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[II -- I I
Vol. 13, No.10 A NeoplatonicRepublicanJournalDecember1980
6
The Promise of Fusion Power:
Man's Coming Conquest of Space
by Dr.FriedwardtWinterberg
14
The Shame of Shogun
by Daniel Sneider
26
Why Are America's Jews
Falling for Jabotinsky ?
by Mark Burdman
32
Hostage to Khomeini
by Robert Dreyfuss
EDITORIAL 2 OurProject 1980s: Get Ready to Colonize Space
3 Earth-Forming of Titan to Begin in 2057
LETTERS 5 Philo & Modern Judaism
MUSIC 47 TV's 'Playing for Time'
48 Paris Symposium: 'True Art is Moral Progress'
NOTES 51 New Slanders Cover Up Alexander's Murder
53 Would You Believe--Animal Rights?
MOVIES 54 Flash! No Sex, No Violence
57 Close Encounters: Monsters: 1, Humans: 0
BOOKS 58 Let's Revive James Fenimore Cooper!
61 Heinlein SFPPTs Out
62 Rifkin on Entropy: Put... Put... Put...
I I F[lll
Editor-in-Chief On the Cover
Carol White Photo of Saturn and its moon,
AssociateEditor Ganymede, taken from Voyager I.
Cover design: James C.Montalbano
Kenneth Kronberg Photos:NASA
ManagingEditor
Christina Nelson Huth THE CAMPAIGNER ispublished 10times a
year by Campaigner Publications, Inc., 304
Contributing Editor w. 58th Street, New York, N.Y. 10019.
Marcia Merry Telephone (212) 24%8820. Subscriptions by
mail are $24.00 for 10issues in the U.S. and
Art Director Canada. Air mail subscriptions to other coun-
tries are $48.00 for 10issues.
Deborah Asch Second class postage paid at New York, New
York.
Production Editor Copyright © CAMPAIGNER PUBLICA-
Gall G. Kay TIONS, INC. ISSN 0045-4109
EDITORIAL
Now IS THE PROPER TIME to rid
ourselves of the pseudoscientific
pretenses of entropy theorists,
who claim on the false basis of
Newton's laws that we can no
longer have economic or techno-
" logical progress.
Recently the NationalScience
Foundation and Department of
Education came out with a report
Ou Project 1980s Get for the President evaluating U.S.
r," science education. The back-
ground of this report Was the
Ready to Colonize Space widely circulated memorandum
of the University of Chicago's
Isaak Wirszup pointing to the rel-
THE INTERNATIONALGeophysi- Most wonderful of all, we ative decline of U.S. science and
cal Year 1957 was indeed momen- find two small moons--merely mathematics education compared
tons for mankind. It was in the numbered 10and 11, not even to that of the Soviets.
year of Spumik that the impulse named--which demolish once and The President's commission,
tendency was generated which led for all the shibboleths and frauds while denying an absolute short-
us to take the giant step onto the of Newtonian-Maxwellian phys- age of the most qualified levels of
moon. Now, none too soon, Voy- ics. Because ' these two small personnel in science and engineer-
ager I has again lifted our vision, moons, simply by the path of their ing, did however state that it was
With the change in administration orbit, call into question the most a national priority to reverse the
in Washington, it isto be expected fundamental assumption of New- present trend, in which most
that the National Aeronautics and tonian physics: the second law of Americans do not go beyond10th
Space Administration (NASA) thermodynamics, year mathematics and science in
will again receive the funding One would have assumed that their education. As they correctly
necessary to prevent what would these two moons, which circle said, this condition is intolerable
otherwise be incredibly the case: Saturn in the same orbit, would in a society such asours, where the
the closing down of Voyager and have been brought together by the informed citizen must be qualified
other space exploration projects in action of gravity so that they acted by a broad understanding of sci-
the near future, as one body. Not so. Whenever ence in order to make appropriate
We celebrate Voyager I be- one moon even threatens to over- decisions regarding industrial and
cause it keeps alive the idea of take the other, there is a shift in defense policy.
space exploration itself. Every- the velocity of both so that the one The President's commission
where across the country and the falls behind while the other speeds accepted as a condition that the
world people were heartened, ahead, current Carter-Volcker policy of
Success again, after a series of This is no mere curiosity. This dismantling the American econ-
scripted incidents like the fall of newly discovered, lawful self-or-omy would continue into the fu-
Skylab and the Three Mile Island ganization of the universe, which ture. Therefore, their projections
affair, which the antiscience envi-probably also governs the behav-of the level of qualified personnel
ronmentalist mob tried to play to ior of all Saturn's rings, presents required in the future fallfar short
Peoria as incomprehensible disas-itself as the proper occasion for the of reality. Nonetheless, the thrust
ters. long overdue, final demise of Isaac of their recommendations are ab-
Everywhere congratulations. Newton's claim that the solutely correct: immediate estab-
Indeed, it is our birthright to claim universe governed by his laws of lishment of science and technol-
not only earth. We have reached momentum and inertia must ogy museums around the nation,
to Saturn, and already a new uni-necessarily suffer a thermody- development of educational pro-
verse opens before us. Or rather, namic heat death without the mi-grams for television, introduction
we have begun to penetrate the raculous and blasphemous inter-of courses on technology in the
true universe more deeply, vention of God. Continuedonpage 4
2 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
Earth-forming
Of Titan to
Begin in 205 7
With the evidence provided by
the NASA probe of Saturn in
hand, we can confidendy pro-
pose to begin what might be
called the "earth-forming" of
Saturn's moon, Titan, to begin Aview of Saturn from Voyager.
duringthe geophysical year
2057-58. requires the kind of leading po- fective varieties of thought in
Titan, approximately the litical support which President physics. This has implicitly
size of the earth, has an atmos- John F. Kennedy gave to sup- cleared the decks of the princi-
phere composed approximately port of the NASA effort at the pal kinds of theoretical rubbish
90percent of nitrogen and the beginning of the last decade, which have for too long de=
remainder predominantly of Objectively, earth can begin layed fundamental scientific
hydrogen-saturated methane, the "earth-forming" of Titan and technological progress.
Those characteristics are com- beginning the geophysical year The Saturn data are a conclu=
parable to earth's during our 2057-58, provided we dedicate sive proof of. the arguments I
planet's reducing phase of evo- ourselves to such accomplish- have been circulating for some
lution. With aid of the new ments beginning now. years now..This clearing away
plasma physics technologies The object of this commit- of theoretical rubbish will help
now emerging on the horizon, ment is not merely to conquer immensely to clear the decks
by early in the next century we Titan for the human race. By for the quality of research a
should have developed break- adopting such a specific goal, commitment to a Titan "earth-
throughs in applied relativistic we master all of the fundamen- forming" project requires. /
physics needed for rapid intra- tal advances in science and tech- Three cheers, and trebled
solar transport of vehicles car- nology needed to achieve that funding for NASA! Let us get
rying pioneer human popula- goal. on with the next giant step for-
tions, and for transforming a The spectacular results of ward!
cold body such as Titan into a the NASA probe of the Saturn --Lyndon H.LaRouche,Jr.
habitable environment, region have conclusively dis- Chairman,Advisory Committee
However, the proper de- credited the last vestige of National Democratic
velopment of a new technology Newton's and Maxwell's de- Policy Committee
CAMPAIGNER /December 19803
EDITORIAL
Continuedfrompage 2 logical formalisms andaway from into a decade of "controlled dis-
schools, and a redefinition of technology, integration."
mathematics andsciencecurricula To accomplish this, they
away fromthe NewMath and LET USMAKEITOUR BUSINESS tO planned the dismantling of the na-
toward their integration with see that the nation ridsitself of this tion's industrial might. Not only
physics and industrial technology. Council on Foreign Relations would Americans suffer severe
Just as in 1957, when the flight crowd the people who push en- austerity, but the peoples of Af-
of Sputnik focused the nation on tropy theory for the same purpose rica, Asia, Latin America, and the
the need for an expanded genera- that they pushed their puppet Mideast, who depend upon Amer-
tion of new scientists, so today the Jimmy Carter. The 1980smust re- ican industrial and agricultural ex-
flight of Voyager I should be taken new the commitment so well ex- ports, would be under immediate
as the occasion to remedy the fail- pressed by John F. Kennedy when sentence of death. Already today,
ures inthe New Math and sciencelae presented to Congresshis pro- asa result of thesepoliciesimple-
programs instituted then, which posal that NASA be given priority mented by the International Mon-
did not carry out the spirit of that national backing to ensure that the etary Fund and the World Bank,
national mandate but instead rep- moon flight be achieved. We must one hundred million Africans will
resented its cooptation by a fun- reverse the disastrous antiscience, this year die of starvation if im-
damentally antiscience, anglo- antidevelopment policies which mediate relief measures are not
philic grouping within the the CFR proposed in 1975 and taken.
scientific community and govern- Carter, with the able assistance of It is perfectly feasible for man
ment, who deliberately distorted Federal Reserve Chairman to colonize the moon, and Mars,
the curricula in the direction of Volcker, enacted to turn the 1980s and to make Saturn's moon Titan,
i i
CALENDAR
With theartexhibition listingsbelow, century Italian masterpieces to the pieces, including the rare Duccio
we initiate a new calendarsectionfor 19th century Spanish painter Fran- panel, Christ and the Woman of
Campaigner.In upcoming issues, we cisco Goya. Samaria, (1311), from the artist s
will expand the calendarto includethe According to John Walker, great Maesta Altarpiece in Sienna.
advance tour schedules of important director emeritus of the National There is Carpaccio's Young Knight
musicalevents,conferences,andamore Gallery of Art, who made the in a Landscape(1510), the earliest
comprehensiveart exhibit guide, plus selection for the exhibition, the surviving full-length life-size por-
musicandexhibit openingsreviews. Thyssen-Bornemisza is, with the trait painted in Italy, and consid-
exception of the Royal Collection ered the greatest masterpiece of
The Great Masters passed alongto the Queen of Eng- this Venetian master's work.
land, thegreatest private collection There are nine outstanding
Old MasterPaintings from the in the world, examples of the Flemish school,
Collectionof BaronThyssen- The special exhibit began includingrare works by Jan Van
Bornemisza, November 25, 1980- touring America in 1980, stating Eyck, Hans Memling, and Peter
January 18, I981, The Los Angeles at the National Gallery in Wash- Paul Rubens.
County Museum of Art, 5905 Wil- ington, D.C., and then went to Among the eight German
shire Boulevard, Los Angeles, Cali- Detroit, Minneapolis, and Cleve- Renaissance paintings is the Ma-
fornia, land. donna with the Bunch of Grapes (ca.
In 1981, following the stay in 1509-14), by the influential master
This exhibit is a selection of Los Angeles, the exhibit will be Lucas Cranach the Elder.
fifty-seven of the finest paintings shown in four more major Amer- Eighteenth century French
from one of the very greatest pri- ican museums, listed below. The painting is well represented, and
vate art collections in the world, short list of famous masters fol- there are six unusually fme Span-
There are over 300works in the lowing will show why this exhibit ish paintings, including two works
collection. The paintings selected shouldnot be missed, by Goya, AnsensioJulia in His Stu-
range over 500 years from 14th There are 17 Italian master- dio (ca. 1798), and the later study
4 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
X
LETTERS
which isin many ways similar to even more important wouldhave
earth in its early period, our out-been a reference to the American
post. It is appropriate to set the Philo ¢_, continuation of those conferences:
Philadelphia (1869) and Pitts-
year 2057 as our goal to accom- Modern Judaism burgh (1885). There, the Ameri-
plish this task. If we make this our
project for the 1980s, then our can Reform rabbis reaffirmed the
renewed commitment to man's To the editor:position taken by the German
necessarily continuous extension I read Mark Burdman's article conferences. Latter-day American
of his reach will make the Council ["Restoring Israel's Moral Pur- Reform Judaism has, of course,
on Foreign Relations I980s Project pose," Sept.-Oct. 1980] with great retreated from that position, be-
intolerable, and these policies will interest, and only wish that you coming a victim of Zionization.
no longer be tolerated, would have got my first name and Altogether, I found the Cam-
To realize the promise of the the spelling of my family name paigner very interesting. But I
Voyager I flight, to celebrate the right, "A1- would appreciate some enlighten-
geophysical year 2057 on Titan, To call Philo Judaeus an ment about the meaning of"Neo-
we will need an international exandrian Platonist Rabbi" is platonic Republican." The word
commitment to industrial growth somewhat anachronistic, in view "Neoplatonic" as used here ob-
and scientific development on a of the fact that the title "rabbi" viously does not carry the mean-
scale beyond any such task which only came into use later; and even ing familiar to me from my study
mankind has yet set itself. To re- then there is no evidence that the of Philosophy. Obviously, Philo
alize this, we must at last realize adherents of Alexandrian-style Judaeus was a Neo-Platonist; but
ourselves as truly human. Hellenistic Judaism adopted that what does the adjective mean to-
title. Nor is there any evidence day?
that the rabbis who met in Frank- Jakob J. Petuchowski
furt, in 1845, were in any way Cincinnati, Ohio
dependent upon the. thought of
Philo. Philo's writings were 10re- The authorreplies:
of a blind beggar, El Tio Paquete served by the Christian Church, The key point made in my
(ca. 1818-20). not by the Synagogue; and while, article had less to do with formal
The remaining opportunities in the Renaissance, an isolated connections between the 1845
to see this exhibit are: Denver Art Jewish scholar "rediscovered" Frankfurt rabbis and Philo asit did
Museum, Denver. Colorado, Feb- Philo, real Jewish interest in Philo with the underlying shared com-
ruary 2, 1981-April 5, 1981; The is a twentieth-century achieve- mitment to an ecumenicalnotion of
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort ment, and can hardly be ascribed progress found in both. This ecu-
Worth, Texas, April 25, 1981- to the clerical gentlemen who menical idea holds that man,
June 28, 1981; William Rockhill gathered in Frankfurt, in 1845. through the exercise of his creative
Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas What the Frankfurt rabbis had to powers, can participate in the di-
City, Missouri, July 18, 1981-Sep- say was more directly derived vine act of creation. By participat-
tember 20, 1981; The Metropoli- from their understanding of the ing in the divine act of creation,
tan Museum of Art, New York, biblical Prophets--on whom, of man increasingly perfects his mas-
October 9, 1981-December 6, course, Philo, too, relied for some tery over nature and brings hu-
1981. of his teaching. Hence the similar- manity closer to the realization of
ity of ideas which you detected. "God's kingdom on earth."
