&$P(/.I)#$(
:&'0#T0(:5605$#+(0)*0()*"#(`:6&+#K(6&'I4+0*'8.'I(:&''#:0.&'+(*'8(.'(M).:)(.'9&$?*0.&'(.+(
M.8#6%(+)*$#8bP(L'(0).+(:*+#K(3).'#+#(:5605$#(:&568(8#9.'.0#6%(B#(8#9.'#8(*+(*().I)#$(:&'0#T0(
:5605$#(I."#'(0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)('&$?+(M#$#(+&:.*6.N#81(#*:)(.'8.".85*6(.+(?#*+5$#8(B%(
0)#.$($#6*0.&'+).;(M.0)(0)#(#'0.$#(+&:.#0%K(*'8(0)#(I$&5;k+(I#'#$*6(:.$:5?+0*':#+(*$#(
$#I*$8#8(B#9&$#(&'#k+(&M'(8#+.$#+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(?#?B#$+(&9(3).'#+#(:5605$#(*$#(?&$#(6.-#6%(
0&($#+0$*.'(0)#?+#6"#+(9$&?(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(&$(:&'0$&6(#?&0.&'(0)*'(?#?B#$+(&9(
U#+0#$'(:5605$#+(\3)#'(#0(*6PK(EFGE]P(Q)#$#9&$#K(M.0)($#I*$8+(0&(3)#'(#0(*6Pk+(+058%K(M#(:*'(
:&':658#(0)*0(0)#(5+#(&9(#?&0.&'(6*'I5*I#(?*%(B#(.'965#':#8(B%(8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6(".#M+K(
"*65#+K(*'8(#T;#:0*0.&'+(0&M*$8(#?&0.&'(.0+#69P(Q).+(+058%(95$0)#$+(!-?*'k+(I#'#$*6(:6*.?K(
*'8(;$&".8#+(?&$#(+5;;&$0(0&(0)#("*$.*0.&'+(.'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(*:$&++(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+P((
>.'*66%K(Q*&(#0(*6P(:&'85:0#8(*(+058%(0)*0(+;#:.9.:*66%(?#*+5$#+(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(
.'(3).'#+#(.??.I$*'0(?&0)#$+K(*(+;#:.*6(;&;56*0.&'(0)*0()*+(B&0)(*'(2?#$.:*'(:5605$*6(
&$.#'0*0.&'(*'8(*(3).'#+#(:5605$*6(&$.#'0*0.&'P(Q)#%(+5II#+0(0)*0(*?&'I+0(3).'#+#(
(
JE(
.??.I$*'0(?&0)#$+K().I)#$(&$.#'0*0.&'(0&(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#(.+(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(?&$#(
;&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*'8(I$#*0#$(#?&0.&'*6(#6*B&$*0.&'(85$.'I(8.+:5++.&'+(M.0)(0)#.$(
:).68$#'(\Q*&(#0(*6PK(EFGE]P(7.?.6*$(0&(!-?*'k+(*$I5?#'0+K(0)#%(*6+&(;$&;&+#8(0)*0(
2?#$.:*'(:5605$*6(&$.#'0*0.&'(.+(:&'I$5#'0(M.0)(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(M)#$#*+(3).'#+#(
:5605$*6(&$.#'0*0.&'(.+(:&'I$5#'0(M.0)(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(Q)#(#T0#'0(&9(#?&0.&'*6(
#T;$#++.&'("#$+5+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(?#*+5$#8(B%()&M(?*'%(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(\+5:)(
*+()*;;%K(+*8K(*'I$%](M#$#(5+#8(*'8()&M(#6*B&$*0#(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'+(M#$#(*+(0)&+#(
;*$#'0+(;*$0.:.;*0#8(.'(:&'"#$+*0.&'+(M.0)(0)#.$(:).68$#'P(L'(I#'#$*6K(;*$0.:.;*'0+(M)&(*$#(
?&$#(&$.#'0#8(0&(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#(0#'8(0&(*;;#*$(*(6&0(?&$#(#T;$#++."#(M.0)(0)#.$(
#?&0.&'+(85$.'I(8.+:5++.&'+P(
Study!1!
METHOD!
(
( Q)#(+*?;6#(.':658#8(E_(9.$+04I#'#$*0.&'(3).'#+#(2?#$.:*'(.??.I$*'0(?&0)#$+P(g'(
*"#$*I#K(0)#(:).68$#'(&9(0)&+#(?&0)#$+(M#$#(GPGG(%#*$+(&68(\$*'I#(u(FPFm4_(%#*$+](*0(0)#(
0.?#(&9(.'.0.*6(+#;*$*0.&'(*'8(M#$#(+#;*$*0#8(9$&?(B&0)(;*$#'0+(9&$(*'(*"#$*I#(&9(EPG(%#*$+(
\$*'I#(u(FPJJ4lPHl(%#*$+]P(266(&9(0)#+#(?&0)#$+()*"#()*8(0)#(#T;#$.#':#(&9(+#'8.'I(*0(6#*+0(
&'#(:).68(B*:-(0&(3).'*(0&(6."#(M.0)(&0)#$($#6*0."#+(&$(9$.#'8+K(M).6#(B&0)(;*$#'0+($#?*.'#8(
.'(0)#(dP7P(0&(M&$-P(Q).+(#T;#$.#':#(M*+(9&$(*0(6#*+0(f(?&'0)+(6&'IP(Q)&+#(;*$0.:.;*'0+(
$#:#."#8(*;;$&T.?*0#6%(fF4RF(?.'50#+(&9(+#?.4+0$5:05$#8(.'8.".85*6(.'0#$".#M+(*++#++.'I(
0)#.$(?&0."*0.&'+(9&$(+#;*$*0.&'K(0)#.$(#T;#$.#':#(85$.'I(+#;*$*0.&'+K(*'8(;#$:#."#8(#99#:0+(
&9(0)#(0$*'+'*0.&'*6(+#;*$*0.&'+(&'(0)#.$(:).68k+(8#"#6&;?#'0P(
( Q)#(E_(.'0#$".#M+(M#$#(0)#'(0$*'+:$.B#8(*'8(0$*'+6*0#8(9$&?(3).'#+#(&$(3*'0&'#+#(
.'0&(!'I6.+)P(d+.'I(*(D5*'0.0*0."#(*'*6%0.:*6(?#0)&8(;$.?*$.6%(B*+#8(&99(&9(Q*&(#0(*6Pk+(
(
JJ(
?#0)&8(\Q*&K(EFGE]K(#*:)(.'0#$".#M(M*+(+:&$#8(9$&?(0)$##(8.99#$#'0(*+;#:0+1(9.$+06%K(
#?&0.&'*6(M&$8+(;$#+#'0(.'(0)#(;*$#'0+k(.'0#$".#M+(\#PIP()*;;%K(+*8K(M&$$.#8K(6&"#K()*0#](
M#$#(-#;0(:&5'0(*'8(:*0#I&$.N#8(.'0&(#.0)#$(;&+.0."#(&$('#I*0."#P(7#:&'86%K(0)#('5?B#$(&9(
0.?#+(0)#(;*$#'0+(#6*B&$*0#8(5;&'(*'(*9&$#?#'0.&'#8(#?&0.&'(M*+(:&5'0#8P(Q).$86%K(0)#(
&"#$*66(D5*6.0%(&9(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'(M*+($*0#8(&'(*(+:*6#(9$&?(G(0&(lK(M.0)(l($#;$#+#'0.'I(*(
"#$%(#T;$#++."#(*'8(.'9&$?*0."#(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'P(
( 2+(9&$(0)#(&0)#$("*$.*B6#(*::5605$*0.&'(0&(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#(.+(?#*+5$#8(B%(0)#(
;*$0.:.;*'0+k(6#'I0)(&9(0.?#(+;#'0(.'(0)#(dP7PK(*+(M#66(*+(0)#.$(!'I6.+)(;$&9.:.#':%(6#"#6P(Q)#.$(
!'I6.+)(;$&9.:.#':%(6#"#6(M*+(?#*+5$#8(B%(0)#(*"#$*I#("*65#(&9(0)#(;*$0.:.;*'0+k(+#694
*++#++#8(6#"#6(&9($#*8.'IK(5'8#$+0*'8.'IK(M$.0.'I(*'8(+;#*-.'I(*B.6.0.#+P(
RESULTS!
(
!
Table!1!–!Descriptive!Statistics!for!the!Full!Sample!(n=24)!
!
(
M!
SD!
Minimum!
Maximum!
!?&0.&'(M&$8+(
GEPER(
mPHG(
EPFF(
J_PFF(
C&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(
_PGJ(
_PHR(
F(
GmPFF(
=#I*0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(
mPGH(
lP_G(
GPFF(
GHPFF(
!?&0.&'(#6*B&$*0#'#++(
JPEG(
EPHE(
F(
mPFF(
g"#$*66(D5*6.0%(&9(#?&0.&'(
8.+:5++.&'(
JPFF(
GPlJ(
GPFF(
lPFF(
=5?B#$(&9(%#*$+(+;#'0(.'(0)#(dP7P(
RPHF(
lPJR(
FPEl(
GmPFF(
!'I6.+)(&"#$*66(;$&9.:.#':%(
EPlG(
FPfG(
GPFF(
JPlF(
(
!
Table!2!–!Correlational!analysis!between!parent!emotion!language!and!
acculturation!(n=24)!
v;wFPFlK(vv;wFPFG((
(
Number!of!years!spent!in!
the!U.S.!
English!overall!proficiency!
!?&0.&'(M&$8+(
FPJR(
FP_G(
(
J_(
C&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(
FP_Hv(
FPJR(
=#I*0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(
FPEG(
FPlm(
!?&0.&'*6(#6*B&$*0#'#++(
FPlfvv(
FPfR(
g"#$*66(D5*6.0%(&9(#?&0.&'(
8.+:5++.&'(
FPlRvv(
FPJR(
(
3&'+.+0#'0(M.0)(0)#()%;&0)#+.+K(;*$#'0+k(5+#(&9(;&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+K(#?&0.&'*6(
#6*B&$*0.&'(*'8(&"#$*66(D5*6.0%(&9(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'(M#$#(;&+.0."#6%(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(
;*$0.:.;*'0+k(%#*$+(+;#'0(.'(0)#(d'.0#8(70*0#+P(g5$(D5*'0.0*0."#(*'*6%+.+($#"#*6#8(0)*0(0)#(
'5?B#$(&9(%#*$+(0)#(;*$0.:.;*'0()*+(+;#'0(.'(0)#(dP7P(.+(;&+.0."#6%(:&$$#6*0#8(M.0)(0)#(5+#(&9(
;&+.0."#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(\;wFPFl]K(#?&0.&'(#6*B&$*0#'#++(\;wFPFG](*'8(&"#$*66(D5*6.0%(&9(
#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'(\;wFPFG](.'(0)#(;*$0.:.;*'0k+($#*646.9#(:&'96.:0(8.+:5++.&'P(L'(&0)#$(
M&$8+K(0)#(?&$#(*(;*$0.:.;*'0(#T;#$.#':#+(dP7P(*::5605$*0.&'K(0)#(?&$#(+)#(M&568(B#(
.':6.'#8(0&(#6*B&$*0#(5;&'()#$(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P(Q).+($#+560(.+(.'(6.'#(M.0)(!-?*'k+(
*$I5?#'0(*+(M#66(*+(Q*&(#0(*6Pk+(+058%P(
C*$0.:.;*'0+k(&"#$*66('5?B#$(&9(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(M*+('&'4+.I'.9.:*'0P(Y#6*0.&'+(M.0)(*(
+#:&'8(.'8.:*0&$(&9(*::5605$*0.&'(\!'I6.+)(;$&9.:.#':%](M#$#('&'4+.I'.9.:*'0P(
DISCUSSION!
(
L'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(0).+(+058%K(6#++(2?#$.:*'4*::5605$*0#8(3).'#+#(.??.I$*'0(;*$#'0+(
*$#(6#++(6.-#6%(0&(#T;$#++(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+K(#"#'(M)#'(85$.'I(8.+:5++.&'+(0)*0(;*$0.:56*$6%(*+-(
9&$(#?&0.&'*6(#T;#$.#':#+P(Q)#($#+560+(&9(?%(+058%(:&$$#+;&'8(0&(*66(&9(0)#(;*+0(6.0#$*05$#+(
*'8(0)#&$.#+(0)*0(0).+(+058%(.+(B*+#8(&99(&91(!-?*'K(3)#'(#0(*6P(*'8(Q*&(#0(*6P(U#(:*'(
:&':658#(0)*0(.'(I#'#$*6K(U#+0#$'(:5605$#+(\$#;$#+#'0#8(B%(2?#$.:*]("*65#(#?&0.&'*6(
#T;$#++.&'K(M)#$#*+(3).'#+#(:5605$#("*65#+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(7.':#(0)#(5+#(&9(
6*'I5*I#K(#+;#:.*66%(#?&0.&'(6*'I5*I#K(*$#(5'8#$(0)#(.'965#':#(&9(0)&+#(:5605$*6("*65#+K(M#(
(
Jl(
:*'(#T;#:0(0&(9.'8("*$.*0.&'+(.'(0)#(-.'8(&9(#?&0.&'(6*'I5*I#(5+#8(*:$&++(U#+0#$'(*'8(
3).'#+#(:5605$#P(!?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(&90#'(0.?#+(#?B&8.#8(B%(#?&0.&'*6(
6*'I5*I#K(*$#(*6+&(+5+:#;0.B6#(0&(0)#(.?;*:0(&9(:&$$#+;&'8.'I(:5605$*6("*65#+P(Q).+(*I*.'(
#:)&#+(Zr"#:+#+k(:&??#'0K(M)#$#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(:)*'I#(*::&$8.'I(0&(0)#.$(
$#6*0#8(:5605$*6(B*:-I$&5'8P(U#(:*'('&M(*:-'&M6#8I#(0)*0(0)#(:)*'I#+(.'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(*$#(85#(0&(:5605$*6(9*:0&$+P(L'(6.'#(M.0)(0)#(&B+#$"*0.&'+(
8.+:5++#8(.'(0)#(;*+0(:)*;0#$K(M)#'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(
5+#8(&$(#?B&8.#8(.'(*(3).'#+#(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0K(0)#(+#'+#(&9($#+0$*.'0(.'(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(.+(
6.-#6%(0&(B#()#.I)0#'#8(.'(&$8#$(0&(8#6."#$(0)#("*65#+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(g'(0)#(
&0)#$()*'8K(.'(*(U#+0#$'(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0K(0)#(5+*I#(*'8(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(?*%(6*$I#6%(9&:5+(&'(#T;*'8.'I(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(*'8(
#')*':.'I(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P((
C500.'I(0)#(?560.6*%#$(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(.'0&(;#$+;#:0."#(*+(M#66K(0)#(:5605$*6(
"*$.*0.&'(.'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(:&568(&::5$(0)$&5I)(?*'%(
8.99#$#'0(6*%#$+(&9(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(+5:)(*+(.'(*(:&'+0$5:0#8(
'*$$*0."#P(2$I5*B6%K(.9(0M&('*$$*0."#+(.'(0M&(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+(*$#(B&0)(9&5'8#8(&'(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(M#(?*%(9.'8(0)#(3).'#+#4B*+#8(
'*$$*0."#(;&$0$*%.'I(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(M.0)(?&$#()#.I)0#'#8(*00#'0.&'P(Q)#("*65#(&9(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(*6+&(#T;$#++#8(0)$&5I)(?*'%(8.99#$#'0(6*%#$+(&9(#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(+5:)(*+(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(
;6&0(+0$5:05$#P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(*('*$$*0."#(6.-#(0).+(:&568(6.0#$*66%()*"#(*("#$%(#?&0.&'*6(
:)*$*:0#$(0)*0(.+(.?;$.+&'#8(*'8(`:&'0*.'#8b(M.0).'(M*66+P(
(
Jf(
>.'*66%K(0)#(6&M(+.I'.9.:*':#(6#"#6(&9('5?B#$(&9(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*+(M#66(*+(!'I6.+)(
;$&9.:.#':%(6#"#6(?*%(B#(85#(0&(0)#(6.?.0#8(;*$0.:.;*'0(;&&6(0)*0(M#()*"#(*::#++(0&P(L'(
9505$#(+058.#+K(.0(M&568(B#(B#'#9.:.*6(0&($#4:&'85:0(0)#(+058%(M.0)(?&$#(;*$0.:.;*'0+(0&(
#T*?.'#(M)#0)#$(0)#(&50:&?#(&9(0)&+#(0M&("*$.*B6#+(M.66(:)*'I#(*::&$8.'I6%P(
!
Study!2!
METHOD! !
(
L(#T*?.'#8(0)#(E_(&$.I.'*6(3).'#+#(0$*'+:$.;0+(&9(0)&+#(#?&0.&'(8.+:5++.&'(
.'0#$".#M+K(*'8(0&&-('&0#(&9(#"#$%(#?&0.&'(M&$8(0)*0(*;;#*$#8P(Q)#'K(L(;$&85:#8(*(8.$#:0(
!'I6.+)(?#*'.'I(*+(M#66(*+(*'(!'I6.+)(6.0#$*6(0$*'+6*0.&'(&9(0)&+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(.'(&$8#$(0&(
.'9#$(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)*0(0)#%($#+;#:0."#6%(#?B&8%P((
INDEX!
(
(
Common!Emotion!Words!and!their!Embodied!Conceptual!Metaphors!
(n=24)!
(
Chinese!
English!meaning!
English!literal!
translation!
Embodied!conceptual!
metaphor!
伤心
7*8'#++(
Q&(;)%+.:*66%()5$0(
0)#()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<K(72[=!77(L7(
Qg(C/O7L32<<O(/dYQ(
Q/!(/!2YQ(
开心
/*;;.'#++(
Q&(&;#'(0)#()#*$0(
/2CCL=!77(L7(Qg(gC!=(
Q/!(/!2YQ(
担心
U&$$%(
U#.I)0(&'(0)#()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<K(UgYYO(L7(2(
C/O7L32<(U!Lc/Q(
放心
Y#6.#9(
Q&(6#0(6&&+#(&9(0)#(
)#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<K(Y!<L!>(L7(Qg(
<!Q(<gg7!(
心疼
>##6(;.0%(
/#*$0*:)#(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<K(CLQO(L7(Q/!(
(
JH(
/!2YQ(/dYQL=c(
贴心
Q&(B#(#?&0.&'*66%(
.'0.?*0#(
Q&(0&5:)(0)#()#*$0(
L=QL,23O(L7(C/O7L32<(
3<g7!=!77(
谈心
Q&(0*6-(*B&50(
#?&0.&'+(
Q&(0*6-(*B&50(0)#(
)#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(
/!2YQ(
烦心
2''&%*':#(
Q&(B&0)#$(0)#()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(
/!2YQ(
分心
Q&(B#(8.+0$*:0#8(
Q&(+;6.0(0)#()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7j2QQ!=QLg=(
L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(
心里的压力
70$#++(
Q)#(;$#++5$#(.'(0)#(
)#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(
心里好像空荡荡的
!?;0.'#++(
Q)#()#*$0(9##6+(
#?;0%(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(
心里很苦
7*8'#++j;*.'(
Q)#$#k+(B.00#$'#++(
.'+.8#(0)#()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!YK(!,gQLg=7(
2Y!(Q27Q!7K(
72[=!77jC2L=(L7(
XLQQ!Y=!77(
理解…的心
d'8#$+0*'8(
+&?#&'#(
#?&0.&'*66%(
d'8#$+0*'8(
+&?#&'#k+()#*$0(
!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(
/!2YQ(
(
(L'.0.*66%K(0).+(.'8#T(.'8.:*0#+(0)#(+.I'.9.:*':#(&9(0)#(`)#*$0b(.'(0)#(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#P(
2+(8.+:5++#8(;$#".&5+6%K(`)#*$0b('&0(&'6%(+#$"#+(*+(0)#($*8.:*6(9&$(*66(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(
:)*$*:0#$+K(B50(*6+&(;6*%+(*(:$5:.*6($&6#(.'(M&$8+(*'8(;)$*+#+P(Q)#(+#:0.&'(&'(!'I6.+)(6.0#$*6(
0$*'+6*0.&'(.?;6.#+(0)*0(*66(&9(0)#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(5+#8(.'(0)#(E_(.'0#$".#M+(*$#(.'(9*:0K(
$#6*0#8(0&(`)#*$0bP(>&$(M&$8+(*'8(;)$*+#+(+5:)(*+(`谈心b(\0&(0*6-(*B&50(#?&0.&'+K(&$(0&(0*6-(
*B&50(0)#()#*$0]K(`分心b(\0&(B#(8.+0$*:0#8K(&$(0&(+;6.0(0)#()#*$0](*'8(`理解…的心b(\0&(
5'8#$+0*'8(+&?#&'#k+(#?&0.&'+K(&$(0&(5'8#$+0*'8(+&?#&'#k+()#*$0]K(0)#()#*$0(#"#'(
B#:&?#+(*(8.$#:0K(#T:)*'I#*B6#(?#0&'%?%(9&$(0)#(M&$8(`#?&0.&'+bP(L0(#++#'0.*66%($#;6*:#+(
0)#(M&$8(`#?&0.&'+b(.'(0)&+#(;)$*+#+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0).+(.'8#T(#++#'0.*66%($#.'9&$:#+(0)#(.8#*(
&9()&M(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(.+(95'8*?#'0*66%(#?B&8.#8(B%(
(
Jm(
*6?&+0(*66(&9(0)#(3).'#+#(#?&0.&'(6*'I5*I#P(>&$(#"#$%(M&$8(&$(;)$*+#(^(;&+.0."#(*'8(
'#I*0."#(#?&0.&'+(.':658#8(*60&I#0)#$(^(*'(.?*I#$%(&9(0)#()#*$0(.+(#"&-#8P(!:)&.'I(&5$(
8.+:5++.&'(9$&?(6*+0(:)*;0#$K(0).+(I$#*06%(#+0*B6.+)#+(0)#(".+5*6('*05$#(&9(0)#(3).'#+#(
6*'I5*I#K(M)#$#(M&$8+(*'8(;)$*+#+(*$#('&(6&'I#$(+.?;6#(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(B50(
8#+:$.;0."#(.?*I#$.#+(*+(M#66P(2I*.'K(?&$#(8.+:5++.&'($#I*$8.'I(0)#(.?;&$0*':#(&9(0)#(M&$8(
`)#*$0b(.'(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(M.66(0*-#(;6*:#(.'(0)#(9505$#(:)*;0#$+P(
L'(I#'#$*6K(0)$##(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*;;#*$(M.0)(0)#().I)#+0(9$#D5#':%(.'(0).+(
.'8#T1(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQK(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(C/O7L32<(*'8(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(7.':#(*66(&9(0)&+#(?&+0(B*+.:(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*$#(
*6$#*8%(#+0*B6.+)#8(*+(#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(
/!2YQK(0)#(M*%(.'(M).:)(0)#%(#*:)(.'8.".85*66%(?*'.9#+0($#"#*6+(?&$#(&9(0)#(.?*I#4B*+#8K(
".+5*6('*05$#(&9(0)#(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#P(,*'%(&9(0)&+#(M&$8+(*'8(;)$*+#+(*$#(#?B&8.?#'0+(
&9(?560.;6#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?#$I#8(0&I#0)#$P(L'(Zr"#:+#+k(0#$?+K(0).+(.+(*(0$#'8(
M)#$#(+#"#$*6(+.?;6#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(:&?B.'#8(0&(:$#*0#(?&$#(:&?;6#T(*'8(
:*+#4+;#:.9.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl]P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(9&$(0)#(M&$8(`担心b(
\M&$$%]K(.0(6.0#$*66%(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`M#.I)0(&'(0)#()#*$0bP(Q).+(6.0#$*6(0$*'+6*0.&'(#"&-#+(0)#(
.?*I#$%(&9(*()#*$0(M.0)(*(M#.I)0(;6*:#8(&'(.0P(L'(0).+(.?*I#$%K(M#(:*'(+##(*(9#M(8.99#$#'0(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(2;*$0(9$&?(0)#(9&5'8*0.&'*6(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQK(0)#$#(.+(*6+&(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(C/O7L32<K(9$&?(M).:)(M#(:*'(*6+&(.'9#$(UgYYO(L7(2(U!Lc/Q(+;#:.9.:*66%P(
X%($#*6.N.'I(UgYYO(L7(2(U!Lc/Q(*+(*(6.0#$*6(M#.I)0(;6*:#8(&'(0)#()#*$0K(0)#(3).'#+#(M&$8(
`担心b(\M&$$%](0)5+(:*$$.#+(0).+(+#'+#(&9(;)%+.:*6.0%(0)*0(#?B&8.#+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<K(*+(.9(;#&;6#(:&568($#*66%(9##6(0)#(+#'+#(&9()#*".'#++(.'(0)#()#*$0(*$#*(M)#'(0)#%(
*$#(M&$$.#8P(,&$#&"#$K(9&$(`贴心b(\0&(B#(#?&0.&'*66%(.'0.?*0#]K(.0+(6.0#$*6(0$*'+6*0.&'(`0&(
(
JR(
0&5:)(0)#()#*$0b(*6+&(#?B&8.#+(+#"#$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(+5:)(*+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
C/O7L32<(*'8(L=QL,23O(L7(C/O7L32<(3<g7!=!77P(Q&(B#(.'0.?*0#(M.0)(+&?#&'#(.+(0&(
6.0#$*66%(8#:$#*+#(0)#(8.+0*':#(B#0M##'(B&8.#+n(0)#'K(.9(M#(:&'+.8#$(#?&0.&'+(*+(0*'I.B6#(
&BS#:0+(\+5:)(*+(0)#()#*$0]K(0&(B#:&?#(#?&0.&'*66%(.'0.?*0#(.+(0&(8#:$#*+#(0)#(8.+0*':#(
B#0M##'(&'#(;#$+&'(*'8(*'&0)#$(;#$+&'k+()#*$0P(L'(0).+(:*+#K(&'#(:*'(#"#'(;)%+.:*66%(0&5:)(
0)#()#*$0P(Q).+(?#0*;)&$.:*6(#?B&8.?#'0($#*6.N#+(*'&0)#$(8#+:$.;0."#(.?*I#$%K(M)#$#(
+&?#&'#(6.0#$*66%(;$#++#+().+(&$()#$(;*6?(&'(+&?#&'#(#6+#k+()#*$0(0&(.'8.:*0#(.'0.?*:%P(
>5$0)#$?&$#K(0)$&5I)(+058%.'I(M&$8+(0)*0(#?B&8%(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(#+;#:.*66%(B%(6&&-.'I(*0()&M(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(8#9.'#8K(M#(:*'(
#T*?.'#(0)#(8#I$##(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(/#$#K(M#(+##(0)*0(0)#()#*$0(&90#'(+#$"#+(*+(
0).+(:&'0*.'#$P(Q).+(:&$$#+;&'8+(0&(&5$(8.+:5++.&'(.'(0)#(;$#".&5+(:)*;0#$(*B&50(0).+(
+;#:.9.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$P(A5+0(*+(O5(*$I5#+K(0)#("*65#(0)*0(3).'#+#(:5605$#(;6*:#+(&'(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(6#*8+(.'0&(0)#(0#'8#':%(&9(+;#:.9.:*66%(+)$.'-.'I(0)#(+.N#(&9(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$(.'(0)#(5'."#$+*66%(+)*$#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
ULQ/(L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(\O5K(GRRm]P(L'0#$'*6(&$I*'+K(+5:)(*+(0)#(B&M#6+(*'8(0)#()#*$0K(*$#(
0)5+(5+#8(*+(:&??&'($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+(&9(0)#(:&'0*.'#$P(L'(0)#(#T;$#++.&'+(`心里的压力b(
\+0$#++K(&$(0)#(;$#++5$#(.'(0)#()#*$0]K(`心里好像空荡荡的b(\#?;0.'#++K(&$(0)#()#*$0(9##6+(
#?;0%](*'8(`心里很苦b(\+*8'#++j;*.'K(0)#$#k+(B.00#$'#++(.'+.8#(0)#()#*$0]K(M#(+##(0)#(+*?#(
0$#'8(M)#$#(0)#()#*$0(.+(0$#*0#8(6.-#(*(:&'0*.'#$P(C*$0.:56*$6%(6&&-.'I(*0(`心里的压力bK(.0(
#?B&8.#8(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(7QY!77(L7(CY!77dY!(&'(0&;(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(/#$#K(0)#()#*$0(+#$"#+(*+(*(9.'.0#(:&'0*.'#$(*'8(0)#(
;$#++5$#(&9(+0$#++(.+(9.66.'I(.0(5;(6.-#(I*+K(*$I5*B6%($#+560.'I(.'(5':&?9&$0*B6#(9##6.'I+(&9(
+M#66.'I(&$(#"#'(*(9#*$(&9(:&?B5+0.&'P(Q).+(*I*.'(.'85:#+(*(+)*$;K(8#+:$.;0."#(".+5*6(.?*I#P(
(
_F(
g"#$*66K(5;&'(#+0*B6.+).'I(*'8(*'*6%N.'I(0).+(.'8#T(0)*0(:&'+.+0+(&9(:&??&'(#?&0.&'(
M&$8+(0*-#'(9$&?(#?&0.&'*6(.'0#$".#M+K(M#(:*'(95$0)#$(+##(0)#(.?*I#4B*+#8('*05$#(&9(0)#(
3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#P(Q).+(:&568(.'8.:*0#(0)*0(9&$(3).'#+#(+;#*-#$+K(0)#+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(0&(
0)#?(*$#(*6$#*8%().I)6%(".+5*6(.'('*05$#K(*+(0)#%(6.0#$*66%(*;;#*$(*+(.?*I#$.#+(0)*0($#*6.N#(
+&?#(:&??&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(Q)#(8#+:$.;0."#('*05$#(&9(0)&+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(.+(
8.99#$#'0(9$&?(0)#.$(!'I6.+)(:&5'0#$;*$0+K(0)5+(.'0$&85:.'I(*88.0.&'*6(.'9&$?*0.&'(0&(
<*-&99k+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)#&$.#+($&&0#8(.'(6.'I5.+0.:+P(U).6#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(
+0.66(0*-#(0)#(;$.?*$%(9&$?(&9(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+(.'(!'I6.+)K(3).'#+#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(*$#(*6$#*8%(.??#'+#6%(".+5*6(.'('*05$#K(*'8()*"#(0$*'+:#'8#8(0)#(B&5'8*$.#+(&9(
6.'I5.+0.:+(0&(B#:&?#(?&$#(:&?;6#T(?#'0*6(.?*I#$.#+P(L?*I.'*B6%K(.9(&'#(M*+(0&(#6*B&$*0#(
5;&'(3).'#+#(#?&0.&'(M&$8+(*'8(#T;*'8(0)#?(.'0&(8#+:$.;0."#(+)&$0(;*++*I#+(&$(#"#'(
'*$$*0."#+K(M#(M.66(%.#68(+&?#(#"#'(?&$#(:&?;6.:*0#8(#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+P(Q*-.'I(`担心b(\M&$$%](*I*.'(*+(*'(#T*?;6#K(&'#(:*'(:&'+0$5:0(*('*$$*0."#(&'(
)&M(*(;#$+&'(6.0#$*66%()*"#(M#.I)0+(*00*:)#8(0&().+()#*$0(85#(0&().+(:&'+0*'0(M&$$%(*B&50(
+&?#0).'IK(0)5+($#*6.N.'I(0).+(#?&0.&'(M&$8P(2I*.'K(0).+(M.66()#6;(5+(I*.'(*(B#00#$(
5'8#$+0*'8.'I(&9()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(?*'.9#+0(.'(8.99#$#'0(0%;#+(&9($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+K(
#+;#:.*66%('*$$*0."#+K(*'8(:&'0$.B50#+(0&M*$8+(#+0*B6.+).'I(0)#(?560.6*%#$(#T;*'+.&'(
0)#&$%P((
(
((
(
(
( (
(
_G(
CHAPTER!3:!CONCEPTUAL!METAPHORS!IN!THE!TEXT!“JOURNEY!TO!
THE!WEST”!
OVERVIEW!
