
Joseph in Midrash Psalms in Light of Earlier Sources 107
reason (a well-known social phenomena which exists in any society at any
time and place). However, a large number of slanderers were active, par-
ticularly among the heretical Jewish sects, specifically the Jewish-Christians.
This sect came to be a bitter enemy of the main stream of the nation and
many of them slandered to the Romans. They were motivated to take
revenge for their neglect and isolation by the main stream, and by an impulse
of their radical religious fanaticism and abhorrence towards the believers of
the ‘old religion’. Through these activities they desired to carry favor with
the Roman persecutors against the ‘common enemy’. Thus, “the words
@\UYXO\Gand \UFYP(informers) became synonyms for Christians”.52
Just about a generation before the time of Rabbi Judah bar Ilai, towards the
end of the first century, in response to the threats made upon the Jewish
community by slanderers, evil informers, specifically from the heretics /
sectarians, Rabban Gamaliel II of Yavneh (second-third generations of Tan-
naim) searched for a volunteer who could compose the birkath ha-minim (the
benediction of the heretics).53 His request was fulfilled by Samuel haQatan
(‘the Lesser’), and Rabban Gamaliel included the new ‘blessing’ as the
twelfth in the daily prayers of the Amida (‘the Eighteen Benedictions’).54
52 See I. Elbogen, Jewish Liturgy – A Comprehensive History (Translated by R.P. Scheindlin
based on the original 1913 German edition, and the 1972 Hebrew edition; Philadelphia –
New York – Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society & The Jewish Theological Semi-
nary of America, 1993), p. 32. On the heretics acting as slanderers, see already Manuel
Joel, Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte zu Anfang des zweiten christlichen Jahrhunderts
(Breslau: S. Schottländer, 1880-83), 1:32-33; 2:49-50 (this item is cited here according to
Elbogen, ibid., p. 395 note 19).
53 One of the early versions contained the word
\UMQ
‘Christians’, as in the Oxford manu-
script of Amram and in a manuscript from Cairo Geniza. In some versions there is also a
word
\Q\ZOP
‘slanderers’, which is comparable to
\UFYP
‘informers’, which appears
repeatedly in association with minim. For this and other versions of the benediction, see
Elbogen, Jewish Liturgy, pp. 45-46, 396; L.H. Schiffman, Who was a Jew? – Rabbinic and
Halachic Perspectives on the Jewish Christian Schism (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing
House, 1985), pp. 53-61.
54 See Babylonian Talmud, Berachoth 28b-29a; Megillah 17b; Midrash Tanchuma (Buber),
Parashat Wayykra, 3; Maimonides, Hilchoth Tefillah 2,1). “the Minim”, i.e., against all
different heretic groups (in this case includes specifically the early Christians), who chal-
lenged the rabbinic doctrines. For a detailed discussion on the benediction of the minim,
see I. Elbogen, Jewish Liturgy, pp. 31-33, 45-46; Schiffman, Who was a Jew?, pp. 53-61;
C. Thoma, Das Messiasprojekt: Theologie Judisch-christlicher Begegnung (Augsburg:
Pattloch Verlag, 1994), pp. 345-350; W. Horbury, Jews and Christians in Contact and
Controversy (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998), pp. 67-110, and there review of the earlier lit-
erature. For a different view see, for instance, R. Kimelman, “Birkat Ha-Minim and the
Lack of Evidence for an Anti-Christian Jewish Prayer in Late Antiquity”, in E.P. Sanders,
A.I. Baumgarten & A. Mendelson (eds.), Jewish and Christian Self-Definition, vol. II,