Gods,Saints and Heroes:Your reference to the Frank-The expression in Judaism of
Dutch Painting in the Age of furt Rabbinical Conference of that idea of progress is diametri-
Rembrandt, November 2, I980- 1845, though interesting in itself, caUy opposed to that cultish form
January 4, 1981, National Galler_('of should have been placed in proper of Zionism believed in by the most
Art, 4th Street at Constitution Ave- perspective by pointing out that it bitter enemies of Zionist leader
nue, NW, Washington, D.C. was the second of three such con- Nahum Goldmann, such as the
ferences, which also included devotees of Vladimir Jabotinsky
This exhibition of 85 paintings Brunswick, 1844 and Breslau, discussed elsewhere in his issue.
from, Europe and America was 1846, conferences at which similar "Republicanism" enters into
Continuedonpage 46 views were propounded. Perhaps Continued onpage 63
CAMPAIGNER /December 19805
i
THE PROMISE OF FUSION POWER
z
Man's coming
conquest
ofspace
by Dr. Friedwardt Winterberg
To begin with,I would like to be the discovery of another sub.
say, I do not consider myself nuclear force coming)--is the
apractitionerofthepseudoscience breakthrough toward fusion
of futurology, which is to predict power, which will come, I would
the future by making extrapola- say, not later than 1985.
tions from present trends. Predict-Alot has been said about ru-
ing thefuture is difficult, at very sion as faras the generationof
least, because the futurelargely powergoes. In fact, fusion is the
consists of inventions anddiscov- ignitionof a small star on earth;
eries which have not yet been and therefore, it can be compared
made. in its importance with the inven-
But as relativity theorytells tionof fire. It is a new kind of fire
us, thepast, present, and future are which, in contrast to ordinary
closely connected toeach other, chemical fire,requires much
And if we know somethingabout highertemperatures, which is one
the present, we should be able to of the reasons why it is sodifficult
know somethingabout the future, toachieve.
There most likely willbe four
great technicalbreakthroughs ac-Fusion Space Flight
complished in this century. Three Power generation is only oneside
have been already accomplished, of fusion. The otherside is its
the fourth win be accomplished, significancetospace flight.
and probably in this decade. The, First, let me give you a short
first of these great breakthroughs outline. What isthe great problem
was, of course, manned flight; the we face-today as far as space flight
second was thediscovery of fission is concerned? As the Apollo pro-
and nuclear energy; the third gram hasshown,we are now able
breakthrough was the develop-
ment of the space rocket leading
to the landing of aman on the The Space Shuttle. Anartist's
Moon--theaccomplishment ofconceptionoftheNASA spaceshuttle
the Apollo Project. The last great servicinganorbitingspacestation.The
breakthroughof this century--at spaceshuttlewilleventuallymake
least the last one we can foresee possibletheconstructionoffusion-
(we donot know yet, there may poweredvehiclesinspace.
6December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
Dr. Friedwardt Winterberg
is a pioneer in the nation's
inertial confinement fusion
program. Working at the
prestigious Desert Research
Center in Nevada, Winter-
berg has proposed a new and
exciting approach to the de-
sign of pellets--the actual
shape or configuration given
to the basic fuel for inertial
confinement fusion systems.
The Winterberg design
makes it theoretically possi-
ble to decrease the power
level of the fusion driver
(laser, ion, or electron
beams) by more than an or-
der of magnitude and to also
use a lesstechnically difficult
dri,/er system. Should his de-
sign hold up in actual exper-
imental investigation, his
idea could bring the prospect
of commercial fusion power
much closer to realization.
Dr. Winterberg's dis-
cussion has been edited from
a presentation to a recent Los
Angeles conference of the
Fusion Energy Foundation.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 7
tolandmen on anotherplanet in is what I would like to try to sharea time whichis lessthanthe order
the solar system. However, we with you. of years--which is a long time.
cannot do so with a very large Let us first consider what is Of course; the trick in getting
_ikayload and the moon, which is really the crucial problem in to Mars in a short time, maybe
e a small planet, is very nearby rocket propulsion. To get a large only a matter of weeks, is to use a
.to us. velocity with a spacecraft, you higher exhaust velocity. You must
Now if we were to attempt to need what rocket engineers call a attain a level of propulsion,
go to Mars with chemical propul- large specific impulse. To say a which only a fuel with a much
slon, then you would be con- large specific impulse is the same larger energy density leading to a
fronted with some very tremen- as saying the exhaust velocity must higher combustion temperature
dous problems. It could not be be very large, can produce.
accomplished in the matter of days The answer is thermonuclear.
or a week, as in the case of the Exhaust Velocity In a thermonuclear reaction the
Apollo Program; it wouldtake As you may have learned at temperatures are not a few thou-
years. And the astronauts would school, the exhaust velocity of a sand degrees, as in a chemical
be forced into a spacecraft maybe gas is higher if the temperature of combustion; they are millions of
not much bigger than the interior the gas is higher, because heat is degrees, a hundred million degrees
of a bus. To be able to live for a motion of the gas molecules. If typically.
matter of years in such an environ- you have a chemical fuel, if it is Then, we get an exhaust ve-
ment, and be sure nothing goes burned, it leads to a molecular locity not of a few kilometers per
wrong--that is very risky, velocity and hence exhaust veloc-
With chemical propulsion, ity of the order of a few kilometers
therefore, I would say that going per second, at best 3 kilometers
beyond the moon is not practical per second or 2 miles per second.
for man, but only for unmanned Such a fuel--hydrogen mixed
probes--andwe have done that, with oxygen--is the most power-
very successfully, However, I do ful rocket fuel that we know, and
not believe, for a number of tea-was usedin the Saturn rocket.
sons I shall explain, that this can be As we know from rocket the-
our goal. Unmanned space probes ory, you can increase the rocket
alone are neither desirable nor, for velocity to as much as three times
scientific reasons, can they achieve more than the exhaust velocity if
the accomplishments we are look-you have a multistage rocket. But
ing for. What will we find on you cannot increase it more sub-
Mars or elsewhere in the solar stantially. Now, to escape the
system? Only man, with his ver- gravity of the earth you must at-
satility of mind, is able to respond tain a rooket velocity of about 12
to totally unexpected experiences, kilometers per second (7.5 miles
As I pointed out, we won't be per second). So, if you have a
able to send men using chemical three stage rocket in which each
propulsion. But we will be able to stage can attain about three kilo-
dothis with fusion propulsion, meters per second, you can escape
We will not able to do it with the earth's gravity field, and head
fission propulsion either. But with for the moon. So chemical propul-
fusion propulsion, yes. sion suffices to get free of the
That is of course one of the earth--because you need a rela-
most exciting aspects of fusion, tively low velocity.
When we can do this, we will not However, the most you can
only be able to explore the solar attain with chemical rockets is a
system. We will be able to colo- speed of 10to 20 kilometers per
nize it, and industrialize it. This second. This may seem very fast
excitement over the propulsion when you think of traveling at
prospectsof fusion--an excite-such a speed, tens of miles per
ment which everyone who has second. But this is not a speed that
worked with it has experienced-- can permit us to travel to Mars in ,
8 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
second but a few thousand kilo- millions of tons, which could could not realize his concept.
meters per second.That is, a ther- bring it from an earth orbit into Around the same time, an Aus-
monuclear rocket can attain, with an orbit around Mars.The descent trian physicist at the University of
the same payload, thousands of mission from that orbit onto the Lamberg (at that time part of
times larger velocities,surface of Mars could again be Czechoslovakia and now in the
We could launch such a fusion done by chemical rockets. Soviet Union) analyzed the mat-
space rocket, which would have To go from a planetary sur- ter and showed that the explosives
to be put together in orbit, bring- face to an orbit, chemical propul- of that time would not be strong
ing its parts from earth by a space sion is always the most conveni- enough to propel a space rocket.
shuttle. Only for this shuttle mis- ent. Similarly, when you go from But Ganswindt prophetically pre-
sion will we still rely on chemical the airport to your house, you dicted that one day we would find
propulsion. We can store mate- don't take a helicopter, you take a a propulsion explosive that would
rials in a space orbit using the car. So we probably always will be large enough. In fact, less than
shuttle, which can go up into orbit need some kind of shuttle service forty years later, such a powerful
hundreds of thousands of times to to go from a planetary surface to explosive was discovered in the
store all the different parts and an orbit, where we have no grav- form of nuclear fission.
materials for a fusion rocket which ity and can therefore assemble And it was very typical that
can be put together in earth orbit, large structures. The kind of fu- after fission was discovered, some
The fusion-rocket spaceship could sion reaction with which our fu- Los Alamos scientists pointed out
have a payload of thousands or -sion rocket would be propelled that one could in fact propel a
will consist of many little explo- rocket by a sequence of exploding
sions, like many miniature hydro- atomic bombs. This was exten-
gen bombs. For example, one of sively studied under the name of
the fusion concepts, inertial fusion, Project Orion, but it was eventu-
uses laser beams to ignite a small ally abandoned, because the idea
hydrogen bomb, so small that you seemed unworkable and to some
can confine it in a container for too risky, given the state of tech-
power production. Another con- nology at that time.
cept, magnetic fusion, is not very Looking back, the project was
suitable for rocket propulsion, for not so crazy, and even today peo-
reasons I shall not go into. Inertial ple who look back think it was a
confinement fusion, however, is mistake that this was abandoned.
ideally suited for these purposes. Recall that a hydrogen or fu-
In inertialconfinement pro- sion bomb is always ignited with
pulsion, beams of particles ignite an atomic or fission bomb as a
fuel pellets, each pellet perhaps the trigger, which then sets offa much
size of an aspirin tablet. But as it larger thermonuclear explosion.
explodes, it will typically produce Until the mid-1960s, I would say,
the energy equivalent of ten tons that was the only known method
of TNT. These pellets will be to ignite a thermonuclear explo-
ignited, say, every second. Their sion. Since the beginning of the
fireball will be reflected as exhaust 1960s, scientists in various places
by a magnetic mirror, and the came across the idea that we could
spacecraft willbe propelled, not only ignite a hydrogen bomb
in a different way, but we could
Past History ignite a miniature hydrogen
The idea of this kind of rocket bomb so small that we not only
propulsion has a long history. First could confine it in a reactor, but
Launching of Saturn 5. Chemicalpropul- the idea of propelling a rocket by we could also use it as a means of
sionofrocketscanachievea speedof 2 milesper a sequence of explosions of some rocket propulsion. This propulsive
second.Sinceit requiresa speed of7.5milespertype is itself very old. This was system would resemble the Project
secondto escape the earth's gravity, large proposed by an engineer in Berlin Orion idea, but instead ofexplod-
rocketslike the Saturn 5 (left and above)are around the turn of the century, ing a 10or 5 kiloton atomic bomb
launchedinthree stages, with the name Ganswindt; how- every few seconds or so, a se-
ever, he was not a physicist and quence of relatively modest explo-
)
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 9
Inertial Confinement Fusion.
This type offusion deviceoperatesby
explodingpelletsoffusionfuel. One of
the leadingexperimentalmethodsuses
lasersto compressthepellets.Above:a
diagramof an inertialconfinementma-
chine.Right,aviewof the Shiva laser
systemat Caliform'a'sLawrenceLiver-
moreLaboratories.
sions would take place, explosions very soon--now under develop- acres. But now, we would go into
which would produce an exhaust ment in the United States at San- lunar orbit, descend to the surface
needed to reach very high veloci- dia National Labs, and in the So- with chemical rockets, unload all
ties with very large payloads, v i et U nio n at th e A n gar a the material and build a lunar
facility--we can make inertial fu-colony.