(
2+(+5II#+0#8(B%(?%(0)#+#+(.'(3)*;0#$(GK(.'(3)*;0#$+(J(*'8(_K(L(M.66(*00#?;0(0&(*;;6%(
0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0&(#'0.$#('*$$*0."#+P(L(M.+)(0&(
#T*?.'#(0).+(0)#&$%k+(#99#:0."#'#++(.'(5';*:-.'I()&M(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*$#(#?B&8.#8(
.'('*$$*0."#+K(*+(M#66(*+(.0+(:&'0$.B50.&'+(0&M*$8+(&5$(5'8#$+0*'8.'I(&9()&M('*$$*0."#+(*$#(
*B6#(0&(:&'"#%(+;#:.9.:(:5605$*6("*65#+P(X&0)(:#'0#$#8(&'(0)#(*'*6%+.+(&9('*$$*0."#+K(3)*;0#$(
J(M.66(9&:5+(&'(*(M&$-(&9(6.0#$*05$#(^(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(*'8(3)*;0#$(_(M.66(6&&-(*0(*(
?&".#(^(0)#(?&8#$'(*'.?*0#8($#'8.0.&'(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*
9(!3P(2+(M&$-+(0)*0(;$.?*$.6%(8#?&'+0$*0#("*65#+(0&M*$8(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'(\#?&0.&'*6(
#T;$#++.&'(&$(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0]K(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#(8$*M(&'(0)#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(*+(0)#.$(95'8*?#'0*6(
#?B&8.?#'0P(Q)#(8.*I$*?(B#6&M(.665+0$*0#+()&M(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(*'8(0)#(
:5605$*6("*$.*0.&'(*$I5?#'0(*$#(I&.'I(0&(B#(8#?&'+0$*0#8(B%(0)#('*$$*0."#+(9#*05$#8(.'(
3)*;0#$+(J(*'8(_P((
(
_E(
(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(0)#(5'8#$6%.'I(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(;$#+#'0(0)$&5I)&50(B&0)(&9(0)#('*$$*0."#+P(U#()*"#(8.+:5++#8(Zr"#:+#+k(
*$I5?#'0(.'(0)#(;*+0(:)*;0#$+1(M)#'(;&+.0.&'#8(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0+K(*(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(?*%(?*.'0*.'(0)#(+*?#(I#'#$*6(9$*?#M&$-(%#0(8.99#$(.'(?*'%(8#0*.6+P(
7;#:.9.:*66%K(M)#'(*'(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(.665+0$*0#8(.'(8.99#$#'0(
:5605$#+K(0)#(.8#*+(0)*0(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:&'"#%(*B&50(#?&0.&'+(:&568(B#(I$#*06%(
.'965#':#8(B%(0)#+#(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+k("*65#+(*'8('&$?+(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P(2+(
.665+0$*0#8(B%(0)#(;+%:)&6&I%(+058.#+(.'(3)*;0#$(EK(.'(0).+(:*+#K(M)#'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(;$#+#'0(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#K(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(
M.66(B#("*65#8n($#"#$+#6%K(M)#'(.0(.+(;$#+#'0(.'(U#+0#$'(:5605$#K(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(M.66(
B#(#'8&$+#8P(((
288.0.&'*66%K('&0(&'6%(0)*0(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(M.66(8.99#$(*:$&++(8.99#$#'0(
:5605$#+K(B50(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(^(*+(#85:*0.&'*6(;$&85:0+(0)*0(
(
_J(
.'8&:0$.'*0#+(:5605$*6('&$?+(*'8("*65#+(0&(:#$0*.'(0*$I#0(*58.#':#+(^(M.66(8.99#$(0&&P(/#$#K(
M#()*"#(0M&(:&'0$*+0.'I('*$$*0."#+1(0)#(0#T0(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b($#;$#+#'0.'I(3).'#+#(
"*65#+(*'8(0)#(?&".#(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3($#;$#+#'0.'I(U#+0#$'("*65#+P(C$#+5?*B6%K(
M).6#(0)#(0#T0(#?B&8.#+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(M.0)(*(9&:5+(
&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(0)#(?&".#(#?B&8.#+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(.'(*'(*60#$'*0."#(M*%(0)*0(;$&?&0#+(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(.'+0#*8P((
2::&$8.'I(0&(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%K(.'(*(+.'I6#('*$$*0."#K(0)#$#(*$#(
?560.;6#(6#"#6+(&9(M*%+(.'(M).:)(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(:*'(B#(
#?B&8.#8(*'8($#*6.N#8P(Q)#+#(#?B&8.?#'0+(#T;*'8(B#%&'8(0)#(+:&;#(&9(;5$#(6.'I5.+0.:(
:&'+0$5:0.&'+K(*+(0)#%(;$.?*$.6%(:&?#(.'(0)#(9&$?(&9(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#+P(L'(3)*;0#$+(J(*'8(
_K(M#(M.66(9&:5+(&'(.?*I#$.#+K(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(0)#(5+#(&9(?&0.9+P(Q)&+#(0)$##(
8.99#$#'0(6#"#6+(#?B&8%(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(
+.?560*'#&5+6%(.'(8.99#$#'0(M*%+P(L0(.+(0)#(*::5?56*0.&'(&9(0)&+#(?560.;6#(6#"#6+(&9(
#?B&8.?#'0+(0)*0(*88(5;(0&(0)#(#'0.$#('*$$*0."#P(Q).+(0)#&$%(:*'(B#(*;;6.#8(0&(8.99#$#'0(
-.'8+(&9('*$$*0."#+(^(.'(&5$(:*+#(.0(.+(0#T0(*'8(?&".#P((
((
INTRODUCTION!
(
(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(.+(*(:6*++.:(3).'#+#(#;.:(M$.00#'(B%(U5(3)#'I#'(.'(0)#(Gf0)(
:#'05$%(,.'I([%'*+0%P(X*+#8(&99(&9(*().+0&$.:*6(*::&5'0(&9(0)#(Q*'I(8%'*+0%(X588).+0(
,&'-k+(0$*"#6+K(0).+('*$$*0."#(*88+(.'(?&$#(9*'0*+0.:*6(#6#?#'0+(*+(M#66(*+(0$*8.0.&'*6(
3).'#+#(9&6-6&$#+(0&(8#0*.6(0)#(+0&$%6.'#P(g"#$*66K(.0(.+(*B&50(*(,&'-(9$&?(0)#(Q*'I(3&5$0(
M)&(0$*"#6+(0&(0)#(M#+0(\3#'0$*6(2+.*(*'8(L'8.*](.'(&$8#$(0&(+##-(9&$(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(*+(M#66(
*+(0&(&B0*.'(+*:$#8(X588).+0(+:$&66+P(/&M#"#$K()#(?5+0(&"#$:&?#(*(?560.058#(&9()*$8+).;+(
(
__(
.'(&$8#$(0&(*:).#"#(0)&+#(0$#*+5$#+(*'8(#'6.I)0#'?#'0P(Q)#+#(*$#(8#;.:0#8(*+(0)#(`#.I)0%4
&'#()*$8+).;+b(0)*0(0)#(,&'-(#"#'05*66%(8#9#*0+(&'().+(M*%(0&(0)#(M#+0P(Q&(*.8(0)#(,&'-k+(
S&5$'#%K(0)#(c*50*?*(X588)*(*'8(0)#(c5*'%.'(X&8).+*00"*(8#+.I'*0#+(0)$##(`?#'0##+b(0&(
0)#(,&'-P(Q)#(9.$+0(&'#(.+(0)#(?&'+0$&5+(,&'-#%(Z.'IK(*('*05$*66%(;&M#$956(?&'-#%(B&$'(
9$&?(*(+0&'#K(&0)#$M.+#(-'&M'(*+(75'(U5-&'IP(Q)#(,&'-#%(M$#:-#8()*"&:(.'(0)#(
)#*"#'6%($#*6?+(85$.'I().+($#B#66.&'(*I*.'+0(0)#(8#.0.#+K(*'8()#(M*+(#"#'05*66%(;5'.+)#8(
*'8(.?;$.+&'#8(5'8#$(*(?&5'0*.'P(Q)#(&'6%(M*%(9&$().?(0&($#8##?().?+#69(.+(0&(M*.0(9&$(
0)#(,&'-(0&(9$##().?K(*'8(0)#'(B#:&?#(0)#(,&'-k+(;$&0#:0&$(&'(0).+(S&5$'#%P(Q)#(#'0.$#(
0#T0(5'$*"#6+(*+(0)#(8#"#6&;?#'0(&9(0)#(,&'-(*'8(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$+(0*-#(;6*:#P(Q)#(
&0)#$(0M&(?#'0##+(*$#(0)#(C.I(\t)5(U5'#'I](*'8(>$.*$(7*'8(\7)*(U5S.'I]P(Q)#(0#*?(&9(
9&5$(9.'*66%(:&?;6#0#+(0).+(S&5$'#%(0&(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(*'8(+*:$#8(+:$&66+(*90#$(&"#$:&?.'I(*66(
&9(0)#()*$8+).;+(*'8(8#9#*0.'I(*66(&9(0)#(?&'+0#$+(+:*00#$#8(*6&'I(0)#(M*%P(L'(0)#(#'8K(*66(&9(
0)#?(*:).#"#(X588)*)&&8(*'8(*+:#'8(0&(0)#()#*"#'6%($#*6?P((
L'(0)#(+5B+#D5#'0(8.+:5++.&'K(L(M.66($#9#$(0&(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(*+(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(?&+0(:#'0$*6(0&(5'8#$+0*'8.'I(0)#("*65#+(B#).'8(
0).+(+0&$%P(L'(0).+(0#T0K(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#+(+5:)(*+(.?*I#$.#+K(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(
?&0.9+(*66(#?B&8%(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$P(d60.?*0#6%K(0)#%(M&$-(0&(#T;$#++(*'(
.'+0$5:0."#(.8#*(8##;6%(#?B#88#8(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#(*'8(X588).+?(0#*:).'I+K(M).:)(
*8"&:*0#+(9&$(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(
(
THE!“HEART!MONKEY”!!
(
L'.0.*66%K(0M&(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:$5:.*6(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#(*$#(B&0)(#?B&8.#8(B%(
0)#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(0)#(0#T01(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQK(*'8(!,gQLg=7(
(
_l(
L7(2(,g=Z!OP(U#()*"#(8.+:5++#8(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(.'(;*+0(:)*;0#$+K(*'8(M#(M.66(
B#(#T*?.'.'I()&M(.0(95':0.&'+(.'($#6*0.&'(0&(!,gQLg=7(L7(2(,g=Z!O(.'(0)#(3).'#+#(
6*'I5*I#(*'8(:5605$#(0&(:$#*0#(0)#(.8#*(&9(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(^(*(;$&?.'#'0(;)$*+#(0)*0(
+0#??#8(9$&?(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+P(!++#'0.*66%K(L(M.+)(0&(;$&".8#(:&'0#T05*6(.'9&$?*0.&'(
*'8(.665+0$*0#(0)*0(0)#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(.+(#T*:06%(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(
`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(^(*(:&':#;0(:&?B.'#8(9$&?(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(
/!2YQ(*'8(!,gQLg=7(L7(2(,g=Z!OP(((
L(M.66(B#I.'(B%(#T;*'8.'I(&'(0)#(8.+:5++.&'+(+5$$&5'8.'I(!,gQLg=7(L7(Q/!(/!2YQ(
0)*0(M*+(;$#+#'0#8(.'(0)#(;$#".&5+(:)*;0#$+K(%#0(6#90(9&$(95$0)#$(#6*B&$*0.&'P(Q)#(M&$8(`心b(
\)#*$0](.'(0)#(3).'#+#(6.'I5.+0.:(*'8(6.0#$*$%(0$*8.0.&'(:*$$.#+(+&?#(+.I'.9.:*'0(
:&''&0*0.&'+1(.0(.+(9$#D5#'06%($#I*$8#8(*+(*(M&$8(.'0#$:)*'I#*B6#(M.0)(0)#(&"#$*66(:&':#;0+(
&9(`?.'8b(*'8(`#?&0.&'+bP(2::&$8.'I(0&(O5K(3).'#+#(:5605$#(:&'+.8#$+(#?&0.&'+(0&(+0#?(
9$&?(0)#()#*$0(\O5K(GRRm]P(Q)#()#*$0(.+(0)#(+&6#(;&.'0(&9(&$.I.'K(*'8(#?&0.&'+(:*'(&'6%(&::5$(
.9(0)#()#*$0(.+(.?;*:0#8P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0)#(M&$8(`)#*$0b(.+(&90#'(5+#8(*+(*(?#0&'%?%(9&$(?.'8(
*'8(#?&0.&'+P(U)#'(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(&$(6.0#$*05$#(*6658#+(0&(`)#*$0bK(.0(?&+0(6.-#6%(
:&'+.+0+(0)&+#(:&''&0*0.&'+(*+(M#66P(Q)#(*B5'8*':#(&9(0)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(`)#*$0b(.'(
#?&0.&'*6(3).'#+#(.8.&?+(:6#*$6%(.665+0$*0#+(.0+(+.I'.9.:*':#P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(0)#(.8.&?(`惊心动
魄b(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`0&(+)&:-(0)#()#*$0(*'8(+0*$06#(0)#(+&56bK(*'8(.0($#;$#+#'0+(*'(#T0$#?#(
+0*0#(&9(9#*$P(L'(0).+(.8.&?K(0)#(#?&0.&'(&9(9#*$(.+('#"#$(?#'0.&'#8(8.$#:06%n(.'+0#*8K(.0(.+(
:&'"#%#8(.'(;*$*66#6(M.0)(0)#(.?*I#$%(&9(`0&(+)&:-(0)#()#*$0bP(,&$#&"#$K(0)#(.8.&?(`心如死
灰b(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`0)#()#*$0(.+(6.-#(8#*8(*+)#+bP(Q).+(.8.&?(.+(5+#8(0&(:&'"#%(#?&0.&'+(&9(
+*8'#++(*'8(8#+;*.$P(2I*.'K(0).+(.8.&?('#I6#:0+(8.$#:0($#9#$#':#(0&(0)#(#?&0.&'(&9(+*8'#++(
(
_f(
*'8($#;6*:#+(.0(M.0)(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(8#+:$.;0.&'(&9(0)#()#*$0(.'+0#*8P(>.'*66%K(.'(:&66&D5.*6(
3).'#+#K(M)#'(0M&(;#&;6#(*$#(*00#?;0.'I(0&(:&??5'.:*0#(#?&0.&'+K(*(:&??&'(;)$*+#(
M&568(B#(`你对我的心是什么样的bP(Q)#(6.0#$*6(0$*'+6*0.&'(.+(`M)*0(.+(%&5$()#*$0(6.-#(0&(?#bK(
M).:)(.+(#D5."*6#'0(0&(*+-.'IK(`/&M(8&(%&5(9##6(0&M*$8+(?#bP(X$*':).'I(&99(&9(0).+(;)$*+#K(
&0)#$(+.?.6*$(M*%+(&9(#T;$#++.&'(M&568(B#(`8&'k0(%&5(5'8#$+0*'8(?%()#*$0(o9##6.'I+p(9&$(
%&5b(*'8(`)#$#(.+(?%()#*$0(o9##6.'I+p(9&$(%&5(0&(+##bP(2+(.'8.:*0#8(B%(0)#(B$*:-#0+K(.9(M#(*$#(
0&(0$*'+6*0#(0)&+#(;)$*+#+(0&(!'I6.+)(*'8(:&??5'.:*0#(0)#.$(?#*'.'I+(M.0)(*'(!'I6.+)(
+;#*-.'I(*58.#':#K($#;6*:.'I(0)#(M&$8(`)#*$0b(.'(0)&+#(;)$*+#+(M.0)(`#?&0.&'+b(&$(
`9##6.'I+b(M.66(#"#'(:&??5'.:*0#(0)#.$(.'0#'8#8(?#*'.'I+(?&$#(+5::#++9566%P(>$&?(0)#+#(
:*+#+K(M#(:*'(+##(0)#(;*$*66#6+(8$*M'(B#0M##'(`)#*$0b(*'8(#?&0.&'+(.'(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(
*'8(6.0#$*05$#P((
U.0)(0).+('#M(6#'+(0&(".#M(0)#(M&$8(`心b(\)#*$0]K(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(#T*?.'#(0)#(5+#(&9(
`)#*$0b(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bP(Q)$&5I)&50(0)#(0#T0K(*('.:-'*?#(*00$.B50#8(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(
.+(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b（心猿）P(2I*.'K(I."#'(0)#(.'0#$:)*'I#*B.6.0%(&9()#*$0K(?.'8(*'8(
#?&0.&'+(.'(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#K(`心猿b（)#*$0(?&'-#%）.+(+&?#0.?#(*6+&($#9#$$#8(0&(*+(`情
猿b（#?&0.&'(?&'-#%(）.'(3).'#+#K(M)#$#(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(`情b(6.0#$*66%(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(
`#?&0.&'bP(Q)#(965.8.0%(B#).'8(0)#(M&$8(`)#*$0b(*6+&(;$&?;0#8(?560.;6#(!'I6.+)(
0$*'+6*0.&'+(&9(0).+(M&$8K(M)#$#(`心猿b（)#*$0(?&'-#%）(.+(&90#'(0$*'+6*0#8(.'0&(`?.'8(
?&'-#%b(*+(*'(#5;)#?.+?P(L'(&$8#$(0&(?*.'0*.'(:&'+.+0#':%K(M#(M.66(B#(5+.'I(0)#(6.0#$*6(
0$*'+6*0.&'K(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b（心猿）K(0)$&5I)&50(0).+(8.+:5++.&'1(.'(+5B+#D5#'0(0#T05*6(
$#9#$#':#+K(L(M.66(:)*'I#(*66(&9(0)#(0$*'+6*0.&'(&9(`?.'8(?&'-#%b(.'0&(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(
.'+0#*8P(
(
_H(
(Q)#(.8#*(&9(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b（心猿）(&$.I.'*0#8(*+(*(X588).+0(:&':#;0K(?&+0(
:&??&'6%(+##'(9$&?(0)#(q.?*6*-.$0.(750$*1(`7.':#(0)#(o)#*$0p(&9(&'#(8.99.:560(0&(:&'"#$0(.+(
6.-#(o*(?&'-#%pK(I&"#$'().+(o)#*$0p(B%(5+.'I(:#$0*.'(?#0)&8+(*'8(.0(:*'(0)#'(B#(B$&-#'(.'Pb(
\[58B$.8I#K(GRHF]P(2(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(+;#:.9.:(0&(X588).+0(:5605$#K(!,gQLg=7(L7(2(
,g=Z!O(.+(0)5+(#+0*B6.+)#8P(/#$#K(!,gQLg=7(.+(0)#(0*$I#0(*'8(,g=Z!O(.+(0)#(+&5$:#P(X%(
:&?;*$.'I(0)#(*B+0$*:0(.8#*(&9(#?&0.&'+(0&(*(?&'-#%K(M).:)(.+(*(0*'I.B6#(#6#?#'0(
;$&?.'#'0(.'(0)#(;)%+.:*6(M&$68K(M#(:*'(5'8#$+0*'8(0)#(#++#'0.*6(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(0)*0(
X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(*00$.B50#(0&(#?&0.&'+1(#?&0.&'+(*$#($#+06#++K(5';$#8.:0*B6#(*'8(
5':&'0$&66#8(6.-#(*(?&'-#%P(7.':#(?&'-#%+(*$#(I#'#$*66%(".#M#8(*+(*'.?*6+(0)*0(*$#(M.68(
*'8(5'0*?#8K(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:6#*$6%(+).'#+(*('#I*0."#(6.I)0(&'(5':&'0$&66#8(
#?&0.&'+K(;&+.'I(0)#?(*+(#D5."*6#'0(0&(M.68(B#*+0+P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(0).+(#"#'(.?;6.#+(0)*0(
;#&;6#(M)&(9*.6(0&(:&'0*.'(0)#.$(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(*$#(*6+&(5':5605$#8(&$(5'8.+:.;6.'#8P(
Q)#$#9&$#K(&'#(&9(0)#(M*%+(0&(B#:&?#(*(:5605$#8K(#'6.I)0#'#8(.'8.".85*6(.+(0&(`I&"#$'().+(&$(
)#$()#*$0b(*'8(0&(9.I5$*0."#6%(0*?#(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(^(.'(&0)#$(M&$8+K(0&($#+0$*.'(
5':&'0$&66#8(#?&0.&'+P(2+(Q+*.(#0(*6P(+5II#+0K($#6.I.&'(.+(*(:5605$*6(+%+0#?(0)*0(5+5*66%(
:&#T.+0+(M.0)(*('*0.&'*6(:5605$*6(+%+0#?K(M).:)(:&568(#99#:0."#6%(:&??5'.:*0#("*65#+K(".#M+(
*'8(560.?*0#6%(+&:.*6.N#(0)#(M*%(;#&;6#(9##6(*'8(;#$:#."#(#?&0.&'+(\Q+*.K(EFGG]P(c."#'(0)#(
;$&?.'#':#(&9(X588).+?(.'(3).'*K(0)#(8.8*:0.:('*05$#(B#).'8(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+(*6$#*8%(
8##;6%(#?B#88#8(.'(#"#$%8*%(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(*'8(:5605$#P(
2'&0)#$(0#$?(0)*0(#"&6"#8(6*0#$K(M).:)()*+(*'(#D5."*6#'0(?#*'.'I(0&(`)#*$0(
?&'-#%bK(.+(`0)&5I)0()&$+#b（意马）P(Q)&+#(0M&(M&$8+(*$#(5+5*66%(5+#8(*6&'I+.8#(#*:)(
&0)#$K(#"#'05*66%(#"&6".'I(.'0&(*(M.8#6%(5+#8(3).'#+#(.8.&?(:0#*4'(#*40*+(（心猿意马）K(
M).:)(6.0#$*66%(0$*'+6*0#+(.'0&(`)#*$0(?&'-#%(*'8(0)&5I)0()&$+#bP(Q&I#0)#$K(0)#(`)#*$0(
(
_m(
?&'-#%b(*'8(0)#(`0)&5I)0()&$+#b($#+#?B6#(*(:)*&0.:(+0*0#(&9(0)#()5?*'(?.'8K(M)#$#(
#?&0.&'+(*'8(0)&5I)0+(*$#(5':&'0$&66#8(*'8($&*?.'I(*$&5'8(9$##6%P(g90#'(0.?#+K(0).+(M&$8(
M&568(B#()#*$8(.'(:6*++$&&?(:&'0#T0+(M)#$#(0#*:)#$+(*$#(+:&68.'I(0)#.$(+058#'0+(9&$(0)#.$(
.'*B.6.0%(0&(I."#(*00#'0.&'(&$(:*6?(8&M'1(`O&5(*$#(6#00.'I(%&5$(:0#*4'(#*40*+(（)#*$0(
?&'-#%(*'8(0)&5I)0()&$+#K(心猿意马）$5'(6&&+#(*I*.'e(3&'0$&6(%&5$+#69(&$(#6+#(%&5$(
I$*8#+(M.66(8$&;eb(7.?.6*$6%K(M)#'(*0)6#0#+(6&+#(.'(:&?;#0.0."#(?*0:)#+K(0)#.$(:&*:)(M&568(
&90#'(*00$.B50#(0)#.$(6&++(0&(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bK(+0*0.'I(`.0(.+(%&5$(:0#*4'(#*40*+(（心猿意马）
0)*0().'8#$#8(%&5(9$&?(9&:5+.'I(&'(0)#(?*0:)bP(Q)5+K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#K(
`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+(5+5*66%(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)('#I*0."#(:&''&0*0.&'+(^(0)#("&6*0.6.0%(&9(
#?&0.&'+(.+(".#M#8(*+(+&?#0).'I(I#'#$*66%()*$?956P(L0(.+(".#M#8(*+(*'(.?;#8.?#'0(0&(&'#k+(
*00#'0."#'#++K(+#694?&0."*0.&'(*'8(8.6.I#':#K(#+;#:.*66%(M)#'(0)#$#(.+(*(:6#*$K(9$5.0956(I&*6(.'(
?.'8(0&(*:).#"#(^(.'(0)#(:*+#(&9(0)#(:6*++$&&?K(.0(.+(`+058%.'I(*'8(*:D5.$.'I(I&&8(I$*8#+(bn(
.'(0)#(:*+#(&9(+;&$0+K(.0(.+(`M.''.'I(0)#(:&?;#0.0.&'bP(2+(*($#+560K(&'#(M)&(9*.6+(0&($#+0$*.'(
).+(&$()#$(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+(8##?#8(0&($#:#."#(;5'.+)?#'0(&9(+&?#(+&$0K(&90#'(B#*$.'I(
'#I*0."#(:&'+#D5#':#+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(&'#(?5+0(6#*$'(0&(0*?#().+(&$()#$(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.'(
&$8#$(0&(*:).#"#(;$&85:0."#(I&*6+K(6#*$'(+#694:560."*0.&'(*'8(9.0(.'0&(*(3).'#+#(:5605$*6(
+:$.;0P((((
Q)#'K()&M(8&#+(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(:&?#(.'0&(;6*%(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0ba(U5(
3)#'I#'(8$*M+(*'(#".8#'0(:&''#:0.&'(B#0M##'(0).+(X588).+0(:&':#;0(*'8(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(
.'().+(+0&$%(B%(8#6.B#$*0#6%($#9#$$.'I(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b（心猿）P(L'(0).+(
:*+#K(0)#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(*:05*66%(*(8#6.B#$*0#(*:0(0&(;#$+&'.9%(0)#(`)#*$0(
?&'-#%bP([$*M.'I(&5$(9&:5+(B*:-(0&(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)#&$%K(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(&9(Q)#(
,&'-#%(.+(*(9.:0.&'*6.N#8(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(L7(2(
(
_R(
,g=Z!OP(Q).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(;$.?*$.6%(5+#8(0&(:&':$#0.N#(0)#(X588).+0(&506&&-(
&'(#?&0.&'+1(#?&0.&'+(*$#(M.68(*'8(5':&'0$&66#8P(Q)#'K(.'(&$8#$(0&(.665+0$*0#(0).+(&506&&-(
?&$#(#99#:0."#6%K(U5(3)#'I#'(*:05*66%(B$.'I+(0).+(?#0*;)&$.:*6(?&'-#%(0&(6.9#(.'(`A&5$'#%(
0&(0)#(U#+0b(.'(0)#(9&$?(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'IP(70.66(9&66&M.'I(0)#(:&'+0$5:0.&'(&9(!,gQLg=7(
L7(2(,g=Z!OK()#$#K(0)#(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+($#+#?B6#8(B%(0)#(,&'-#%(*$#(#?B&8.?#'0+(&9(
:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(&9(!,gQLg=7(^(#?&0.&'+(:&568(B#(9.#$:#(*'8(5'0*?#8K(*'8(0)#(,&'-#%(
B#)*"#+(+.?.6*$.6%P(L'(&$8#$(0&(?*-#(0)&+#(*B+0$*:0(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(:&':$#0#(*'8(
5'8#$+0*'8*B6#(B%(?&$#($#*8#$+K(U5(3)#'I#'(:)&&+#+(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(Q)#(,&'-#%(0&(
B#:&?#(0)#(+&5$:#K(M)#$#()#(6.0#$*66%(8.+;6*%+(0)&+#(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(+0&$%P(
>&$(.'+0*':#K().+(9.#$:#'#++(:&568(B#(+##'(9$&?().+(;$.8#956(#T:6*?*0.&'(`L(*?(0)#(c$#*0(
7*I#(!D5*6(0&(/#*"#'b(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]K(*'8().+(5':&'0$&66*B.6.0%(.+(8#?&'+0$*0#8(0)$&5I)(
0)#(?560.;6#(0.?#+(M)#$#()#(8.+&B#%+(Q)#(,&'-k+(&$8#$+(*'8(:*$$.#+(&50(;6*'+(
+.'I6#)*'8#86%P(,&$#&"#$K(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(;&$0$*%#8(*+(*'(#T0$#?#6%(#?&0.&'*6(:)*$*:0#$(^(
)#(.+(?&+0(:&??&'6%(+##'(.'(*($*+)K()#*0#8(*'I#$K(M).:)(.'(05$'(*6M*%+(8$."#+().?(0&(?*-#(
.?;56+."#(8#:.+.&'+K(+5:)(*+(-.66.'I(?&'+0#$+(&'(0)#(M*%(M.0)&50(:&'+560.'I(Q)#(,&'-k+(
&;.'.&'(&$(9&66&M.'I(0)#(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(&9(:&?;*++.&'1(`s$#*6.N.'I(0)*0(+)#(M*+(*'(#".6(
+;.$.0K(,&'-#%(8.8('&0(M*.0(0&(*$I5#(*B&50(.0K(B50($*.+#8().+(:58I#6(*'8(+0$5:-(*0()#$()#*8b(
\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(288.0.&'*66%K()#(*6+&(8.+;6*%+(#".8#'0()*;;.'#++(*'8(+*8'#++P(U)#'(Q)#(
,&'-("&M+(0&(0*-#().?(*+(*'(*;;$#'0.:#(*'8(9$##().?(9$&?(0)#(?&5'0*.'K()#(M*+(8#+:$.B#8(
*+(`0)#(8#6.I)0#8(?&'-#%(oM)&p(;6#*8#8b(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(U)#'(Q)#(,&'-(*+-+().?(0&(
6#*"#(B#:*5+#(&9().+(?.+8##8+K(0)#(?&'-#%(`)&68.'I(B*:-().+(0#*$+()#(B&M#8(I&&8xB%#(0&(
).+(?*+0#$K(0)#'(+*86%(B50(M.0)(:*$#()#(I*"#(.'+0$5:0.&'+PPPo*+()#($#*:)#+(0)#(!*+0(+)&$#p(0)#(
+.I)0(&9(.0($#?.'8#8().?(&9(0)#(Q*'I(C$.#+0K(*'8()#(:&568('&0(+0&;(0)#(0#*$+(9$&?($&66.'I(
(
lF(
8&M'().+(:)##-b(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(/#$#K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(#?&0.&'+(*$#(
)#.I)0#'#8(*'8(*6M*%+(#T;&+#8(0&(0)#($#*8#$1('&(&0)#$(:)*$*:0#$(.'(0)#(0#*?(.+(8#+:$.B#8(
M.0)(+5:)(*'(*B5'8*':#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(6*'I5*I#P(U5(3)#'I#'(.'+#$0+(?*'%(8#0*.6+(0&(
8#+:$.B#(0)#(#?&0.&'*6(*M*$#'#++(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(Q)#(,&'-#%K(+5:)(*+(8#;.:0.'I().+(
+*8'#++(0&M*$8+(6#*".'I(Q)#(,&'-(M.0)(+;#:.9.:($#I*$8+(;*.8(0&().+(0#*$+(^()#(0$.#+(0&()&68(
B*:-(0#*$+(*0(9.$+0K(%#0(9.'*66%(6#0+(6&&+#(&9().+(+*8'#++(&':#()#(6#*"#+(Q)#(,&'-k+(+.I)0P(
g"#$*66K(0)#(8#;.:0.&'(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'Ik+(;#$+&'*6.0%(*'8(0)#(8#6.B#$*0#(;&$0$*%*6(&9().+(
#?&0.&'*6.0%(?*-#().+(:)*$*:0#$(*'(#99#:0."#(:&':$#0.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(0*$I#0(!,gQLg=7P((
Q)#(:&''#:0.&'(8$*M'(B#0M##'(Q)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(0#$?(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(5+5*66%(
&::5$+(.'(0)#(0.06#+(&9(0)#(:)*;0#$+P(>&$(.'+0*':#K(:)*;0#$(9&5$0##'K(M).:)(;$.?*$.6%(0#66+(0)#(
+0&$%(M)#$#(Q)#(,&'-#%(9.'*66%(*B.8#+(0&(Q)#(,&'-k+($56#+(*'8(*I$##+(0&(;$&0#:0().?(
0)$&5I)&50(0)#(S&5$'#%K(.+('*?#8(*+(`Q)#(/#*$0(,&'-#%(>.'8+(0)#(Y.I)0(C*0)b（心猿归正）
\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(288.0.&'*66%K(:)*;0#$(0).$0%49&5$K(M)#$#(Q)#(,&'-#%(*::.8#'0*66%(9*66+(
.'0&(0)#(0$*;(&9(*(?&'+0#$K(.+('*?#8(*+(`Q)#([#?&'(Z.'Ik+(35''.'I(3*5+#+(0)#(/#*$0(
,&'-#%(Q$&5B6#b（魔王巧算困心猿）\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(L'(B&0)(&9(0)&+#(0.06#+K(Q)#(
,&'-#%(.+(8.$#:06%(:*66#8(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bP(Q)#$#9&$#K(.'(0)#(#%#+(&9(*($#*8#$(M#66(
#D5.;;#8(M.0)(X588).+0(-'&M6#8I#K(0)#(:&''#:0.&'(B#0M##'(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(*'8(0)#(:&':#;0(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+()#.I)0#'#8(9$&?(0)#("#$%(B#I.''.'IP(((
L'(:&':65+.&'K(0)#(+0$&'I(X588).+0(B*:-I$&5'8(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*+(M#66(*+(
0)#(8#6.B#$*0#('.:-'*?#(I."#'(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(+5II#+0+(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I()#$#(.'(0)#(
+0&$%(.+(.'8##8(*(;#$+&'.9.:*0.&'(&9(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.8#*(.'(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+P(L'(
*88.0.&'K(0)#(.'0#$:)*'I#*B.6.0%(&9(`)#*$0b(*'8(#?&0.&'+(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#(+#0+(0)#(
;$#:#8#':#(9&$(&5$(9&66&M.'I(8.+:5++.&'(&'(0)#(+.I'.9.:*':#(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(
(
lG(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'P(Q)#$#9&$#K(.0(.+(+*9#(0&($#:&I'.N#().?(*+(*'(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(M).?+.:*6K(
5'+#006.'I(*'8(5':&'0$&66*B6#(#?&0.&'+(*+(M#66(*+(*(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(!,gQLg=7(L7(2(
,g=Z!OP(Q)$&5I)(0$*:.'I(0)#(.'0#$'*6(8#"#6&;?#'0(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(M#66(*+().+(
.'0#$*:0.&'+(M.0)().+(#T0#$'*6(#'".$&'?#'0K(M#(:*'(:6#*$6%(+##()&M(#?&0.&'+(*$#($#I*$8#8(
.'(0)#(+0&$%P(
(
IMAGERIES!IN!FANTASTICAL!ELEMENTS!
(
d;&'(#+0*B6.+).'I(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$(*+(*'(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(8%'*?.:(#?&0.&'+K(
U5(3)#'I#'($#6.#+(&'(?#0*;)&$+(0$#?#'8&5+6%P(L'0#$#+0.'I6%K(0)#(9*'0*+0.:*6('*05$#(&9(
`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(I."#+(U5(3)#'I#'(0)#(6##M*%(0&(6.0#$*6.N#(+#"#$*6(#?&0.&'*6(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*$#(B*+#8(&99(&9(0)#(M&$8(`)#*$0bP(Q)#$#(*$#(*(9#M(*00$.B50#+(0)*0(
X588).+?()*+(*++.I'#8(0&(#?&0.&'+K(*+(M#()*"#(*6$#*8%(8.+:5++#8(.'(0)#(+#:0.&'(*B&50(0)#(
`)#*$0(?&'-#%b1(M).?+.:*6.0%K(.'+0*B.6.0%(*'8(5'+#006#8'#++P(Q)&+#(#?&0.&'*6(*00$.B50#+(*$#(
*6+&(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(;*$0.:56*$(#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(0)*0(*$#(8##;6%($&&0#8(.'(
3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(*'8(:5605$#K(M)#$#(0)#+#(*B+0$*:0(*00$.B50#+(*$#(8#6.B#$*0#6%(:&?;*$#8(0&(
0*'I.B6#(#6#?#'0+(.'(&$8#$(0&(?*-#(0)#?(?&$#(#*+.6%(5'8#$+0*'8*B6#P(!++#'0.*66%K(U5(
3)#'I#'(0*-#+(0)&+#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+($#I*$8.'I(*00$.B50#+(&9(#?&0.&'(*'8(6.0#$*6.N#+(
0)#?(.'0&(8.99#$#'0(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+(0)*0(Q)#(,&'-#%()&68+P(Q)#(I#'$#(&9(9*'0*+%4#;.:(
*66&M+(0).+($#*6.N*0.&'(0&()*;;#'K(9&$(.0(*::&??&8*0#+(:$#*0.".0%(*'8(#T*II#$*0.&'P(
C$.?*$.6%K(.'(0)#(+0&$%K(Q)#(,&'-#%()*+(0M&(?*S&$(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+1(+#"#'0%40M&(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(0)*0(*66&M().?(0&(0$*'+9&$?(9$##6%(.'0&(&0)#$(&BS#:0+(*'8(9.I5$#+n(*'8(0)#(
`+&?#$+*560(:6&58bK(M)#$#()#(:*'(96%(*'8(0$*"#6(9&$(0)&5+*'8+(&9(?.6#+(&'(:6&58(S5+0(B%(
8&.'I(&'#(+.?;6#(+&?#$+*560P(/#$#K(L(M.66(+5II#+0(0)*0(#*:)(?*I.:*6(;&M#$(.+(*'(
(
lE(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(*(8.99#$#'0(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$1(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
QY2=7>gY,2QLg=7(*'8(X!L=c(!,gQLg=2<(L7(7g2YL=cP((
X&0)(0)#(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(*'8(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58(*$#(8#+:$.B#8(M.0)(".".8(8#0*.6+(
.'(0)#(0#T0P(L'(0)#(B#I.''.'I(&9(0)#(+0&$%K(Q)#(,&'-#%(*:D5.$#+(0)&+#(+-.66+(9$&?(*'(&68(
)#$?.0(?*+0#$P(Q)#(9.$+0(+:#'#(M)#$#(0)#(;&M#$(&9(0)#(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(.+(8#;.:0#8(.+(M)#'(
0)#(,&'-#%k+(;##$+(*'8(9#66&M+(*+-().?(0&(8#?&'+0$*0#().+(?*I.:(+-.66+P(
`hQ5$'(.'0&(*(;.'#(0$##Kk(0)#%(*66(+*.8P(75'(U5-&'I(:6#':)#8().+(9.+0K(+*.8(0)#(
?*I.:(M&$8+K(+)&&-().?+#69K(*'8(:)*'I#8(.'0&(*(;.'#(0$##P(L0(M*+(0$56%1(c$##'(*'8(
?.+0%(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(9&5$(+#*+&'K($*.+.'I(.0+(5;$.I)0(B#*50%(0&(0)#(:6&58+P(=&0(.'(0)#(
6#*+0(6.-#(*(8#?&'(?&'-#%K(#"#$%(.':)(*(0$##(0)*0(M.0)+0*'8+(9$&+0(*'8(+'&MPb(\U5K(
0$*'+P(GRll](
Q)$&5I)(0).+(8#;.:0.&'K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%()*+(0$56%(?*+0#$#8(0)#(*$0+(&9(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'K(*+()#(#T#:50#+(0)#(?*I.:(#*+.6%(*'8(;$#:.+#6%P(Q)#(0$##()#(0$*'+9&$?+(.'0&(
.+(`'&0(.'(0)#(6#*+0(6.-#(*(8#?&'(?&'-#%bK(M).:)(.'8.:*0#+(0)#(I$#*0(+5::#++(.'().+(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'P(>5$0)#$(.'(0)#(+0&$%K(0).+(?*I.:(+-.66()*+(+*"#8(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8().+(0#*?(
+#"#$*6(0.?#+K(9&$()#(M&568(0$*'+9&$?(.'0&(96.#+(0&(+;%(&'(0)#(#'#?.#+(&$(0$*'+9&$?(.'0&(
.'*'.?*0#(&BS#:0+(0&().8#(9$&?(9&#+P(Q)#(?*I.:(+-.66(&9(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'K(L(*$I5#K(.+(*().I)6%(
".+5*6(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(QY2=7>gY,2QLg=7P(Q&(
#+0*B6.+)(0)#(I$&5'8(9&$(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(*(:&??&'(.8.&?(.'(3).'#+#(6*'I5*I#(.+(
`变心b(\:)*'I#(&9()#*$0]P(2'(#T;*'8#8("#$+.&'(M&568(B#(`人心善变b(\0)#()5?*'()#*$0(.+(
#*+%(0&(:)*'I#]K(&$(`人心多变b(\0)#()5?*'()#*$0(:*'()*"#(?*'%(8.99#$#'0("*$.*0.&'+]P(Q).+(
.8.&?($#;$#+#'0+(0)#(:)*'I#*B.6.0%(*'8(5';$#8.:0*B.6.0%(&9()5?*'(#?&0.&'+1(#+;#:.*66%(9&$(
`人心多变bK(.0(.'8.:*0#+(0)*0()5?*'(#?&0.&'+(*$#("&6*0.6#(0&(0)#(#T0#'0(0)*0(.0("*$.#+(
(
lJ(
0$#?#'8&5+6%(9$&?(0.?#(0&(0.?#P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(*60)&5I)(0)#(!'I6.+)(0$*'+6*0.&'(&9(
`M).?+.:*6.0%b(*;;#*$+(D5.0#('#50$*6K(0)&+#(9#M(.8.&?+(*$#(*66(8#+.I'*0#8(0&(5+#(.'('#I*0."#(
:&'0#T0+K(?&+0(&90#'(M)#'(+&?#&'#(.+(:$.0.:.N#8(9&$(B#.'I(5'+0#*8%K(.':&'+.+0#'0(&$(
5'9*.0)956P(>&$(#T*?;6#K(M)#'(&'#k+(9##6.'I+(0&M*$8+(0)#.$($&?*'0.:(;*$0'#$(:)*'I#+(&$(
M)#'(&'#(I."#+(5;(&'(*(+-.66(&$(.'0#$#+0K(0)&+#(.8.&?+(M&568(5+5*66%(:&?#(.'0&(;6*%P(Q)&+#(
.8.&?+(;&.'0(*0(&'#(&9(0)#(0)$##(?*S&$(*00$.B50#+(&9(#?&0.&'1(M).?+.:*6.0%P(2+(.'8.:*0#8(B%(
`人心多变b(\0)#()5?*'()#*$0(:*'()*"#(?*'%(8.99#$#'0("*$.*0.&'+](.'(;*$0.:56*$K(0)#(
#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(+5;;&$0.'I(0)&+#(9#M(#T;$#++.&'+(:&568(B#(+##'(*+(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(q2YL2QLg=7K(&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(QY2=7>gY,2QLg=7(^(0).+(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(.+(:#'0#$#8(&'(:&??5'.:*0.'I(0)#(M).?+.:*6('*05$#(&9(#?&0.&'+K(B%()#.I)0#'.'I(
0).+(;*$0.:56*$(*00$.B50#(*'8(:&?;*$.'I(.0(M.0)(0)#(:&':$#0#(;$&:#++(&9(;)%+.:*6(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(&$(?#0*?&$;)&+#+P(Q)#(:&??&'(I$&5'8()#$#(B#0M##'(0)#(0*$I#0(*'8(0)#(
+&5$:#(.+(`0)#(*B.6.0%(0&(:)*'I#bP(L'(0)#(8#+:$.;0.&'(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(0)$##(?*.'(?*I.:*6(
;&M#$+K(&'#(&9(0)#?(:&$$#+;&'8+(8.$#:06%(M.0)(0).+(*00$.B50#(&9(#?&0.&'(^(0)#(+#"#'0%40M&(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+P(/#(*:D5.$#+(0).+(+-.66(9$&?(0)#("#$%(B#I.''.'I(&9(0)#(+0&$%K(9$&?().+(9.$+0(
?*+0#$K(0)#(C*0$.*$:)(X&8).P(U.0)(0).+(+-.66K(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(:*;*B6#(&9(+)*;#(+).90.'I1()#(:*'(
0$*'+9&$?().?+#69(0&(*(0.'%(.'+#:0(0&(+;%(&'(?&'+0#$+K(&$(*(I.I*'0.:(;.#:#(&9($&:-(0&(B#*0(*'8(
.?;$.+&'(?&'+0#$+P(L9(M#(".#M(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+K(0)#'().+(?*I.:(
&9(+#"#'0%40M&(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(.+(*(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(M).?+.:*6('*05$#(&9(#?&0.&'+P((
g'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(M#()*"#(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58(+#$".'I(*+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(+#:&'8(
+;#:.*6(?*I.:(+-.66P(2;*$0(9$&?(0)#(9$##8&?(0&(0$*'+9&$?K(0)#(,&'-#%(:*'(*6+&(#++#'0.*66%(
96%(*'8(0$*"#6(6&'I(8.+0*':#+(.'(+)&$0(;#$.&8+(&9(0.?#(85#(0&(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58P(
(
l_(
(`75'(U5-&'I(5+#8().+(+-.66(0&(;#$9&$?(*(+#$.#+(&9(+&?#$+*560+(0)*0(:*$$.#8(
).?(9.90%(&$(+.T0%(9##0(.'0&(0)#(*.$K(0)#'(M*6-#8(*$&5'8(&'(0)#(:6&58+(9&$(*B&50(*+(
6&'I(*+(.0(0*-#+(0&(#*0(*(?#*6P(/#(:&"#$#8(*B&50(*(?.6#(*60&I#0)#$(B#9&$#(6*'8.'I(.'(
9$&'0(&9(0)#(C*0$.*$:)K(9&68.'I().+(*$?+(*:$&++().+(:)#+0K(*'8(+*%.'IK(h,*+0#$K(0)*0y+(
96%.'I(*'8(+&*$.'I(.'(0)#(:6&58+Pk(Q)#(C*0$.*$:)(6*5I)#8Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
Q).+(.+(*(8#+:$.;0.&'(&9(0)#(&0)#$M.+#(8.99.:560(0&(5'8#$+0*'8(+&?#$+*560(:6&58P(Q&(
;#$9&$?(0).+(?*I.:K(0)#(,&'-#%(?5+0(`;#$9&$?(*(+#$.#+(&9(+&?#$+*560+(0)*0(:*$$.#8().?(
9.90%(&$(+.T0%(9##0(.'0&(0)#(*.$K(0)#'(oM*6-p(*$&5'8(&'(0)#(:6&58+bP(/#$#K(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58(
0)*0(Q)#(,&'-#%(+;#:.*6.N#+(.'(.+(*6+&(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(*(:&??&'(3).'#+#(.8.&?P(Q)#(
.8.&?(.+(`心飞到九霄云外b(\0)#()#*$0()*+(96&M'(B#%&'8('.'#(6*%#$+(&9(:6&58+]P(2("*$.*0.&'(
&9(0)#(+*?#(.8#*(M&568(B#(`心比天高b(\0)#()#*$0(.+().I)#$(0)*'(0)#(+-%]P(X&0)(.8.&?+(
$#;$#+#'0(5'+0#*8.'#++(*'8(6*:-(&9(.??#8.*0#(*00#'0.&'K(*'8(0)#%(*$#(?&+0(:&??&'6%(5+#8(
0&(9$*?#(+0$&'I(#?&0.&'*6(5'+#006#8'#++(&$(#"#'(*(I#'#$*6(+0*0#(&9().I)(#?&0.&'*6(*$&5+*6P(
Q)#.$(.'0#$'*6(:&I'.0."#(+0$5:05$#(.+($#6*0#8(0&(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(X!L=c(
!,gQLg=2<(L7(7g2YL=cP(L'(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(0)#(+0*0#(&9(`B#.'I(#?&0.&'*6b(^(
).I)(#?&0.&'*6(*$&5+*6(^(.+(0)#(0*$I#0K(*'8(0)#(*:0(&9(+&*$.'I(.+(0)#(+&5$:#(.'(:&?;*$.+&'P(
Q)#(:&??&'*6.0%(B#0M##'(*(+0*0#(&9().I)(#?&0.&'*6(*$&5+*6(*'8(0)#(*:0(&9(+&*$.'I(.+(0)*0(
0)#%(*$#(B&0)(5'+0#*8%(*'8(+&?#M)*0(&50(&9(0&5:)(M.0)(?5'8*'#(+0*B.6.0%P(/#$#K(0)#%(
:*$$%("#$%(#".8#'0('#I*0."#(:&''&0*0.&'+(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#P(>&$(.'+0*':#K(B&0)(.8.&?+(*$#(
?&+0(6.-#6%(0&(*;;#*$(.'(*(:6*++$&&?(+#00.'IP(U)#'(0)#(0#*:)#$(M.+)#+(0&(+:&68(*(+058#'0(
M)#'()#(&$(+)#(8&#+('&0(;*%(#'&5I)(*00#'0.&'K(0)#(0#*:)#$(M&568(8#+:$.B#(0)#(+058#'0(*+(
+&?#&'#(M)&k+(?#'0*66%(*B+#'0(9$&?(0)#(:6*++K(M)&+#()#*$0(`)*+(96&M'(B#%&'8('.'#(6*%#$+(
&9(:6&58+bP(g::*+.&'*66%K(M)#'(&'#(9##6+(.'0#'+#(#?&0.&'*6(5'+#006#8'#++(^(&90#'(#T:.0#?#'0(
(
ll(
*'8(I.88.'#++(^(&'#(:&568(*6+&(5+#(0).+(;)$*+#(9&$(+#694?&:-#$%1(`L(*?(+&(#T:.0#8(9&$(0&'.I)0(
0)*0(L(:*''&0(9&:5+(.'(:6*++(*'%?&$#(^(?%()#*$0()*+(96&M'(B#%&'8('.'#(6*%#$+(&9(:6&58+eb(L0(
.+(:$5:.*6(0&(;&.'0(&50(0)*0(0).+(.8.&?(8&#+('&0(:*$$%(*(+0$&'I(+#'+#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0(^(.'+0#*8K(.0(8#+:$.B#+(*'(.?*I#(M)#$#(0)#()#*$0(.+(6&&+#(&9(*66(.0+($#+0$*.'0+(
*'8()*+($#*:)#8(B#%&'8(0)#(95$0)#+0(&9(*66(0)#(:6&58+P(/&M#"#$K(.'(:&?;*$.+&'(0&(&0)#$(
.8.&?+(.'(*'(!'I6.+)4+;#*-.'I(:5605$#(0)*0(*6+&(50.6.N#+(0)#(.?*I#$%(&9(:6&58+K(+5:)(*+(
`B#.'I(&'(:6&58('.'#b(0)*0($#;$#+#'0+(;5$#(S&%K(0)#('#I*0."#(6.I)0(+5$$&5'8.'I(0).+(.8.&?(
:&568($#"#*6(*'(.?;&$0*'0('&$?(.'(3).'#+#(:5605$#1(*60)&5I)(#?&0.&'*6(*$&5+*6(.+('&0(0*B&&K(
6#00.'I(0).+(*$&5+*6($5'(&"#$B&*$8(*'8(`96%(0&&().I)b(:&568($#+560(.'(*(6&++(&9(+0#*8.'#++(*'8(
*00#'0.&'K(M).:)(0)#'(.'(05$'(6#*8+(0&(;&0#'0.*6(9*.65$#(*'8(.'*B.6.0%(0&(*00#'8(0&(;$*:0.:*6(
:&':#$'+P(Q)#$#9&$#K(*6$#*8%(9$&?(0)#('#I*0."#(:&''&0*0.&'(+5$$&5'8.'I(0)#+#(.8.&?+K(M#(
:*'(+##(*(;$#9#$#':#(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*'8(*(+0*0#(&9(6&M(#?&0.&'*6(*$&5+*6(
.'(3).'#+#(:5605$*6('&$?+P((
Y#05$'.'I(0&(0)#(+0&$%K(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(+.I'*05$#(;&M#$(.+(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58(^(
M)#'()#(?*-#+(*(+&?#$+*560K(M)#$#()#(96.#+(*'8(:&'0$&6+(:6&58+K()#(.+(*B6#(0&(0$*"#6(*66(
*:$&++(0)#(M&$68(.'(*(+;6.0(+#:&'8P(Q).+(.+(*'&0)#$(*00$.B50#(&9(#?&0.&'+1(.0()*+(0)#(;&0#'0.*6(
&9(B#:&?.'I(*'(&"#$M)#6?.'I(8.+0$*:0.&'K(#"#'(#'&5I)(0&(0)#(#T0#'0(0)*0(.0(:&568(+M##;(
+&?#&'#(&99(0)#.$(9##0(*'8().'8#$(0)#?(9$&?(*:).#".'I(;$*:0.:*6(I&*6+(.'(6.9#P(Q)#(
+&?#$+*560(:6&58(.+(*I*.'(*'(#T;$#++.&'(&9(0)*0(*00$.B50#K(*+(M#66(*+(*(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(X!L=c(
!,gQLg=2<(L7(7g2YL=cP(U)#'(0)#(5'+#006#8(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.'(0)#(+0&$%(+&?#$+*560+(*'8(
96.#+K(M#(*$#(0)5+($#?.'8#8(&9(0)#(.8.&?(`心飞到九霄云外b(\0)#()#*$0()*+(96&M'(B#%&'8(
'.'#(6*%#$+(&9(:6&58+](M).:)(8$*M+(0).+(:&?;*$.+&'(.'(0)#(9.$+0(;6*:#P(
(
lf(
Q)$&5I)(*'*6%N.'I(0)#(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(5+.'I(
9*'0*+0.:*6(#6#?#'0+K(M#(:*'(+##()&M(U5(3)#'I#'(.+(95$0)#$.'I(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(*+(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b1(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(`#?&0.&'+bn(
0)#$#9&$#().+(.')#$#'0(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+(:&$$#+;&'8(0&(`*00$.B50#+(&9(#?&0.&'+bP(,&+0(
+.I'.9.:*'06%K(0)#(#T.+0#':#(&9(?*I.:(.'(0)#(+#00.'I(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(;*$0.:56*$6%(
)#.I)0#'+()&M(5':&'0$&66#8(#?&0.&'+(:&568(B#(;&M#$956(*'8(8*'I#$&5+P(Q)#(,&'-#%('&0(
&'6%(;&++#++#+(0)&+#(*00$.B50#+K(B50(0)#%(*$#(6.0#$*66%().+(`?*I.:*6(;&M#$+b(0)*0(:&568(B#(
5+#8(0&(*8"*':#(&'(0)#(S&5$'#%K(8#+0$5:0(?&'+0#$+K(&$(;&0#'0.*66%(:*5+#(0)$#*0(0&(Q*'I(
,&'-k+(#'0.$#(0#*?P(Q)#(5+#(&9(9*'0*+0.:*6(#6#?#'0+()#$#(.?;6.#+(0)#(.8#*(&9(*(8&5B6#4#8I#8(
+M&$8(.'(*()%;#$B&6.:*6(M*%(^(.9(0)&+#(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+(*$#(M#66(:&'0*.'#8(*'8(50.6.N#8K(0)#%(
:&568(B#(5+#8(0&($#;#6(#'#?.#+n(%#0(.9(0)#%(B#:&?#(5'B&5'8#8(0)#%()*"#(0)#(;&0#'0.*6(0&(
)5$0(0)#(.''&:#'0P(7.?.6*$6%K(0)#(#;.:(.+(+5II#+0.'IK(.9(.'8.".85*6+(:&568(-##;(0)&+#(*00$.B50#+(
&9(#?&0.&'+(5'8#$(:&'0$&6K(0)#'(0)#%(*$#(?&$#(6.-#6%(0&(95#6(?&0."*0.&'(0)$&5I)(#?&0.&'+(
.'+0#*8(&9(6#00.'I(0)&+#(#?&0.&'+(B#:&?#(*(+&5$:#(&9(8.+0$*:0.&'(*'8(8$*MB*:-P(L'(I#'#$*6K(
0)#(;$&:#++(&9(6.0#$*6.N.'I(#?&0.&'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'0&(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+(;$&".8#+(
#T0#'+."#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bK(M)&+#(+&6.8(:)*$*:0#$(
#+0*B6.+)?#'0(.'(05$'(:&':$#0.N#+(0)#(*B+0$*:0(.8#*(&9(`#?&0.&'+b(#"#'(?&$#P((
(
MOTIF!OF!CLOTHING!
(
c."#'(0)*0(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+(M#(:*'(+##(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(
*'(#D5."*6#'0(0&(0)#(0*$I#0(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(!,gQLg=7P(Q)#'K(+&?#(&9(0)#(
8."#$+#(?&0.9+(+5$$&5'8.'I().+(:)*$*:0#$(*50&?*0.:*66%(B#:&?#(0)#(?*0:).'I(+&5$:#K(2(
3g=Q2L=!YP(X%(#T*?.'.'I(0)#("*$.&5+(M*%+(.'(M).:)(Q)#(,&'-#%(6.0#$*66%(9*:#+(
(
lH(
`:&'0*.'?#'0b(.'(0)#(;6&0K(M#(:*'(+##()&M(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(6.0#$*6.N#8(*'8(.665+0$*0#8(.'(9&$?+(&0)#$(0)*'(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+P(L'(0)#(
+0&$%K(0)#(:&'0*.'?#'0(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%(5+5*66%(&::5$+(0)$&5I)(0M&(?*S&$(?&0.9+1(:6&0).'I(
*'8(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(&'().+()#*8P((
L'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(8#6.B#$*0#6%(:)*$*:0#$.N#8(B%(?*'%(0$*.0+(&9(
&0)#$'#++(.'(&$8#$(0&(#T).B.0().+(5'0*?#8('*05$#P(>.$+06%K()#(.+(*(?&'-#%(.'()5?*'(9&$?K(
M).:)(*6$#*8%(.?;6.#+(B#*+06.'#++P(,&$#&"#$K(M)#'()#(9.$+0(#?#$I#+(.'(9$&'0(&9(Q)#(,&'-K(
)#(.+(500#$6%('*-#8(*'8(:&"#$#8(.'(8.$0P(Q)#(6*:-(&9(:6&0).'I()#$#(8.$#:06%(:&''#:0+().?(0&(
0)#(M.68#$'#++(*'8(8.+0*':#+().?(9$&?()5?*'(:5605$#P(L'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#K(85$.'I(Q)#(
,&'-#%k+(S&5$'#%(0&(X588).+0(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(*'8(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0K(0)#$#(*$#(0)$##(
.'+0*':#+(.'(0)#(0#T0(M)#$#()#(.+(;$&".8#8(M.0)(:6&0).'IK(*66(&9(0)#?(0*-.'I(;6*:#(M)#'(0)#(
?*+0#$4*;;$#'0.:#($#6*0.&'+).;(B#0M##'(Q)#(,&'-(*'8(Q)#(,&'-#%()*+(S5+0(B#I5'(0&(
#?#$I#(*'8(9&$?P((
Q)#(9.$+0(0.?#(&::5$+($.I)0(*90#$(Q)#(,&'-(9$##+(Q)#(,&'-#%(9$&?(0)#(>."#(!6#?#'0+(
,&5'0*.'(*'8(*I$##+(9&$(Q)#(,&'-#%(0&(9&66&M().?(*)#*8P(L??#8.*0#6%(9&66&M.'I().+(
$#6#*+#K(Q)#(,&'-#%(.'+.+0+(&'(-.66.'I(*(0.I#$(.'(&$8#$(0&(`9.'8().?+#69(+&?#(:6&0)#+b(\U5K(
0$*'+P(GRll]P(L'(*M#K(Q)#(,&'-(M*0:)#+(*+()#(`M$*;;#8($&5'8().+(M*.+0(0&(:&"#$(0)#(6&M#$(
)*69(&9().+(B&8%(*'8(0.#8(9.$?6%(M.0)(*(:$##;#$()#(;566#8(8&M'(9$&?(B#+.8#(0)#(;*0)bP(Q).+(
I#+05$#(:&568(B#(+##'(*+(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(9.$+0(*:0."#(*00#?;0(0&(:&'0*.'().?+#69(M.0).'(:5605$#(
'&$?+(*'8(*00#?;0(0&(;*++(*+(*'(&$8.'*$%()5?*'(8.+:.;6#P(Q)#().I)6.I)0(M)#$#()#(
+;#:.9.:*66%(:&"#$+(`0)#(6&M#$()*69(&9().+(B&8%b($#+#?B6#+(*'(#?#$I.'I(*M*$#'#++(0&M*$8+(
+)*?#K(M)#$#()#(6#*$'+(0&(:&':#*6().+(I#'.0*6.*P(Q).+(.+(*'&0)#$(+.I'(M)#$#(0)#()5?*'(
'&$?+(&9(0*B&&(*'8(*::#;0#8(B#)*".&$(*$#($#+0$*.'.'I(Q)#(,&'-#%P((
(
lm(
/&M#"#$K(0)#('*05$#(&9(0).+(+#0(&9(:6&0).'I(^(0)#(0.I#$().8#(*'8(0)#(:$##;#$(^(.+(+0.66(
+0$&'I6%(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(0)#(M.68#$'#++(*'8(*(+#'+#(&9(+*"*I#'#++P(>&$(0)#(+#:&'8(0.?#K(
Q)#(,&'-(8.$#:06%(;$&".8#+(Q)#(,&'-#%(M.0)(:6&0).'IP((
`,&'-#%y+(+)*$;(#%#+()*8(&B+#$"#8().+(?*+0#$(0*-#(&99(*(+)&$0(M).0#(:&00&'(05'.:K(
M).:)()#(8.8('&0(;50(&'(*I*.'K(+&(,&'-#%(I$*BB#8(.0(*'8(;50(.0(&'(
).?+#69sh7;6#'8.8K(+;6#'8.8Kk($#;6.#8(7*'N*'IK(z.0(?*-#+(%&5(6&&-(D5.0#(6.-#(*($#*6(
?&'-P(L9(%&5(8&'y0(?.'8(:*+0x&99+Kz()#(*88#8K(h%&5(:*'(I&(&'(M#*$.'I(0)*0(05'.:Pkb(
\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
/#$#K(0).+(05'.:(:*$$.#+(?&$#(+.I'.9.:*':#(B#:*5+#(.0(M*+(*(;.#:#(&9(:6&0).'I(0)*0(
:&?#+(9$&?(Q)#(,&'-().?+#69P(2+(Q)#(,&'-(*:-'&M6#8I#+K(0).+(05'.:(`?*-#+(oQ)#(,&'-#%p(
6&&-(6.-#(*($#*6(?&'-b(^(0).+(.+(*'(.'8.:0&$(&9(*::#;0*':#(*+(M#66(*+($#+;&'+.B.6.0%P(X%(
M#*$.'I(0)#(05'.:K(Q)#(,&'-#%(*++5?#+(0)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(*(?&'-K(M).:)(*50&?*0.:*66%(
$#+0$*.'+().?(0&(X588).+0(8.+:.;6.'#+(*+(M#66P(g'(*(6.0#$*6(6#"#6K(0).+(:&'0*.'#$(M.66($#+0$.:0(
).+(B&8%(9$&?(8&.'I(:#$0*.'(;)%+.:*6(?&"#?#'0+(0)*0(*$#(0&&(*'.?*646.-#n(&'(*(9.I5$*0."#(
6#"#6K(.0(M.66(B$.'I(*B&50(?&$#(+&:.*6(#T;#:0*0.&'+(0&M*$8+().+(B#)*".&$K(M).:)(?&0."*0#+(
).+(+#694:560."*0.&'(*'8(+#694:&'0$&6P(
>.'*66%K(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-(.+(+#006#8(&'(0*-.'I(Q)#(,&'-#%(.'(*+().+(*;;$#'0.:#(*'8(*(
?#?B#$(&9().+(0#*?K()#(;5$;&+#9566%(;$&".8#+(Q)#(,&'-#%(M.0)(*(+#0(&9(:6&0).'I1(`*(
8*NN6.'I(B$&:*8#(05'.:(*'8(0)#()*0(M.0)(.'6*.8(I&68#'(;*00#$'+Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](Q).+(
.'+0*':#(0*-#+(;6*:#(+)&$06%(*90#$(0)#.$(S&5$'#%()*+(S5+0(B#I5'K(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-#%($#05$'+(
0&(Q)#(,&'-(*I*.'(*90#$(0)#(9.$+0(*$I5?#'0(0)*0(0)#%()*8(M.0)(#*:)(&0)#$P(Q)#(,&'-(*+-+(
).?(0&($#;6*:#(0)#(;$#".&5+(05'.:(M.0)(0)#+#('#M(:6&0)#+P(=&0*B6%K()#$#K(Q)#(,&'-(+0.66(
:*$$.#+(?.+0$5+0(*'8(9#*$(0&M*$8+(Q)#(,&'-#%(85#(0&().+(5':&'0$&66*B6#(0#?;#$(*+(M#66(*+(
(
lR(
;&M#$+P(g9(:&5$+#K(.'($#6*0.&'(0&(0)#(+5B+#D5#'0(;6&0K(0)#(I.".'I(&9(:6&0).'I(.'(0).+(+:#'#(
+;#:.9.:*66%(.+(*(0#:)'.D5#(0)*0(0)#(c5*'%.'(X&8).+*00"*(*'8(Q)#(,&'-(:*$$%(&50(0&I#0)#$(.'(
&$8#$(0&(I*.'(:&'0$&6(&"#$(Q)#(,&'-#%K(M).:)(M#(M.66(8.+:5++(.'(?&$#(8#;0)(.'(*(6*00#$(
+#:0.&'P(L9(M#(&'6%(#T*?.'#(0)#(+.I'.9.:*':#(&9(0).+(+:#'#(.'8#;#'8#'06%K(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-(
;$&".8#+(Q)#(,&'-#%(M.0)(:6&0).'IK(0).+(*:0(+#$"#+(*+(*(+%?B&6.:(.'".0*0.&'(#T0#'8#8(0&(0).+(
M.68(?&'-#%K(.'".0.'I().?(.'0&(0)#()5?*'(M&$68(&9(X588).+?K(:5605$#(*'8(+#6948.+:.;6.'#P(
Q)#(,&'-(8#+:$.B#+(0)#+#(:6&0)#+(*+(`hL(5+#8(0&(M#*$(0)#?(M)#'(L(M*+(%&5'IP(U.0)(0)*0()*0(
&'(%&5(:*'($#:.0#(+:$.;05$#+(M.0)&50(#"#$()*".'I(B##'(0*5I)0(0)#?K(*'8(.9(%&5(M#*$(0)*0(
05'.:(%&5(:*'(;#$9&$?(0)#($.05*6+(M.0)&50(*'%(;$*:0.:#kb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(Q).+(8#+:$.;0.&'(
)#$#(*I*.'(5+#+(9*'0*+0.:*6(#6#?#'0+(0&(6.0#$*6.N#(9.I5$*0."#(&$(.?;6.#8(?#*'.'I+P(2+(M#()*"#(
8.+:5++#8(;$#".&5+6%K(0)#(:6&0).'I(I."#'(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(*$#(+%?B&6.:($#;$#+#'0*0.&'+(&9(
X588).+0(+:$.;0+(*'8('&$?+P(Q)$&5I)(Q)#(,&'-k+(8#+:$.;0.&'K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(M)#'(0)#(
?&'-#%(;50+(&'(0)#(05'.:(*'8(0)#()*0K()#('&0(&'6%(B#:&?#+(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(X588).+0(.8#*+(
*'8('&$?+K(B50(*6+&(6.0#$*66%(*:D5.$#+(0)#(*B.6.0%(0&(`$#:.0#(+:$.;05$#+(*'8(;#$9&$?($.05*6+b(
\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll]P(2I*.'K(0).+(8#?&'+0$*0#+()&M(:6&0).'I(+#$"#+(*+(*(;)%+.:*6(*'8(:5605$*6(
:&'0*.'#$P(((((
>&$(*66(0)$##(&9(0)&+#(.'+0*':#+K(Q)#(,&'-#%(.'.0.*0#+(0)#(&B0*.'?#'0(&9(:6&0).'IK(*+(
.9()#(.+(-##'(&'(+5::5?B.'I().?+#69(0&(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(*'8()5?*'(:5605$#K(*'8(*B*'8&'(
).+(;$#".&5+(B#)*".&$+(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(0)#(M.68#$'#++P(/#$#K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(:6&0).'I(
#++#'0.*66%($#;$#+#'0+(`:&'0$&6(*'8($#+0$*.'0bP(2+(Q)#(,&'-#%(:&?;6#0#+(0)#(;$&:#++(9$&?(
'*-#8'#++(0&(M#*$.'I(:6&0)#+K()#(.+(+.?560*'#&5+6%(#T;#$.#':.'I(0)#(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'(9$&?(
)*".'I(5':&'0$&66#8K(500#$(9$##8&?(0&(6.".'I(5'8#$(:#$0*.'(:5605$*6('&$?+(*'8($#6.I.&5+(
+:$.;0+P((
(
fF(
U)#'(M#(".#M(0)#(?&'-#%(*+(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(`#?&0.&'+bK(0)#'(0)#(*:0(&9(;500.'I(
&'(:6&0)#+(*+(*(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(^(0)#(
:6&0)#+(*$#('&0(&'6%(:&'0*.'.'I(0)#(?&'-#%(;)%+.:*66%(B%($#+0$*.'.'I().+(?&"#?#'0+K(B50(
*6+&(:&'0*.'.'I().?(9.I5$*0."#6%(B%(I.".'I().?(*(+#0(&9($56#+(0&(*8)#$#(0&K(.':658.'I(0)#(
X588).+0(".#M(+0*0.'I(0)*0(`#?&0.&'+(*$#(8.+0$*:0.&'+(*'8(0)#$#9&$#(+)&568(B#(:&'0$&66#8bP(
Q)#(+;##:)(I."#'(B%(Q)#(,&'-#%(*90#$()#(*I$##+(0&(S&.'(Q)#(,&'-k+(0#*?(+599.:.#'06%(
#T;6*.'+().+(8#6.B#$*0#'#++(.'(;500.'I().?+#69(5'8#$(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(&9(+&:.*6('&$?+1(`L(M*+(0&(
I."#(5;(#".6x8&.'IK($#05$'(0&(0)#(X588)*y+(<*MK(*'8(8&(*66(L(:&568(0&(;$&0#:0(0)#(0$*"#6#$(
M)#'()#(M#'0(0&(0)#(U#+0#$'(C*$*8.+#(0&(M&$+).;(X588)*(*'8(9#0:)(0)#(+:$.;05$#+Pb(U#(
:*'(+##(0)*0(U5(3)#'I#'(.+(;&$0$*%.'I(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(*+(0)#(;$.?*$%(.8#*(0&(0).+(#;.:('*$$*0."#1(.'(&$8#$(0&(
`$#05$'(0&(0)#(X588)*k+(<*Mb(*'8(*:).#"#(#'6.I)0#'?#'0K(&$8.'*$%(;#&;6#(?5+0(9.$+0(6#*$'(
0&(:&'0*.'(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+K(*+(+%?B&6.N#8(B%()&M(0)#(?&'-#%(?5+0(9.$+0(B#(0*?#8(B%(
8.+:.;6.'#P(
(
MOTIF!OF!THE!GOLDEN!HOOP!