Experimental Status sion a reality. One of the great problems
Where do we stand experimen- What can we do then? Let's with the moon, unfortunately, is
tally._ In inertial confinement, las-look at the future, that the_e is no water. That is one
ers are not the only possibility. We could go into earth orbit great disadvantage. But here is
Perhaps even more promising are with many, many space shuttles, something extremely interesting:
beams of particles. As you may and like bees into a beehive, each to build a technical civilization
know, it is now thought that we would Unload materials for con- you need basically two things.
can even use particle beams as a struction of a super rocket to be First, you needmetals. Without
weapon. Clearly, if we can pro-put together in earth orbit, and to steel you cannot make much of
duce a particle beam that can be be propelled with fusion micro- anything, and you need certain
usedasa weapon, then even before explosions, other metals to make steel, and
that happens we should be able to Such a spaceship would carry certain minerals in order to make
produce a particle beam that will people. It would also carry equip- metals. Second, you need other
set off a miniature hydrogen ex- ment--machines for earth_mov- materials which can serve as the
plosion. In other words, inertial ing especially. It could go to Mars. raw materials to produce energy.
confinement fusion must be We could also use it as a tugboat These are the two kinds of mate-
achieved before a weapon project to go to the moon. rials you need in order to build a
could even be considered, because What could we then do with technical civilization.
such a weapon would require the moon? Quite obviously, on earth
beams much more powerful. To date, we have landed on these materials may eventually run
With beams that will be available the moon and inspected a few out; the question is where else we
10 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
could get them. deeper we go down the larger the density metals. Without any
Everybody speaks of gold pressure gradient, doubt,we could make similar
these days because the gold price Is there a method by which "ploughshare" excavations on
is so high. Why isn't there more we can go down into the center of Mercury, using thousand or
gold on the surface of,the earth? the moonmand sustain pressures maybe million megaton explo-
Gold has the same density, up- up to 100,000 atmospheres? Yes:sions,creating craters through
proximately, as uranium. There is you can use nuclear explosions, which we could drill into lower
a lot of uranium in the earth's First, we drill amine shaft asand lower levels of the planet to
crust, and one would think there deeply as we can. At the bottom obtain the metals we need.
should be as much gold as there is of the shaft,we place alarge nu-
uranium. But there isn't. Uranium clear explosive and ignite it. The Mars, Venus
is not anoble metal--it goes into effect is that the rocks will be As Ipointed out, asfar aswe know
chemical compositions and there- crushed. We continue drilling the we have no water on the moon.
fore it's not that heavy, it doesn't shaft intothe crushed rock. Since The situation is quite different on
have as high a specific gravity, the pressure gradient is released in Mars. Mars is a much more likely
This is why there is more of it on crushed rock,we will be able to candidate for a large scientific and
the surface of a planet the heavy go down to the center of the moon industrial colony, because there is
metals go into the inner part of ato extract the minerals, water, which also contains hydro-
planet. Most of the gold and heavy I can say definitely that this gen. Water is much more impor-
metals which are very important can be done with nuclear explo- tant, for example,than gold, for
for technical civilization like sions, sure. Hydrogen is extremely ira-
tungsten are now concentrated in Let's go to another case. We portant. But on Mars, we don't
the centers of planets, can do the same thing with Mer- have it in the form of lakes or
cury. The planet Mercury is very rivers,sowe must come up with
Extraterrestrial Mining interesting, because of all the some other means of tapping it.
Somebody might propose: let's planets in the solarsystem, it has With nuclearenergywe can
make a shaft tothe c_nter of the the highest specific gravity. That dothis. We make a shaft,place
• earth. That s not possible, because is an indication that the interior of some nuclear explosives, fusion
the pressure at the center of the Mercury must have valuable high- explosives,very clean explosions
earth--I'm estimating--is 10 mil-
lion atmospheres roughly. We
cannot go down there.
That is different on the moon.
The pressure at the center of the
moon is only about 100,000 atmos-
pheres. Indications from seismic
measurements, however, make
clear that the moon also hasacore.
It, too, must have once been mol-
ten because you see on the surface
the results of agreat deal of ancient
volcanic activity. So alot of the
heavy elements thatare down
there could be retrieved. Through
the moon,we can drill a shaft,
because technically,we can sustain
pressures of 100,000atmospheres.
It is not atrivial undertaking,
however. You cannot simply
build amine and go down. On
earth, if you go down very deep TheMannedOrbitingLaboratory. This NASA design was originally
in a mine and hit the wall, rocks expected togo into serviceduring the1970s.Permanentspacestationswillbecomethe
can break off and fallintothe mine operationsand scientificcentersfrom whichman will conductprobesinto thesolar
shaft with the force and speed of a system.
gun bullet. That is because the
CAMPAIGNER /December1980 11
whichignite with a particle beam,
with no fission products. In this
way, we produce underground
steam coming to the surface in a
geyser, where we can use it as a
water source for the colony.
Venus, unfortunately, is of lit-
tle use, because its atmosphere and
surface are very hot. We can visit
Mercury because it hasno atmos-
phere, but Venus has a very hot
atmosphere. Mars is quite cool.
But we can produce heat, always
enough tosustain life. You just
need a few hundred degrees, a
very low temperature. Sotoheat
a dwelling onMars from -100
degrees Celsius to 300 or 400 de-
grees is very easy.
The same holds true for all
other,outerplanets. Of course,
we cannotland on Jupiter or Sat-
urn;the gravity is too large. But
these planets havemoons, and the
moons are not small. They are
comparable in size to Mercury,
largerthan the earth's moon. One
very interestingcandidate willbe .:,.
Titan, the moonof Saturn ......
Thus, the industrialization and
colonizationof the solar system February 1971MoonLanding.America'slaudingofthemannedApollospacevehicleon
can result from the development themoonmarkedtheopeningofan eraofspaceactivitywhichwillincludelarge-scalehuman
of fusion propulsion, settlementsandminingandindustrialcomplexes.
Stone Age man knew only the
environment around the cave. The
man of the Middle Ages could kind of fire, which is fusion, the hundred years from now, maybe
perhaps see his fields and maybe fireof the stars, the fire which a hundred years--it is very difli-
his castle, but nothing beyond the made the Creation possible, and cult topredict--we could make
horizon. That changed when the without which we would not exist interstellar space flight by building
deep-sea vessel was invented at the here, our whole horizon has been a spaceship as bigas New York
end of the Middle Ages, along increased enormously. City, and propelit toanother solar
with clear glass which was the And I alsobelieve that when system, settingup a colony on a
foundation for astronomy, and the the first scientists go toMars and planet which has earthlike condi-
horizon slowlyincreased. And look back andsee how smallthe tions. We would send unmanned
still,when I was a child, first earth is,there will be a great newprobes or explorer craft totell us
comingto America, it was a very,hope forworld peace, because po- that such a planet was there.
bigthing. One would have totake litical differences from there will Then, I propose, the follow-
a boat. Today we take a jet plane seem miniscule, ingscenario: the distance between
fromone continent tothe Other. solarsystems is about ten light
We are now, sotospeak, a plane- During thequestionperiod,Dr.Win-years. A fusion craft would take
tary man. The man of the next terbergwas asked about the prospects maybe 50 years to arrive at one.
century, however,will be the man for spacecolonizationbeyondthe solar Suppose mankind immigrates into
of the solar system, system, the galaxy, and goes from the first
Finally, I would like to point solarsystemin all directions to
out that by inventingthis newIt is conceivable that in a fewneighboringsuns, and it takes 50
12 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
"it isapproximately the right dis-
- tancefrom the sun, it cannot hold
an atmosphere. Venus is large
enough, the same size as the earth,
but it is too close to the sun and
consequently has lost its oceans.
Radar pictures show it was once
like the earth, it had continents,
but lost its oceans. Mars is too far
out, it's too cold.
You have a very narrow band
where life can evolve. The earth is
very unique. When it evolved, it
had a huge island in a large ocean.
Suppose you had a planet with a
small ocean in a huge land mass.
You would have much less water,
and most of the land would be
desert. Then, evolution would
take maybe not 2 billion years as
on earth, but perhaps 20 billion
years. But that is too long--longer
than the age of this galaxy. So it
must have the very favorable con-
ditions in which evolution of bi-
ology could take place in no more
than several billion years.
Dr.Winterbergwasalsoaskedwheth-
er he thought man came into being
Mining on the Moon. An artist'sconceptionof an industrialandminingcenteron the through the amoebaor was createdby
moon.Fusiontechnologywillenableus toexploitthevastmineralresourcesofthesolarsystem God.
for man.
Man was created by God
through development from the
to 100years to arrive at each. And heavy elements are al_out twice as amoeba. I would say that for sure.
we stay at each one for about 1,000 old. Ten million years is a very Now, there are some people who
years without moving on, build- short time compared with the age claim that a few thousand years
ing up new technical civilizations, of the galaxy, ago God created the earth with all
Then, we would go on again. Why, then, has nobody ar- the things here including the los-
In other words, we would rived here? All they needed in this sils, giving us the impression it was
propagate about 10 light years conservative scenario is 10 million created by evolution. Somebody
each thousand years, spreading years. My answer is that we are once made a good joke. Inprinci-
with an expansion velocity of 1/unique. It is possible that in the pie, you could say that the uni-
100th of the velocity of light galaxy someone else achieved our verse as a whole was all created
through the galaxy. Since the gal- state, but then it is also very likely only 10 minutes ago, with all your
axy has a diameter of 100,000 light that they would have achieved it impressions and memories of your
years, that means that in 10million a long time ago. But they have not previous experience, but really it
years, man will have colonized the arrived. It is, in short, very likely was all created 10 minutesago,
entire galaxy, that we are unique, including your brain with memo-
Now, the galaxy is approxi- Why are we unique? ries stored. Well, you could not
mately 10 billion years old. Our In our solar system, we are disprove that, the same way you
solar system is about 4 to 5 billion definitely unique. The earth is def- could not disprove that only you
years old. The oldest "population initely unique. The moon is too exist and everything around you is
I" stars like our sun which have small, it doesn't work--although an illusion. Solipsism it is called.
/
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 13
Theshameof
SHOGIJN
.... by DanielSneider
The morning after the first ep-
isode of NBC-TV's dramati-
zation of James Clavell's best sel-
'ing novel Shogun, I happened to
meet a Japanese acquaintance, a
businessman working in New
York. I couldn't resist asking if he
had seen the TV movie. He replied
that he had. "What did you think
of it?" I asked casually.
His reply was surprisingly
sharp. "This was not an accurate
picture ofJapan. I hope the Amer-
ican people do not think that the
Japanese people are like that."
Over the course of the week's
extravaganza I had occasion to
solicit reactions from many more
Japanese, all of whom were
watching the show with an ob-
vious sense of apprehension, and
in many cases embarrassment. The
reactions were invariably the
same.
What the American people
were treated to for five nights
running--and in millions of book
copies was not intended to be an
LordToranaga, insight into Japanese culture and
therecreationof history, nor even the usual bland
thehistorical entertainment aimed at grabbing
character television ratings. It was an exer-
Tokugawa cise in mass manipulation and
Ieyasuinthe brainwashing, hyped in the finest
TV miniseries traditions of this country's media.
Shogun.Like the infamous, racist
14 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
which is devoted to the cult of the
sword and the top prestige of the
warrior. All these contradictions,
however, are the warp and woof
of books on Japan."
Indeed Benedict's book, The
Chrysanthemum and The Sword is
built around the image of the Jap-
anese, who one moment can ad-
mire the beauty of a flower, and
the next minute slice offsomeone's
head. It should be noted that Ms.
Benedict's work was done on be-
half of the Office of War Infor-
mation (OWl), the psychological
warfare department of the war-
time intelligence service, the OSS,
where Mead also served.
Shogun's associated pornogra-
phy merely mixes images of death
and sexuality to complete the de-
graded human image shoved
down the throats of the American
population. Shogun is another push
for acceptance of the "death with
dignity" ethic promoted by the
A 16th century drawing ofJapanese leader Tokugawa leyasu,likes of Elizabeth Kfibler-Ross,
whose comparison of death to a
Roots, Shogun represented a new This image of Japan was not butterfly's leaving a chrysalis par-
breed of television. The "mini- crafted by Mr. Clavell, who is at allels Shogun's message. How
series" format allows the media to best a clever adaptor of the work clever it was to cloak the death-
hook the minds of tens of millions of others. It is the classic psycho- cultism of Jonestown in the semi-
of people into week-long captiv- logical profile of Japan, a profile mystical spirituality of oriental
ity. And like Roots, Shogun hooked which of course contains elements Japan!
them into a carefully constructed of truth but fundamentally distorts This portrayal ofJapanese cul-
fantasy aimed at spreading the the human struggle which guided ture--as a society built upon feu-
"cult"-oriented values of the Japan's history no less than those dal relations of loyalty and obli-
Aquarian Age. of other nations, gation in which death, mixed with
My Japanese friends were Perhaps the classic statement sexuality, is a virtual obsession--
rightfully shocked at the portrayal of this profile was written during can of course be found within
of Japanese culture, but they did World War II by Ruth Benedict, Japan itself.
not grasp its purpose. Japan in the a famous social anthropologist and The Japan of Richard Clavell
world of Shogun is a worldorgan- close associate of Dr. Margaret and Ruth Benedict is the Japan of
ized around a cult of deam, a Mead. Ms. Benedict opens with a particular tendency in Japanese
celebration of the honor and duty the difficulty for a Western ob- history. This tendency seeks to
of death in the act of seppuku, or server in understanding Japan: deny the universal qualities ofJap-
ritual suicide. In this sledge-ham- "When he [the observer] anese society, expressed in its
mer parable, the West is a crude writes a book on a nation with a achievement of rapid scientific and
and vulgar world comparedto the popular cult of aestheticism which economic modernization over the
harmony and simplicity of life in gives high hofior to actors and past hundred years or so. The cult
Japan, whose striving for human artists and lavishes art upon the of Shintoism, the ancestor-wor-
progress was rejected in favor of culti_cation of chrysanthemums, ship ideology based on the myth-
an odd combination of brutality that book does not ordinarily have ological tale ofJapan's creation by
and loyalty unto death, to be supplemented by another the gods, is an expression of this
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 15
tendency. The movie centered appropri-himself in ritual seppuku style.