(
Q)#(?&+0(;$&?.'#'0(?&0.9(&9(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(#'0.$#(+0&$%(.+(0)#(I&68#'(
)&&;P(d'6.-#(:6&0).'IK(M).:)($#+#?B6#+(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)$&5I)(.0+(+%?B&6.:(*'8(:5605$*6(
?#*'.'IK(0)#(?*I.:*6(I&68#'()&&;(.'(0)#(+0&$%(.+(;$#:.+#6%(:$#*0#8(B%(0)#(c5*'%.'(
X&8).+*00"*(9&$(0)#(+&6#(;5$;&+#(&9(:&'0*.'.'I(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bP(Q)#(,&'-#%(M#*$+(0)#(
I&68#'()&&;(&'().+()#*8(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(#'0.$#(S&5$'#%P(Q).+(.?*I#(8#+:$.B#8(.'(0)#(+0&$%(.+(
0)#(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!Y(^(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+(0)#(0*$I#0K(!,gQLg=7K(*'8(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(.+(0)#(
(
fG(
+&5$:#K(3g=Q2L=!YP(U)#'(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(M#*$.'I(*(I&68#'()&&;(&'().+()#*8K().?(*+(0)#(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+(.+(6.0#$*66%(:&'0*.'#8(M.0).'(0).+(#T0#$.&$(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0($#+0$*.'+(
).+(B#)*".&$(*+(M#66(*+(0#?;#$P(Q).+(.+(*'&0)#$(#".8#'0(:*+#(M)#$#(0)#(0)#?*0.:(.8#*(&9(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(8#6."#$#8(0)$&5I)(0)#(5+#(&9(0).+($#:5$$#'0K(:$5:.*6(?&0.9P(X%(
0$*:.'I(0)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(0).+(?&0.9K(L(8.+:&"#$#8(0)$##(?*S&$(.'+0*':#+(M)#$#(0)#(I&68#'(
)&&;(M*+()#.I)0#'#8K(#*:)(&9(0)#?($#;$#+#'0.'I(*(".0*6(8#"#6&;?#'0*6(;&.'0(.'(Q)#(
,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'1(.'(0)#(B#I.''.'I(&9(0)#(S&5$'#%K(85$.'I(0)#(:6.?*T(&9(0)#(S&5$'#%(
*'8(.'(0)#("#$%(#'8(&9(0)#(S&5$'#%P(
C$.?*$.6%K(9&66&M.'I(0)#(;$#".&5+(8.+:5++.&'(*B&50(:6&0).'IK(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(.+(
8.$#:06%(8#$."#8(9$&?(0)#()*0(0)*0(Q)#(,&'-(I*"#(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%P(U)#'(0)#(c5*'%.'(
X&8).+*00"*(.'+0$5:0+(Q)#(,&'-(0&(I."#(Q)#(,&'-#%(0)#(+#0(&9(:6&0).'IK(0)#(-#%(.+(0&(65$#(
).?(.'0&(;500.'I(&'(0)#()*0P(Q)#(I&68#'()&&;(.+().88#'(*0(0)#($.?(&9(0)#()*0n(&':#(Q)#(
,&'-#%(;50+(.0(&'K()#(:*'('#"#$(0*-#(.0(&99(*I*.'P(Q).+(.+(0)#(9.$+0(0.?#(0)*0(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(
*;;#*$+(.'(0)#(+0&$%P((
`h,%()&?#(.+'y0(9*$(0&(0)#(!*+0(9$&?()#$#Kk(+)#(+*.8K(h+&(L(#T;#:0()#y+(I&'#(0)#$#P(Ly"#(
*6+&(I&0(*(+;#66(:*66#8(;-'$*<"-=.*&"*>()+*&,$*?8$(-&@A*&$(0)#(X*'8x0.I)0#'.'I(7;#66P(
O&5(?5+0(6#*$'(.0(.'(+#:$#0K(*'8(B#(+5$#(0&(-##;(.0(0&(%&5$+#69P(=#"#$(6#*-(.0(0&(
*'%&'#P(Ly66(I&(*'8(:*0:)(5;(M.0)().?(*'8(+#'8().?(B*:-(0&(%&5K(*'8(%&5(:*'(I."#(
).?(0)*0(05'.:(*'8()*0(0&(M#*$P(L9()#y+(8.+&B#8.#'0(*I*.'K(*66(%&5()*"#(0&(8&(.+($#:.0#(
0)#(+;#66(D5.#06%P(Q)*0(M.66(+0&;().?(:&??.00.'I(*'%(?&$#(?5$8#$+(&$($5''.'I(*M*%(
*I*.'Pkb(
`Q)#'()#(;50(0)#()*0(&'().+()#*8P(2+(+&&'(*+()#()*8(0)#()*0(&'K(7*'N*'I(+0&;;#8(
#*0.'I(*'8(+.6#'06%($#:.0#8(0)#(X*'8x0.I)0#'.'I(7;#66P((
(
fE(
h,%()#*8(*:)#+K(?%()#*8(*:)#+Kk(:$.#8(X$&0)#$(,&'-#%K(B50().+(?*+0#$(M#'0(&'(*'8(
$#:.0#8(0)#(+;#66(+#"#$*6(0.?#+(?&$#P(,&'-#%K('&M($&66.'I(.'(*I&'%K(0&$#(0)#()*0(0&(
+)$#8+K(*'8(7*'N*'I(+0&;;#8($#:.0.'I(0)#(+;#66(9&$(9#*$()#(M&568(B$#*-(0)#(I&68#'(
)&&;P(Q)#(?&?#'0(0)#(+;#66(+0&;;#8(0)#(;*.'(9.'.+)#8P(Y#*:).'I(5;(0&(9##6().+()#*8K(
,&'-#%(9&5'8(+&?#0).'I(6.-#(*(I&68#'(M.$#(:6*?;#8(+&(0.I)06%(*$&5'8(.0(0)*0()#(
:&568('&0(M$#':)(&$(+'*;(.0(&99Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
>$&?(0).+(+:#'#K(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(+##(0)#(?*S&$(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;P(
>.$+06%K(*+(0)#(c5*'%.'(X&8).+*00"*(#T;6*.'+K(`.9()#y+(8.+&B#8.#'0(*I*.'K(*66(%&5()*"#(0&(8&(.+(
$#:.0#(0)#(+;#66(D5.#06%P(Q)*0(M.66(+0&;().?(:&??.00.'I(*'%(?&$#(?5$8#$+(&$($5''.'I(*M*%(
*I*.'bP(Q).+(I&68#'()&&;(M&$-+(;$.?*$.6%(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(B#)*".'I(
`8.+&B#8.#'06%s:&??.00.'I(?5$8#$+(&$($5''.'I(*M*%b(^().+(:&??.00#8(?5$8#$+(&90#'(
&::5$(5'8#$(0)#(:&'0#T0(M)#$#()#(*:0+($*+)6%(&'().+(*'I#$(*'8(-.66+(?&'+0#$+(*'8(B*'8.0+(
&'(*(M).?n($5''.'I(*M*%()*;;#'+(.'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#(M.0)().+(;&M#$(&9(0)#(+&?#$+*560(
:6&58K(M)#$#()#(I#'#$*66%(*:0+(5'+#006#8K(5'+0*B6#(*'8(#*+.6%(8.+0$*:0#8(9$&?().+(?.++.&'(&'(
0)#(S&5$'#%P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0).+(I&68#'()&&;(:&568(B#(+##'(*+(*(0&&6(9&$(#?&0.&'*6($#I56*0.&'(^(
.0(.+(;$#:.+#6%(5+#8(0&($#9$*.'(0)#('#I*0."#(*00$.B50#+(&9(#?&0.&'+(*+(".#M#8(9$&?(*(X588).+0(
;#$+;#:0."#K(*'8(?*-#(M).?+.:*6(#?&0.&'+(?&$#(:&'0$&66*B6#P(7#:&'86%K(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(
6&&-+(6.-#(`*(I&68#'(M.$#(:6*?;#8(+&(0.I)06%(*$&5'8(o0)#()#*8p(0)*0()#(:&568('&0(M$#':)(&$(
+'*;(.0(&99bP(Q).+(.'8.:*0#+(0)#(;#$+.+0#':#(*'8(6&'I46*+0.'I(#99#:0(&9(0).+(:&'0*.'#$P(g':#(Q)#(
,&'-#%(B#I.'+(0&(M#*$(.0K()#(:*'('#"#$(0*-#(.0(&99P(7#:&'86%K(.0(95':0.&'+(.'(:&'S5':0.&'(M.0)(
0)#(`B*'840.I)0#'.'I(+;#66bK(M).:)(0)#(c5*'%.'(X&8).+*00"*()*+(0*5I)0(Q)#(,&'-(0&(5+#P(
U)#'#"#$(Q)#(,&'-($#:.0#+(0).+(+;#66K(Q)#(,&'-#%(M.66(.??#8.*0#6%(+5::5?B(0&(0)#(;*.'(
*'8($#I56*0#().+(B#)*".&$(0&(?*0:)().+(?*+0#$k+(.'+0$5:0.&'+P(L'0#$#+0.'I6%K(0).+(+;#66(.+(*6+&(
(
fJ(
'*?#8(`Q$5#(U&$8+(0&(3*6?(0)#(/#*$0b(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](^(M)#'(0)#(+;#66(.+($#:.0#8K(.0(
:*6?+(8&M'(0)#()#*$0(&9(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(*(:)*$*:0#$K(*'8(:&'0$&6+().+(#?&0.&'+(*'8(
B#)*".&$+P(7.':#(Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bK(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+K(
:&'0$&66.'I().?(.+(0)#(#D5."*6#'0(0&(:&'0$&66.'I(#?&0.&'+P(2({.'I([%'*+0%(+:)&6*$K(/5*'I(
t)&5T.'I(;$&".8#+(*'(.'+.I)0956(:&??#'0(&'(0)#('*05$#(&9(0).+(+;#661(`0)#(hB*'840.I)0#'.'I(
+;#66kK(&0)#$M.+#(-'&M'(*+(hQ$5#(U&$8+(0&(3*6?(0)#(/#*$0kP(Q).+(B*'8(.+('&0(0)#(B*'8(M&$'(
&'(0)#()#*8K(B50(0)#(B*'8(M&$'(&'(0)#()#*$0Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](Q)#$#9&$#K(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(
+##(M)%(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(.+(0)#(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(
".#M.'I(0)#(?*I.:*6(;&M#$(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(.'($#6*0.&'(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(&M'(?*I.:*6(
;&M#$+K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(I&68#'()&&;k+(;&M#$(0$.5?;)+(&"#$(*66(^(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-(
$#:.0#+(0)#(+;#66K(Q)#(,&'-#%()*+('&(&0)#$(M*%(0&(:&?B*0(*I*.'+0(.0(#T:#;0(0&($#9$*.'().+(
B#)*".&$+(*'8(;6#*8(9&$(9&$I."#'#++P(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(?*I.:*6(;&M#$+(*+(M#66(*+().+()#*0#8(
0#?;#$(*$#(*6$#*8%(0&&(8*'I#$&5+(*'8(5':&'0$&66*B6#K(*+(M#()*"#(#+0*B6.+)#8(;$#".&5+6%n(
)&M#"#$K(0)#(#T.+0#':#(&9(0).+(I&68#'()&&;(:&568()#6;(0&($#I56*0#(0)&+#(5';$#8.:0*B6#(
;&M#$+(*+(M#66(*+(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(&M'(M).?+.:*6K(#?&0.&'48$."#'(0#?;#$*?#'0P((
Q)$&5I)&50(0)#(#'0.$#(+0&$%K(*66(0)#(0.?#+(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-(5+#+(0)#(`B*'840.I)0#'.'I(
+;#66b(.+(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-#%(*:0+($*+)6%(&$(8.+&B#%+(I#'#$*6(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+P(3)*;0#$(
0M#'0%4+#"#'(.+(*("#$%(0%;.:*6(:*+#(M)#$#(Q)#(,&'-(5+#+(0)#(`B*'840.I)0#'.'I(+;#66b(&'(
Q)#(,&'-#%P(L'(0).+(:)*;0#$K(Q)#(,&'-#%(M*+(0)#(&'6%(&'#(.'(0)#(0#*?(M)&(:&568(
$#:&I'.N#(*(?&'+0#$(8.+I5.+#8(*+(&$8.'*$%()5?*'K(*'8()#(0$.#+(0&(*00*:-(0)#(?&'+0#$(0)$##(
0.?#+K(#*:)(M.0)(0)#(?&'+0#$(?#0*?&$;)&+.'I(.'0&(*(8.99#$#'0()5?*'P(d'*B6#(0&(+##(0)#(
?&'+0#$k+($#*6('*05$#K(Q)#(,&'-(?.+0*-#+(Q)#(,&'-#%k+(.'0#'0.&'+(*'8(M$&'I9566%(
B#6.#"#+(0)*0().+($*+)'#++(*'8(M).?+.:*6.0%()*"#(6#8().?(0&(-.66.'I(0)$##(.''&:#'0(;#&;6#P(
(
f_(
!"#$%(0.?#(Q)#(,&'-#%(`-.66+b(0)#(?&'+0#$K(Q)#(,&'-($#:.0#+(0)#(+;#66(5'0.6()#(*;&6&I.N#+(
*'8(;$&?.+#+(0&(:&'0$&6().+(B#)*".&$+P(!"#'05*66%K(Q)#(,&'-#%(*'I#$+().+(?*+0#$(0&(0)#(
;&.'0(0)*0(Q)#(,&'-(#T;#6+().?(*+(*'(*;;$#'0.:#P((
(hL9(%&5(8&'y0(M*'0(?#(*'%(6&'I#$K(?*+0#$K(;6#*+#(+*%(0)#(X*'8x6&&+#'.'I(7;#66(*'8(
Ly66(0*-#(.0(&99(*'8(I."#(.0(B*:-(0&(%&5P(Ly66(I6*86%(*I$##(0&(%&5(;500.'I(.0($&5'8(
+&?#&'#(#6+#y+()#*8P(2+(Ly"#(B##'(%&5$(8.+:.;6#(9&$(+&(6&'IK(+5$#6%(%&5(:*'(+)&M(?#(
0).+(-.'8'#++Pk(7*'N*'I(M*+(8##;6%(+)&:-#8P((
h,&'-#%Kk()#(+*.8K(h0)#(X&8).+*00"*(+#:$#06%(0*5I)0(?#(0)#(X*'8x0.I)0#'.'I(7;#66K(B50(
'&0(*(B*'8x6&&+#'.'I(&'#Pkb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
Q).+(.+(*("#$%(.'0#$#+0.'I(.'+0*':#(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-($#"#*6+(0&(Q)#(,&'-#%(0)*0(0)#$#(
.+('&(+;#66(0)*0(:&568(:&5'0#$B*6*':#(0)#(#99#:0+(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(^(`0)#(X&8).+*00"*(
+#:$#06%(0*5I)0(o).?p(0)#(X*'840.I)0#'.'I(+;#66K(B50('&0(*(B*'846&&+#'.'I(&'#bP(Q)#("*65#(
;6*:#8(5;&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(*I*.'(:&??5'.:*0#8(0)$&5I)(0).+(8#0*.61(.0(.+(8#+.$#8(
9&$(#?&0.&'+(0&(B#(:&'0*.'#8n(%#0(.0(.+(6#++(5'*::#;0*B6#(9&$(#?&0.&'+(0&(B#(`6&&+#'#8(5;b(
*I*.'P(g':#(#?&0.&'+(*$#(:&'0*.'#8K(0)#$#(+)&568('&0(B#(*(M*%(0&($#6#*+#(0)#?P(
>.'*66%K(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(*;;#*$+(*I*.'(.'(0)#("#$%(#'8.'I(&9(0)#(+0&$%(0&(+#$"#(*+(*(
:&':658.'I(;&.'0(0&(0)#(S&5$'#%P((
`h,*+0#$Kk(,&'-#%(+*.8(0&(0)#(Q*'I(C$.#+0K(h'&M(0)*0(Ly"#(B#:&?#(*(X588)*(S5+0(6.-#(
%&5K(+5$#6%(L(8&'y0()*"#(0&(I&(&'(M#*$.'I(0).+(I&68#'()&&;P([&(%&5(;6*'(0&(+*%(*'%(
?&$#(X*'8x0.I)0#'.'I(7;#66+(0&(0.I)0#'(.0($&5'8(?%()#*8a(7*%(*(X*'8x6&&+#'.'I(
7;#66(*+(D5.:-6%(*+(%&5(:*'K(0*-#(.0(&99K(*'8(+?*+)(.0(0&(+?.0)#$##'+P([&'y0(6#0(0)*0(
X&8).+*00"*(&$(M)*0#"#$(+)#(.+(?*-#(6.9#(?.+#$*B6#(9&$(*'%&'#(#6+#(M.0)(.0Pk(
(
fl(
hL0(M*+(B#:*5+#(%&5(M#$#(+&(5':&'0$&66*B6#(.'(0)&+#(8*%+(0)*0(0).+(?*I.:(M*+('##8#8(
0&(-##;(%&5(.'(&$8#$Pz(7*'N*'I($#;6.#8P(z=&M(0)*0(%&5(*$#(*(X588)*(.0(:*'(&9(:&5$+#(
I&P(Q)#$#(.+('&($#*+&'(9&$(.0(0&(+0*%(&'(%&5$()#*8(*'%(6&'I#$P(>##6(0)#$#('&MPk(U)#'(
,&'-#%($*.+#8().+()*'8+(0&(9##6()#(9&5'8(0)*0(.0()*8(.'8##8(I&'#Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
Q)#(8.+*;;#*$*':#(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(?*%(+##?(6.-#(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(.$$#6#"*'0('&MK(+.':#(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$(.+(:&?;6#0#6%(I&'#P(/&M#"#$K(L(M.+)(0&(*$I5#(0)*0(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(&$(0)#(`I&68#'(
)&&;b(8.8('&0(*:05*66%("*'.+)n(.'+0#*8K(.0()*+(B#:&?#(.'0#$'*6.N#8(*'8(0)5+(0*-#+('&(?&$#(
;)%+.:*6(+)*;#P(Q)#(9*:0(0)*0(.0(.+('&(6&'I#$(".+.B6#(8&#+('&0(?#*'(0)*0(.0(8&#+'k0(#T.+0P(Q)#(
I&68#'()&&;(5+#8(0&(+#$"#(*+(*(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0($#+0$*.'+(Q)#(,&'-#%(#T0#$'*66%K($#6.*'0(&'(
0)#()#6;(&9(Q)#(,&'-k+(+;#66n()&M#"#$K(*90#$(Q)#(,&'-#%(0$56%(6#*$'+(0&(:&'0$&6().+(
#?&0.&'+K()#()*+(.'0#$'*6.N#8(0)#(`I&68#'()&&;b(*'8(?&$;)#8(.0(.'0&(*'(.'".+.B6#(
;+%:)&6&I.:*6(0)$#+)&68(0)*0($#?.'8+().?(0&(:&'0$&6().+(0#?;#$(*'8(:*6?(8&M'(9$&?().+(
+0*0#+(&9().I)(*$&5+*6P(>$&?(0)#(0#T0K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#('##8(9&$(0).+(I&68#'()&&;(.'(0)#(
9.$+0(;6*:#(.+(:&'8.0.&'*6(^(`.0(M*+(B#:*5+#(%&5(M#$#(+&(5':&'0$&66*B6#(.'(0)&+#(8*%+(0)*0(
0).+(?*I.:(M*+('##8#8(0&(-##;(%&5(.'(&$8#$bP(=&MK(M)#'(Q)#(,&'-#%(B#:&?#+(*(X588)*K(
0)#(I&68#'()&&;(:*'('*05$*66%(8.+*;;#*$(B#:*5+#(0)*0(:&'8.0.&'('&(6&'I#$(*;;6.#+1(*+(*(
X588)*(M)&()*+(*:).#"#8(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(*'8(?*+0#$#8(0)#(+-.66(&9(.'0#$'*6(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0K(Q)#(,&'-#%('&(6&'I#$('##8+(*(;)%+.:*6(:&'0*.'#$(0&(+#$"#(*+(*'(#T0#$'*6(
$#?.'8#$P(2+(*(X588)*K().+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)5+(B#:&?#+(0.?#6#++P(Q)#$#9&$#K(
0)$&5I)(0).+(6*+0(*;;#*$*':#(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(M#(8.8('&0(6&+#(0)#(:#'0$*6(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Yn(.'(9*:0K(M#(
(
ff(
*:05*66%($#.'9&$:#8(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(B%(.665+0$*0.'I(0)*0(0)#(:&'0*.'#$(^(0).+("*65#(
;6*:#8(5;&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(^(.+(*6M*%+(I&.'I(0&(#T.+0P((
Q)$&5I)&50(0)#(#'0.$#(S&5$'#%(8#;.:0#8(.'(0)#(0#T0K(M#(:*'(+##(0)#(+.I'.9.:*':#(&9(0)#(
I&68#'()&&;(.'(:&??5'.:*0.'I(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(Q)#(I&68#'()&&;(.+(*(?*0#$.*6.N#8K(#T0#$'*6(:&'0*.'#$(
+#0(9.$?6%(5;&'(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bP(g'(*(6.0#$*6(6#"#6K(.0(8&#+()#6;(Q)#(,&'-(#99#:0."#6%(
$#I56*0#().+(*;;$#'0.:#k+(B#)*".&$(*'8()#6;.'I().?(*:).#"#P(Q)#(;+%:)&6&I.:*6(S&5$'#%(0)*0(
Q)#(,&'-#%(I&#+(0)$&5I)(.'(0)#(+0&$%K(M.0)(0)#(8.+:.;6.'*$%()#6;(9$&?(0)#(I&68#'()&&;K(.+(
6.0#$*66%().+(;#$+&'*6(I$&M0)(*:).#"#8(.'(0)#(8.$#:0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(^(6#*$'.'I(
)&M(0&(:&'0$&6().+(0#?;#$*?#'0K().I)(*$&5+*6(+0*0#(*'8(+;&'0*'#.0%(^(M).:)(.+(I$#*06%(
8#+.$#8(B%(X588).+?(0#*:).'IP(g'(*(9.I5$*0."#(6#"#6K(.9(M#(*I*.'(+##(Q)#(,&'-#%(*+(0)#(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+(\0*$I#0K(!,gQLg=7]K(0)#'(0).+(I&68#'()&&;(0)*0()#(M#*$+(.+(0)#(
:&'0*.'#$(0)*0($#9$*.'+().?(\+&5$:#K(3g=Q2L=!Y]P((
!
THEMATIC!REPRESENTATIONS!
(
L9(M#(".#M(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*+(*(:&?;6#0#(#;.:('*$$*0."#K(M#(:*'(+##()&M(0)#(
I#'#$*6(.8#*(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(8&?.'*0#+(0)#('*$$*0."#(0)&$&5I)6%(*'8(+#$"#+(*+(
0)#(?&+0(+.I'.9.:*'0(?*.'(0)#?#(&9(0)#(+0&$%P(C$#".&5+6%K(M#()*"#(#+0*B6.+)#8(0)*0(0)#(5+#(
&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.+(*B6#(0&(#T;*'8(B#%&'8(0)#(6.'I5.+0.:(6#"#6(*'8(6.0#$*6.N#(.'(?*'%(
&0)#$(6.0#$*$%(9&$?+K(+5:)(*+(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(*'8(?&0.9(5+#P(L'(0).+(+#:0.&'K(M#(M.66(;$&:##8(
0&(#T;6&$#()&M(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(?*'.9#+0+(.'(0)#(
0)#?*0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'(&9(0)#(#;.:P(
(
fH(
( 2(0#:)'.D5#(M.8#6%(5+#8(.'(0)#('*$$*0."#(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(0&(.'8.:*0#(0)#(
+0&$%k+(:&$#("*65#+(.+(;�$%P(L'(#"#$%(:)*;0#$K(U5(3)#'I#'(50.6.N#+(;&#?+(*+(*(8#".:#(0&(
;$&"#(:&??#'0*$%(*'8(&99#$(8.8*:0.:(.'+0$5:0.&'+(9$&?(*'(&?'.;&0#'0(;#$+;#:0."#P((
>&$(#T*?;6#K(0)#(;&#?(.'(:)*;0#$(+#"#'().I)6.I)0+(0)#(&"#$*66(0)#?#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'01(
`2(?&'-#%k+(0$*'+9&$?#8(B&8%(M#8+(0)#()5?*'(?.'8P(Q)#()#*$0(.+(*(?&'-#%(^(0).+K(
0)#(0$50)(;$&9&5'8sQ)#(/&$+#(M&$-+(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%(^(*'8(0).+(?#*'+(B&0)(/#*$0(
*'8(Q)&5I)0K(,5+0(9.$?6%(B#()*$'#++#8(*'8('&0($56#8(M.0)&50Pb(\U5K(0$*'+P(GRll](
`猿猴道体假人心，心即猿猴意思深……马猿合作心和意，紧缚拴牢莫外寻。b(
( U5(3)#'I#'k+("&.:#(*+(*'(&?'.;&0#'0('*$$*0&$(#?#$I#+(;$&?.'#'06%(9$&?(0).+(
;&#?P(/#$#K()#(8.$#:06%(+5??*$.N#+(0)#(?*.'(0)#?#(&9(0)#(+0&$%(*'8(:&??5'.:*0#+(0)#(
8#+.$#8(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(0&(0)#($#*8#$+1()5?*'(#?&0.&'+(*$#(S5+0(6.-#(?&'-#%+n(&'#(
?5+0(`9.$?6%()*$'#++(/#*$0(*'8(Q)&5I)0b(.'(&$8#$(0&(*:).#"#(X588).+0(#'6.I)0#'?#'0P(
,&$#&"#$K(0).+(;&#?(#99#:0."#6%(;*$*66#6+(0)#(;6&0(&9(0)#(+0&$%P(Q).+(;&#?(*;;#*$+(.'(
:)*;0#$(+#"#'K(M).:)(.+(#'0.$#6%(:#'0#$#8(&'()&M(Q)#(,&'-#%K(M)&(8##?+().?+#69(`Q)#(
c$#*0(7*I#(!D5*6(0&(/#*"#'b(M$#:-+()*"&:(.'(0)#()#*"#'6%($#*6?P(X%(0)#(#'8(&9(0)#(:)*;0#$K(
0)#(X588)*(9.'*66%(8#9#*0+().?(*'8(.?;$.+&'+().?(5'8#$(0)#(>."#(!6#?#'0+(,&5'0*.'P(
!T*?.'.'I(0).+(;&#?(.'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#(M.0)(0)#(:)*;0#$(.0+#69K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(.0(;$&".8#+(
*(+5::.':0(+5??*$%(0&(0)#(&"#$*66(;6&01(M).6#(0)#(;&#?(.'+0$5:0+(0)#($#*8#$+(0&(`9.$?6%(
)*$'#++(0)#()#*$0(?&'-#%bK(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(.'(0)#(+0&$%(.+(6.0#$*66%(0*?#8(*'8(:&'+0$*.'#8(
B%(0)#(X588)*().?+#69P(2I*.'K(0)#(6.0#$*$%(0#:)'.D5#(&9(50.6.N.'I(:&??#'0*$%(;�$%(
$#.'9&$:#+(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0)*0(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(.+(B*+#8(&99(&91(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(2+(8.+:5++#8(;$#".&5+6%K(0)#(;&#?(
(
fm(
0#*:)#+(0)#($#*8#$+(0&(:&'0*.'(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+n(&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(0)#(;6&0(8#?&'+0$*0#+(
)&M(Q)#(,&'-#%K(0)#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+(\0*$I#0K(!,gQLg=7]K(.+(9.'*66%(:*;05$#8(*'8(
`:&'0*.'#8b(B%(0)#(>."#(!6#?#'0+(,&5'0*.'(\+&5$:#K(3g=Q2L=![]P(/#$#K(0)#(;&#?(*'8(0)#(
;6&0(:&?;6#?#'0(#*:)(&0)#$(*'8(;$#+#'0(0)#(:#'0$*6(.8#*(.'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#1(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(?&+0(8#+.$#8(.'(0).+(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0P(
!
!
(!
(
fR(
CHAPTER!4:!CONCEPTUAL!METAPHORS!IN!THE!MOVIE!MONKEY'KING:'
HERO'IS'BACK!
OVERVIEW!!
(
2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3(.+(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(+5::#++956(3).'#+#(?&".#+(?*8#(.'(
EFGlK(*+(.0($#0#66+(0)#(+0&$%(&9(0)#(:6*++.:*6(6.0#$*$%(M&$-(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(+;#:.9.:*66%(
0&(*;;#*6(0&(*(I6&B*6(*58.#':#P(7&&'(*90#$(.0+(;$#?.#$#(.'(3).'*K(.0(D5.:-6%($&+#(0&()5I#(
;&;56*$.0%K(+#00.'I(*('#M($#:&$8(.'(0)#(B&T(&99.:#(9&$(*'.?*0#8(9.6?+(.'(3).'*K(#8I.'I(&50(
&0)#$(?&".#+K(B&0)(6&:*6(*'8(.?;&$0#8K(+5:)(*+(5'#6*B'*1(#=(*CP(2+(;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.(
+5II#+0+K(0)#(&'6%(0).'I(0)*0(:&568(:&?;*$#(0&(8$-"*0.*9(!3(.'(0#$?+(&9(&"#$*66($#:#;0.&'K(.+(
;#$)*;+(0)#(&$.I.'*6(0#T0(.0+#69(\35.K(EFGl]P((2+(0M&(;$&?.'#'0(M&$-+(0)*0(*$#(_FF(%#*$+(
*;*$0K(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#(*$#(+.?.6*$(.'(*(M.8#("*$.#0%(&9(M*%+K(5+.'I(0)#(+*?#(
:)*$*:0#$+(*'8(+#00.'I+K(*+(M#66(*+(*(+.?.6*$(;6&06.'#P((/&M#"#$K(0)#(9.6?k+(*00#?;0(0&(:*0#$(0&(
*(I6&B*6(*58.#':#($#+560#8(.'(:$5:.*6(8.99#$#':#+(9$&?(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-P(7;#:.9.:*66%K(0).+(
*00#?;0(?&8.9.#+(+&?#(&9(0)#(-#%(:5605$*6("*65#+(0)*0(0)#(0#T0()*+(&$.I.'*66%(;$#+#'0#8P(L'(
0).+(:)*;0#$K(L(*$I5#(0)*0(0)#(:#'0$*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(#?B&8.#8(8.99#$#'06%(B%(0)#(?&".#K(+.':#(0)#(?&".#(0*$I#0+(0)#(
U#+0#$'(?*$-#0(*+(M#66(*+(*(I6&B*6(*58.#':#P(L(M.66(:&'0.'5#(0&(5+#(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(
0)#&$%(0&(5';*:-()&M(8.99#$#'0(".+5*6(*'8('*$$*0."#(0#:)'.D5#+(.'(0)#(?&".#(#?B&8%(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(0&I#0)#$P((
(
INTRODUCTION!
(
L'.0.*66%K(0)#(*'.?*0#8(9.6?()*+(*(+0$&'I(*?B.0.&'(&9(&;#'.'I(*(I6&B*6(?*$-#0P(g'#(
.'8.:*0.&'(&9(0)#(9.6?k+(I6&B*6(+5::#++(.+(0)*0(.0(M*+(&'#(&9(0)#(9#M(6&:*66%(;$&85:#8(3).'#+#(
(
HF(
9.6?+(0&(?*-#(.0(0&(0)#(3*''#+(9.6?(9#+0."*6P(L0(*6+&($#:#."#8(|EPG(?.66.&'(B&T(&99.:#(#*$'.'I+(
&50+.8#(&9(3).'*K(:&'+#D5#'06%(B$#*-.'I(0)#($#:&$8(9&$(`0)#(?&+0(B&T(&99.:#(0)*0(*(3).'#+#(
*'.?*0#8(?&".#()*+(#"#$($#:#."#8(*B$&*8b(\U#.K(EFGl]P(L0(M*+(&99.:.*66%(+)&M'(.'(+#"#$*6(
:&5'0$.#+(*B$&*8K(.':658.'I(0)#(d'.0#8(70*0#+K(Y5++.*(*'8(0)#(d'.0#8(2$*B(!?.$*0#+P(2'(
&99.:.*6(!'I6.+)485BB#8("#$+.&'(M*+(?*8#(0&(?*-#(0)#(9.6?(*"*.6*B6#(0&(*'(!'I6.+)(+;#*-.'I(
*58.#':#K(+;#:.9.:*66%(9#*05$.'I(A*:-.#(3)*'K(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(.'0#$'*0.&'*66%($#:&I'.N#8(
:#6#B$.0.#+K(*+(0)#("&.:#(85B(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'IK(+&(0)*0().+(+0*$8&?(:&568(*.8(0)#(
;$&?&0.&'(&9(0)#(?&".#P(Q)#(?&".#(.+(*6+&(;5$:)*+*B6#(&'(+#"#$*6(;$&?.'#'0(2?#$.:*'4
B*+#8(M#B+.0#+K(+5:)(*+(O&5Q5B#(*'8(2?*N&'P((
2;*$0(9$&?(+5;#$9.:.*6(*8S5+0?#'0+(+5:)(*+("&.:#(85BB.'IK(M)*0(&0)#$(*00#?;0+(
?*8#(0).+(?&".#(+;#:.9.:*66%(*;;#*6.'I(0&(*(I6&B*6(*58.#':#a(g'#(&9(0)#(:&??#'0+(0*-#'(
9$&?(2?*N&'(B%(*'(2?#$.:*'(".#M#$(;#$9#:06%(0*:-6#+(0)#(D5#+0.&'(&9(:5605$*6(#T:)*'I#1(
`Q)#("&.:#(*:0&$+(9&$(0).+(9.6?(M#$#($#:&I'.N*B6#(*'8(9*?.6.*$P(Lk"#(*6M*%+(B##'(*(9*'(&9(
A*:-.#(3)*'s0).+(9.6?(.+(#*+.6%(*::#++.B6#(0&(B&0)(2+.*'(*'8(U#+0#$'(*58.#':#+b(\,*I'#++K(
EFGf]P(>$&?(0).+(:&??#'0K(M#(:*'(+##(0)#(;$.?*$%(*8"*'0*I#+(&9(`,&'-#%(Z.'I1(/#$&(.+(
X*:-b(.'(:*0#$.'I(0&(*'(.'0#$'*0.&'*6(*58.#':#1("&.:#(*:0.'I(*'8(*::#++.B.6.0%P(U#()*"#(
8.+:5++#8(0)#(`A*:-.#(3)*'(#99#:0b(#*$6.#$n('&MK(M#(*$#(*B&50(0&(#T*?.'#()&M(0)#("*65#+(&9(
0)#(?&".#(#:)&(0)*0(&9(`B&0)(2+.*'(*'8(U#+0#$'(*58.#':#+bP(L'(0#$?+(&9(0)#(:&'0#'0K(0)#(
8.$#:0&$(Q.*'(@.*&;#'Ik+(M&$-(?*8#(+5$#(0)*0(8#+;.0#(0)#(+0&$%(B#.'I(B*+#8(&99(*(:6*++.:*6K(
:#'05$.#+(&68K(3).'#+#('*$$*0."#K(0)#(9.6?k+(;6&0(.+(+0.66(*+(*::#++.B6#(0&(*'(.'0#$'*0.&'*6(
*58.#':#P(Q).+(2?*N&'(:&??#'0(*6+&()#.I)0#'+(0)#(*::#++.B.6.0%(&9(0)#(9.6?K(*'8(.0(*;;#*$+(
0)*0(Q.*'k+(*00#?;0(&9(*::5605$*0.'I(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(0&(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#()*+(B##'(
"#$%(+5::#++956P(((
(
HG(
Q)#+#(*$#(0)#(?&".#k($#:#;0.&'+(*?&'I+0(0)#(*58.#':#P(Q)#'K()&M(M&568(Q.*'(
).?+#69(#"*65*0#(0).+(*00#?;0(&9(*8*;0.'I(*(:6*++.:*6(+0&$%a(Q)$&5I)(#T*?.'.'I(0)#(8.$#:0&$(
Q.*'k+(.'0#$".#M(0$*'+:$.;0+K(M#(:*'(*6+&(:*0:)(*(I6.?;+#(&9().+(;$.?*$%(.'0#'0.&'+(5;&'(
:$#*0.'I(0).+($#'8.0.&'(&9(0)#(:6*++.:*6(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(#+;#:.*66%($#I*$8.'I(:5605$*6(
"*65#+P(`L0(.+(8.99.:560(0&(?*-#(*($#'8.0.&'(&9(0)#(:6*++.:*6(hA&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0kKb(+*%+(Q.*'K(
`X#:*5+#(.'(0)#(#%#+(&9(;#&;6#('&M*8*%+K(0)#$#(*$#(+&?#(;&.'0+(.'(0)#(&$.I.'*6(+0&$%(0)*0(
*$#("#$%()*$8(0&(5'8#$+0*'8K(*'8(+&?#(&9(0)#("*65#+(0)*0(0)#(0#T0(;$&?&0#(*$#(
:&'0$*8.:0&$%(M.0)(0)#("*65#+(&9(*(?&8#$'(8*%(*58.#':#Pb(\Q.*'K(L'0#$".#MK(EFGl](Q).+(
:&??#'0(8.$#:06%(0*;+(.'0&(0)#(*$I5?#'0+(+5$$&5'8.'I(0)#(?&".#k+(;&$0$*%*6(&9(0)#(&$.I.'*6(
+0&$%k+(.8#*6+P(L0(*;;#*$+(0)*0(Q.*'k+(*M*$#'#++(&9(0)#(*;;6.:*B.6.0%(&9(0)#(0#T0k+("*65#+(.'(*(
?&8#$'(8*%(:&'0#T0()*+(B#:&?#(&'#(&9(0)#(;$.?*$%(?&0."*0.&'+(9&$().?(0&(:$#*0#(*(
$#'8.0.&'(0)*0(M&568($#5'.9%(*(:6*++.:*6(6.0#$*05$#(9$&?()5'8$#8+(&9(%#*$+(*I&(M.0)(*(
?&8#$'(*58.#':#(0)*0()*+(I$&M'(5;(.'(*(I6&B*6.N#8(+&:.#0%(M.0)(*'(*B5'8*':#(&9(#T;&+5$#(
0&(&0)#$(:5605$*6('&$?+K(#+;#:.*66%(2?#$.:*'(:5605$#P(2I*.'K(0).+(?&0."*0.&'(0.#+(.'(0&(Q.*'k+(
*00#?;0(0&(:$#*0#(*('*$$*0."#(0)*0(M&568($#+&'*0#(M.0)('&0(&'6%(*(I$&5;(&9(;#&;6#(I$&M.'I(
5;(.'(*(:6&+#84&99(3).'#+#(:5605$*6(#'".$&'?#'0K(B50(*6+&(0)&+#(M)&()*"#(B##'(M.8#6%(
#T;&+#8(0&(I6&B*6.N*0.&'K(*+(M#66(*+(*'(.'0#$'*0.&'*6(*58.#':#P((
260)&5I)(6#++(:&"#$#8(B%(U#+0#$'(?#8.*K(?&+0(&9(0)#(:&??#'0+(9$&?(!*+0(2+.*'(
B*+#8('#M+;*;#$+(&'(8$-"*0.*9(!3(*$#(.'*$I5*B6%(+5;;&$0."#P(<(#&*F(0)4(9$&?(Q*.M*'(
:&??#'0+(`o0)#(?&".#p(*B+&$B+('50$.0.&'(9$&?(0)#(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#(6#I#'8K(%#0($#0#66+(.0(
.'(*(M*%(+.?.6*$(0&(0)&+#([.+'#%()#$&(?&".#+K(+&(0)*0(#"#'(0)#(.'0#$'*0.&'*6(:&??5'.0%(:*'(
#T;#$.#':#(0)#(6#I#'8(9&$(0)#?+#6"#+P(L'(0)#(0#T0K(M#(+##()&M()#(I&#+(9$&?(6&'I.'I(9&$(0)#(
&50+.8#(M&$68(0&(6#*$'.'I()&M(0&(:&'0$&6().?+#69K(B50(.'(0)#(?&".#K()#(.'+0#*8(+##-+(9&$(0)#(
(
HE(
;&M#$(M.0).'(*'8(#?#$I#+(*+(*()#$&b(\<(#&*F(0)4K(EFGl]P(;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.(*6+&(&99#$+(
;&+.0."#(:&??#'0+(&'(0)#(?&".#K(:6*.?.'I(0)*0(0)#(8.99#$#':#+(B#0M##'(0)#(?&".#(*'8(0)#(
0#T0(?*-#(0)#(?&".#k+(*8*;0*0.&'(#T0$#?#6%(;&M#$956(*'8(+5::#++956K(*'8(%#0(B&0)(
'*$$*0."#+(`;$#+#'0(0)#(560.?*0#(I$&M0)(&9(*(0$5#()#$&s*'8(0#*:)#+(5+(*B&50(0)#(?&8#$'(
.8#*6+(&9(9$##8&?b(\35.K(EFGl]P(/&M#"#$K(&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(9$0D0#6*;0+$.()*+(B##'(&'#(&9(
0)#(?&+0(*:0."#(:$.0.:*6("&.:#+K(M.0)(&'#(&9(.0+(?*.'(*$I5?#'0+(0*$I#0#8(0&M*$8+(0)#(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'P(9$0D0#6*;0+$.(0).'-+(0)*0(B&0)(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(,&'-(*$#(
`5'+5::#++956(?.T05$#+(&9(U#+0#$'(*'8(3).'#+#(:5605$#(0)*0(5'8#$?.'#(0)#(M.+8&?(9$&?(
0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-+bK(?*-.'I(0)#?(`:*$.:*05$#+(0)*0(*(3).'#+#(*58.#':#(:*''&0($#6*0#(0&b(\t5K(
EFGl]P(/#$#K(M#(:*'(B#I.'(0&(+##(*(0$#'8(M)#$#(0)#(?&+0(+.I'.9.:*'0(;$*.+#(*'8(:$.0.:.+?(&9(
0)#(9.6?(B&0)(+0#?(9$&?(.0+(*00#?;0(0&(?#$I#(U#+0#$'(*'8(3).'#+#(:5605$*6(.8#*6+P(L'(
;*$0.:56*$K(*+(;,$*<(#&*F(0)4(:&?;6.?#'0+(8$-"*0.*9(!3(9&$(.0+(8#6.B#$*0#(0*:0.:(0&(.?.0*0#(*(
0$*8.0.&'*66%(U#+0#$'([.+'#%()#$&(?&".#(.'(&$8#$(0&(*;;#*6(0&(*'(L'0#$'*0.&'*6(*58.#':#P(
9$0D0#6*;0+$.A*&'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(*$I5#+(+0$&'I6%(*I*.'+0(.0K(:6*.?.'I(0)*0(0)#(
U#+0#$'.N*0.&'(&9(0).+(?&".#(?*-#+(.0()*$8(0&($#6*0#(0&(*'8(:$.0.:.N.'I(.0+(.'*::#++.B.6.0%(0&(*(
3).'#+#(*58.#':#P(d60.?*0#6%K(0)#(B.II#+0(:&'0$&"#$+%(&9(0).+(?&".#(.'(3).'*(B&.6+(8&M'(0&(
.0+(*60#$*0.&'(&9(:5605$*6("*65#+(#?B#88#8(.'(0)#(&$.I.'*6(+0&$%k+(&$.I.'*6(:)*$*:0#$+K(
#+;#:.*66%(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(,&'-K(M)&(+#$"#(*+(0)#()#$&#+(&9(0)#('*$$*0."#(*'8(;$&".8#(
*(?&8#6(9&$(.0+()#$&.:(.8#*6+P((
U)*0(:&568(*::&5'0(9&$(0)#(:&'0$&"#$+.#+($#I*$8.'I(0)&+#(8.99#$#'0('#M+;*;#$+k(
:&??#'0+a(L(*$I5#(0)*0(0)#(-#%(6.#+(.'(0)#(:5605$*6("*65#+(;50(9&$0)(^(*58.#':#(M.0)(
8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6(&$.#'0*0.&'+(?*%($#:#."#(0)#("*65#+(;&$0$*%#8(.'(0).+(?&".#k+('*$$*0."#(
"#$%(8.99#$#'06%P(L9(M#(#T*?.'#(0)#($#*8#$(8#?&I$*;).:+(&9(0)&+#('#M+;*;#$+K(M#(:*'(+##(
(
HJ(
0)*0(Q)#(U*'0([*.6%(.+(I#*$#8(0&M*$8(*'(.'0#$'*0.&'*64B*+#8(*58.#':#K(M.0)($#*8#$+(.'(
B&0)(,*.'6*'8(3).'*(*'8(Q*.M*'K(*+(M#66(*+(?*'%(3).'#+#(*'8(Q*.M*'#+#(6.".'I(*B$&*8P(
;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.K(.'+0#*8A(:*0#$+(0&(*(%&5'I#$(*58.#':#(.'(3).'*P(/&M#"#$K(*?&'I+0(0)#?K(
X#.S.'I(Q.?#+(.+(-'&M'(0&(B*+#(.0+(*58.#':#(I$&5;(.'(0)#(6&:*6(3).'#+#(:&??5'.0%K(*'8(.0(
;$#+5?*B6%(#'8&$+#+("#$%(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#("*65#+P(Q).+(?*%(;$&".8#(*(;$#6.?.'*$%(
#T;6*'*0.&'(*+(0&(M)%(0)#(8#6.B#$*0#(:5605$#(?.T(M*+(".#M#8(*+(5'8#+.$*B6#(B%(X#.S.'I(
Q.?#+K(%#0(+0$&'I6%(9*"&$#8(B%(0)#(&0)#$(0M&('#M+;*;#$+P(c."#'(0)#(+0*$-6%(8.99#$#'0(
*58.#':#(8#?&I$*;).:+K(0).+(;)#'&?#'&'(:*'(560.?*0#6%(B#(0$*:#8(8&M'(0&(0)#(8.99#$#':#+(
.'(:5605$*6("*65#+P(
g"#$*66K(8.99#$#'0(3).'#+#('#M+;*;#$+(#'8&$+#(8.99#$#'0("*65#+($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'*6(
#T;$#++.&'(*+(&;;&+#8(0&(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(8#;#'8.'I(&'(0)#.$(0*$I#0(*58.#':#k+(
8#?&I$*;).:+P(!++#'0.*66%K(0)#($#".#M+(&9(0).+(?&".#(.'(3).'*(*$#(*'(.'8#T(&9()&M(0).+(
?&".#()*+(8#;*$0#8(9$&?(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#("*65#+(^(0)#(&68#$('#M+;*;#$+(0)*0(*$#(
)#*".6%($&&0#8(.'(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#(:5605$#(*;;$#:.*0#(0).+(?&".#(?5:)(6#++(0)*'('#M#$(
'#M+;*;#$+(0)*0(*;;#*6(0&(*(%&5'I#$K(?&$#(I6&B*6.N#8(;&&6(&9($#*8#$+P(Q).+(:)*;0#$(M.66(
*.?(0&(8#:.;)#$(0)&+#(+;#:.9.:(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+(*+(M#66(*+()&M(0)#%(*$#($#;$#+#'0#8(.'(
&$8#$(0&(;$&".8#(*(B#00#$(#T;6*'*0.&'(0&(M)%(0).+(:&'0$&"#$+%(#T.+0+P(C$.?*$.6%K(9&$(*(
U#+0#$'.N#8(&$(I6&B*6(*58.#':#K(0)#(9.6?(M*+(*().0n()&M#"#$(.'(3).'*K(0)#(9.6?()*+(
#':&5'0#$#8(?&$#(;$&B6#?+($#I*$8.'I(.0+(:#'0$*6("*65#+P(Q).+(:&'0$&"#$+%(;*$0.:56*$6%(
;#$0*.'+(0&(3).'*k+(:5$$#'0(+0*0#(&9(0$*'+.0.&'(9$&?(#'8&$+.'I(0$*8.0.&'*6("*65#+(0&(&;#'.'I(
5;(*'8(*8&;0.'I(?&$#(I6&B*6.N#8("*65#+P(
( Q)#'K(0)$&5I)(:&?;*$.'I(8$-"*0.*9(!3(0&(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bK(M)*0(*$#(0)#(
3).'#+#(:5605$*6('&$?+(0)*0(0)#(?&".#(8#6.B#$*0#6%(;$#+#'0#8(8.99#$#'06%(.'(&$8#$(0&(*;;#*6(
(
H_(
0&(*'(L'0#$'*0.&'*6(*58.#':#a(,&$#&"#$K()&M(.+(0)*0(:)*'I#(.'("*65#(8#6."#$#8(B%(0)#(
?&".#k+(5+#(&9('*$$*0."#(0#:)'.D5#+(*'8(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'a(L(+5II#+0(0)*0(0)#(?&".#K(6.-#(0)#(
0#T0K(.':56:*0#+(:5605$*6("*65#+(&9(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'P(L0(.+K(L(M.66(*$I5#K(;$#:.+#6%(0)#(?&".#k+(
*60#$*0.&'(.'(0)#(9&5'8*0.&'*6(#?&0.&'(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(
ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(0)*0(*66&M+(.0(0&(&;#'(5;(0)#(:6*++.:(3).'#+#(0*6#(+0&$%(&9(0)#(
,&'-#%(Z.'I(0&(0)#(;#$+;#:0."#(&9(*(U#+0#$'(*58.#':#P(Q)#(:5605$*6(8.99#$#':#+(.'(!*+0(
2+.*'(*'8(U#+0#$'(*00.058#+(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'(#T;$#++.&'(5'8#$6.#(0)#(8.99#$#':#(.'(0)#(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(M).:)($#+560+(.'(+0*$-6%(8.99#$#'0(:)*$*:0#$(
8#"#6&;?#'0(*+(M#66(*+(5+#(&9(?&0.9+P(d60.?*0#6%K(L(M.+)(0&(+5II#+0(.'(0).+(:)*;0#$(0)*0(0)#(
I6&B*6.N#8(?&8#$'(*58.#':#k+(8$*?*0.:*66%(;&+.0."#($#+;&'+#(*'8(0)#(?.T#8($#+;&'+#(&9(
0)#(3).'#+#(*58.#':#(0&(8$-"*0.*9(!3($#+560+(6*$I#6%(9$&?(.0+(+5::#++956(*;;#*6(0&(U#+0#$'(
:5605$*6("*65#+K($#I*$8.'I(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(:&'0*.'?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+P(
(
PLOT!AND!BACKGROUND! !
(
( U).6#(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(.+(M#66(-'&M'(9&$(.0+(#?B#88#8(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(&'(
:560."*0.'I(:*6?'#++K(8$-"*0.*9(!3(.+(*6?&+0(*'0.0)#0.:*6(0&(0)#(&$.I.'*6(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+(
&'(#?&0.&'K(*+(.0(.'+0#*8(:*66+(9&$(*().I)(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.".0%P(2+(8.+:5++#8(.'(0)#(
;$#".&5+(:)*;0#$K(0)#(0)#?#(&9(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'(.+(;$&?.'#'0(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(&$.I.'*6(
+0&$%P(L0(.+K(*'(#;.:('*$$*0."#(0)*0(0#*:)#+(.0+($#*8#$+()&M(0&($#I56*0#(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+1((
`:&'0*.'.'I(0)#()#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+K(0)#(0#T0(+5II#+0+K(0)#(;*0)M*%(0&(0$5#(#'6.I)0#'?#'0P(((
L'(5+.'I(75'(U5-&'I(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(*I*.'(*+(&'#(&9(.0+(;$&0*I&'.+0+K(0)#(8$-"*0.*
9(!3*.+(*6+&(*8&;0.'I(0)#(&$.I.'*6(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(#T;$#++#8(0)$&5I)(0)*0(&$.I.'*6(
:)*$*:0#$P((2+(8.+:5++#8(.'(0)#(;$#".&5+(:)*;0#$K(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(:)*$*:0#$(.+(*(6.".'I(
(
Hl(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(3).'#+#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(2(,g=Z!O(\`)#*$0(
?&'-#%b]K(M).:)(#T;$#++#+(0)#(:&??&'(3).'#+#(.8#*(0)*0(#?&0.&'+(*$#(M.68(9&$:#+(.'('##8(
&9(:5605$*6(0*?.'I(*'8(:&'0*.'?#'0P(
(Q)#(?*I.:*6(+-.66+(;&++#++#8(B%(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(.'(0)#(&$.I.'*6(+0&$%K(0)#(+#"#'0%4
0M&(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+(*'8(0)#(+&?#$+*560(:6&58K(*6+&(*;;#*$(.'(0)#(?&".#P(Q)5+K(0)#(
:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(;6&0(+5$$&5'8.'I(0)#(,&'-#%(&':#(*I*.'(+#$"#(*+(0)#(-#%(
:&?;&'#'0+(0)*0(?#0*;)&$.:*66%(#T;$#++(0)#(M&$-+k(*00.058#+(0&M*$8(0)#(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(
:&'0*.'?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'+P(Q)#(0)#?#(&9(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'($#?*.'+(.'0#I$*6(0&(0)#(?&".#K(
B50(.'+0#*8(&9(*8"&:*0.'I(9&$(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(6.-#(0)#(0#T0K(0)#(?&".#(;$&?&0#+(0)#(
&;;&+.0#1(#?&0.&'+(+)&568('&0(B#(:&'0*.'#8K(B50(B#(9$##6%(#T;$#++#8P((
Q)#(?&".#(B#I.'+(M.0)(*($#".#M(&9(&'#(&9(0)#(-#%(+:#'#+(.'(0)#(0#T0K(M)#$#(75'(
U5-&'I(0)#(,&'-#%K(:*66.'I().?+#69(`0)#(c$#*0(7*I#(!D5*6(0&(/#*"#'b(M$#*-+()*"&:(.'(0)#(
)#*"#'6%($#*6?(*'8(8#9#*0+(*6?&+0(*66(&9(0)#()#*"#'(I5*$8+(5'0.6(0)#(X588)*().?+#69(
*;;#*$+P((Q)#(,&'-#%(.+(;5'.+)#8(B%(0)#(X588)*(*'8(.?;$.+&'#8(5'8#$(0)#(?&5'0*.'P(20(
0).+(;&.'0K(0)#(*:05*6(+0&$%(B#I.'+(M.0)(&-")).(*00*:-.'I(*()#*".6%(;&;56*0#8(0&M'(M)#$#(0)#(
0$&66+(0$%(0&(:*;05$#(*66(&9(0)#(:).68$#'(.'(0)#(0&M'P(L'(*(8#;*$05$#(9$&?(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-K(
&5$(&0)#$(;$&0*I&'.+0K(0)#(,&'-K(*;;#*$+()#$#(*+(*(:).68(*$&5'8(0)#(*I#(&9(GF(M)&()*+(
+0$*%#8(&99(9$&?().+(?#'0&$(85#(0&().+(;#$+.+0#':#(.'(+*".'I(*'(.''&:#'0(I.$6P(3*$$%.'I(0)#(
I.$6(.'(*(B*+-#0K()#(0#?;&$*$.6%().8#+(.'(*(:*"#(0&(I#0(*M*%(9$&?(0)#(0$&66+K(*'8(0)#$#()#(
)*;;#'+(0&(#':&5'0#$(0)#(,&'-#%(M)&()*+(B##'(.?;$.+&'#8(.'(0)*0(+;&0(9&$(&"#$(*(
0)&5+*'8(%#*$+P(290#$($#6#*+.'I(0)#(,&'-#%(9$&?(0)#(:*"#K(0)#(,&'-($#*6.N#+(0)*0(0)#(
,&'-#%k+(;&M#$(.+(:&'+0$*.'#8(B%(*(?%+0#$.&5+(I&68#'()&&;(+#:5$#6%(9*+0#'#8(*$&5'8().+(
M$.+0K(%#0('#.0)#$()#('&$(0)#(,&'-#%(*$#(*B6#(0&($#?&"#(.0P(260)&5I)(0)#(,&'-#%(M*+(&90#'(
(
Hf(
*''&%#8(*0(0)#(,&'-k+(.??#'+#(:5$.&+.0%(*+(M#66(*+().+(*99#:0.&'K()#(*I$##+(0&(;$&0#:0(0)#(
,&'-(85$.'I().+(S&5$'#%()&?#(.'($#;*%?#'0(9&$().+(9$##8&?P(/&M#"#$K(.'(0)#(?.886#(&9(0)#(
S&5$'#%K(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0(/5'85'($#"#*6+().?+#69(*+(*(?&'+0#$(0)*0(+5$"."#+(&'(#*0.'I(
:).68$#'P((/#(M*+(0)#(&'#(M)&(:&??*'8#8(0)#(0$&66+(0&(-.8'*;(:).68$#'(.'(0)#(9.$+0(;6*:#P(
Q)#(,&'-#%K($#+0$*.'#8(B%(0)#()&&;K(.+(5'*B6#(0&(9.I)0(B*:-(M)#'(/5'85'(*00*:-+(0)#.$(
o8#6p(;*$0%K(:*5+.'I(0)#(6.006#(I.$6(0&(B#(0*-#'(*M*%P(U)#'(0)#(,&'-(*+-+(0)#(,&'-#%(0&()#6;(
).?(9.'8(0)#(6.006#(I.$6K(0)#(,&'-#%($#95+#+(&50(&9(9$5+0$*0.&'(*0().+(6&++(&9(;&M#$(*'8(:6*.?+(
0)*0()#(8&#+('&0(8#+.$#(0&(B#(*()#$&P([.+*;;&.'0#8K(0)#(,&'-($5'+(&99(*6&'#(0&(+*"#(0)#(6.006#(
I.$6K(%#0(I#0+(0$*;;#8(.'(/5'85'k+(6*.$P(>.'*66%K(5;&'($#*6.N.'I(0)#(8##;(:*$#(0)*0()#()*+(
8#"#6&;#8(9&$(0)#(,&'-K(0)#(,&'-#%(9.'8+(*66(0)#(:).68$#'K(*'8(#'I*I#+(/5'85'(.'(*'(#;.:(
B*006#(5'8#$(0)#(#':&5$*I#?#'0(&9(0)#(,&'-P(Q)#(,&'-($5+)#+(&50(9$&?().+(+*9#().8.'I(
+;&0(.'(*'(*00#?;0(0&()#6;(0)#(,&'-#%K(B50(#'8+(5;(B5$.#8(5'8#$(9*66#'($&:-+P(U.0'#++.'I(
0).+(+:#'#(*'8(0).'-.'I(0)*0(0)#(,&'-()*+(8.#8K(0)#(,&'-#%(9.I)0+(/5'85'(*I*.'(&50(&9(
*'I#$(*'8(;*.'P(L'(0).+(;$&:#++K()#(.+(*B6#(0&(+)*00#$(0)#(:&'+0$*.'.'I()&&;(*'8($#6#*+#(*66(&9(
).+(;&M#$+K(:&'+#D5#'06%($##?#$I.'I(*+(`0)#(c$#*0(7*I#(!D5*6(0&(/#*"#'b(*'8(8#9#*0.'I(
/5'85'P(L'(0)#(#'8K(0)#(,&'-#%(8.+:&"#$+(0)*0(0)#(,&'-(M*+(&'6%(.'S5$#8P(Q&I#0)#$K(0)#%(
+#'8(*66(0)#(-.8'*;;#8(:).68$#'(B*:-()&?#K(*'8(#?B*$-(&'(*('#M(S&5$'#%P(
L'(0).+(+#:0.&'K(L(M.66(8$*M(:&?;*$.+&'+(B#0M##'(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(*'8(0)#(5+#(&9(
?&0.9+(.'(0)#(?&".#(*'8(0)#(0#T0(+;#:.9.:*66%($#6*0#8(0&(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bK(.'(&$8#$(0&(
.665+0$*0#(0)#(+).90+(.'(:5605$*6('&$?+(&9(#?&0.&'P(L(M.66(9&:5+(&'(0)#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(
,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(,&'-K(*+(M#66(*+(0M&(?*S&$(?&0.9+K(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(*'8(9.$#P(
(
(
HH(
CHARACTERS:!MONKEY!