Modern Japanese history ately on the participant in the Mishima not only takes off from
reaching back to the period of the failed "February 26 Incident," the the political message, but his film,
sxxteenth and seventeenth centu-attempted fascist coup of 1936 by in which he plays the young offi-
ries during which the events of military officers associated with cer, is essentially entirely devoted
Shogun take place, cannot be the "Strike North" faction, those to the act of seppuku itself. The
understood except as a struggle who sought a war against the So- young officer first makes love with
between these two impulses, that viet Union. Following the failure his wife, then commits suicide, to
of those who sought to shape a of the coup, this participant kills be followed by the voluntary sui-
nation seeking progress and cide of his wife. All this is
opento the ideas and contri-done in the most graphic de-
butions of the West in partic-tail, with blood and gore, and
ular, and those, more like the death portrayed as a most
Chinese, who harken back to "beautiful" act.
a Japanese "uniqueness" de-Mishima appropriately
fined by their denial of such acted out his own porno-
influences and the mainte-graphic perversion of the
nance of a mythological un-movie 10 years ago in acomic-
changing feudal harmony, opera attempted seizure of a
The profilers of Japanese Japanese army base by a band
cultism have sought to deny of his followers organized as a
that the impulse for progress is private army. After soldiers
a "real" Japanese phenome- failed to respond to a Mishima
non. Hence, Benedict andthat call from the balcony for a
school ofJapanists portray the revolt and restoration of feu-
great Meiji Restoration, dal militarism, he committed
which smashed feudal Japan seppuku himself.
and thrust the nation on the Shogun treats one of the
road to modernization, as a most crucial periods in Japa-
reactionary effort of oligarchs nese history, the point of con-
to elevate the Imperial system solidation in the early seven-
and build Japan as a military teenth century of the
power_ centralized rule of the Toku-
The view presented in gawa Shogunate, after almost
Shogun is reminiscent of the a century of extended civil
modern cult figure of Japan- warfare. The Tokugawa clan,
ese literature, YukioMishima, one of Japan's feudal lord-
._.
whose ritual Smclde was re- ships, was to rule for the next
ported in photo essays _::_ 250 years, a period of peace,
throughout the U.S. press in but also of economic and so-
the early 1970s. Mishima was cial decay that was ended only
not only a self-professed polit- by the 1868revolution known
icalfascist and admirer of feu.... as the Meiji Restoration.
dalism, but also was immersed The Tokugawa rule is
in the same themes of death best known for implementing
and pornographic sexuality-- the virtual isolation of Japan,
and in his case homosexual- a condition that was decisively
ity--which Clavell indulges broken by the arrival of an
in. Mishima once made a American naval squadron in
movie of one of his short sto- 1853 under the command of
ries, a movie which traveled Commodore Matthew Perry.
the campus culture circuit in ..... The Tokugawa closing of Ja-
this country, that depicts his RichardChamberlainin the roleofBlackthorne, the pan followed a century ofex-
outlook in graphic terms, characterbasedonthehistoricalfigure WillAdams. tensive contact with the West
16 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
(aside from China, whose rela- ams (Blackthorne in the book), Clavell's version of the events
tions with Japan go much further who landedon Japanese shores on of this period focuses on the battle
back in history). The Western a Dutch ship in 1600 and ulti- for power following the death in
presence consisted largely of Por- mately became a close adviser to 1598 of the great Japanese general,
tuguese and Spanish traders and Ieyasu, remaining in Japan until Hideyoshi, fictionalizedas the
officials and missionaries of the his death in 1620. The story centers Taiko in the novel. Hideyoshi was
Society ofJesus, the Jesuits, whose on the interaction between these the leading commander of the feu-
cofounder, Francis Xavier arrived two men in the midst of Ieyasu's dal lord Oda Nabunaga, who had
inJapan in 1549. bid for total power, along with largely succeeded in unifying Ja-
the prominent role of the Portu- pan in the mid-1500s after aperiod
TheJesuits and Japan guese and the Jesuits, who wereof prolonged civil war and lackof
The consolidation of Tokugawa enemies of Adams. central rule. Consolidating his
policies, the arrival and involve- The story of Will Adams is centralized authority in the early
ment of the Jesuits in Japan, and well known to historians ofJapan, 1580s, Hideyoshi curbed the
the turmoil of this period are all and his letters arld accounts of his power ofJapan's feudal lords.
tighdy wound together. Why the life were published there as early But Hideyoshi left no clear
dosing of Japan occurred and why as the seventeenth century. His successor except his young son
the Jesuits were expelled are cru-admittedly interesting life and Hideyori, who was under-age.
Five of the most powerful lords,
including Ieyasu, were pledged
before Hideyoshi's death to form
a Council of Regency to rule dur-
ing the years of his son's maturing.
It was clear, however, that a strug-
gle would take place for the actual
succession and that Ieyasu was the
most powerful candidate.
For several years after Hide-
yoshi's death, warfare reigned
along with politicalintrigue,
reaching a peak in 1600 with the
battle of Sekigahara, in which Iey-
asu defeated his principal oppo-
nents, led by Lord Ishida. By 1603
Ieyasu had assumed the traditional
title of Shogun, in theory the ap-
pointed "Generalissimo" of the
emperor, who was essentially a
powerless figurehead. Ieyasu lived
until 1616 and succeeded in estab-
lishing a powerful central govern-
A shipof the DutchEast IndiaCompanyisportrayedby aJapaneseartist.Inset:the ment with firm control over all of
Company's symbol.Japan andits numerous feudal
lords (daimyo). In 1605, Ieyasu
cial issues in understanding Japa- loves have also been the subject.of passed the title of Shogun to his
nese history, including the events three other novels to this writer's son Hidetada, and the succession
of the past two centuries, knowledge--including Pilot and remained in the Tokugawa clan
Clavell chose a dramatic set- Shogun, by James A. B. Scherer for the next 260years.
ting for Shogun. The time is 1600(written in 1935) and the more Japan at the turn of the seven-
and the principal characters are famous The Needle-Watcher, by teenth century was in many ways
the founder of the Tokugawa Richard Blaker (1932). Adams's similar to contemporary Europe
Shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu supposed adoption of Japanese with its feudal structure develop-
(Lord Toranaga in the book), and culture is a major theme in each of ing toward a nation-state. The
an English pilot-major, Will Ad-these, as it is in Shogun. struggles of Nobunaga, Hide-
CAMPAIGNER /December 198017
yoshi, and Ieyasu to unify thesuch countries in Southeast Asiaaseyoshi and Ieyasu strongly en-
country and end fratricidal feudal Siam, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indo-couragedthe growth of Japanese
warfare were at times bloody but nesia and the Philippines. In fact, trade and contacts with the outside
purposeful. But unlike Europe,Ja-large Japanese settlements grew up world, including importing tech-
pan was at a much lower level of in these places, numbering up to nologicaldevelopments in metal-
the development of humanist cul-several thousands, and Japanese lurgy, naval engineering, military
ture--especially in science, having soldiers could be found in the em- arts, and navigational science. All
depended almost entirely on influ- ploy of Siamese kings and even of Western accounts from this period
ences fromChina (and to a lesser the Portuguese settlements inthedepict theJapaneseas eager to
extent from India). The impact of region, gather information about Europe
the West, however, combined The desire for trade reflected and the rest of the world. Fre-
with an emergent national drive the growing ambitions of the Jap-quently under the auspices of the
for development and trade, gave anese nation and was largely the missionaries, many Japanese tray-
Japan perhaps the greatest poten- reason why the presence of the eled to Europe and back during
tial of any nation outside of Eu- Portuguese and the Jesuits was tol- the latter of period of the sixteenth
rope and the Mediterranean to erated and even encouraged. Dur- century.
become a modern nation-state, ing this time, a healthy merchant Hideyoshi's ambitious efforts
Although this potential was class wasalso developed in Japan, to develop Japan led him to launch
not realized until the latter half of including the growth of certain a massive invasion of Korea in
the nineteenth century, there is "free cities" run by the merchants 1592, an effort that required the
ample evidence to suggest that had where trade and manufactures sea transport and provisioning of
it not been for certain direct for- were centered, not unlike similar an army of almost 200,000 men.
eign interventions, particularly by phenomena in Europe. Both Hid- Fhis brought him into direct con-
the Jesuits, combined with anti-
progress elementswithin the
country, Japan would have moved
forward far more rapidly in
history. ::
The decision to close Japan to
othernations,whichwasruth- ACloserLook at
lessly enforced from the 1630s on,
has often been used to portray16th Century Japan
Japan as a basically xenophobic
nation, albeit not to the degree of It is revealing to contrast the Sho-
its Chinese neighbors. While it is gun view of Japan with aJapanese
true that the Chinese cultural in- film, Kagemusha, which appeared
fluence made its mark in inculcat- in the United States just about the
ing certain antiforeign attitudes in time that Shogun was shown on
some Japanese elite circles, cer-TV. Kagemusha is directed by the
tainly the impulse of the sixteenth famous director Akira Kurasawa,
century was not dominated by who directed The Seven Samurai
that influence, and the art film Rashoman. It takes
The best evidence against the place less than 30 years before the
charge of xenophobia is the effort time portrayed in Shogun. Indeed,
made to develop a Japanese mari-some of the historical figures in
time capability and the spread of Shogun are also depicted in this
Japanese ships and traders in Asia. film.
During the fifteenth century, Jap- The contrast is striking in the
anese ships many of them "pir-general sense of Japanese culture
ates"(the Wako)--went as far as andhistory which appearsinthese
India. During the sixteenth cen-
tury, both before and after the
arrival of the Portuguese, Japan A scenefromKurosawa'sKagemusha.
conducted regular trading with
18 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
flict with China, which claimed served as advisersfor men like the least, of frustratingJapan's
suzeraintyover Korea (the inva- Ieyasu (who also used them as a emergence as an independent and
sion eventually ended in defeat, personal intelligence apparatus),powerful nation in the world.We
involving negotiations with the It was into this situation, then,should note here that while both
Ming dynasty in China).Hide- that the Jesuits intervened, and the novel and TV film Shogun
yoshi even contemplated invading remained in Japan for the crucial portray the Jesuit intrigues (in-
China and also the Philippines, events ofthisperiod. The evidence cluding against Adams) and in-
' which was garrisoned by the we shall briefy present here leaves volvement in politics and trade,
Spanish by that time. no doubt that their activities were the actual scope of that evil is
At this point in its history, largely responsible for the setback totally obscured and in the final
Japan was undergoing the great to Japan's development asa nation analysis palmed off as excess in the
changes and crises of an emergent which occurred in the seventeenth service of God and the Church!
nation, with a strong central gov- century. Their efforts were not The activities of The Com-
ernment and a nascent merchant- aimed at spreading the Christian pany inJapan were consistent with
capitalist elite. There was consid- faith, but at controlling trade for its activities throughout the
erable social fluidity, and mobil- the enrichment of the Jesuit order world. The Jesuits were, from
ity, despite the classic feudal struc- (or "The Company" as they were their founding, the instruments,
tures of lords, vassals (the samuri- called by contemporaries), and not of God, but of the Hapsburg
gentry) and peasant farmers. Hid- developing intelligence capabili- monarchy and of the Genoese
eyoshi himself came from corn- ties for the political subversion of bankers who financed and con-
mon origins and was literate Japan. They intervened into the trolled them. The Hapsburgcolo-
though not a well-educated man battles for succession, with the aim nization of Mexico and South
like Ieyasu. Merchants often of gaining control of Japan, or at America was spearheaded by the
Jesuits, who looted the new
world's gold and silver and mur-
dered millions of native Indians,
some 20million in Mexico alone.
two films. Kurosawa's is essen- The Japanese, for their part,
tially a dramatic tale and captures proved more problematic than the
a crucial moment in the civil war native inhabitants of the Americas.
raging in Japan at that time, a war
whose culmination is featured in Jesuit IntrigueinJapan
Shogun. But whereas Clavell's Portuguese ships and traders were
work is dominated by the sense active in Southeast Asia and south-
that Japan's leaders were preoccu- ern China by the early part of the
pied with holding back time and sixteenth century but did not
history, Kurosawa presents Japan reach Japan till the early 1540s.
in the throes of change under the Jesuit leader Xavier, who had es-
positive impact of Western civili- tablished operations earlier in the
zation. Portuguese holding in Goa, in
Nowhere is the Shinto wor- western India, arrived in 1549,
ship of death and a "unique" Jap- stayed for two years, and returned
anese cultist culture found m to Goa with glowing reports
Kurosawa's work. While feudal about the prospects for their activ-
loyalties are present, they are ityinJapan. TheJesuit priests who
shown as human relationships, not arrived in the 1550s concentrated
mindless devotion to form and their activities in western Japan,
formality. It is not surprising that mainly the island of Kyushu, the
Kurosawa was reportedly offered major center of trade with China
the opportunity to direct Shogun and Southeast Asia. Kyushu dai-
and refused, on the grounds that it myos welcomed them in part out
did not portray a realistic picture of acknowledgement that the val- _
ofJapan at that time. ued Portuguese trade was con-
trolled by the Jesuits.
CAMPAIGNER /December 198019
Below: Oda Nobunaga, the
The method the Jesuits were
perfecting during this period was feudallordwhobegan the
to quickly assemble a political and processof unifying Japan in
cultural profile of Japan, locating themid-15OOs.
the centers of power (and poten-
tial opposition) in the country.