(
L'($#+;&'+#(0&(0)#(:$.0.:.+?+(*B&50(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'K(Q.*'(
*:-'&M6#8I#+(0)*0()#(M*'0+(0&(`+0*%(*M*%(9$&?(0)#(?*.'+0$#*?(-.'8(&9()#$&K(*'8(;$&".8#(*(
'#M(.'0#$;$#0*0.&'(&9(*(:)*$*:0#$(0)*0(#"#$%&'#(.+(*6$#*8%(+&(9*?.6.*$(M.0)bP(/#(95$0)#$+(
0)*0(:6*.?(B%(#T;$#++.'IK(`>&$(0)#(9.$+0()*69(&9(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-#%($#?*.'+(6&M4#'#$I%(
*'8(*66()#(M*'0+(.+(0&(6."#(*(;#*:#956(6.9#K(M).:)(:&568(B#(D5.0#(5'#T;#:0#8(0&(0)#(*58.#':#(
M)&(.+(5+#8(0&(+##.'I(0)#(560$*4)%;#$(,&'-#%(Z.'I(M)&(:*5+#+(:)*&+(.'(0)#()#*"#'6%(
$#*6?P(g9(:&5$+#K(0).+(.+(6*$I#6%(85#(0&().+(.?;$.+&'?#'0b(\Q.*'K(.'0#$".#MK(EFGl]P((
Q).+($#9#$#':#(;$#:.+#6%(:*;05$#+(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(8$-"*0.*9(!3(^(
M).:)(.+(*(+0*$-(8#;*$05$#(9$&?(0)#(&$.I.'*6(,&'-#%(.'(`A&5$'#%(0)#(U#+0bP(2+(;$#".&5+6%(
?#'0.&'#8K(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(.+(*().I)(*99#:0(:)*$*:0#$(^()#(#T;$#++#+(
0)#(?&+0(#?&0.&'(&50(&9(#"#$%&'#(.'(0)#(0$*"#6.'I(I$&5;K(*'8()#(.+("#$%(#*+.6%(*'I#$#8K(
)#*$0#'#8(&$(+*88#'#8P(/.+(#?&0.&'+(*6+&(0#'8(0&(*;;#*$(M.0)("#$%().I)(*$&5+*6K($#+560.'I(
.'(?&$#(#T0$#?#(#T;$#++.&'+(+5:)(*+(B5$+0.'I(.'0&(0#*$+(&$(6#*;.'I(5;(*'8(8&M'(M.0)(S&%P(
>5$0)#$?&$#K()#('#"#$(0$.#+(0&(:&':#*6().+(*99#:0.&'(9&$().+(?*+0#$K(0)#(,&'-K(#T).B.0.'I(
I$#*0()*;;.'#++(M)#'(0)#(,&'-(I."#+().?(:6&0).'I(*'8(#".8#'0(+*8'#++(M)#'(0)#(,&'-(
*+-+().?(0&(6#*"#P(L'(I#'#$*6K(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(.+(*().I)6%(#?&0.&'*6(
:)*$*:0#$(M)&(:&?#+(0&(B#(6#++(*'8(6#++(#T;$#++."#(*+(0)#(+0&$%(;$&I$#++#+P(/&M#"#$K(.'(0)#(
?&".#K(0)#(,&'-#%(9.$+0(*;;#*$+(*+(*'(*6&&9(:)*$*:0#$K(M)&(*:0."#6%(*"&.8+(#T;$#++.'I(*'%(
*99#:0.&'(0)*0()#(?*%()*"#(9&$(0)#(,&'-P(/#(&90#'(8#6.B#$*0#6%(0$.#+(0&(:$#*0#(#?&0.&'*6(
8.+0*':#(B#0M##'(0)#?(M.0)().+(M&$8+(*'8(*:0.&'+K(I&.'I(+&(9*$(*+(0&(8#'%(0)#(I&&8(8##8+(
0)*0()#()*+(8&'#P(,&$#&"#$K()#(#"*8#+(*'%(-.'8(&9()#$&.:($#+;&'+.B.6.0.#+K(8#+;.0#(0)#(
(
Hm(
,&'-k+(;#$+.+0#':#(.'(0$5+0.'I().?P(Q)#(+:$##'+)&0(B#6&M(:*;05$#+(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(0%;.:*6(
?&?#'0+($#;$#+#'0.'I(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(.'(0)#(9.6?1(
(
((
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
(L'(0).+(+:#'#K(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(,&'-(6#*"#(0)#(:*"#(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(M*+(
0$*;;#8(*'8(*$$."#(*0(*(9&$#+0(0&(+6##;(9&$(0)#('.I)0P(Q)#(,&'-K(M)&(I$#M(5;(6.+0#'.'I(0&(
+0&$.#+(*B&50(0)#(,&'-#%K(#T:.0#86%(*+-+(0)#(,&'-#%(?*'%(D5#+0.&'+(*B&50().+(;*+0(*'8(
:&'9#++#+().+(*8?.$*0.&'1(`Q)#(I$#*0(+*I#(#D5*6(0&()#*"#'(.+(?%()#$&e(L+(.0(0$5#(0)*0(%&5(
)*"#(HE(8.99#$#'0(-.'8+(&9(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'+a(L+(.0(0$5#(0)*0(%&5()*"#(#%#+(6.-#(I&68#'(9.$#ab(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](L'($#+;&'+#K(0)#(,&'-#%(B*$#6%(*'+M#$+(0)&+#(D5#+0.&'+K(*'8(:*66+(0)#?(
`:).68.+)(?5+.'I+b(\Q.*'K(EFGl]P((X%(+)%.'I(*M*%(9$&?(:6*.?.'I(0)#(0.06#(`0)#(I$#*0(+*I#(
#D5*6(0&()#*"#'bK()#(*6+&(*"&.8+(*'%(;&0#'0.*6($#+;&'+.B.6.0.#+(&9(*:0.'I(*+(*(0$*8.0.&'*6(
X588).+0()#$&P(/#$#K()#(*;;#*$+(;*$0.:56*$6%(*"&.8*'0(0&(0)#(,&'-K(*:-'&M6#8I.'I(
;5B6.:*66%(0)*0(0)#(,&'-(M*+(`*''&%.'I().?b(\Q.*'K(EFGl]P(!"#'(M)#'(0)#(?&'-(
(
HR(
*:-'&M6#8I#+().+(I$*0.058#(*'8(#T;$#++#+().+(*8?.$*0.&'K(0)#(,&'-#%(:&"#$+(5;().+(
#?&0.&'+(B%(+:&M6.'I(*'8(;500.'I(&'(*(:&68K(.'8.99#$#'0(9*:#P(/#(95$0)#$+().+(*6&&9'#++(
0)$&5I)(#T;6*.'.'I(0)*0()#(8.8('&0(9&66&M(0)#(,&'-()#$#(&50(&9(9$.#'8+).;(&$(:&?;*++.&'K(
B50(.0(M*+(?#$#6%(0&($#;*%(0)#(,&'-k+(-.'8'#++(9&$($#6#*+.'I().?(9$&?(0)#(:*"#P(Q).+(+:#'#(
;$#:.+#6%(B$.'I+(*66(&9(0)&+#(?.'50#(8#0*.6+(0&I#0)#$(0&(+&6.8.9%(0)#(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(
,&'-#%1(+&?#&'#(M)&(+##-+(+&6.058#(*'8(:&'+0*'06%(0$.#+(0&(+5;;$#++(#?&0.&'+(.'(
#T:)*'I#(9&$('&':)*6*':#K(8#0*:)?#'0(*'8(:*6?'#++P((
L9(M#(".#M(0).+(;&$0$*%*6(.'(6.I)0(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%()#$#()*+(9566%(#?B&8.#8(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(Q)#(`)#*$0b(&9(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+('&M(:*6?K(;#*:#(+##-.'I(*'8(
$#+#$"#8K(.'(+0*$-(&;;&+.0.&'(0&(0)#().I)(*$&5+*6(*+(8#;.:0#8(.'(0)#(0#T0P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(M)#'(
0)#(,&'-#%(+#$"#+(*+(*(:&'0*.'#$(9&$().+(&M'(#?&0.&'+K()#(;5$;&+#9566%(#'+5$#+(0)*0(0)&+#(
#?&0.&'+(*$#(:&'9.'#8(M.0).'().?(B%(8.+0*':.'I().?+#69(9$&?(0)#(,&'-(*+(M#66(*+(0)#(
,&'-k+(*8?.$#8("*65#+(&9().I)(*99#:0()#$&.+?P(/#$#K(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%b(.+(9566%(0$*;;#8(.'(
0)#(.'".+.B6#(:&'0*.'#$(0)*0()#()*+(:&'+0$5:0#8().?+#69P((
!:)&.'I(Q.*'k+(&M'(:&??#'0+(&'(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'K(0)#+#()#.I)0#'#8(
:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(+.I'.9.:*'06%(8."#$I#(9$&?(0)#(;&$0$*%*6(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-P(
L'0#$#+0.'I6%K(0)#(,&'-#%(M)&(M#(?##0(*0(0)#(B#I.''.'I(&9(0)#(?&".#(+##?+(6.-#()#(M&568(
)*"#(9.0(0)#(#'8.'I(&9(0)#(0#T0P((d;&'().+(.'0$&85:0.&'K()#()*+(*6$#*8%(?*+0#$#8(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0K(*:0."#6%(+5;;$#++.'I('&0(&'6%('#I*0."#(#?&0.&'+(+5:)(*+(*'I#$(*'8(+*8'#++(
B50(*6+&(;&+.0."#(#?&0.&'+(6.-#()*;;.'#++K(0)*'-956'#++(*'8(6&"#P((Q).+(?&'-#%(+##?+(0&(
)*"#($#*:)#8(0)#(X588).+0(.8#*6(&9(*(8.+:.;6.'#8(.'8.".85*6(M.0)(+#694:&'0$&6(&"#$().+(
#?&0.&'+P((
(
mF(
/&M#"#$K(0)#(?&".#(8&#+('&0(+0&;()#$#P((L'+0#*8K(.0(I&#+(&'(0&(;&$0$*%(*('#I*0."#(
*90#$?*0)(&9(*:).#".'I(+5:)($.I&$&5+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(>$&?(0)#(;#$+;#:0."#(&9(0)#(
0#T0K(0).+(,&'-#%(+)&568(.'8##8(B#(;&M#$956K(+.':#()#('&(6&'I#$(+0$5II6#+(M.0)(0)#(
:)*66#'I#+(&9(+#6948.+:.;6.'#P(O#0K(*+(M#(:*'(+##(9$&?(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-#%k+(;&M#$(8&#+(
'&0(I$&M(*::&$8.'I6%(M.0)().+(8#"#6&;#8(+-.66+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(L'+0#*8K()#(
*;;#*$+(M.0)(+.I'.9.:*'06%(M#*-#'#8(;&M#$P(L0(+##?+(0)*0().+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0()*+(
'&0K(.'(9*:0K(B$&5I)0().?(*'%(0*'I.B6#(B#'#9.0(.'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(0)#(?&".#P(L'(&0)#$(M&$8+K(
M.0)&50(6#*8.'I(0&(;)%+.:*6(;&M#$(&$(#'6.I)0#'?#'0K(0)#(*:).#"#8(+0*0#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0(8&#+('&0(?*'.9#+0(.0+#69(*+(*'(*++#0(.'(0)#(9.6?P(Q).+(6#*8+(5+(0&(D5#+0.&'(0)#(
'*05$#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*+(;&$0$*%#8(.'(0)#(?&".#1(.+(.0($#*66%(M)*0(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(
.'0#'8(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(*:).#"#K(S5+0(6.-#(.'(0)#(0#T0K(&$(*$#(0)#$#(*(:&?;6#0#6%(8.99#$#'0(+#0(
&9("*65#+($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'(+#0(5;(B%(0)#(9.6?a(((
2+(0)#(:)*$*:0#$(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(8#"#6&;+(&"#$(0)#(:&5$+#(&9(0)#(;6&0K(M#(B#I.'(0&(+##(
0)#('*05$#(&9().'8$*':#(0)*0(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(B$.'I+(0&(0)#(:)*$*:0#$+K(*'8(0)5+(+0*$0(
0&(".#M(.0(*+(+&?#0).'I('#I*0."#(.'+0#*8(&9(*'(*++#0P(Q).+(.+(#+;#:.*66%(;$&?.'#'0(.'(0)#(
+:#'#(B#6&M1(
(
mG(
(
(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
290#$(0)#(.'0#'+#(B5.685;(&9(0)#(,&'-#%k+(*6&&9'#++(*'8(8#+.$#(0&(#+:*;#(9$&?()#$&.:(
$#+;&'+.B.6.0.#+K(0).+(;6&06.'#(:&?#+(0&(*(:6.?*T('#*$(0)#(#'8(&9(0)#(+0&$%K(M)#$#(*(:&'96.:0(
B#0M##'(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(,&'-(9.'*66%(B$#*-+(&50($#I*$8.'I(M)#0)#$(0)#(,&'-#%(
+)&568()#6;(0)#(,&'-(.'(+*".'I(0)#(-.8'*;;#8(:).68$#'P(2+(.'8.:*0#8(B%(0)#(+:$##'(:*;0.&'K(
0)#(,&'-(0$.#+(0&(:&'".':#(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(+*"#(0)#(:).68$#'K(:6*.?.'I(0)*0()#(.+(0)#(
`;$&0#:0&$(*+(0)#(6#I#'8+(+*%bn()&M#"#$K(0)#(,&'-#%($#S#:0+(0).+(;6#*8(B%(+*%.'I(`.0k+('&'#(
&9(o).+p(B5+.'#++bK(*'8(0)*0()#(8&#+('&0(.'0#'8(&'(B#:&?.'I(*()#$&(\Q.*'K(EFGl]P(Q).+(+:#'#(
(
mE(
+0*'8+(.'(9566(:&'0$*+0(M.0)(*(+.?.6*$K(:6.?*:0.:(+:#'#(.'(0)#(0#T0(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(0)#(
,&'-()*"#(*(?*S&$(:&'96.:0K(.'(:)*;0#$(0M#'0%4+#"#'K(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-(*+-+(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(
6#*"#(*90#$()#(-.66+(0)#(+*?#(?&'+0#$(8.+I5.+#8(*+("*$.&5+()5?*'(0)$##(0.?#+P(L'(0)#(0#T0(
+:#'#K(0)#.$(:&'96.:0(.+(#'0.$#6%(:#'0#$#8(&'(0)#(,&'-#%k+(6*:-(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0$&6K(M)#$#(
)#(6#0+(6&&+#(&9().+(*'I#$(*'8($*+)6%(-.66+(0)#(?&'+0#$K(5;+#00.'I(0)#(,&'-(M)&(M*+(B6.'8#8(
B%(0)#(?&'+0#$k+(8.+I5.+#(*'8(0)&5I)0(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%()*8(-.66#8(.''&:#'0(;#&;6#P(2+(*(
$#+560K(0)#(,&'-('&0(&'6%($#:.0#+(0)#()&&;40.I)0#'.'I(+;#66(?560.;6#(0.?#+(*+(;5'.+)?#'0K(
B50(*6+&(8##?+(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%(.+(*'(5'8.+:.;6.'#8(+*"*I#(M)&(8&#+('&0(8#+#$"#(0&($#?*.'(
.'(0)#(0#*?P(O#0K(.'(0).+(?&".#(+:#'#K(0)#(+&5$:#(&9(:&'96.:0(.+(500#$6%($#"#$+#81(0)#(,&'-(
B#:&?#+(0)#(&'#(#*I#$(0&(+##-(9&$($#"#'I#(9$&?(0)#(?&'+0#$K(M).6#(0)#(,&'-#%($#?*.'+(
$#65:0*'0(0&(#T0#'8(*()*'8(&9()#6;P(Q)#(+&5$:#(&9(:&'96.:0(0)5+(+).90+(9$&?(0)#(,&'-#%k+(
$*+)'#++(.'(0)#(0#T0(0&(0)#(,&'-#%k+(I5*$8#8'#++(.'(0)#(?&".#+K(.'8.:*0.'I(*(:)*'I#(.'(0)#(
.8#*6+(+5$$&5'8.'I(#?&0.&'*6.0%P((
>5$0)#$?&$#K(.'(0)#(0#T0K(0)#(,&'-(*+-+(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(6#*"#K(B50(.'(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(
,&'-(6#*"#+(*6&'#(0&(+##-(9&$(0)#(-.8'*;;#8(:).68$#'P(L'(B&0)(+:#'*$.&+K(0)$&5I)(
+#;*$*0.'I(9$&?(0)#(,&'-#%K(0)#(,&'-(9*66+(.'0&(8*'I#$(*'8(.+(560.?*0#6%(+*"#8(B%(0)#(
,&'-#%K(M)#$#(0)#%(560.?*0#6%(:&?#(0&(*()*;;%($#+&650.&'(*'8($#+&6"#(0)#(;*+0(:&'96.:0P(L'(
0)#(0#T0K(0)#(,&'-#%(;$&?.+#+(0&('#"#$(-.66(B%(#?&0.&'*6(.?;56+#(*I*.'n(.'(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(
,&'-#%(*;;#*$+(.'(/5'85'k+(6*.$(*'8(+*"#+(*66(0)#(:).68$#'(B%(:)*''#6.'I(;&M#$(9$&?().+(
9##6.'I+(&9(*'I#$(*'8(;*.'P(X&0)($#+&650.&'+(&::5$(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;.'I(
^(B50(.'(0M&(&;;&+.'I(8.$#:0.&'+P(L9(M#(6&&-(*0(0)#+#(;*$*66#6(+:#'#+(.'(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(
?&".#(9$&?(*(I#'#$*6.N#8(;#$+;#:0."#K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(0#T0(,&'-#%($#+&6"#8(0)#(:&'96.:0(
B%(B#:&?.'I(?&$#(#?&0.&'*66%(:&'0*.'#8K(M)#$#*+(0)#(?&".#(,&'-#%($#I*.'#8(0)#(,&'-k+(
(
mJ(
9$.#'8+).;(*'8(0$5+0(B%($#8.+:&"#$.'I().+(+#'+#(&9(#?;*0)%(*'8(*66&M.'I().+(#?&0.&'+(0&(
96&MP(L'(0)#(&;;&+.'I(&50:&?#+(&9(0)&+#(0M&(:)*$*:0#$48#"#6&;?#'0(+:#'#+K(M#(:*'(+##(*(
+0*$-(8.99#$#':#(.'(0)#("*65#(;6*:#8(&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.'(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#(
$#+;#:0."#6%P(((
L'(I#'#$*6K(0).+(+:#'#(?*$-+(0)#(:)*'I#(.'(*00.058#(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(
9.'*66%(:&'9.$?.'I(0)*0(0)#(8.$#:0&$+()#$#(.'0#'8(&'(;.:05$.'I(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(.'(*(
'#I*0."#(6.I)0K(*+(&;;&+#8(0&(9&66&M.'I(0)#(0#T0k+("*65#+(0)*0(*8"&:*0#(9&$(*().I)(8#I$##(&9(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(Q)#(,&'-#%()#$#(.+(*'(*::5$*0#(#?B&8.?#'0(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YP(Q)#(8.$#:0&$+(8#6.B#$*0#6%(8#;.:0(0)#(`)#*$0(?&'-#%bK(
$#;$#+#'0.'I(!,gQLg=7K(*+(+&?#&'#(M)&(.+(:&'9.'#8(0&(*'(.'0#$'*6(3g=Q2L=!Y(0)*0(
).'8#$+().?(9$&?(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P(/&M#"#$K(.'+0#*8(&9(;&$0$*%.'I(0)*0(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(M.0)(;$*.+#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(:)&&+#(0&($#"#*6(5'8#$6%.'I(;$&B6#?+(0)*0(&::5$(
*+(0)#($#+560(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(*'8(0)#%(+0*I#(*(:&'96.:0(+.?.6*$(0&(0)*0(&9(0)#(0#T0(0&(
#T).B.0(0).+(;$&B6#?P(L'(&$8#$(0&(#T*?.'#(0)#('*05$#(&9(0).+(:&'96.:0(9$&?(0)#(;#$+;#:0."#(&9(
0M&(:6*+).'I("*65#+K(M#(?5+0(5'8#$+0*'8(0)#(+.I'.9.:*':#(&9(0)#(,&'-k+(:)*$*:0#$(*+(M#66(*+(
).+(.'0#$*:0.&'+(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%P(
(
CHARACTERS:!MONK! !
(
(L'(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-(.+(0)#(?&+0(;$&?.'#'0(:)*$*:0#$(M)&(
#+0*B6.+)#+(*($#6*0.&'+).;(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%P(g"#$*66K(0)#(,&'-(+#$"#+(*+(*'(#++#'0.*6(
;*0)M*%(0&(5'8#$+0*'8.'I(0)#(?&'-#%P(7;#:.9.:*66%K(0)#(,&'-(95':0.&'+(*+(*(?.$$&$(*+(M#66(
*+(*($&6#(?&8#6(0&(0)#(,&'-#%(^(.'(B&0)('*$$*0."#+K(0)#(,&'-#%(*:).#"#+().+(9.'*6(I&*6(*'8(
&B0*.'+(;&M#$(0)$&5I)(9&66&M.'I(0)#(,&'-k+(9&&0+0#;+(*'8(B#:&?.'I(?&$#(6.-#(0)#(,&'-P(
(
m_(
L'(#++#':#K(0)#(,&'-(M*+(?5:)(?&$#(+0*0.:(0)*'(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(0#$?+(&9(:)*$*:0#$(+#00.'I(^(
.0(+##?+(*+(.9(0)#(,&'-(*6M*%+(+#$"#8(*+(*(;#$9#:0K(?#'0&$46.-#(I&*6(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(M&$-(
0&M*$8+K(*'8(#"#$%(+0#;()#(0*-#+(0&(B#:&?#(?&$#(6.-#(0)#(,&'-(M.66(6#*8().?(0&(0)#(;&M#$(
&9(#'6.I)0#'?#'0P(L'(05$'K(0)#(,&'-().?+#69(8&#+('&0(8#"#6&;(+.I'.9.:*'06%(.'(0#$?+(&9(
;#$+&'*6.0%P((
Q&(B#I.'K(.'(0)#(0#T0K(0)#(,&'-(*;;#*$+(#*$6%(&'(*+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(?#'0&$P(/#(.+(0)#(
&'#(M)&(9.$+0($#6#*+#8(0)#(,&'-#%(9$&?(0)#(?&5'0*.'(0)*0(M*+(.?;$.+&'.'I().?K(*+(M#66(*+(
M)&(9.'*66%(6#*8(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(X588).+0(#'6.I)0#'?#'0P(Q)$&5I)(6#*$'.'I(*B&50(0)#(
:560."*0.&'(&9(:*6?(0)$&5I)(0)#(,&'-(*'8(#'85$.'I(0)#(,&'-k+(8.+:.;6.'*$%(;5'.+)?#'0+(&9(
0)#()&&;40.I)0#'.'I(+;#66K(0)#(,&'-#%(M*+(9.'*66%(*B6#(0&(:&'0$&6().+(#?&0.&'+(*'8(B#:&?#(
*(X588)*(B%(0)#(#'8(&9(0)#(S&5$'#%P(C*$0.:56*$6%($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'+K(0)#(,&'-(;$#+#'0+(0)#(
;#$9#:0(#T*?;6#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(B%(B#.'I(:*6?K(:&&6)#*8#8(*'8(6&I.:*6n(0)#(?*.'(
:&'96.:0+(.'(0)#($#6*0.&'+).;(B#0M##'(0)#(,&'-(*'8(0)#(,&'-#%(*$#(*6+&(5+5*66%(M.0)(
$#+;#:0(0&(0)#.$(8.99#$#'0(*;;$&*:)#+(0&(#?&0.&'+P(U.0)(0)#(0#T0(+0$&'I6%(*8"&:*0.'I(9&$(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(0)#(M*%(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(*:).#"#(0)#(;&M#$(&9(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(M*+(
0&(B#:&?#(#T*:06%(6.-#(0)#(,&'-P(
/&M#"#$K(.'(0)#(?&".#K(*60)&5I)(0)#(,&'-(.+(;&$0$*%#8(*+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(#D5*6(9$.#'8(((
.'+0#*8(&9(*(?#'0&$K()#(+0.66(+#$"#+(*+(*'(#T#?;6*$(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(:&'"#%.'I(0)#("*65#+(
0)*0(*$#(.?;&$0*'0P(Q).+(0.?#K(#"#'(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%(*00#?;0.'I(0&($#I*.'().+(;)%+.:*6(
;&M#$+(.'+0#*8(&9(#'6.I)0#'?#'0K(0)#(,&'-#%(+0.66(*:D5.$#+(0)*0(;&M#$(0)$&5I)(B#:&?.'I(
?&$#(6.-#(0)#(,&'-K(*(;$#:.+#(;*$*66#6(0&(0)*0($#6*0.&'+).;(8#"#6&;?#'0(.'(0)#(0#T0P(
3&'+#D5#'06%K(*+(0)#("*65#+(0)#(,&'-(#'8&$+#+(:)*'I#(9$&?(B&&-(0&(?&".#K(0)#(
#T;#:0*0.&'+(;6*:#8(5;&'(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(*6+&(*;;#*$(8.99#$#'0P(,&+0(
(
ml(
+.I'.9.:*'06%K(.'+0#*8(&9(8#;.:0.'I(0)#(,&'-(*+(*'(#?&0.&'*66%(+5;;$#++#8(:)*$*:0#$K(0)#(
8.$#:0&$+(:)&&+#(0&(?*-#().?("#$%(#?&0.&'*66%(#T;$#++."#P(L'(&$8#$(0&(#T#:50#(0).+(.8#*K(0)#(
8.$#:0&$+(#"#'(8#6.B#$*0#6%(*60#$(0)#(*I#(&9(0)#(,&'-K(?*-.'I().?(*(6.006#(B&%P(Q)#('*05$*6(
+#00.'I(.'(*I#(+?&&0)6%(0$*'+.0+(0)#(,&'-(9$&?(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(0&(#?&0.&'(
#T;$#++."#'#++K(*+(:).68$#'(*$#(0%;.:*66%(#T;#:0#8(0&(#T#$0(6#++(:&'0$&6(&"#$(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+P((
( >5$0)#$?&$#K(0)#(?&".#(:)*$*:0#$.N#+(0)#(,&'-(*+(+&?#&'#(M)&(6&"#+(6#I#'8*$%(
)#$&#+($*0)#$(0)*'(*(8.6.I#'0(+058#'0(.'"#+0#8(.'(X588).+0(0#*:).'I+P(!"#'(.'(0)#(B#I.''.'I(
+:#'#+(&9(0)#(?&".#K(M#(+##(0)#(,&'-k+(#68#$(?#'0&$(+:&68.'I().?(9&$(0).+(#T*:0(B#)*".&$P(
Q)$&5I)&50(0)#(#'0.$#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-(*6+&(:*$$.#+(*$&5'8(*(+0599#8(*'.?*6(.'(0)#(+)*;#(&9(
*(?&'-#%K(0&($#;$#+#'0(0)#(`I$#*0()#$&(,&'-#%(Z.'Ib(.'().+()#*$0P(Q).+(+0599#8(*'.?*6(
*;;#*$+(?5:)(?&$#(#'8#*$.'I(0&().?(0)*'(&0)#$(.0#?+()#(&M#+(M.0)(?&$#(X588).+0(
+.I'.9.:*':#P(/#$#K(B%(8&M';6*%.'I(0)#(*++&:.*0.&'+(B#0M##'(X588).+0("*65#+(*'8(0)#(
,&'-K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(S5+0.9%(0)#(,&'-k+().I)(*99#:0(+0*0#(*'8(05$'().?(*M*%(9$&?(0)#(
#T;#:0*0.&'+(5+5*66%(:&''#:0#8(0&(X588).+?K('*?#6%(0)#(:560."*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0$&6P(
Q)$&5I)(0)&+#(*00#?;0+K(0)#(*58.#':#(.+(0)5+(*B6#(0&($#+&'*0#(M.0)(0)#(*60#$#8(
:)*$*:0#$.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(,&'-(+.I'.9.:*'06%(B#00#$K(;*$0.:56*$6%().+(;$#9#$#':#(9&$(#?&0.&'(
#T;$#++.&'P((
,*'%('*$$*0."#(0#:)'.D5#+(:*$$%(&"#$(9$&?(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-(0&(0)#(?&".#K(.':658.'I(
0)#(5+#(&9(0)#(,&'-(0&(+#$"#(*+(*(?.$$&$(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%P(Q)#(:&'0$*+0(B#0M##'(0)&+#(0M&(
:)*$*:0#$+(&90#'($#+560(.'(:&'96.:0K(*'8(560.?*0#6%(?&0."*0#+(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(:)*'I#(*'8(
B#:&?#(?&$#(6.-#(0)#(,&'-P(U)#'(0)#(0#T0(,&'-($#96#:0+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(6*:-(&9(+#694:&'0$&6(
.'(#?&0.&'+K(0)#(?&".#(,&'-(*:05*66%($#96#:0+(0)#(&;;&+.0#(^(0)#(,&'-#%k+(6*:-(&9(#?&0.&'+(
*'8(#?;*0)%P(7.':#(0)#(,&'-(95':0.&'+(*+(*($&6#(?&8#6(*:$&++(B&0)('*$$*0."#+(9&$(0)#(
(
mf(
,&'-#%(0&(6#*$'(9$&?K(#+;#:.*66%(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'K(0)#(?&".#(,&'-#%(*6+&(:&?#+(&50(&9(
0)#(&0)#$(#'8(&9(0)#(S&5$'#%K(*:D5.$.'I(0)#('#M("*65#(0)*0(#?&0.&'(#T;$#++.&'(.+(B#00#$(
0)*'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(M).:)()#()*+(0*-#'(9$&?(0)#(,&'-P(
g"#$*66K(9$&?(#T*?.'.'I(0)#(-#%(:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(&9(0)#(,&'-K(M#(:*'(8#0#$?.'#(0)#(
?&+0(8#+.$#8("*65#+(.'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(0)#('*$$*0."#K(.'(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#P(Q)#(
,&'-(.'(0)#(?&".#(*;;#*$+(*+(*("#$%(#T;$#++."#(:)*$*:0#$(0)*0(+).#+(*M*%(9$&?(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0K(M).:)(.+(*(+0*$-(:&'0$*+0(M.0)(0)#(,&'-(.'(0)#(0#T0P(Q).+(.+(+.?.6*$(0&(0)#(:*+#(
&9(0)#(,&'-#%K(M)&(+M.0:)#+(9$&?(0)#(.?;56+."#K($*+)K()#$&.:(`c$#*0(7*I#(!D5*6(0&(/#*"#'b(
.'(0)#(0#T0(0&(0)#(8#0*:)#8K(I6&&?%(,&'-#%(M)&(*:0."#6%(*"&.8+(#?&0.&'+(*'8()#$&.:(*:0+P(
L'(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-#%(I*.'+(*'(*M*$#'#++(&9(0)#(96*M+(.'().+("*65#+(
0)$&5I)(8.$#:0(:&'96.:0(M.0)(0)#(,&'-K(*+(.9(0)#(,&'-(.+(*(?.$$&$(0&($#96#:0(0).'I+(0)*0(0)#(
,&'-#%(.+(6*:-.'IP(Q)#(,&'-#%(5+5*66%($#*6.N#+(*(8.99#$#':#(B#0M##'(0)#(,&'-k+("*65#+(*'8(
).+(&M'("*65#+K(*'8(I$*85*66%(I$&M+(0&(*8&;0(0)#(,&'-k+("*65#+P(g'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(
0)$&5I)(.'0#$*:0.&'+(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%K(0)#(,&'-(.+(*B6#(0&(0#*:)(0)#(,&'-#%().+(&M'(
"*65#+K(;*$0.:56*$6%($#I*$8.'I(M)#0)#$(#?&0.&'+(+)&568(B#(:&'0*.'#8K(*'8(.'+0.66(0)&+#(
"*65#+(.'(0)#(,&'-#%P((
((
MOTIF!OF!THE!GOLDEN!HOOP!