Jesuit proselytizing 'was not aimed
at the Japanese masses, but at the
ruling elites, at the lords them-
selves and through them the cen-
tral authorities. Their first major
conquests were several key and
powerful lords in Kyushu, with
large numbers of "converts"
added as the result of mass "con-
versions" of the vassals and sub-
jects of those lords. (In later years
when their enemies, the Francis-
cans, came to Japan,the Jesuits
scorned their focusing on conver-
sion of common people and Chris-
tian "good works"). It is also clear
that the Jesuits did not regard the
Shinto native cult (not really a
religion) as much of a threat; but
from the beginning they saw the
various Buddhist sects and monks
as a force to be destroyed and
incited their converts to burn In the early years of the Hide- that the Jesuits were fundamen-
Buddhist temples in many areas, yoshi's rule, Jesuit control grew tally a powerful political opera-
The consolidation of Oda steadily over a number of impor- tion within "Japan. Hideyoshi,
Nobunaga's rule in the early tant daimyo, particularly in west- who may well have been entrap-
1560s, ending some degree of ern Japan. Portuguese control ping the slyJeCuits, had opened the
chaos, provided the Jesuits an op- over access to the Chinese markets discussion by telling the Jesuit
_ortunity to expand their small and to coveted Chinese silk was chieftain in Japan about his plans
ase (there were only six Jesuit crucial. The Japanese were barred to invade Korea and China, his
_iriests in 1559). A top Jesuit who by the Ming from trade with hopes to arrange for his succession,
ved in Japan from 1564 to 1587, China, and the annual large ship- and his intention to launch a mili-
Father Frois, was able, through ment carried on the Great (or tary campaign in Kyushu, where
the influence of a Christian dai- Black) Ship was a major factor in the Shimazu daimyo of Satsuma
myo, to get Nobunaga's permis- the fortunes of Hideyoshi's per- (southern Kyushu) had occupied
sion in 1567 to extend their activ- sonal wealth. Nagasaki and taken over a large
ities, particularly into the capital. But the Jesuits overplayed part of the island, threatening
By the time of Nobunaga's death their hand, particularly as theJap- many of the "Christian" daimyo.
in 1582 and his succession by Hid- anese became aware that the Jesuit Hideyoshi asked Coelho if the
eyoshi, the Jesuits had significant "conversion" was not a religious Jesuits could arrange the aid of
influence in the country and con- but a political pursuit. In a move armed Portuguese naval vesselsfor
trol over access to'the Portuguese that Jesuit captains later acknowl- his Korea campaign. According to
trade so highly valued by theJap- edged to be an error in judgment, Jesuit accounts, Hideyoshi prom-
anese. The port of Nagasaki in Jesuit Vice-Provincial Gaspar ised if successful in his campaigns
Kyushu rapidly became their base, Coelho had a long and apparently to have churches built throughout
as the lord of that region was friendly meeting with Hideyoshi China and the population con-
"Christian." The city eventually in May 1586 in his Osaka castle, verted en masse. Coelho was ap-
came under Jesuit control, where he made it absolutely clear parently overjoyed and quickly
20 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
Below:ToyotomiHideyoshi, yoshi "prohibited thepadres of
Nobunaga's successor,whothe Company from making Chris-
orderedthefirstexpulsionof tians, it was not from hatred which
theJesuitsfromJapan.Left, he bore to the religion, because
Portuguesemembersofthe that seemed good to him; but it
Jesuitorderasseenbya 17th was because the padres of the
centuryJapanese artist.Company were only trying to
make converts amongst the great
lords, and he was afraid that by
this means they would become
masters of the kingdom, and this
was the reason why he ordered
their expulsion."
Coelho's immediate response
was to call on the Christian dai-
myo to launch armed resistance to
the edict, a request wisely refused
by the daimyo, and then to re-
quest, from the Spanish authori-
ties, soldiers and arms to "stiffen"
the daimyo. Cooler Jesuit heads
prevailed and blocked this--a wise
move, as Hideyoshi did not move
•to enforce the edict thoroughly,
probably thinking its promulga-
tion sufficient, but also concerned
to preserve trade. Jesuit father Va-
lignano, who arrived in Japan in
agreed to secure the naval aid and Hideyoshi's decree banishing the 1590as an envoy from the Viceroy
further pledged the backing of the Jesuits from Japan (although he in India, wrote that the Japanese
Christian daimyo of Kyushu for was careful to say that "the Por-became ".convinced that if the
his campaign there, which was to tuguese can carry on their com-padres were not here, theJapanese
precede the Korea campaign, merce unmolested"). Hideyoshi is could not deal with the Portu-
It is likely that the revelation reported to have told his entou- guese, which opinion is of no
of the extent of actual Jesuit con-rage "that the padres were deceit-small help to us at this juncture."
trol over the daimyo, supposedly ful propagandists of a devilish and
• loyal toHideyoshi, wasthecrucial subversive creed" who"had de- Franciscan-JesuitRivalry
"straw" in this situation. Japanese ceived many daimyo and samuri," Valignanometwith Hideyoshi
suspicions, however, are acknowl-and were even more dangerous and established a truce that did not
edgedin Jesuit letters as early as because they "had taken care torepeal the formaledict but permit-
1578, which report that it was concentrate their efforts on thetedthe Jesuits to operate if they
widely believed even in areas of cream of the Japanese feudal aris-did so with greaterdiscretion. The
,extensive Jesuit presence that the tocracy" who "were wholly at Jesuits were certainly aware by
priests were merely waiting until the beck and call of the Jesuits." this point that, as Valignano care-
they had sufficient numbers of (This and other relevant docu- fully put it, "Japan is not a place
"converts," to summon a Portu- ments on the Jesuits are quoted in which can be controlled by for-
guese armada from India to con- C.R. Boxer's The Christian Cen- eigners, for the Japanese are nei-
querJapan, tury inJapan, 1549-1650, Berkeley, ther so weak nor so stupid a race
At any rate, it was shortly 1967.) as to permit this." The covert na-
after Hideyoshi concluded his suc- The Franciscan Commissary, ture of Jesuit operations, giving
cessful military campaign in Kyu- Pedro Bautista, recounted the ex- the appearance of adapting to local
shu in the spring of 1587, and the planation of Hideyoshi's attitude customs and beliefs to gain politi-
day after a meeting with Coelho, by one of his top daimyo. The cal influence, led them to stren-
that the Jesuits were shocked by daimyo told him that when Hide- uously oppose the arrival in Japan
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 21
of Franciscan missionaries, death in 1598 ushered in a new
who were operating with the phase of the Jesuit operations
Spanish in Manila. The long-around the succession crisis
standing Jesuit-Franciscan ri- which followed.
valry came to play an impor- There is evidence to sug-
tant part in the developments gest that the Jesuits triedto
of this period, and the Francis-block Hideyoshi's successor,
cans' accounts of events have Tokugawa Ieyasu, the pow-
helped greatly to expose the erful head of the Regency
frauds ofJesuithistorians. Council formed by Hide-
One important incident yoshi before his death in an
involving the Franciscans and attempt to secure the succes-
Jesuits occurred in 1596-97 sion to his infant son. It is also
when a Spanish treasure ship clear that the Jesuits played
bound from Manila to Mexico both sides and kept their op-
was blown off course and tions open into Ieyasu, princi-
landed in Japan, where the pally through the influence of
unfriendly local daimyo con-the most gifted linguist and
fiscated the cargo. The Fran-intelligence agent of the or-
ciscan monks, already in place der, Father Joao Rodriquez
in Japan, attempted to inter-(known as Tcuzzu, or inter-
vene with Hideyoshi to get preter). Rodriquez had gained
ship and cargo released. Jesuit the position of chief inter-
accounts claim the friars bun-Titlepageof theJapanese grammar text writtenby preter for Hideyoshi andcon-
gled the affair and that one of theJesuit PadreRodriguez.tinued on with Ieyasu, who
the Spanish officers on the ship employed him to act as his
toldHideyoshi's representatives what was the relationship between commercial agent for his invest-
that the friars were the advance the "spiritual" fathers and the ments in the Great Ships trade.
guard of the Spanish conquista-temporal powers. Rodriguez appears in Shogun
dors, supposedly to impress them. According to Jesuit records, at as Father Alvito, the principal ri-
The Franciscan account denies this this point there were about 140val of Adams for the role of trusted
tale and charges the Jesuits with Jesuits in Japan, almost three times adviser to Ieyasu. Shogun does not
having told this to the Japanese to as many as were in China, indicat-indicate, however, that during the
incite them against the Francis-ing the greater strategic impor-battle for succession the Jesuits
cans. The result was a death sen-tance they attached then to Japan. were providing key backing to his
tence for six Franciscans and some Although Hideyoshi did not move major opponent, Lord Ishida,
of their Japanese converts, carried against the Jesuits in 1597, they mainly through the alliance be-
out in February 1597. were anxious nonetheless. Fol-tween Ishida and the leading Jes-
This event and the contro-lowing the death of the Francis- nit-allied Christian daimyo, Kon-
versy surrounding it was a subject cans, Valignano and Bishop Mar-ishi Yukinaga. Konishi and Ishida
of extensive Church investigation, tins urged the Spanish king to were defeated in the 1600 battle
with testimony, oaths, charges, cancel the visit of the Great Ship mentionedabove and executed.
and countercharges filed in the that year in order to cause an The Franciscans charge that
archives of the Vatican. For the economic crisis andgeneral unrest the Jesuits incited Konishi, which
Japanese, it confirmed a well-in Japan by taking advantage of is highly likely, as Konishi was
founded suspicion that the priests the strains caused by the reverses known to be "very obedient to
were merely the advance "scout- suffered in the Korea campaign, the padres." Jesuit accounts deny
ing party" for the conquistadors, They reportedly thought such a this and attempt to portray Ieyasu
someting they had already seen crisis would either result in Hide- aslogically the better bet for them.
in the Philippines, where many yoshi's overthrow or would force But the Jesuits' backing for the
Japanese had visited and lived. In- him to grant the Jesuits official continued bid of Hideyoshi's son
deed, the information most sought status inJapan. (Hideyori) for power over the
by the Japanese authorities during Their advice was not acted on following 15 years, makes it clear
this period was clarification ofjust immediately, but Hideyoshi's that they are lying.
22 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
The most direct statement of couraged by the Jesuits; and the supporters in 1614-15, culminating
tlle Jesuit role in this crisis can be reverend fathers had good cause to in his death and the fall of his
found in MannersandCustoms ofthe exert themselves strenuously on fortress in Osaka in early 1616.
Japanese, first published in New his side ... as so much favor was The castle was defended in large
York in 1841, based on the ac- shown them by the young prince part by Christian Samuri and ronin
count of the residents of the Dutch that they indulged the flattering (masterless samuri, many of them
factory (trading post)which re- hope of seeing him, ere long, deposed Christian daimyo). AJes-
;mained in Japan throughout the openly profess Christianity, and, uit account of the fall of the castle
Tokugawa era. According to this should he triumph, that he would admits that "there were so many
• evidence, "Hideyori was sup- make it the established religion of crosses, 'Jesus' and 'Santiagos' on
ported by all the Japanese Chris- Japan." the flags, tents, and other martial
tians, whose zeal on the behalf of The final chapter of tl'te Hid- insignia which the Japanese use in
the son of the admired and regret- eyori story, skipping ahead their encampments, that this must
ted Taiko-sama was, to say the slightly, came in Ieyasu's last cam- needs have made Ieyasu sick to his
'least, warmly approved and en- paign against Hideyori andhis stomach." The crowning evi-
dence was the discovery inside the
castle when it fell of seven priests,
including two Jesuits.
Ieyasuand Adams
The fall of the Osaka castle ac-
tually came after Ieyasu'sown
promulgationof an edict expel-
lingthe Jesuits, issued in lateJan-
uary 1614. This decisionwas car-
ried out far moreseriously than
Hideyoshi's, although it took
much longer to finally expunge
the Jesuit underground from Ja-
pan. The more important question
is why Ieyasu made this move,
especially because in the earlier
years of his reign, after 1600, he
was quite favorable to the Jesuits,
reversing Hideyoshi's expulsion
edict and allowing them to expand
their activities again. By 1614, ac-
cording to Jesuit records, they had
made at least 300,000 "converts"
(Japan's population was about 20
million at that time) and had con-
siderable influence among elite
circles--although the more im-
portant Christian daimyo were
gone,
The answer to that question
brings us back to Shogun and its
other principal character, Will
Adams (Blackthorne), the English
pilot-major. The Jesuit failure to
kill Adams andthe Dutch crew-
men with him was to prove fatal,
as it was through Adams's grow-
APortuguese carrack depicted byaJapaneseartist, ing influence as an adviser and
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 23
interpreter for Ieyasu--and his outcome of a faraway corner of Company into the Japan trade,
eventual replacement of the Jes- that same battle in the Far East. breaking the Jesuit control. It was
uit's key inside man, Rodriquez-- At this time, however, Adams only at the point that Ieyasu was
that the nail was put into theJesuit and the forces he represented were convinced that the Dutch could
coffin inJapan. We ionly note here crucial to solving the key problem deliver the goods--which was not
that Shogun in no way indicates which had prevented Ieyasu from clear after the first Dutch ship
the full importance of Adams, preventing theJesuit subversion of arrived in 1609 because the Portu-
treating him asa rival of theJesuits Japan--their trade control, guese and Spanish Still had naval
in simplistic "anti-Papist" terms Adams was actually an em- superiority in the area--that Iey-
and motivated merely by a desire ployee of the Dutch East India asu made the final decision to get ,
to raid Portuguese shipping. Company and negotiatedthe en- rid of the Jesuit threat to Japan.
Adams's importance to Ieyasu try of the Dutch Company and No Dutch ship came in 1610
was several-fold. First he was val- the newer English East India due to Portuguese interference,
ued for his knowledge of naviga-
tion and shipbuilding techniques,
something that Ieyasu was desper-
ate to upgrade in Japan for the
purpose of breaking the Portu-
guese-Spanish Jesuit domination
of trade by creating a Japanese
maritime fleet. Adams did in fact
build ships in Japan for the Toku-
gawa. Additionally, he was a
source of valuable intelligence on
the Jesuits and on the European
political battles between the Span-
ish Hapsburg monarchy and the
Tudor English and their Dutch
allies--of which the Japanese had
only sketchy knowledge and were
eager to acquire more. For exam-
ple, Ieyasu learned from Adams of
Jesuit treachery elsewhere and of
the English expulsion of the Jesu-
its, a precedent which Ieyasu
rightfully cited in explaining his
own later actions.
What Ieyasu did not know
was that his potential allies among
the Tudors and the Dutch were
themselves now largely subverted
by the Genoese bankers and their
agents. The vacillation of the Eliz-
abethan government between the
republican faction of Robert Dud-
ley and the Genoese agents led by
the Cecils had by the 1590s re-
suited in a victory for the latter.
Republican forces were in re'treat
throughout the European conti-
nent, a retreat marked by the dev-
astating Thirty Years' War that
broke out in 1618. Ultimately, this Abattle scene from the Jesuit-ledShimabura Rebellion that wracked western Japan
defeat in Europe was crucial to the during 1637and1638.
24 December 1980/CAMPAIGNER
which dampened Ieyasu's enthu- western Japan involving tens of of advisers who set up a ruthless
siasm for a while.But the arrival thousands, the Shimabura Rebel- system of internal order to guar-
of the second Dutch fleet in 1611 lion of 1637-38.antee the stability of the Toku-
sealed Adams's supplanting of Spanish and Portuguese trad- gawa system and the loyaltyof the •
Rodriguez as the principal court ers were barred from Japan at the lesser lords and samuri.
interpreter. Rodriguez was dis- end of the 1630s because Jesuit This included a gradually
graced and exiled to Macao in priests continued to be smuggled tightening exclusion policy,
1612, and the arrival of the English into the country in the guise of which by the mid-1630s, when a
ships in 1613convinced Ieyasu that merchants. The Jesuits' under- series of three further edicts were
he could now move against the ground network was so well or- promulgated, also prohibited Jap'-
Jesuits. ganized that their intelligence re- anese vessels from sailing to other
The text of his 1614 edict was ports continued to flow in and out lands, barred Japanese living
probably crafted by Buddhist ad- of the country during this time, abroad from returning and foreign
visers to Ieyasu, himself a Bud- despite intense persecution includ- merchants from traveling within
dhist; and the Buddhists were ing large-scale executions of for- Japan, and eventually expelled all
sworn enemies of the Jesuits. The eign and native Christians.A foreign traders except the Dutch
order of expulsion was blunt: complex underground of "reli- and the Chinese. Even they were
"The Kirishitan band have come gious confraternities," formed be- confined also to the port of Naga-
to Japan, not only sending their fore 1614, was actually aJesuit cell saki, where they were closely
merchant vessels to exchange network which organized mass watched to limit their contact
commodities, but also longing to demonstrations of Japanese Chris- with the Japanese.What took hold
disseminate an evil law, to over- tians at public executions, hid was a Japanese terror of anything
throw true doctrine, so that they priests, passed reports and dis- "Christian" that lasted well into
may change the government of patches, and smuggled priests the nineteenth century--the
the country, and obtain possession from Kyushu in the south all the Dutch were allowed to remain
of the land. This is the germ of way to the northern island of only because they had convinced
great disaster, 'and must be Hokkaido. Through increasing the Japanese they had no connec-
crushed." repression, this underground was tion of any kind with priests.
Ieyasu, like Hideyoshi, made also finally smashed by the Japa- Ironically it was the ongoing
it clear that it was only the priests nese authorities. Dutch presence, and through that,
who were expelled; all those en- At the point of Ieyasu's death, the marginal flow of Western sci-
gaged in trade, including the Por- Japan had the potential to move ence into Japan over the next 200
tuguese and Spanish, were al- forward and achieve an advanced years, that produced the revolu-
lowed to remain in Japan. Ieyasu cultural and scientific level much tionary elite who organized the
was committed to the growth of earlier than it eventually did. Cer- Meiji Restoration.
trade, and Japanese contact with tainly the continued subversion by The origins of the Meiji, in
other nations, to foster the contin- the Jesuits was crucial in the failure fact, can be traced to the tiny
ued economic growth of the to realize this potential. More im- group of men who called them-
country. He died shortly after portant, undoubtedly, was the selves the Dutch Studies Move-
the fall of Osaka castle in 1616, collapse of republican-scientific ment, the translators of the first
and was succeeded by his son forces in Europe, which deprived Dutch book an anatomy text-
Hidetada. forward-looking Japanese of pro- book--into Japanese. Those who
Unrest continued, however, gressive allies and ideas. Instead are responsible for lying atrocities
in part because of the continued they were left with the increas- like Shogun could never admit the
subversive activities of the Jesuits, ingly rapacious activities of the truth about Japan or any nation--
manypfwhom did not leave Japan Dutch and English East India the truth of the unquenchable uni-
but went underground. The Jesu- companies, versal aspiration for progress.
its had created a well-organized Ieyasu's successors, in turn,
underground espionage and polit- lacked his forward-looking atti- This article will be continued with a
ical network that was in place tude. Under these conditions, Ja- true accountof the originsand nature
before the edict of 1614 and con- pan and the Tokugawa Shogunate of the Meiji Restorationandthe estab-
tinued in existence into the 1640s. were increasingly under the dom- lishmentof the "American System"of
Their work culminated in a ination of inward-looking circles, scientificand economicprogressinJa-
bloody, Christian-led rebellion in led by a Confucian intelligentsia pan.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 25
Why are
America's Jews
falling forJabotinsky?
by Mark Burdman
H'ow is it to be ex lained that Most remarkable in this series
P
•Vladimir Jabotinsky, the Zi- of events was a Nov. 11Jabotinsky
onist leader who was near-univer- Centennial Dinner at the plush
sally branded a '"fascist" and Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New
"gangster" by American Jewish- York, where an overflow crowd
Zionist leaders during the 1920s of 2,000 listened to a keynote
and 1930s, and the founder of speech by Israeli Prime Minister
every Jewish "freedom fighter" Menachem Begin, a Jabotinsky
terrorist group in the 20th century, protege, followed by a stream of
is today the subject of lavish com- Jabotinsky testimonials.
memorations attended and spon- Coordinated by the recently
sored by the leadership of a broad established Jabotinsky Foundation
spectrum of American Jewish-Zi- in New York, the dinner was
onist groups? sponsored and/or endorsed by no
This question has been pro- less than 70 U.S. congressmen,
voked by a plethora of late-1980 senators, and governors, and by
events in New York and other top-level Zionist leaders from a
cities celebrating the centennial VladimirJabotinsky spectrum of organizations ranging
birthdate ofJabotinsky, creator of from the arch-Zionist category to
the split-off"Revisionist" Zionist the liberal Union of American
movement, the Jewish Legion, the ' '
Ben-Gurlon had a Hebrew Congregations.
paramilitary Betar youth group,
and the Irgun terrorist formations, concise nicknamefor In the 1930s, and probably
throughout much of the post-
Jabotinsky'sBetar and lrgun were Jabotinsky: Vladimir World War II period, such an
the original 1930s models of to- event would have been impossible
day's Jewish Defense League, Hitler._ without, minimally, drawing fires
Gush Emunim, and similar sects, of protest from rabbis and Jewish
26 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
Accompanying pictures are takenfrom Party. The head of the Mapai at onists should have claimed full
thecommemorativevolumeof the the time, David Ben-Gurion, later Jewish control over all of histori-
Jabotinsky CentennialDinner. to be the first prime minister of the cal Palestine. These two ideas
State of Israel, had a concise nick-were woven into one inextricable
name for Jabotinsky: "Vladimir whole in the Revisionist Zionist
community leaders across the Hitler." program and were portrayed as
land. These characterizations had the key to "Jewish survival" in the
During the 1930s, Jabotinsky ample justification. Jabotinsky's face of rising anti-Semitism.
was castigated by such diverse Betar minions, who adopted a fas-From today's retrospective
pro-Zionist figures as Albert Ein-cist-modeled brown-shirted uni- vantage-point, looking back at the
stein; the American Zionist Youth form, frequently engaged in anti- Hitler Holocaust, so the argument
Foundation; and the magazine trade union thuggery and associ- goes, Jabotinsky was the one
Opinion. Charges against him in- ated political violence, at times prominent Jewish-Zionist leader
cluded spreading "Hitlerism" converging on Red Brigades-style with the "vision" and "courage
among Jews and acting like "a political terrorism. Also, the ide- to correctly react to Hitler's inten-
fascist FfJhrer." ology of Betar was a Zionist-fash- tions and actions. The other Jewish
The anti-Jabotinsky polemic ioned borrowing from the same leaders, it is argued, acted like
of that era was best summed up by pool of cult ideas utilized by other ostriches, refused to mobilize
Rabbi Stephen Wise, a close polit- fascist formations, replete with against Hitler's extermination pol-
ical collaborator of Nahum Gold- hermetic oaths and fantasy-ridden icy, and made countless rotten
mann in the establishment of the codes of behavior modeled on deals to save aJewish life here and
World Jewish Congress. idealized feudal orders, there, and were therefore compli-
In a 1935 speech at Carnegie Jabotinsky's personal pen- cit in the death of the six million.
Hall entitled "Why Zionists Can- chant for friendly negotiations Targeted to play on the guilt of
not Support Jabotinsky and Revi- with the worst fascist governments Jews ("What did youdo to stop
,9 TT •_''_'
sionism, Wise called Revisionism of Europe, a subject we will dis- the raolocaust. ), the argument
"a menace to the security of the cuss further below, was a further has, in one form or another, in-
people of Israel and dangerofis to blight on the Revisionists' sordid truded itself into the political dia-
the future of Zionism .... "Jabo- record, logue of the Jewish community
tinsky and his teachings and his With this dossier amply avail- today, and has elevated Vladimir
leadership," Wise charged, "are a able in the public domain, why is Jabotinsky to the position of hero,
peril to the Jewish people. Revi- Jabotinsky being given such adu- seer, and visionary, rather than
sionism on the ethical, social side lation and fanfare today? downcast to the status of lunatic,
runscounter to every ideal of the eccentric, and f'tihrer.
Jewish people and of Jewish tradi-The Argument forJabotinsky
tion. We Zionists cannot accept The real answer to this question The Real Holocaust Myth
Revisionism, its policies, its prac- 'has little to do, in and of itself, The pro-Jabotinsky sham rests on
tices, and its leadership because we with the fact thatJabotinsky's pro-a number of carefully cultivated
are resolved to be true to the Jew-t_g_ Begin now occupies the seat mythologies. The most insidious
ish tradition .... Revisionism is a of government in Israel and that involves the cynical exploitation
surrender to a stark, grim, almost the Israeli government's blessing made today by Menachem Begi/a
unashamed acceptance of fascism has been given to the intense or-and Co. of the Holocaust.
as valid, and right, and just .... ganizing efforts of the true-be- The efforts of known Nazi
Revisionism is a species of fascism, liever Revisionist machine in the collaboratorSimon Wiesenthal and
in Yiddish or Hebrew, uttering its United States. his "Holocaust Studies" apparatus
comments in the Hebrew lan-No, the Jabotinsky-revival today have nothing to do with
guage, and therefore doubly bale-phenomenon _now being wit-explicating the truth behind the
ful to us who believe that Hebrew nessed has to dowith the increas-events of the early 1940s. Their
should be the medium of a for-ing acceptance among Jews of the intent is to provide a political
ward-,looking hope, not of a dan- insidious notion thatJabotinsky was cover for assaults against the op-
gerously reactionary movement." correct in his two central policy ponents of theJabotinsky-prot_g_
The American Zionists were themes: that Jews should have Begin regime in Israel and for
echoed by Zionist officials in Pal- been mass-evacuated from Europe "dirty tricks" operations against
estine, especially those associated during the period leading up t6 opponents of the international
with the trade union-based Mapai the Hitler holocaust and that Zi- criminal elements who have
CAMPAIGNER /December 198027
thrown their weight behind the tions thataremade today betweenests. Captain Dreyfuswasa tool in
Begin crowd, madman Hitler and the "reasona- a game of much bigger stakes.
Thanks to Wiesenthal's broad ble" Schacht are completely Conversely, there has always
scope of "Holocaust" activities in fraudulent: Hitler admittedly been a correlation of openness to-
the United States, many Jews have "went out of control" of Schacht's ward Jews in society and general-
been effectively brainwashed and "banker friends at a certain point in ized economic progress. Under
as a result demobilized in the con- time, but his installation in power conditions of a progressing repub-
temporary fight against"the resur- was a lawful end-product of fascist lic, the predominant tendency is
facing of fascism today, economics, for ecumenicismto prevail in social
Simon Wiesenthal, his "Hol- When we look at the backers relations, and for the Jew to be ,,
ocaust Studies" mafia, and the of the Jabotinsky faction today, accepted as the representative of a
Jabotinsky true believers are purv- we _zansee why the coverup on great world religion and culture.
eyors of mythologies. The myth the Hitler question is so desper- The history of the Jew in the
they purvey is not, as deluded atelymaintained. The chairman of American Republic is sufficient
"fight-wing" propagandiststhe Jabotinsky Centennial Dinner, proof of the just-cited principles.
would have it, that the Holocaust for example, is New York finan- The historical role ofJabotin-
actually happened; this is not what cier John L. Loeb, Jr., a l_olitical sky, then, was hardly to combat °
is in question. The mythology in-associate of mobster lawyer Roy the rise of Hitler or anti-Semitism;
volves fixating attention obses-Cohn and of those New York quite the reverse. For Jabotinsky
sively on the Holocaust as a self-investment house interests who are anti-Semitism was absolutely nec-
evident fact existing outside the presentl.Yoimposing Nazi-modeled essary to accomplish his "Great
realm of larger historical pro- economac austerity policies on the Zionism" vision. As he once told
cesses. Wiesenthal and his bandof American and Israeli populations, the author Pierre von Paasen:
brainwashers don't want the ques-If the Jabotinskyians were com-"The initiative of reviving 'Great
tion to be asked: why was Hitler mitted to stopping fascism Zionism' will have to come from
brought into power, and by which they are not--they would the anti-Semitic camp." In this
whom? Instead they want atten-have to purge creatures like Loeb context Jabotinsky's self-per-
tion narrowly constrictedon the from their midst and organize ceived function was to make the
period after the exotic anti-Semi-demonstrations against economist Nazi or any other anti-Semite
tic cult had taken on a life ot its Milton Friedman, an open Schacht "appreciate the Zionist or other
own, and the Jews were already admirer who is responsible for the similar aspirations. Logically," he
reducedto various alternative pos- recent period's introduction of wrote, "the Nazis ought to be
sible scrambles for existence. To- Nazi economics into Israel itself, inclined to encourage any move-
day's Jewish victims of "Holo- To put the matter another ments tending toward the evacua-
caust Studies" brainwashing are way, the Jabotinsky premise that tion ofJews from Germany."