(
Q)#(?&".#(.')#$.0+(0)#(-#%(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(9$&?(0)#(0#T0K(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(*+(M#66(*+(0)#(:#'0$*6(?&0.9(0)*0(.+(50.6.N#8(0&(6.0#$*6.N#(
.0(^(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(0)*0(:&'+0$*.'+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(;&M#$P(Y#05$'.'I(0&(0)#(:&??#'0*$%(&9(
;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.K(0)#(I&68#'()&&;(+#$"#+(*+(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(+.I'.9.:*'0(.'8.:*0&$+(&9(0)#(
:)*'I#+(?*8#(.'(0)#(?&".#P((
(
mH(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
Q)#()&&;(9.$+0(*;;#*$+(M)#'(75'(U5-&'I(#+:*;#+(9$&?(0)#(:*"#(5'8#$(0)#()#6;(&9(
0)#(,&'-P(L9(M#(05$'(0&(0)#(9.$+0(".+5*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#()&&;(.'(0)#(0#T0K(0)#()&&;(.+(:6#"#$6%(
8.++#?B6#8(B%(0)#(B#*50.956()*0K(*'8(75'(U5-&'I(:)&&+#(0&(;50(0)#()*0(&'K(0$.:-#8(B%(.0+(
B#*50%P(7.':#(0)#()*0(:&?#+(9$&?(0)#(c5*'%.'(B&8).+*00"*()#$+#69(0&(;$&0#:0(0)#(,&'-(9$&?(
75'(U5-&'Ik+(0)$#*0#'.'I(*'8(5':&'0$&66#8(;&M#$K(.0($#;$#+#'0+(*'(#'6.I)0#'#8(M.+8&?(
0)*0(:&5'0#$*:0+(*I*.'+0(0)#(5'0*?#8K(+*"*I#('*05$#(&9(0)#(,&'-#%P(Q)#(c5*'%.'(
B&8).+*00"*k+(;&+.0."#(:&''&0*0.&'+(*+(*(;$&?.'#'06%(M&$+).;;#8(X588).+0(9.I5$#(95$0)#$(
0).+(+;.66&"#$(#99#:0(0&M*$8+(0)#()&&;(.0+#69P(Q).+(;$.?*$.6%(*++&:.*0#+(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0(M.0)(*(;&+.0."#('*05$#(*'8(;$&?;0+(0)#($#*8#$+(0&(".#M(0)#()&&;(*+(*(
'#:#++*$%(*'8($#6.*B6#(-#%(9&$(0)#(,&'-(0&(0$*.'().+()#*$0(?&'-#%P((
L'(0)#(?&".#K(*60)&5I)(0)#()&&;(+0.66(;6*%+(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(+.I'.9.:*'0($&6#+K(.0+(
#T0#$'*6(*;;#*$*':#('&(6&'I#$(+5II#+0+(0)#(+*?#(.8#*P((Q)#(9.6?(+5II#+0+(*(:)*'I#(.'(
*00.058#(0&M*$8(0)#()&&;(9$&?(0)#("#$%(9.$+0(+)&01(.'+0#*8(&9(*(8#6.:*0#()*0K(6*%#$+(&9()#*"%(
:)*.'+('&M(?*+-(0)#()&&;P(Q)#(+%?B&6(&9(:)*.'+(.')#$#'06%(#"&-#+(*(+#'+#(&9(:&'+0$*.'0(
*'8(.?;$.+&'?#'01(0).+(.?*I#$%(+0.$+('#I*0."#(9##6.'I+(M.0).'(0)#(*58.#':#K(6#*8.'I(0)#?(0&(
(
mm(
+##(0)#()&&;(;$.?*$.6%(*+(*(:599(0)*0(0*-#+(*M*%(9$##8&?(*'8(.'85:#+(;*.'K(.'+0#*8(&9(*(
5+#956(^(*'8($#6.I.&5+6%(+*':0.&'#8(^(8.+:.;6.'*$%(0&&6P(,&$#&"#$K(0)#(?&".#(+).#+(*M*%(
9$&?(8.+:5++.'I(0)#(&$.I.'(&9(0).+()&&;(B%(8#6.B#$*0#6%(-##;.'I(.0+(;5$;&+#(*?B.I5&5+(*'8(
M#*-#'.'I(0)#(c5*'%.'(B&8).+*00"*k+($&6#(.'(0).+(#'0.$#('*$$*0."#P(Q)#$#9&$#K(0)#(;&+.0."#(
*99#:0+(0)*0(0)#(*58.#':#(?*%(B#*$(0&M*$8+(0)#(c5*'%.'(B&8).+*00"*(M&568('&(6&'I#$(
+;.66&"#$(*'8(.'965#':#(0)#.$(&;.'.&'+(&9(0)#()&&;P(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
Q)#(8.$#:0&$+(*I*.'()#.I)0#'(0)#(+0$&'I('#I*0."#(+#'+#(&9(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)$&5I)(
5+.'I(0)#()&&;(*+(*(-#%(;6&0(8#".:#P(L'(75'(U5-&'Ik+(8#B50(B*006#(+:#'#(.'(0)#(?&".#K()#(.+(
+5;;&+#8(0&(9.I)0(0)#($&:-(I.*'0(*'8(;$&0#:0(0)#(,&'-(*+(M#66(*+().?+#69K(%#0(0)#()&&;(8$*I+(
).?(0&(0)#(I$&5'8(S5+0(*+()#(M*+(*B&50(0&($#6#*+#().+(;&M#$+K(:*5+.'I(0)#($&:-(I.*'0(0&(
*:).#"#(*(0#?;&$*$%(".:0&$%P(Q).+(.':.8#'0(.+(.'(+0*$-(:&'0$*+0(0&(0)#(&$.I.'*6(+0&$%P(L'(0)#(
+0&$%K(0)#()&&;(:*'(&'6%(B#(*:0."*0#8(M)#'(0)#(,&'-($#:.0#+(0)#()&&;40.I)0#'.'I(+;#66(
\&0)#$M.+#(-'&M'(*+(0)#()#*$0(:*6?.'I(+;#66]K(*'8(.0(95':0.&'+(0&(+&6#6%(+#$"#(0)#(,&'-k+(
.'0#$#+0(.'(0*?.'I(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(:&'0#T0+(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(.+(&"#$6%(#?&0.&'*6P(L'(&0)#$(
(
mR(
M&$8+K(0)#()&&;(+#$"#+(*+(0)#(,&'-k+(?%+0#$.&5+(I*8I#0(0&(:&'0*.'().+()#*$0(?&'-#%K(*'8(.0(
.+(5+#8(*0(0)#(,&'-k+(M.66P(O#0(.'(0)#(?&".#K(0)#()&&;(+##?+(0&(B#*$(*(+&6#(I&*6(0&($#+0$*.'(
0)#(,&'-#%K(8#+;.0#(0)#(I."#'(:&'0#T0P(>5$0)#$?&$#K(0)#(,&'-(8&#+('&0()*"#(*::#++(0&(0)#(
)&&;(^(.'+0#*8(&9(B#.'I(;$&0#:0#8(B%(0)#()&&;(M)#'(0)#(,&'-#%($#6#*+#+(5':&'0$&66#8(
*'I#$(*'8($*+)'#++K(0)#()&&;(6.0#$*66%(:*5+#+(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(6&+#().+(;&M#$+(#"#'(M)#'()#(
.+(0$%.'I(0&(;$&0#:0(+&?#&'#K(M).:)(8.$#:06%(;50+(0)#(,&'-(.'(8*'I#$P(3&?;*$#8(0&()&M(0)#(
,&'-(.+(0$*.'.'I().+()#*$0(?&'-#%(5+.'I(0)#()&&;(.'(0)#(0#T0K(0)#()&&;(.'(0)#(?&".#(
*;;#*$+(?5:)(?&$#(6.-#(*(B5$8#'(0)*0(B&0)(0)#(,&'-(*'8(,&'-#%(M*'0(0&(&"#$:&?#P(
Q)#$#(*$#(#"#'(.'+0*':#+(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-(0$.#+(0&($#?&"#(0)#()&&;(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%K(B50(
9*.6+(B#:*5+#()#(8&#+('&0(-'&M()&MP(Q)#(8#6.B#$*0#(8.+*++&:.*0.&'(B#0M##'(0)#(,&'-(*'8(
0)#()&&;()#.I)0#'+(0)#(8.$#:0&$+k(:)&.:#(0&(:)*'I#(0)#(;&+.0."#(*++&:.*0.&'+(M.0)(0)#()&&;+(
.'0&('#I*0."#(&'#+P(/#$#K(&':#(M#(+##(&5$(;$&0*I&'.+0+(+05:-(.'(8*'I#$(85#(0&(0)#().'8$*':#(
&9(0)#()&&;K(M#(*$#(0)#'(95$0)#$(:&'8.0.&'#8(0&(".#M(0)#()&&;(*+(*'(#T:#++."#(*''&%*':#P((
Q).+(*:0.&'(&9(*'0*I&'.N.'I(0)#()&&;(8#?&'+0$*0#+(*(".#M(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(
:&'0$*8.:0&$%(0&(M)*0(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-+()*"#(;$#+#'0#8P(
(
RF(
(
\Q.*'K(EFGl]( (
Q)#(9.'*6(B5.685;(&9(0)#()&&;k+('#I*0."#(:&''&0*0.&'(*;;#*$+(.'(0)#(6*+0(9#M(+:#'#+K(
M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(0).'-+(0)*0(0)#(,&'-()*+(8.#8(0$%.'I(0&(+*"#().?(9$&?(0)#(".66*.'(
/5'85'P(/&M#"#$K(S5+0(*+()#(M*+(*B&50(0&($#6#*+#().+(;&M#$+(*'8(9.I)0(/5'85'(0&()&'&$(
0)#(,&'-K().+()&&;(&':#(*I*.'($#+0$*.'+().+(;&M#$(*'8(8$*I+().?(0&(0)#(I$&5'8P(L'(0).+(
+:#'#K(0)#(8.$#:0(;&$0$*%*6(&9(0)#(,&'-#%k+(#?&0.&'*6(+0*0#(;*$*66#6+(0)#(:)*'I#+(.'(0)#(
)&&;P(>.$+06%K(0).+(.+(*(:$5:.*6(?&?#'0(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(8#?&'+0$*0#+(*'(&50B5$+0(&9(
#?&0.&'+K(?*$-#8(B%().+($&*$+(&9(;*.'K(*'I#$(*'8(9$5+0$*0.&'P(L'(9*:0K(0).+(.+(&'#(&9(0)#(9#M(
?&?#'0+(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(+0&;+("#.6.'I().+(#?&0.&'+(0&M*$8+(0)#(,&'-(*'8(;$&S#:0.'I(
8#6.B#$*0#(*6&&9'#++P(Q).+(?&?#'0(*6+&(:&?;6#0#+(0)#('*$$*0."#(&9(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(,&'-k+(
9$.#'8+).;K(M)#$#(0)#(,&'-#%(.+(9.'*66%(9&$:#8(0&(:&'9$&'0().+(8##;K()#*$09#60(#?&0.&'+(
0&M*$8+(0)#(,&'-P(L'(0).+(:*+#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(9&:5+(&'(0)#()&&;(*I*.'(0&(?.$$&$(0).+(
+.I'.9.:*'0(.'+0*':#(.'(0)#(#?&0.&'*6(8#"#6&;?#'0(&9(0)#(#'0.$#(?&".#P(Q)#(;*$*66#6(8$*M'(
(
RG(
B#0M##'(0)#(#?&0.&'*6(8#"#6&;?#'0(;6&0(*'8(0)#()&&;(?*-#+(0)#()&&;k+(?#0*;)&$.:*6(
?#*'.'I(#"#'(?&$#(#".8#'0P(
C*$0.:56*$6%K(.'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#(0&(0)#(,&'-#%k+($#6#*+#(&9().+(;$#".&5+6%(
+5;;$#++#8(#?&0.&'+K(96*?#+(#?#$I#(9$&?(0)#()&&;(*+(M#66P(Q).+(.+(*(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$K(!,gQLg=7(L7(>LY!K(M)#$#(0)#(+&5$:#(>LY!(8.$#:06%(#:)&#+(0)#(".+.B6#(
96*?#+P(7;#:.9.:*66%K(2=c!Y(L7(>LY!(+;#*-+(0&(0)#(+#00.'I(&9(0).+(:&'0#T0K(B#:*5+#(*'I#$(.+(
0)#(?&+0(;$&?.'#'0(#?&0.&'(M.0).'(0)#(,&'-#%()#$#P(Q)#(8#6.B#$*0#(;*$*66#6(B#0M##'(0).+(
.?*I#$%(*'8(0)#(,&'-#%k+(#?&0.&'*6(?&?#'0(.'(0)#(;6&0(*I*.'(+0$#'I0)#'+(0)#(:&''#:0.&'(
B#0M##'(0)#()&&;(?&0.9(*'8(#?&0.&'+P(q.#M.'I(0).+(+:#'#(.'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(&'(*(6.0#$*6(6#"#6K(0)#(9.$#(#'I569+(0)#()&&;K(%#0(0)#()&&;(
+0.66(?*'*I#+(0&(M.0)+0*'8(0)#(9#$&:.0%(&9(0)#(9.$#n(&'(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(6#"#6K(M)#'(0)#(
,&'-#%(0$.#+(0&(#T;$#++().+(#?&0.&'+K(0)#("*65#+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(&':#(*I*.'(
$#+0$*.'+(9$&?(8&.'I(+&K(*'8(9&$:#+().?(.'0&(:*6?'#++(*'8(:&'0$&6P(Q)#'K(M)#'(0)#(9.$#(
*6?&+0(+M*66&M+(0)#()&&;K(.0(.+(.8#'0.:*6(0&(0)#(,&'-#%k+(#?&0.&'+(6#*-.'I(&50(9$&?(5'8#$(
0)#(:&'0*.'#$(*'8(9.'*66%($#"#*6.'I(.0+(9&$?P(X$.8I#8(B%(0)#(0M&(-#%(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+K(
!,gQLg=7(L7(>LY!(*'8(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(0)#(6.0#$*6(
;&$0$*%*6()#$#(.'(0)#(?&".#(+:#'#(.+(#++#'0.*66%(.'0#$:)*'I#*B6#(M.0)(0)#(:&':#;0+(&9(
!,gQLg=7P((
<*+06%K(0).+(9.'*6(+:#'#(:&?;6#0#+(0)#('#I*0."#(B5.685;(0&M*$8+(0)#()&&;P(7.':#(0)#(
,&'-()*+(*6M*%+(B##'(;&$0$*%#8(*+(0)#(?&".#k+(;$.?*$%()#$&(0&M*$8+(0)#(*58.#':#K(.0(.+(
'*05$*6(9&$(?*'%(;#&;6#(0&(8#"#6&;(9&'8'#++(*'8(#?;*0)%(9&$().?P(2+()#(8.#+(.'(0).+(+:#'#K(
0)#(*58.#':#(.+(;$&I$*??#8(0&(#?;*0).N#(M.0)(0)#(,&'-#%(*'8(?&5$'(&"#$(0)#(,&'-k+(
8#*0)K(?*'%(&9(M).:)(M.66(6&'I(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(0&(-.66(/5'85'(*'8(*"#'I#(0)#(,&'-P(L'(0).+(
(
RE(
:*+#K(M)#'(0)#(*58.#':#($#*6.N#(0)*0(.+(.0(#T*:06%(0)#()&&;(0)*0()*+(B##'().'8#$.'I(0)#(
,&'-#%(9$&?(;#$9&$?.'I(0)#()#$&.:(*:0(0)*0(0)#%(*66(M*'0#8(0&(+##()*;;#'K(0)#.$(&;.'.&'(
0&M*$8+(0)#()&&;(:*'()*$86%(B#(;&+.0."#P(20(0).+(;&.'0K(0)#()&&;()*+(9.'*66%(6&+0(*66(&9(.0+(
;&+.0."#(:&''&0*0.&'+(&9(8.+:.;6.'#(*'8(.'+0#*8(S&.'+(0)#(0#*?(&9(0)#(;#$;#0$*0&$+K(M)&(8&(
'&0).'I(.'(0)#(?&".#(#T:#;0(0&(:$#*0#(&B+0*:6#+(9&$(0)#(;$&0*I&'.+0+P(3&'+#D5#'06%K(M#(+##(
0)#(8.$#:0&$+k(".#M(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)$&5I)()&M(0)#(6.0#$*6.N#8(+&5$:#(9&$(
3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(8#;.:0#8P(Q)#$#9&$#K(M).6#($#*8.'I(0)#(0#T0K(0)#(*58.#':#(?*%(B#(9*$(?&$#(
5'8#$+0*'8.'I(0&M*$8+(0)#()&&;(*'8(0)#(+;#66K($#:&I'.N.'I(0)*0(8#+;.0#(0)#(;*.'(.0(.'85:#+K(
.0(.+(*'(#++#'0.*6(;*$0(&9(8.+:.;6.'#(0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%(?5+0(#'85$#(.'(&$8#$(0&(*:).#"#(
#'6.I)0#'?#'0(*+(M#66(*+(0)#(8#+.$#8K(X588)*46.-#(#?&0.&'*6(:*6?'#++P(/&M#"#$K(M).6#(
M*0:).'I(0)#(?&".#K(I."#'(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0.:(6.I)0(0)*0(0)#()&&;()*+(:&'+.+0#'06%(B##'(5'8#$K(
0)#(*58.#':#(M&568(B#(6.-#6%(0&()*"#(*(?5:)().I)#$(#?;*0)%(0&M*$8+(0)#(,&'-#%(*+(0)#%(
M.0'#++().+(+0$5II6#+(*'8(;*.'(:*5+#8(B%(0)#()&&;(0)$&5I)&50(0)#(?&".#P(>.'*66%K(5;&'(
$#*:).'I(0).+(+:#'#K(*90#$(+##.'I()&M(0)#()&&;(.'8.$#:06%(*66&M#8(0)#(,&'-k+(8#*0)(0&(0*-#(
;6*:#K(0)#(?*S&$.0%(&9(0)#(*58.#':#(M&568(.'(9*:0($&&0(9&$(0)#(,&'-#%(.'(0).+(B*006#(*I*.'+0(
0)#($#+0$*.'0(&9(0)#()&&;P(L'(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(+#'+#K(0)#(*58.#':#(M*'0+(0&(+##(0)#(,&'-#%(
B#:&?#(#?&0.&'*6(.'+0#*8(&9(:*6?(*'8(*6&&9K(*'8(#"#'(5+#(0)*0(#?&0.&'(0&(95#6().+(?*I.:*6(
;&M#$+(0&(*:).#"#($#"#'I#P(L'(#++#':#K(0)#(;&+.0."#(&$('#I*0."#(:&''&0*0.&'(*++.I'#8(0&(0)#(
)&&;(.'(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#(:*5+#+(0)#(*58.#':#(0&(#.0)#$(+5;;&$0(&$(:$.0.:.N#(#?&0.&'*6(
+5;;$#++.&'P(
(
(
RJ(
\Q.*'K(EFGl]( (
Q&(95$0)#$(0)#(8.99#$#':#(.'(0)#(*00.058#(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0K(0)#(+0&$%(.'(
0)#(?&".#($#I*$8.'I(0)#()&&;(B#I.'+(0&(8."#$I#()#$#(9$&?(0)#(0#T0k(&$.I.'*6(;*0)P(Q).+(
.':658#+(0)#(B$#*-.'I(&9(*(+.I'.9.:*'0($56#(^(.'(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-+K(0)#()&&;K(5'8#$(0)#(+;#66(
&9(0)#(c5*'%.'(X&8).+*00"*K()*+(*6M*%+(B##'(5'8#9#*0*B6#P(L0(#T#$0#8(#99#:0."#(.'965#':#(&'(
0)#(,&'-#%(8#+;.0#(0)#(:&'0#T0(.'(M).:)(.0(M*+(5+#8(^('&(?*00#$(.9(0)#(,&'-#%(M*+(
0)$&M.'I(*(0*'0$5?(&$(.9(0)#(,&'-(+.?;6%(0)&5I)0(0)*0()#(M*+(8.+&B#%.'I(&$8#$+P(L'(9*:0K(
M#($#;#*0#86%(M.0'#++()&M(0)#(,&'-#%(0$.#+(0&(9.I)0(B*:-(*'8(:&?;6*.'(*B&50(0)#(+;#66K(B50(
'#"#$(+5::##8+P((
Q&(:&?;6#0#6%(0M.+0(0)#(&$.I.'*6(B&&-+k(&506&&-(&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*$&5'8K(
0)#(8.$#:0&$+('&0(&'6%(;5$;&+#9566%(;*.'0#8(0)#()&&;(.'(*('#I*0."#(6.I)0(9$&?(0)#("#$%(
B#I.''.'IK(B50(*6+&(0*-#+(*M*%(.0+(5'8#9#*0*B6#(D5*6.0%P(Q).+(+:#'#(9.'*66%(I."#+(0)#(
*58.#':#(*(I6##956(?&?#'0(M)#'(0)#(,&'-#%(B#*$+(0)#(;*.'(&9(0)#()&&;K(+0*'8+(5;(+6&M6%K(
*'8(*:05*66%(+)*00#$+(0)#()&&;(.'0&(+?*66(+)*$8+(*+()#($#6#*+#+().+(;&M#$P(Q)#(+)*00#$.'I(&9(
0)#()&&;K(.'(0).+(:6.?*TK(.+(*'(#T0$#?#6%(+%?B&6.:(?&?#'0(0)*0(?*$-+(0)#(500#$($#S#:0.&'(&9(
(
R_(
0)#(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(;&$0$*%#8(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0bP(2I*.'K(.9(M#(".#M(0)#(#'0.$#(
;&$0$*%*6(&9(`0)#()#*$0(?&'-#%(M)&(M#*$+(*(;&M#$4:&'0$&66.'I()&&;b(*+(0)#(6.0#$*6(
#?B&8.?#'0(&9(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(
3g=Q2L=!YK(0)#'(.0(.+(+;#:.9.:*66%()#.I)0#'#8(&'(0)#(+#'+#(&9(+0$.:0(:&'0*.'?#'0(*+(
&;;&+#8(0&(0)#(M*%(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.+(5+5*66%(5+#8(.'(U#+0#$'(:5605$#K(M).:)(
&90#'(6&&+#'+(5;(0)#(B&5'8*$.#+(&9(+5:)(:&'0*.'?#'0P(/#$#K(0)$&5I)(+)*00#$.'I(0)#()&&;K(
M#(:*'(8.+0.'I5.+)(*(-#%(*00$.B50.&'(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(
.'(0)#(:&'0#T0(&9(0).+(?&".#1(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(*$#('&0(+.?;6%(0$%.'I(0&(:$#*0#(*('*$$*0."#(0)*0(
#?B&8.#+(0)#(U#+0#$'4&$.#'0#8("#$+.&'(&9(0).+(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$n(.'+0#*8K(0)#%(;&$0$*%(
0)#(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#4&$.#'0#8("*65#(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(9.$+0K(*'8(0)#'(+)&M(0)#.$(
*:0."#($#S#:0.&'(B%(+)*00#$.'I(0)#()&&;(.'(0)#(:6.?*T(+:#'#(&9(0)#(?&".#P(L'(&0)#$(M&$8+K(
.'+0#*8(&9(:&?.'I(.'(M.0)(;$#:&':#;0.&'+(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*'8(;#$;#05*0.'I(.0(
0)$&5I)&50(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(*:05*66%(+)&M(0).+(8$*+0.:(:)*'I#(.'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(&'(+:$##'(.'(0)#(?&+0(;&M#$956(M*%P(;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.(
:6#*$6%(;.:-#8(5;(&'(0).+(8$*?*0.:($#".+.&'(M.0)(0)#.$(+0*0#?#'0(0)*0K(`0)#(?&+0(+)&:-.'I(
:)*'I#(.'(0)#(?&".#(.+()&M(0)#(,&'-#%(Z.'I(+)*00#$+().+(I&68#'()&&;(B%().?+#69(*'8(
$#I*.'.'I(9$##8&?b(\35.K(EFGl]P(Y.I)0(*0(0).+(?&?#'0K(0).+(+;#:.9.:(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(
+).90+(9$&?(.0+(&$.I.'*6(3).'#+#4&$.#'0#8(?#*'.'I(&"#$(0&(*('#M(U#+0#$'4&$.#'0#8(?#*'.'IP(
Q)#$#9&$#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+()#$#(*$#(*:05*66%(:$#*0.'I(*('*$$*0."#(0&('&0(&'6%(*;;#*6(0&(*(M.8#$(
L'0#$'*0.&'*6(*58.#':#K(B50(0&(*6+&(8#6.B#$*0#6%(:)*'I#(0)#(".#M+(&9(*(3).'#+#(*58.#':#(M)&(
)*+(?&+0(6.-#6%(B##'(#T;&+#8(0&(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*'8(.0+(#?B&8.#8("*65#+(6&'I(B#9&$#P(
(
(
Rl(
(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
>&66&M.'I(0)#(+)*00#$.'I(&9(0)#()&&;K(*(8#0*.6#8K(N&&?4.'(+)&0(.+(I."#'(0&(0)#(
,&'-#%k+(*$?K(M)#$#(0)#()&&;()*8K(.'(0)#(?&".#K(&$.I.'*66%(*;;#*$#8P((Q)#($#?*.'+(&9(0)#(
)&&;()*"#(.'(9*:0(0$*'+9&$?#8(.'0&(0)#(,&'-#%k+(;$&0#:0."#(*$?B*'8K(*'8(*(I6.??#$.'IK(
I&68#'(6.I)0(M*+)#+(&"#$(0)#(`)&&;bP(>.'*66%K(*+(0)#(,&'-#%(+0*'8+(5;(+0#*8.6%K(0)#(6.I)0(
(
Rf(
9*8#+(*M*%(6.-#(85+0P(/#$#K(0)#(I&68#'(6.I)0($#;$#+#'0+(*(+#'+#(&9('#M(B.$0)(*+(M#66(*+(
;&M#$P((
Q).+(+:#'#(95$0)#$+(0)#(:)*'I#(.'(0)#(;&$0$*%*6(&9(0)#()&&;(?&0.9K(*'8(.0(+#0+(*(
;#$9#:0(:&'0$*+0(M.0)(0)#(9.'*6(+:#'#(&9(0)#()&&;(.'(0)#(0#T0P(Q)#(0M&(8.99#$#'0(8.$#:0.&'+(
0)*0(0)#()&&;()*+(0*-#'(*$#(8#?&'+0$*0#8(0)$&5I)(0)#(9&$?+(0)*0(.0(560.?*0#6%(0*-#+1(.0(
B#:&?#+(.'".+.B6#(.'(0)#(0#T0K(*'8(.0($#?*.'+(M$*;;#8(*$&5'8(0)#(,&'-#%k+(B&8%(9&$(*(
8.99#$#'0(;5$;&+#(.'(0)#(?&".#P(>.$+0(&9(*66K(B%(0)#(#'8(&9(0)#(0#T0K(0)#(,&'-#%(*+-+(0)#(,&'-(
0&(0*-#(0)#()&&;(&99(9&$().?(+.':#()#()*+(*6$#*8%(B#:&?#(*(X588)*K(*'8(0)#(,&'-($#"#*6+(0&(
).?(0)*0(0)#()&&;()*+(.'(9*:0(*6$#*8%(8.+*;;#*$#8P(2+(?#'0.&'#8(.'(0)#(;$#".&5+(:)*;0#$K(
0).+(.'+0*':#(?*$-+(0)#(.'0#$'*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#()&&;P(290#$(0)#(,&'-#%(0$56%(6#*$'+()&M(0&(
:&'0$&6().+(#?&0.&'+K(0)#()&&;(B#:&?#+(*'(.'".+.B6#K(#0#$'*6(:&'+0$*.'0(&'().+()#*$0P(/#$#K(
0)#(:&'+0$*.'0()*+('#"#$($#*66%(8.+*;;#*$#8(^(.0(.+(S5+0(?*'.9#+0.'I(.'(*(8.99#$#'0(M*%(0)*0(
)#.I)0#'+(0)#(,&'-#%k+('#M(*:).#"#8(+#6948.+:.;6.'#(*'8(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(g'(0)#(
&0)#$()*'8K(.'(0).+(+:#'#K(M#(+##(*'&0)#$(.'+0*':#(&9()&&;(.'0#$'*6.N*0.&'(0)*0(*;;#*$+("#$%(
8.99#$#'0(9$&?(0)#(0#T0P(L'.0.*66%K(0)#(;5$;&+#(&9(0).+(.'0#$'*6.N*0.&'(.+(0)#(#T*:0(&;;&+.0#(0&(
0)#(0#T01(0)#()&&;K(.'+0#*8(&9(+#$".'I(*+(*'(#T0#$'*6(:&'+0$*.'0(0)*0(+0&;+(0)#(,&'-#%(9$&?(
;$&0#:0.'I(;#&;6#(*'8(#T;$#++.'I(#?&0.&'+K(.0()*+(*:05*66%(?&$;)#8(.'0&().+(*$?&$K(M).:)(
0)#'(05$'+(*$&5'8(0&(;$&0#:0().?(*'8()#6;().?($#6#*+#().+(;$#".&5+6%(:&'0$&66#8(;&M#$+(&9(
#?&0.&'+P(2I*.'K(.'($#9#$#':#(0&(0)#(:&??#'0*$%(9$&?(;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.K(`.'(0)#(0#T0K(M#(+##(
)&M()#(I&#+(9$&?(6&'I.'I(9&$(0)#(&50+.8#(M&$68(0&(6#*$'.'I()&M(0&(:&'0$&6().?+#69K(B50(.'(
0)#(?&".#K()#(.'+0#*8(+##-+(9&$(0)#(;&M#$(M.0).'(*'8(#?#$I#+(*+(*()#$&b(\35.K(EFGl]P(Q)#(
:&'0$*+0(B#0M##'(`6&'I.'I(9&$(0)#(&50+.8#(M&$68b(*'8(`+##-.'I(M.0).'b(+;#*-(0&(0).+(;$&:#++(
&9(.'0#$'*6.N*0.&'P(U)#'(+##-.'I(9&$(;&M#$(^(B#(.0(;)%+.:*6(+0$#'I0)(&$(+;.$.05*6(
(
RH(
#'6.I)0#'?#'0(^(0)#(,&'-#%(?5+0(#'85$#(*'8(&"#$:&?#(;*$0.:56*$()*$8+).;+P(L'(0)#(0#T0K(
0)#(,&'-#%(6#*$'+(0&(0*?#().+(.'0#$'*6(#?&0.&'+(85$.'I().+(S&5$'#%(0)$&5I)(0)#(M&$68n(
)&M#"#$(.'(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(,&'-#%(`+##-+(9&$(0)#(;&M#$(M.0).'b(B%(:)*''#6.'I().+(
;$#".&5+6%(:&':#*6#8(#?&0.&'+K(*'8(5+#+(0)*0(*+(0)#(+&5$:#(&9().+(;&M#$P(d'6.-#(0)#(0#T0K(
.'+0#*8(&9(*:D5.$.'I(+&?#0).'I('#M(+5:)(*+(0)#(X588).+0(+:$&66+(&9(#'6.I)0#'?#'0(0&(
#')*':#().+(;&M#$K(0)#(,&'-#%(8.+:&"#$+(0)*0()#()*+(0)&+#(;&M#$+()#(6&'I#8(9&$(*66(*6&'I(
^(0)#%(M#$#(+.?;6%(0)#(#?&0.&'+(B5$.#8(M.0).'(0)*0()#()*+($#;#*0#86%(.I'&$#8(&$(0$.#8(0&(
+5;;$#++P(
g"#$*66K(.'(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(.'0#$'*6.N*0.&'(&9(0)#()&&;(+#$"#+(*+(0)#(
?&+0(:$5:.*6(.'8.:*0&$(&9(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:)*$*:0#$(8#"#6&;?#'0(.'(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'P(L'(0)#(
0#T0K()#(*:).#"#+(*(9.'*6(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(^(0)#()&&;()*+(0*?#8().?(#'0.$#6%K(I$*'0.'I(
).?(0)#(*B.6.0%(0&(:&'0$&6().?+#69K(0)#$#9&$#(0)#$#(.+('&('##8(9&$(0)#()#6;(&9(*(".+.B6#()&&;P(
L'(0)#(?&".#K()&M#"#$K()#(*:).#"#+(*(9.'*6(#?&0.&'*6(&50B5$+0(^(.'+0#*8(&9(B#.'I(0*?#8(B%(
0)#()&&;K()#(05$'+(*$&5'8(*'8(0*?#+(0)#()&&;K(9.$+0(8#+0$&%.'I(.0(*'8(0)#'(.':&$;&$*0.'I(.0(
.'0&().+(&M'(;&M#$+P(L'(*(?#0*;)&$.:*6(+#'+#K(0)#(0M&('*$$*0."#+(*$#(+5II#+0.'I(
8$*?*0.:*66%(8.99#$#'0("*65#+1(M).6#(0)#(0#T0(.'8.:*0#(0)*0(;&M#$(:*'(&'6%(B#(*:D5.$#8(*90#$(
?*+0#$.'I(*'(500#$(:&'0$&6(&"#$(#?&0.&'+K(0)#(?&".#(.?;6.#+(0)*0(;&M#$(.+(*0(.0+(I$#*0#+0(
M)#'(&'#(6#*$'+(0&($#6#*+#(#?&0.&'+(*'8(5+#(0)&+#(#?&0.&'+(*+(95#6P((
L'0#$#+0.'I6%K(B&0)(0)#(0#T0(*'8(?&".#(+5II#+0(0)#(+*?#(&50:&?#(^(8#+;.0#()&M(
;&M#$(.+(*:).#"#8K(0)#(,&'-#%(M.66(*6M*%+(B#:&?#(0)#()#$&(&9(0)#(+0&$%(*90#$().+(S&5$'#%P(
2+(9&$(0)#(;&M#$(0)*0()#(*:D5.$#+K(.0(.+(:6&+#6%(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(0)#(+#'+#(&9(;$&0#:0.'I(*'8(
)#6;.'I(&0)#$(;#&;6#(.'(B&0)('*$$*0."#+P(Q).+(+5II#+0+(0)*0($#I*$86#++(&9()&M(#?&0.&'*6(
:&'0*.'?#'0(.+(;#$:#."#8(*'8(#?;6&%#8(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+K(B&0)(0)#(3).'#+#4&$.#'0#8(
(
Rm(
'*$$*0."#(*'8(*(U#+0#$'4&$.#'0#8('*$$*0."#K()5'8$#8+(&9(%#*$+(*;*$0K(o8#6p560.?*0#6%(+)*$#(
0)#(+*?#(:&$#("*65#+(&9()#$&.+?1(0&(8#9#*0(0)#(#".6(*'8(;$&0#:0(0)#(M#*-P(Q)*0("*65#('&0(
&'6%(0$*'+:#'8+(:5605$*6(B&5'8*$.#+K(B50(*6+&(0.?#P(
(
MOTIF!OF!FIRE!