incapable of acting to prevent new anti-Semitism is an inevitable part There are numerous cases on
Hitlers from coming into power, of the body politic is a Big Lie, record ofJabotinsky calmly nego-
since they have no idea of how he although a necessary Big Lie from tiating with anti-Semitic regimes
came to power in the first place! the standpoint of extremist Zionist to establish "self-defense" Betar-
Hitler's Nazis, of course were propaganda.,type units in eastern Europe and to ;
fanatically anti-Semitic; this was Anti-Semitism only arises un- work out the systematic evacua-
intrinsic to their belief-structure, der two interlinked sets of condi-tion of Jews from the countries of
But their anti-Semitism was an tions: generalized economic col-eastern Europe. In the early 1920s,
incidental feature to why they lapse and manipulation of the Jabotinsky was widely denounced
were brought into power. Above "Jewish issue" by leading finan-as a "collaborator with pogrom-
and beyond anything else, Adolf cier-linked intelligence factions, ists" for having recommended to
Hitler was the tool of the London To cite one example: There would the virulently anti-Semitic Pet-
forces allied to German Finance have been no Dreyfus Affair were liura regime in the Ukraine that a
Minister Hjalmar Schacht who re-there not such decadence prevail-special unit be created within the
quired a jackboot authority force ing in Central Europe at the time national gendarmerie to protect
motivated by exotic cult beliefs to and were the British not so intent Jews. The denunciations came be-
ram the requiredlevels of looting on ruining an emergent Franco-cause it was the Petliura regime
down the throats of the German German alliance whose aim was itself that was sponsoring the po-
population. The elaborate distinc- to demolish British imperial inter- grams!
28 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
WhosePerfidy?
The question may still remain:
granted, Jabotinsky may have
aided the rise of Hitler to power--
but wasn't he the only major Zi-
onist figure to sound the alarm-
bells when the danger became ap-
parent?Wasn't his mass-evacua-
tion scheme the only one that was
correct, especially in contrast to
the ostrichlike attitude of the
mainstream Jewish-Zionist move-
ment? Doesn't the fact remain that
Jabotinsky stands above the rest on
this score?
The controversy enveloping
these questions over the past dec-
adesisin significant, part attribut-
able to the publication and circu-
lation in the early 1960s of one
book--Perfidy, by Ben Hecht. To
Jabotinskyreviews Betar "troops"in New York City, 1940.evaluate the controversy effec-
tively, Hecht's book must be seen
for what it was and wasn't.
'To what extent did the self-serving Zionist Without a doubt,Hecht's evi-
advocacy in effect help the Nazi war effort?' deuceindicting a liberal-British-
linked Zionist grouping for col-
--_.luding with the Nazisto allow a
selected trickle of Jews to go to
But it was during the 1930s of collaborating with anti-Sem-Palestine while acquiescing in the
that Jabotinsky's Nazi collabora-ites, asopposed to thinking that he deaths of hundreds of thousands of
tion was most blatant. From 1937 was actually saving Jewish lives by others was devastating. This au-
to 1940, the Revisionist chief was doing what he was doing. None- thor and his collaborators have
on intimate terms with the anti- theless, he established a pernicious frequently cited Hecht's work fa-
Semitic, fascist regime of Polish symbiosis between his brand of vorably to pinpoint some of the
Prime Minister General Felician Zionism and the fascists, up to, seamier undersides of Zionist po-
Skladkowski and Foreign Minister and including, modeling his Betar litical intelligence dealings in this
Colonel Joseph Beck. Jabotinsky, youth units on the paramilitary century. The book was otherwise
who founded the Irgun in Pales-lines of the European fascists. By devastating enough to have been
tine in 1931, worked so closely this process, he contributed to the effectively banned in most areas of
with these disciples of the prede- dynamic of Zionists and anti-Sem- the United States, to the point that
cessor Pilsudski government that ires working together for the com-it is now almost impossible to ob-
the Polish government officially mon end of getting Jews out of tain except through black-market
funded the establishment of Europe, and establishing the prec- means.
hundreds of Betar and Irgun train-edent picked up by Meir Kahane Nonetheless, there is more to
ing camps on Polish soil! and his ilk today: that only by Perfidy than meets the eye. Not
Such activities brought harsh being a fascistcanaJew "survive" simply an indictment, it was a
denunciations from many leading in the world. This kind of ideol-Jabotinskyian factional document
Jewish-Zionist spokesmen, ogy has been the greatest possible against Ben-Gurion and his allies.
It may or may not be the case boon to the actual financier inter-It covers up as much as it
that Jabotinsky was acting con-ests who sponsor fascism, reveals.
sciously on the cynical basis of For what will "Jewish sur-During the 1940s, Ben Hecht
trying to get short-term oppor- vival" mean if the world enters a was an ardent propagandist for
tunistic Zionist political gains out new Dark Age collapse? American support groups for the
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 29
Irgun, the Begin-led militias that
became the key arm of Jabotin-
sky's followers after his death in
1940.Ben Hecht was hardly an
objective observer.
In Perfidy, the uncompromis-
ingly anti-Nazi Hecht is strangely
quiet about the legacy of collabo-
ration with fascists maintained by
the Revisionists. From the same
standpoint, he is curiously one-
sided in describing his own case-
histories of how deals were carried
out with the Nazis to save Jewish
lives.
For example, he describes
with great emotion the case of a
certain Joel Brand, who had ar-
ranged a deal to trade needed
transport equipment to the Nazis
in exchange for the release of the JabotinskywithAustrianBetarofficers,1940.
Jews. Hecht bitterly castigates the
British-centered Zionists associ-
ated with Nazi-collaborator Ru- abotinsky established a pernicious symbiosis
dolf KaStner for sabotaging this
deal. What he never bothers to . . . modelinghis Betar on the Europeanfascists.'
mention--even to the extent of
raising a question about it ishow
Brand's operation fit into a larger quite suspicious, to say the least, location to other places, such as
matrix of shady deals that were Similarly, Hecht, in the tradi- the United States.)
being made by the Anglo-Ameri- tion of most Jabotinsky propa- Second, to what extent did
can intelligence chieftains, typi- gandists, never raises any questions the Zionist liberals' hesitancy to
fled by OSS man Allen Dulles, to about the viability and conse- send Jews en masse to Palestine--a
bring about a separate peace with quences of the mass-emigration hesitancy which Hecht finds so
the Nazis. It was no secret to any strategy. Nonetheless, major ques- horrifying--have to do with the
informed political activist during tions must be asked, thorny problem of potentially up-
that period, and certainly not to First, to what extent did the setting Arab-Jewish relations? The
Hecht, that Jewish "relief' opera- advocacy of and organizing for most noteworthy point about the
tions were cynically used by the mass evacuation impede or ob- Jabotinskyians is their utter disre-
,Anglo-Americans to accomplish struct other available strategies for gard for reaching a modus vivendi
goals hardly in keeping with integrating Jews into European- with their neighbors. To read Re- '
"Jewish survival." Intelligence wide antifascist resistance move- visionist tracts on mass-evacua- ,_
agency penetration of Jewish phi- ments? To what extent did the tion-to-Palestine and full Jewish
lanthropic aid groups is one of the Revisionists' self-serving Zionist control over Palestine, one some-
more notorious phenomena of this advocacy militate against other times has the feeling they are talk-
century (typified, of course, by anti-Nazi strategies not men- ing about the moon or some other
the way in which Jewish emigra- tioned in Hecht's book--and uninhabited piece of turf, rather
tion from Germany in the 1930s thereby in effect help the Nazi than an area inhabited by a highly
was used to finance the Nazis in war effort? (This leaves the addi- politicized people. The Jabotin-
the early clays of that regime's tional debate of the extent to skyians have never departed from
ascension to power). By failing to which Revisionist mass-evacua- their mentor's characterization of
dealwith this question, Hecht tion-to-Palestine advocacy work- Arab resistance to Zionist efforts
makes the whole Brand affair ed against strategies for Jewish re- as "infinitesimally puny."
30 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
Ironically, what they have istic mental state of the Revisionist solemn processions, military or-
done is to transpose into the Mid- Zionist. ganization, discipline, and train-
dle East theatre the fascist-mod- Jabotinsky and his followers"ing in the use of light arms. Betar
eled militarism gleaned from the are entrapped in the hellish self- ideology was profoundly and un-
pre-World War II period. In this image that accepts the paranoid ashamedly militaristic."
context, the Revisionists' ideol- parameters laid out for the Jew by And how easily Jabotinsky's
ogy--seeing today's Jew as the the anti-Semite. From this para- infernal worldview could merge
benighted, chivalric, linear des- noid standpoint, the Revisionist into the worldview of the terror-
cendant of the ancient Israelite abhors the mental state ofthatJew ist. He was trained in Italy in a
race--even serves as the appropri- who is capable of reflecting on his combination of the anarchosyndi-
ate "exotic" belief-structure for immortal contributions to the per- calist teachings of Benedetto
the imposition of a fascist eco- fection of mankind, from the van- Croce and his prefascist school and
nomic order, as is now occurring tage-point of approaching that the British intelligence-nurtured
under Begin's rule. stage of self-development de- romantic nationalism of Mazzini.
Captives of such a dynamic, scribed in Dante's Paradiso. When Revisionism came into
the Revisionists can militarily win Once convinced by the anti- being in 1925, it quickly gave
wars but they have no peace-win- Semite that theJew is a creature of birth to its "neo-Revisionist" ter-
ning capability toward the enemy, the infernal pit, the Jabotinskyian ror-and-death cult offspring. This
Their perception that the destabil- accepts this self-definition and be- last movement was headed by one
izations and collapse of Arab states gins to color it with the gloss of Aba Achimeir, whose one great
is to Israel's advantage has sown fantasy and ornament. As the anti- wish was for Vladimir Jabotinsky
the seeds of hatred and distrust in Semite rails against the Jews' con- to be proclaimed "I1 Duce" of
the region for years to come; it has tributions to society, the Jabotin- Palestine. Achimeir authored a se-
also bolstered the most fanatical skyian assumes an attitude of dis- ries of tracts and pamphlets eulog-
and radical elements in the Arab dain toward "the assimilated izing a series of assassination cults
Islamic world. It is on this last Jew," and toward the entire his- and Jim Jones-type, first century
score that anti-Jabotinsky Zionist tory ofJews in between the period A.D. groups allied to the Zealots,
critics like Nahum Goldmann of the collapse of the Jewish polit- who led the Jewish community to
have been the most devastating-- icalentity in the first century A.D. mass suicide at Masada.
in return for which Goldmann has and the modern recreation of Is- The Achimeir story brings us
drawn the insulting characteriza- rael. This attitude of assumed dis- full circle, to the legacy ofJabotin-
tion "self-hating Jew" from Be- dain is combined with all the self- sky today. AsJabotinsky's prot_g_
gin's faction, comforting ornamentation of Begin maintains himself in power,
myths of heroism taken from the day by day Israel approaches eco-
The Inferno Old Testament, in an attem_,t to nomic and social ruin. Emigration
The use of the "self-hater" cal- reestablish the "Israelite race ' as a from Israel is increasing, confron-
umny by the Jabotinsky faction is "pure" race, possessed of mock- tation is looming with Israel's east-
especially ironical in view of the noble traits borrowed from the ern neighbors, a sense of despair
actual self-image of this group, behavior patterns of the British and decay is enveloping Israel's
The relevant point is made and their aristocratic cothinkers population. The more Begin'scir-
most efficiently by citing one tell- on the European continent. "The cle talks of implementing Jabotin-
ing fact from the life ofJabotinsky educational values it wished to sky's Revisionist dreams, the more
as it recounted in biographies re- implant among its members," his- the last words of Stephen Wise in
viewed by the author over the past torian of Zionism Walter Laqueur his 1935 Carnegie Hallspeech
period, writes of the Revisionists, "were echo in our ears: "The sacrifice
According to these accounts, aristocratic, resembling in some that Revisionism asks is not sacri-
Jabotinsky, who was well-versed respects the ideals of knighthood rice, it is suicide--national sui-
in Italian, set about to do a trans- and chivalry prevalent in certain cide."
lation of Dante's Divine Comedy. sections of the German B{inde in Will the commemorative
For whatever reason, he never the 1920s.... It differed from Jabotinsky events of the last days
completed more than the Inferno [other Zioniost youth move- of this year be a celebration or a
(Hell). ments] in its insistence on parami- wake before-the-fact for the State
This is exactly the character- litary education, with uniforms, of Israel?
CAMPAIGNER /December 198031
The ReignofTerror
February12,1979. Teheran
Uncontrolled mobs surge through the streets brandishing
their newlyacquiredautomatic weapons, sacking public
buildings,andtearingdown the remainsof the regimeof the
deposedShah.The bloodyreignof terrorhasalreadybegun.
Quickly and silently, topmilitary and intelligenceofficers
who refuse to cooperate with the new government are
executed byunofficialassassinationsquads.In the cities,as
in the towns andvillages,many hundredsmorearemurdered
by frenzied crowds.It is just hours after the Ayatollah
Khomeini hasproclaimedthe IslamicRepublicof lran.