(
( 2+(?#'0.&'#8(#*$6.#$K(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(L7(>LY!K(&$(+;#:.9.:*66%(
2=c!Y(L7(>LY!(;6*%+(*(;$&?.'#'0($&6#(.'(0)#(8#"#6&;?#'0(?&".#P(7.?.6*$(0&(0)#(M*%(0)*0(
0)#(I&68#'()&&;(?&0.9(#?B&8.#+(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!YK(M)#'(
0)#(.?*I#(&9(9.$#(*;;#*$+(.'(0)#(?&".#K(.0(*6+&(?#*'+(0&($#+#?B6#(#?&0.&'+P((
C$.?*$.6%K(M#(?5+0($#05$'(0&(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.0+#69(0&(8.+:5++(0).+(?&0.9P(X%(
*:-'&M6#8I.'I(!,gQLg=7(L7(>LY!(\2=c!Y(L7(>LY!]K(M#(*$#(:&?;*$.'I(0)#(0*$I#0(
!,gQLg=7(\2=c!Y](0&(0)#(+&5$:#(>LY!P(/#$#K(!,gQLg=7(*+(*("*I5#(:&':#;0(+)*$#(
+.?.6*$.0.#+(M.0)(0)#(:&':$#0#(#6#?#'0(&9(>LY!(0&(*(+.I'.9.:*'0(#T0#'0K(M.0)(+&?#(
:)*$*:0#$.+0.:+(;*.'0#8(M.0)(*('#I*0."#(6.I)01(B&0)(!,gQLg=7(*'8(>LY!(:&568(B#($#:&I'.N#8(
*+(8*'I#$&5+(*'8(5':&'0$&66*B6#P(Q).+(.+(#+;#:.*66%(;$&?.'#'0(.'(0)#(:*+#(&9(2=c!YK(M)#$#(
B&0)(2=c!Y(*'8(>LY!(:*$$%(*(8#I$##(&9(*II$#++."#'#++K(*+(0)#%(:&568(B&0)($#+560(.'()*$?(0&(
;#&;6#P(,&$#&"#$K(B&0)(!,gQLg=7(*'8(>LY!(:*'(B#(.'0#'+.9.#8(B%(*'(#T0#$'*6(+0.?565+(*'8(
:&'+#D5#'06%(I$&M(.'(#T0#'0K(+5:)(*+(0$.II#$+(0&(!,gQLg=7(*+(95#6+(0&(>LY!P(/&M#"#$K(&'(
0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(0)#('*05$#(&9(>LY!(*6+&(+5II#+0+(*(+#'+#(&9(;*++.&'K(M*$?0)(*+(M#66(*+(
;&M#$P(Q).+(0)#'(;$&".8#+(!,gQLg=7(M.0)(+&?#(?&$#(;&+.0."#(:&''&0*0.&'+(.'(0)#(#'0.$#(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(>LY!P(2I*.'K(B%(*'*6%N.'I(0)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(0).+(
:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(.'(0)#(?&".#(*+(*(+#$.#+(&9(".+5*6(?&0.9+K(M#(*$#(*B6#(0&(8#:.;)#$(0)#(
(
RR(
0*$I#0(!,gQLg=7(9$&?(0)#(+&5$:#(>LY!K(*'8(0)5+(:&?#(0&($#:&I'.N#(0)#(8.$#:0&$+k(&506&&-+(
*'8("*65#+(&'(#?&0.&'+(.'(I#'#$*6P(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
(
GFF(
\Q.*'K(EFGl](
Q)#(5+#(&9(9.$#(*+(*(?&0.9(6*$I#6%(&::5$+(.'(0)#(#'8.'I(:6.?*T(+:#'#(&9(0)#(?&".#K(
*90#$(0)#(,&'-#%()*+(+)*00#$#8().+()&&;(*'8(;&M#$9566%(#?B$*:#+(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'(
.'+0#*8(&9(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(Q)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(0)#(9.$#(?&0.9(&::5$+(+.?560*'#&5+6%(
*+(0)#(?&".#(;&$0$*%(0&(,&'-#%(0&(#T;#$.#':#(*($#*6(?&?#'0(&9(#?&0.&'*6(&50B5$+0K(M)#$#(
)#($&*$+(.'(;*.'(*B&50(0)#(6&++(&9().+(9$.#'8P(Q).+(6#*8+(5+(0&(:&'+.8#$(0)#(*++&:.*0.&'(
B#0M##'(0)#(?#0*;)&$.:*6(?#*'.'I(&9(0).+(?&0.9(*'8(#?&0.&'(#T;$#++.&'P((
L'(0)#(9.$+0(+:#'#K(9.$#(.+(0)#(-#%(.?*I#$%(:&?;6#?#'0.'I(0)#(,&'-#%k+(+%?B&6.:(
0$*'+9&$?*0.&'(^(M)#'(0)#(,&'-#%(5'6#*+)#+().+(#?&0.&'+(*'8(*66&M+(*'I#$(0&(+#$"#(*+().+(
?&0."*0.&'K()#(96.#+(0)$&5I)(*($&:-(*'8(0)#($&:-(6.0#$*66%(#?#$I#+(.'0&(*(B*66(&9(9.$#(
+5$$&5'8.'I().?P(,&$#&"#$K(0).+(9.$#(*:05*66%(?&68+(0)#($&:-(.'0&(*'(#'0.$#(*$?&$(0)*0(
0.I)06%(9.0+().+(B&8%K(;$&0#:0.'I().?(9$&?(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0P(Q)#(+#:&'8(*'8(0).$8(+:#'#+(*$#(
*90#$?*0)+(9&66&M.'I(0)#(9.$+0(+:#'#+P(Q)#(+#:&'8(+:#'#(;&$0$*%+(*(+.?.6*$(0$*'+9&$?*0.&'(
0&(0)#(9.$+0(+:#'#K(M)#$#(96*?#+(8.$#:06%(?&$;)(.'0&(0)#(,&'-#%k+(:*;#P(>.'*66%K(.'(0)#(0).$8(
+:#'#K(*60)&5I)(9.$#('&(6&'I#$(*;;#*$+(8.$#:06%(.'(0)&+#(0M&(-#%(+:#'#+K(M#(+0.66(+##(
(
GFG(
.?*I#$.#+(0)*0($#+#?B6#(0)#(.8#*(&9(9.$#(.'(*(+%?B&6.:(+#'+#(^(9&$(#T*?;6#K(.'(0)#(+#:&'8(
+:#'#K(0)$&5I)(+#00.'I(0)#(#'0.$#(:&6&$(0&'#(&9(0)#(+:#'#(.'(B6*:-(*'8(B65#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(
;5$;&+#9566%().I)6.I)0#8(0)#(,&'-#%k+($#8K(I6&M.'I(#%#+(*+(M#66(*+(96&M.'I($#8()*.$P(Y#8(.+(
*(:&6&$(&90#'(*++&:.*0#8(M.0)(9.$#K(#+;#:.*66%(M)#'(0)#(:&6&$(.0+#69(.+(;&$0$*%#8(M.0)(*(
I6&M.'I(6.I)0(&$(8.+;6*%#8(.'(?&"#?#'0P(Q)#$#9&$#K(*60)&5I)(9.$#(M*+('&0(8.$#:06%(;$#+#'0(
)#$#K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(5+#(0).+(+0*$-($#8'#++(0&(#+0*B6.+)(*(+%?B&6.:(:&''#:0.&'(*'8(?*-#(0)#(
*58.#':#(8$*M(0)#.$(*00#'0.&'(&':#(*I*.'(0&(0)#(&'I&.'I(9.$#(?&0.9P(Q).+(.+(0)#(+*?#(:*+#(*+(
0)#(,&'-#%k+(+&*$.'I($#8(:*;#K(M)#$#(.0(6.0#$*66%(6&&-+(6.-#(*(B6*N.'I(9.$#(&'(0)#(9*$()&$.N&'+P(
=&0*B6%K(#"#'(0)&5I)(>LY!(*+(*(+&5$:#(.+(&90#'(:&?;*$#8(0&(0*$I#0+(9&$(.0+(M).?+.:*6(
*'8(5':&'0$&66#8('*05$#K(.'(0)#(+:#'#()#$#K(0)#(,&'-#%(+##?+(0&(?*+0#$(0)#(+-.66+(&9(
?*'.;56*0.'I(9.$#(*'8(5+.'I(.0(*+(*(+&5$:#(&9(;&M#$P(7;#:.9.:*66%K(.'+0#*8(&9(5+.'I(0)#(9.$#(0&(
*00*:-(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0K(0)#(,&'-#%(*:05*66%(".#M+(.0(+&6#6%(*+(*(+&5$:#(&9(;$&0#:0.&'(0)*0(
&::5$+(85$.'I().+(?#0*?&$;)&+.+P(Q)$&5I)()#.I)0#'.'I(0)#(+#'+#(&9(;$&0#:0.&'(.'+0#*8(&9(
*II$#++."#'#++(.'(0)#(9.$#(+5$$&5'8.'I(0)#(,&'-#%K(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(*:0."#6%(*00$.B50#(*'&0)#$(
6*%#$(&9(?#*'.'I(0&(0)#(:&':#;0(&9(#?&0.&'+1(#?&0.&'+K(#"#'(&'#(&9(0)#(?&+0(#T;6&+."#(&'#+(
+5:)(*+(*'I#$K()*"#(0)#(;&0#'0.*6(0&(;$&0#:0(;#&;6#(.'+0#*8(&9()*$?.'I(0)#?P(Q).+(8#9.#+(
;#&;6#k+(0$*8.0.&'*6(#T;#:0*0.&'+(0&M*$8+(0)#(5+#(&9(>LY!(*+(*(+&5$:#(*'8(9&$:#+(0)#(
*58.#':#(0&(:&'+.8#$(*('#M(;&++.B.6.0%(0&(.'0#$;$#0(0)#(0*$I#0(!,gQLg=7P((
>5$0)#$?&$#K(0).+(*;;#*$+(0&(.'8.:*0#(*(+#'+#(&9(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'P(/#$#K(8#+;.0#(
0)*0(0)#(,&'-#%()*+(0)#(*B.6.0%(0&(5+#(0).+(9.$#(0&(*00*:-(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0(&50(&9(*'I#$K()#(
$#9$*.'+().?+#69(9$&?(8&.'I(+&K(*'8(.'+0#*8(:*6?6%(M*.0+(9&$(0)#(9.$#(0&(?&$;)(.'0&().+(
*$?&$P(Q)#(*;;#*$*':#(&9(0)#(9.$#K(.'(:&''#:0.&'(M.0)(0)#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(
L7(>LY!K(#:)&#+(0)#(,&'-#%k+(560.?*0#(:)&.:#(&9(#T;$#++.'I().+(#?&0.&'+(.'+0#*8(&9(
(
GFE(
:&'0*.'.'I(0)#?P(O#0K(0)#+#(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'+(+##?(:*6?(*'8()#*60)%(^(M)#'(0)#(
,&'-#%(6#0+(6&&+#(&9().+(#?&0.&'+K().+(:&'0$&6(&"#$(0)#?()*+('&0(*:05*66%(8.?.'.+)#8K(*+()#(
'#"#$(6*+)#+(&50(*0(0)#(*'0*I&'.+0(.'($*I#('&$()5$0+(.''&:#'0(;#&;6#(85#(0&(#?&0.&'*6(
.?;56+#P(L'(9*:0K(0)#(9.$#K(*6&'I+.8#(0)#(+)*00#$.'I(&9(0)#(I&68#'()&&;K(B#:&?#+(*'&0)#$(
+&5$:#(&9().+(;&M#$P((
Q)$&5I)(0)#(6.0#$*6.N*0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(+5:)(*+(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(*'8(!,gQLg=7(L7(>LY!K(0)#(?&".#(
8.+:5++#+("*65#+($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0P(C$.?*$.6%K(0)#%(0M.+0(0)#(&$.I.'*6(
*8"&:*:%(0&M*$8+(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(0)*0(0)#(0#T0($#"#*6+(B%(;*.$.'I(0)#()&&;K(0)#(
+&5$:#(&9(:&'0*.'?#'0K(M.0)('#I*0.".0%(*'8(*:0."#6%(?*-.'I(.0(B$#*-*B6#P(2+(0)#()&&;('&(
6&'I#$(;6*%+(*'(#99#:0K(0)#(9.$#(.+(*B6#(0&(96&M(0)$&5I)(9$##6%P(Q)#(".+5*6(.?*I#()#$#(&9(0)#(
,&'-#%(+5$$&5'8#8(B%(9.$#K(:&?.'I(B&0)(#T0#$'*66%(*'8(9$&?(M.0).'K(.'8.:*0#+(0)#(+%?B&6.:(
;&$0$*%*6(&9(*'(#?&0.&'($#6#*+#P(Q)#'K(9$&?(0)#(M*%(0)*0(9.$#(.+(50.6.N#8(*'8($#I*$8#8(*+(*(
+&5$:#(&9(:&'0$&66#8K(+0*B6#(;&M#$(*'8(;$&0#:0.&'K(M#(:*'(+##(0)*0(0)#(8.$#:0&$+(*$#(.'(9*:0(
#+0*B6.+).'I(*(8#9.'.0.&'(&9(#?&0.&'(:&'0*.'?#'0(*(+0#;(95$0)#$(0)*'(B#9&$#1(6#00.'I(6&&+#(&'(
#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(8&#+('&0(#D5*0#(0&(*'(500#$(6&++(&9(:&'0$&6P(L'+0#*8(&9(+5;;$#++.'I(
*66(#?&0.&'+(;$#:.+#6%(6.-#(0)#(0#T0(+5II#+0+K(0)#(?&".#(.'+0#*8(.?;6.#+(0)*0(#?B$*:.'I(0)#(
96&M.'I(&9(#?&0.&'+(#99#:0."#6%(.+(B#'#9.:.*6K(*+(6&'I(*+(*(8#I$##(&9(:&'0$&6(.+(?*.'0*.'#8P((
( (
(
GFJ(
CONCLUSION!
(
(L'(3)*;0#$(GK(L(&506.'#8(0)#(95'8*?#'0*6(0)#&$.#+(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(*'8(
;$&".8#8(0M&(&9(?%(&M'(0)#+#+1(9.$+06%K(0)#(?560.6#"#6(#T;*'+.&'(0)#&$%(&9(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$+(.'('*$$*0."#(*$I5#+()&M(*(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:*'(?*'.9#+0(.'("*$.&5+(
8.99#$#'0(9&$?+(*:$&++(*(+.'I6#('*$$*0."#K(*+(#?B&8.#8(B%(?*'%(8.99#$#'0(6.0#$*$%(
0#:)'.D5#+P(7#:&'86%K(0)#(:5605$*6("*$.*B.6.0%(&9(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.?;6.#+(0)*0(0)#(
+*?#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(:*'(?*'.9#+0("#$%(8.99#$#'06%(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$*6(:&'0#T0+K(
8#;#'8.'I(&'(.0+()&+0(:5605$#k+('&$?+(*'8("*65#+P(L(:)&+#(0&(9&:5+(&'(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(
!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(*+(0)#(;$.?*$%(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$(0&(M&$-(M.0)P(L'(
3)*;0#$(EK(L(#T;6&$#8(B&0)(0)#+#+(5+.'I(0)#&$.#+(.'(;+%:)&6&I%(*'8(:&'85:0#8(?%(&M'(
+058.#+P(d60.?*0#6%K(0)#($#+560+(&9(?%(+058.#+(+5;;&$0#8(0)#+#(0M&(0)#+#+(^(+058%(G(
.665+0$*0#+(0)*0(:5605$*6("*65#+(:*'(.??#'+#6%(.'965#':#(&'#k+(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.".0%K(
8#0#$?.'.'I(M)#0)#$(&'#(M&568(:)&&+#(0&(:&'0*.'(#?&0.&'+(&$(#T;$#++(#?&0.&'+n(+058%(E(
+)&M+(0)*0(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:*'(0$*'+:#'8(0)#(B&5'8*$%(&9(6.'I5.+0.:+(*'8(?*'.9#+0(.'(
&0)#$(9&$?+(+5:)(*+(.?*I#+P(L'(3)*;0#$(J(*'8(_K(L(*;;6%(0)#+#(9.'8.'I+(0&(*'(*'*6%+.+(&9(*(
0#T0(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*+(M#66(*+(*(?&".#(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3P(g"#$*66K(L(
8.+:&"#$#8(0M&(0).'I+n(B&0)(*$#(.'(:&$$#+;&'8#':#(0&(?%(0)#+#+1(0)#(+*?#(:&':#;05*6(
?#0*;)&$(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(:*'(?*'.9#+0("#$%(8.99#$#'06%(
.'(*('*$$*0."#(0)*0(#?B&8.#+(0$*8.0.&'*6(3).'#+#("*65#+(&'(#?&0.&'*6(:&'0*.'?#'0(*'8(.'(*(
'*$$*0."#(0)*0(#?B&8.#+(?&$#(U#+0#$'.N#8("*65#+(&'(#?&0.&'*6(#T;$#++.&'P((U#(:*'(+##(
0)*0(0)#(3g=Q2L=!Y(*60#$+(+.I'.9.:*'06%(M)#'(:&?;*$.'I(0)#+#(0M&('*$$*0."#+(+.8#(B%(+.8#P(
g'(0)#(&0)#$()*'8K(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(#?B&8.#8(
0)$&5I)("*$.&5+(8.99#$#'0(6#"#6+(.'(0)#(+*?#('*$$*0."#K(+5:)(*+(.?*I#$.#+K(:)*$*:0#$(
(
GF_(
8#"#6&;?#'0(*'8(?&0.9+K(#T;*'8.'I(B#%&'8(0)#(B&5'8*$.#+(&9(6.'I5.+0.:(:&'+0$5:0.&'+P(L'(
0)#(#'8K(.0(.+(0)&+#(?560.;6#(6#"#6+(&9(?#0*;)&$.:(#?B&8.?#'0(0)*0(9.'*66%(9&$?(0)#(#'0.$#(
'*$$*0."#K(0)5+(;&M#$9566%(;$#+#'0.'I(0)#(&"#$*66(0)#?#($#I*$8.'I(`)&M(0&($#I56*0#(
#?&0.&'+bP(>$&?(3)*;0#$+(J(*'8(_K(M#(:*'(:&':658#(0)*0('*$$*0."#+(*$#(*B6#(0&(:&'"#%(*'8(
#"#'(.'8&:0$.'*0#(:5605$*6("*65#+(&'(#?&0.&'+(B#:*5+#(&9(0)#(M*%+(0)*0(0)#%(#?B&8%(
#?&0.&'4B*+#8(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(L'(&5$(:*+#K(M)#'(0)#(`:&'0*.'?#'0b(+.8#(&9(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(#?B&8.#8K(0)#('*$$*0."#(`A&5$'#%(0&(
0)#(U#+0b(:*'(0#*:)(;#&;6#(0&(:560."*0#(:*6?'#++(*'8($#9$*.'(#?&0.&'+(9$&?(;&5$.'I(&50n(
M)#'(0)#(`#T;$#++.&'b(+.8#(&9(!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(.+(
#?B&8.#8K(0)#('*$$*0."#(8$-"*0.*9(!3(:*'(*6+&(0#*:)(;#&;6#(0&(:&'9$&'0(0)#.$(#?&0.&'+K(+##-(
9&$(.'0#$'*6(;&M#$(M.0).'(0)&+#(#?&0.&'+(*'8($#6#*+#(#?&0.&'+(*0(0)#($.I)0(0.?#P((
Q)#(85*6.0%(.'(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*'8(8$-"*0.*9(!3(&;#'+(5;(*'&0)#$(6*%#$(&9(
8.+:5++.&'($#I*$8.'I(:5605$#+(*'8(:5605$*6(:)*'I#+P(2+(Zr"#:+#+(.'8.:*0#+K(`Q)#(
:&':#;05*6.N*0.&'(&9(*(I."#'(#?&0.&'(:*'(:)*'I#(0)$&5I)(0.?#(M.0).'(*(I."#'(:5605$#K(
8#;#'8.'I(&'()&M(0)#(0*$I#0(.+(8#9.'#8Pb(\Zr"#:+#+K(EFFl](260)&5I)(B&0)('*$$*0."#+(*$#(
B*+#8(&'(0)#(+*?#(+0&$%(*'8(;$&85:#8(.'(0)#(+*?#(:5605$#K(0)#("*65#+(0)#%(#*:)(
$#+;#:0."#6%(#'8&$+#(*$#(.??#'+#6%(8.99#$#'0P(EG0)(:#'05$%(3).'*K(M).6#(*:0."#6%(
#?B$*:.'I(*(I6&B*6.N#8(9505$#K(.'0$&85:#8(?*'%(U#+0#$'4B*+#8("*65#+(*'8('&$?+(.'0&(.0+(
:5605$#P(L'(0)#(0.?#(I*;(&9(_FF(%#*$+(B#0M##'(0)#(0#T0(*'8(0)#(?&".#K(0)#(0*$I#0(!,gQLg=7(
)*"#(B##'(8#9.'#8(.'(+5:)(8$*+0.:*66%(8."#$I#'0(M*%+(0)*0(0)&+#(0M&('*$$*0."#+(#?B&8%(
!,gQLg=7(2Y!(!<!,!=Q7(ULQ/L=(2(3g=Q2L=!Y(8.99#$#'06%(*+(M#66P(>$&?(0)#(M*%+(.'(
M).:)(0)#(+*?#(+0&$%(:&568(B#(0&68(*'8(M*%+(.'(M).:)(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(:&568(B#(
#?B&8.#8(*:$&++(0.?#K(M#(:*'(+##(*(0$#'8(&9(+).90.'I("*65#+(M.0).'(*(I."#'(:5605$#P((
(
GFl(
Q)#(*'*6%+#+($#I*$8.'I(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(*'8(8$-"*0.*9(!3(:*'(;$&".8#(
*;;6.:*B6#(.'+.I)0(0&(0)#(9.#68(&9(0)#(+&:.*6(+:.#':#+P(L0(0&5:)#+(&'(*'(.?;&$0*'0(D5#+0.&'1(
)&M(*$#(M#(.'965#':#8(B%(6.0#$*05$#a(g$K(.'(&0)#$(M&$8+K(/,(&*!(#*)0&$-(&'-$*="*&"*'.a(L'(0)#(
:&'0#T0(&9(0).+(0)#+.+K(L()*"#(#T;6*.'#8(0)#(M*%+(.'(M).:)(*('*$$*0."#(:*'(.'8&:0$.'*0#(0)#(
"*65#+($#I*$8.'I(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'(.'0&(.0+(*58.#':#P(g9(:&5$+#K(0)#("*65#(;6*:#8(&'(
$#I56*0.'I(#?&0.&'+(.+(&'6%(*(+.'I6#(*+;#:0(&9(`:5605$*6("*65#+bn(;$#+5?*B6%K(&0)#$(:5605$*6(
"*65#+(:&568(B#(:&'"#%#8(*'8(.'8&:0$.'*0#8(.'(0)#(+*?#(M*%(5+.'I(+.?.6*$(0#:)'.D5#+(0)*0(
.'"&6"#(:&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+P(Q).+(.8#*(.+(#+;#:.*66%(+.I'.9.:*'0(.'(0)#(9.#68(&9(:).68(
8#"#6&;?#'0K(M.0)($#I*$8+(0&(#T;&+.'I(:).68$#'(0&(#T.+0.'I(:5605$*6("*65#+P(2(:).68(M)&(
I$#M(5;(.'(0)#(GR0)(:#'05$%(.'0$&85:#8(0&(0)#(+0&$%(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(0)#(U#+0b(0)$&5I)(0)#(
&$.I.'*6(0#T0(M&568()*"#(*("#$%(8.99#$#'0(5'8#$+0*'8.'I(*'8(&506&&-(&9(#?&0.&'($#I56*0.&'K(
:&?;*$#8(0&(*(:).68(M)&(I$#M(5;(.'(0)#(EG+0(:#'05$%(.'0$&85:#8(0&(0)#(+0&$%(&9(`A&5$'#%(0&(
0)#(U#+0b(0)$&5I)(0)#(?&".#(*8*;0*0.&'P(Q&(0)#(9&$?#$(:).68K(0&(B#:&?#(*()#$&(?#*'+(0&(
)*"#(;$#:.+#($#+0$*.'0+(&'(#?&0.&'+(0)*0(*$#(&0)#$M.+#(`M.68(*'8(5'0*?#8bn(0&(0)#(6*00#$(
:).68K(0&(B#:&?#(*()#$&(?#*'+(0&(:)*''#6(;&M#$(0)$&5I)(#?&0.&'+(*'8(#T;$#++(0)#?(.'(
&$8#$(0&(8#9#*0(0)#(#".6+(.'(0).+(M&$68P(3&'+#D5#'06%K(0)#(9&$?#$(:).68(?.I)0(B#(?&$#(
.':6.'#8(0&(:&'0*.'(#?&0.&'+K(M)#$#*+(0)#(6*00#$(:).68(?.I)0(B#(?&$#(.':6.'#8(0&(#T;$#++(
#?&0.&'+P(7&?#0).'I(*+(+.?;6#(*+($#*8.'I(*(B&&-(&$(M*0:).'I(*(9.6?(:&568(8$*+0.:*66%(
:)*'I#(0)#(M*%(*(:).68(0).'-+(*'8(B#)*"#+P(3&':#;05*6(?#0*;)&$+(.'(6.0#$*05$#(*'8(9.6?(*$#(
#++#'0.*6(.'(+)*;.'I(&5$("*65#+(*'8(.8#'0.0.#+P(
( ( (
( (
(
GFf(
REFERENCES!
(
X#I#$K(2P(\EFGG]P(2'I#$K(<&"#(*'8(7*8'#++($#".+.0#81(+058%.'I(#?&0.&'(?#0*;)&$+(.'(
*50)#'0.:(8.+:&5$+#(B#0M##'(#T;#$0+(*'8(6*%;#$+&'+P(G#6)0.,*(#=*H+$-0!(#*I&'=0$.*0#*
J$-+(#A(K\G]P(8&.1GFPGlGlj#*+04EFGG4FFFf(
3)#'K(7P(/PK(Z#''#8%K(,PK(i(t)&5K({P(\EFGE]P(C*$#'0+k(!T;$#++.&'(*'8([.+:5++.&'(&9(!?&0.&'(
.'(0)#(,560.6.'I5*6(>*?.6%P(1$-.%$!&0L$.*"#*1.4!,")"60!()*I!0$#!$A(M\_]K(Jfl4JmJP(
8&.1GFPGGHHjGH_lfRGfGE__HJFH(
35.K(/P(\EFGlK(A56%(G_]P(“大圣归来”，归于自由P(;,$*9$0D0#6*E$/.K(;;P(3FE43FJP(Y#0$.#"#8(
2;$.6(EGK(EFGHK(9$&?()00;1jj#;*;#$PBS'#M+P:&?P:'j)0?6jEFGl4
FHjG_j:&'0#'0}lmHJGEP)0?a8."u4G(
[58B$.8I#K(cP(\GRHF]P(;,$*8.0N4'*!,0O*(*.&'=4*"P*(#&$!$=$#&.*&"*&,$*.0:&$$#&,N!$#&'-4*>,0#$.$*
#"L$)P(3*?B$.8I#1(d'."#$+.0%(C$#++P(
!-?*'K(CP(\GRRJ]P(>*:.*6(#T;$#++.&'(*'8(#?&0.&'P(H+$-0!(#*1.4!,")"60.&A(QR\_]K(Jm_4JREP(
8&.1GFPGFJHjFFFJ4FffTP_mP_PJm_(
c#*$%K(AP(\EFGE]P(S*0.*(#*"&,$-7*&,$*.$!-$&*)0P$*"P*+$&(%,"-*(#=*,"/*0&*.,(%$.*&,$*/(4*/$*.$$*&,$*
/"-)=P(=#M(O&$-1(/*$;#$(C#$#''.*6P(
7*'$.&(\[.$#:0&$]P(\EFGHK(,*$:)(EF]P(J'=$&(+(7*T&-0%T(oq.8#&(9.6#pP(Y#0$.#"#8(2;$.6(EGK(EFGHK(
9$&?()00;+1jjMMMP%&505B#P:&?jM*0:)a"uUNcUZBf7BLdi9#*05$#u%&505PB#(
Zr"#:+#+K(tP(\EFFl]P(2$&(%,"-*0#*>')&'-$7*U#0L$-.()0&4*(#=*V(-0(&0"#P(3*?B$.8I#1(d'."#$+.0%(
C$#++P(
Zr"#:+#+K(tP(\EFGF]P(2$&(%,"-*(#=*$+"&0"#7*)(#6'(6$A*!')&'-$*(#=*W"=4*0#*,'+(#*P$$)0#6P(
3*?B$.8I#1(3*?B$.8I#(d'."#$+.0%(C$#++P(
(
GFH(
<*-&99K(cP(\GRRJ]P(Q)#(:&'0#?;&$*$%(0)#&$%(&9(?#0*;)&$P(2$&(%,"-*(#=*;,"'6,&A(EFE4ElGP(
8&.1GFPGFGHj:B&RHmGGJRGHJmflPFGJ(
<*-&99K(cPK(i(Q5$'#$K(,P(\EFFf]P(2"-$*&,(#*!"")*-$(."#7*(*P0$)=*6'0=$*&"*%"$&0!*+$&(%,"-P(
3).:*I&K(L66P1(d'."P(&9(3).:*I&(C$P(
<*-&99K(cPK(i(A&)'+&'K(,P(\EFGG]P(2$&(%,"-.*/$*)0L$*W47P(3).:*I&K(L66P1(d'."P(&9(3).:*I&(C$#++P(
<*-&99K(cP(\EFGE]P(<"+$#A*P0-$A*(#=*=(#6$-"'.*&,0#6.*/,(&*!(&$6"-0$.*-$L$()*(W"'&*&,$*+0#=P(
3).:*I&1(Q)#(d'."P(&9(3).:*I&(C$#++P(
<"K(tPK(i(t)*'IK(OP(\EFGE]P(d'."#$+*6.0%(*'8(q*$.*0.&'(&9(3&':#;05*6(,#0*;)&$(&9(<&"#(.'(
3).'#+#(*'8(!'I6.+)P(;,$"-4*(#=*1-(!&0!$*0#*X(#6'(6$*I&'=0$.A(C\E]K(Jll4JlRP(Y#0$.#"#8(
2;$.6(EGK(EFGHP(
,*I'#++K(7P(ZP(\'P8P]P(lPF(&50(&9(l(+0*$+c$#*0(70&$%(Q#66.'I(9$&?(*(3).'#+#(7058.&(oY#".#M(&9(
0)#(?&".#(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3pP(Y#0$.#"#8(2;$.6(EGK(EFGHK(9$&?(
)00;+1jjMMMP*?*N&'P:&?jI;j:5+0&?#$4
$#".#M+jYJ72Rl,JmL{>QUj$#9u:?}:$}8;}8}$"M}006a.#udQ>mi27L=uXFGAmgmUq,(
Q.*'K(@P(\[.$#:0&$]P(\EFGl]P(2"#3$4*50#67*8$-"*0.*9(!3(o,&0.&'(;.:05$#pP(3).'*1(c*&65(
2'.?*0.&'P(
Q*&K(2PK(t)&5K({PK(<*5K(=PK(i(<.5K(/P(\EFGE]P(3).'#+#(2?#$.:*'(L??.I$*'0(,&0)#$+k([.+:5++.&'(
&9(!?&0.&'(U.0)(3).68$#'P(Y"'-#()*"P*>-"..N>')&'-()*1.4!,")"64A(QQ\J]K(_Hm4lFGP(Y#0$.#"#8(
2;$.6(EGK(EFGHP(
Q.*'K(@P(\'P8P]P(专访丨导演心中的大圣：厚重而不得志的任性大侠(oL'0#$".#MpP(L'0#$".#M(
:&'85:0#8(B%(3).'*([*.6%P(
Q+*.K(AP(<PK(i(7.?+K(QP(\EFGG]P(!?&0.&'*6(*I.'I(.'(8.99#$#'0(:5605$#+1(L?;6.:*0.&'+(&9(*99#:0(
"*65*0.&'(0)#&$%P(G+"&0"#A*(60#6A*(#=*,$()&,ZA(GGR4G_JP(8&.1GFPGFJHjG_mlH4FFH(
(
GFm(
Q5$'#$K(,P(\EFFF]P(F$(&,*0.*&,$*+"&,$-*"P*W$('&4*+0#=A*+$&(%,"-A*!-0&0!0.+P(3)$.+0:)5$:)K(
=PtP1(3%B#$#8.0.&'+P(
U*'0([*.6%P(\EFGlK(A56%(E_]P(
/00;1jjMMMP:).'*0.?#+P:&?j:'j'#M+;*;#$+jEFGlFHE_FFEGRE4EfFJGFP(<(#&*F(0)4P(
Y#0$.#"#8(2;$.6(EGK(EFGHK(9$&?(
)00;1jjMMMP:).'*0.?#+P:&?j:'j'#M+;*;#$+jEFGlFHE_FFEGRE4EfFJGF(
U.6-&M+-.K(XP(,PK(,#.#$K(XP(CPK(Y&B.'+&'K(,P([PK(3*$0#$K(,P(7PK(i(>#60?*'K(YP(\EFFR]P(`/&04
)#*8#8b(.+(?&$#(0)*'(*'(#T;$#++.&'1(Q)#(#?B&8.#8($#;$#+#'0*0.&'(&9(*'I#$(.'(0#$?+(&9(
)#*0P(G+"&0"#A([\_]K(_f_4_HHP(8&.1GFPGFJHj*FFGlHf_(
U5K(3P(\GRll]P(Y"'-#$4*&"*&,$*<$.&(\G+0(#8PK(q&6P(GK(7#$P(G](\3P(>*.$K(Q$*'+P]P(X#.S.'I1(X#.S.'I(
C#&;6#y+(C$#++P(
O5K(=P(\GRRm]P(;,$*!"#&$+%"-(-4*&,$"-4*"P*+$&(%,"-7*(*%$-.%$!&0L$*P-"+*>,0#$.$P(
2?+0#$8*?1(AP(X#'S*?.'+(C5BP(
t5K(AP(\EFGlK(A56%(G_]P(脱胎换骨的东方超级英雄P(9$0D0#6*;0+$.P(Y#0$.#"#8(2;$.6(EGK(EFGHK(
9$&?()00;1jj#;*;#$PS.'I)5*P:'j)0?6jEFGl4FHjG_j:&'0#'0}EGlHfFP)0?(
(
(