February 12, 1979. Washington, D.C.
President Carter convenesa hurriednews conferenceto tell
the world, "I believethe people of lran andthegovernment
will continueto beourfriends." \
Many people are shocked by Carter's willingness to
befriendthe bloodynew regime.But the President'sstate-
ment goes little noticedamid the internationalcrisisswirling
around the revolution in Iran.A few days later, when an
organized bandof hoodlumsbriefly seizes and ransacksthe
Americanembassyin Teheran, Carter's remarkwouldseem \
an ironicfootnote in the gathering storm of hatred and
fanaticism whipped up by the ayatollahandhisRevolution- corporations and into the paneled board rooms of
ary Council. elite clubs such asthe New York Council on Foreign
Relations and the Royal Institute of International
Carter had great reason to believe that the regime of Affairs in London. Iran is the battleground for a
the mullahs in Iran would indeed be "our friend": He behind-the-scenes war that is still raging among inter-
and his administration had put Khomeini in power, national circles of high finance and their friends in the
Not just by inaction. The Carter administration various intelligence services of the NATO countries,
with sober deliberation and with malice aforeth- Israel, and the Middle East. To understand this it is
ought--had given aid to the movement that organ- necessary to look at the policy objectives of the Carter
ized the overthrow of the Shah of Iran. The Carter administration and its advisers.
administration was involved every step of the way
from the propaganda preparations to the supply of
arms and ammunition, from the behind-the-scenes 1980S Project
deals with traitors in the Shah's military to the final
ultimatum to the beaten leader in January 1979 to
leave Iran. Perhaps no other chapter in American 1975. New York City
history is so replete with treachery to the ideals upon
which the nation was founded. A strategicpolicy document is commissioned--to become
The real story of Iran's revolution is a tale that known as I980s Project--forpreparationby a subcommittee
makes spy stories like Paul Erdman's The Crash of'79 of the New York Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).
seem tame by comparison. It is necessary to look The 1980sProjectoutlook, eventuallypublishedas athirty-
behind the closed doors 0fthe world's most powerful volumeprospectusfor the next decade,wasincorporatedinto
and prestigious banks, oil companies, and industrial the design of the new Carter administrationfrom the start,
when the CFR singled out and backed the little-known
Adaptedfrom chapters 1-3 of"Hostageto Khomeini,"tobe Jimmy Carter inJanuary 1976.In this, the CFR had the
publishedby'NewBenjaminFranklinHouselaterthis year. full backingof its eldersister organization in London,the
32 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
byRobertDreyfuss
i •
Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs, whichactivatedkey death this policy will bring upon most of the world's
diplomatic and secret intelligence channels to function in population.
tandem with the new administrationto implementthe 1980s Not made public until 1979, the 1980s Project
Project.Participantsof the 1980s Project--Cyrus Vance, papers explained that the world financial and eco-
Anthony Solomon, Harold Brown, Zbigniew Brzezinski, nomic system needed a complete overhaul, according
Leslie Gelb, amongothers movedto Washington with the to which control of key sectors such as energy, credit
Carteradministrationin 1977. allocation, and food would be placed under the
direction of a single, global administration. Oversee-
The general theme of the 1980s Projectis "controlled ing the apparatus suggested by the councilwould be
disintegration" of the world economy; the report a team of corporate managers drawn from the ranks
does not attempt to hide the famine, social chaos, and of the oil multinationals and Anglo-American banks.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 33
The objective of this reorganization would be the Because the success of the new monetary system
replacement of the nation-state and the global super- hinged on forging an alliance with the OPEC nations,
vision of the United Nations and the International as early as 1977 France and West Germany had begun
Monetary Fund. This would be accomplished first by exploring the possibility of concretizing a deal with
dividing the world into separate, regionalcurrency the oil-producing countries in Which Western Europe
zones, or blocs. There would be a zone in which the would supply high-technology exports to the OPEC
bankrupt British pound sterling would be dominant, countries in exchange for long-term oil supply con-
another for the French franc, another for the U.S. tracts at a stable price. In turn, the OPEC countries
dollar, Japanese yen, and Arab dinar, and so forth, would deposit their enormous financial surpluses in
Mediating between each of these zones would be the Western European banks and, eventually, into the
International Monetary Fund, which would retain EMS's own institutions, which would then lend them
nearly complete controlover flows of currency and to other countries in the Third World. With those
world trade. The U.S. dollar would no longer serve credits, the underdeveloped countries could begin to
as the world's central reserve currency, gain accessto European exports.
The flow of advanced sector technology into the When London discovered that it could not dis-
underdeveloped nations would be halted, suade President Giscard d'Estaing and Chancellor
The underdeveloped world would be permitted Helmut Schmidt from the EMS project in 1978, the
only what the World Bank calls "appropriate tech- green light was given to speed the destabilization of
nologies," that is,_ back-breaking labor-intensive Iran. Remember, the chief countries of Western Eu-
"technology." The International Monetary Fund rope, along with Japan, are almost totally dependent
alone would determine whether a developing nation upon their oil supply from the Persian Gulf, and
would be considered "credit-worthy" enough for during 1978 that supply came from four states: Iran,
foreign financial assistance and long-term loans. Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates.
Official IMF documents and World Bank studies By bringing down the Shah and spreading chaos
project that the effect of this program will be a sudden throughout the Middle East, the Anglo-Americans
and sharp reduction in population in the Third calculated they could knock out Europe with the
World. The U.S. State Department-sponsored Global threat or actuality of an oil cut-off.
2000 Report, for example, projects and approves-- Nearlyone of the first acts Carter took when he
that this policy will reduce the world's population by assumed office in January 1977 was to dispatch Vice-
3 billion by the year 2000. President Walter Mondale to France and West Ger-
1ranwas to be the test-tube experiment to prove that many to tell the leaders of those two nations that the
Third Worldpopulationscouldbemadetoimposethispolicy United States would henceforth oppose the sale of
upon themselves, nuclear energy technology to the Third World. West
Thus, it would be a mistake to take at face value Germany's nuclear deal with Brazil and France's
Zbigniew Brzezinski's declarations that the primary promise to sell nuclear technology to Pakistan came
target of the Carter administration's alliance with under.heavy attack. For Iran, whose Shah had pledged
Islamic fundamentalism was the Soviet Union. The to bring Iran into the ranks of the world's top ten
primary target is the economies of America's allies in industrial nations by the year 2000, a comprehensive
Western Europe. And the primary weapon is oil. nuclear development program, primarily backed by
In 1978, the governments of France and West France and West Germany, was already underway.
Germany ldthe European Community--with the One trade deal particularly angered the London-
single exception of Great Britain--in the formation Washington axis: the three-cornered arrangement by
of the European Monetary System, conceived, as one which [ran agreed to supply the Soviet Union with
West German official put it, as a "seed crystal for the huge quantities of natural gas, while the U.S.S.R.
replacement of the International Monetary Fund." supplied an equal quantity from its own gas fields to
The EMS embodieda program that challenged the West Germany. The Shah had visited Moscow to
"controlled disintegration" scenario of the Carter discuss of Iran-Soviet economic cooperation.
administration at every point, calling for the strength- Today the Shah's nuclear cooling towers are used
ening of the U.S. dollar, a returntothegoldstandard, as silos for grain, and "Iranization" has become a
expansion of nuclear energy production around the blackmail threat against every Third World govern-
globe, andthe revitalization of the industries of the ment seeking to industrialize.
advanced sector through an ambitious high-technol-
ogy export program to industralize the underdevel-
oped sector. Drawingsby Christian Curtis.
• 34 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
The Role Of Britain who in 1979 was named Iran's foreign minister,
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, and a publisherof anti-Shah
literature in Virginia. Into full mobilization went the
November, 1976. London Bertrand RussellPeaceFoundation, the Lelio Basso
Foundation in Italy, the Institutefor Policy Studies in
AmnestyInternational,the worldwide "human rights" Washington, the Transnational Institutein Amster-
organization, issuesits reportchargingbrutalityandtorture dam, theSocialist Internationalmachinein Europe,
of political prisoners bythe Shah.AlthOugh seemingly the American Friends Service Committee, the Li-
"abovepolitics," the AmnestyInternationalactionisa key byan-backed Mediterranean Peoples Congress, and
shot in the opening battle to destabilize Iran--and directly the many human rights organizations such as the
part of the implementationof the "controlleddisintegration" International Association of Democratic Jurists.
perspectiveof the 1980sProjectscenario. Through theseorganizations, theradicalprofessors
and others shuttled back and forth to Teheran from
Amnesty's 1976 report charged that theShah's secretvarious Western capitals to make contact with the
police tortured and killed political dissidents; its Iranian opposition.
purpose was to foster a climate across the globe in The overall command and control for these var-
which the Iranian regime would be viewed as bar-ions operations inside and outside Iran was based in
baric and inhuman:Gruesome accounts of electric Britain, and run through key channels of implemen-
shock torture and mutilation were played up by the tation in Washington and the Mediterranean. The
London Times, the Washington Post, andother re-Amnesty International role is an obvious example,
spected press. Defending Iranian political prisoners since it is fairly common knowledge that the group is
quickly became a cause ceTdbreamong radicals and a front for British intelligence. At its top are men who
leftists, are consciously part of this': Ramsey Clark, Sean
With only a few months in office, President McBride, and Conor Cruise O'Brien. An Amnesty
Jimmy Carter launched his own "human rights" adviser, Princeton's Richard Falk, wrote the section
J campaign, Although nominally aimed at the violation of the 1980sProjea devoted to human rights.
of human rights by communist countries, the cam- The Iranian revolution was more a project in
paign was more often used to keep nominal allies, like psychological warfare than a matter of street-fighting,
Iran, in line. and it was directed not from the mosques of rebelling
For the Shah, the SAVAK organization had al- mullahs but from British Secret Intelligence Service
ways been a major headache. Since its creation, the headquarters at the Tavistock Institute for Human
SAVAK had acted virtually as an autonomous body, Relations at Sussex University.
which controlled the Shah as much as the Shah Armed with computers and reams of files on
controlled it, for the Shah depended on SAVAK for previous experiments in mass brainwashing in Iran,
his security. As a result, the Shah found himself teams of Tavistock social psychologists began to plan
dependent on an organization which, since its found- the specifics of the "revolution." How would Iranians
ing in 1955, was generally infiltrated and controlled respond to a call from a decrepit old mullah to revolt?
by agents of British and Israeli intelligence. Its thor- How would the peasants respond? Skilled workers?
oughly deserved reputation for torture and brutality The middle class? Intellectuals? What techniques
embarrassed the Shah--but the Shah, unable to disci- would best involve the students in the rebellion?
pline the SAVAK mafia, defended it against the What were the vulnerabilities of the armed forces?
Amnesty International-led criticism. Whenever the All this had to be analyzed and taken into account.
Shah considered cutting down on SAVAK's power,
an upsurge of extremist terrorism andassassinations in
the country wouldconvince him that he couldnot The Inside Job
affordto weaken his security apparatus. Now, many
thoughtful Iranians believe that the SAVAK itself had
a hand in instigating terrorism through agents prov- August 19, 1978. Abadan
ocateurs in order to make itself appear indispensable
to the Shah. Today 400 people diedan unspeakabledeath-by-fire, trap-
After Amnesty's declaration of war, scores of ped in the Rex Cinema in Abadan.The fire, it was dear,
radical organizations sprang into action. CBS-TV's had been set deliberately, and the doors to the theater
weekly 60 Minutes produceda broadcast to prove that barricadedfrom the outsideto prevent any escapefrom the
agents of the Shah's secret police had plotted to kill inferno.Chargesarecirculatingwidely of SAVAK involve-
several Iranian opposition figures, including the man ment in setting thefire.
36 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
Trouble had been brewing in Iran for almost a year, dirty, so vile, so disgusting." But in the months
with visible revolts beginning in January 1978 after leading to February 1979, Fardoust enjoyed the mon-
President Carter's New Year's praise of Irafi as an arch's wholehearted trust.
"island of stability." So outrageous was the wave of contrived terror
The situation had started deteriorating a year in Iran in 1978, that the official Pars News Service
earlier when the Shah had changed prime ministers, began a media campaign against the anti-Shah activi-
replacing Prime Minister Abbas Amir Hoveyda with ties: "There are two forces responsible for manipulat-
Jamshid Amouzegar. The chief impact of the Amouz-ing the current outbreaks--a mass of common naive
egar appointment was to decelerate Iran's develop-people who have been subjected to systematic brain-
ment push, orienting investment toward agriculture washing are being manipulated by both religious
and away from industry and high-technology sectors, fanaticism and the landed classes," said Pars on August
Amouzegar had also adopted a curious position 18. The rioters and terrorists "are encouraged by
vis-a-vis the clergy, carrying out actions that superfi-certain foreign elements which are hostile to the
cially seemed to be aimed against the mullahs, but development oflran," the news service charged.
that seemed only to exacerbate the campaign against For several weeks already, the Iranian press had
the government. Amouzegar had unilaterally sus- been growing increasingly hostile to the British, and
pended payments the regime had been making to the in street discussions most Iranians admitted that the
clergy, causing the first signs of unrest in the mosques, movement led by Khomeini and the mullahs was
Ill-timed provocations including insulting lettersorgani_zedby London.
against the clergypublished in the Iranian press by Special attacks were reserved for the British
information ministry officialsand, in May1978, a Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), whose Persian-
policeraid on the home ofIran's leading clergyman, language broadcasts into Iran fanned the flames of
Ayatollah Shareatmadari--fueled the discontent, revolt. InlateJuly,the Iranian WorkersOrganization
The Shah seemed almostoblivious to the simmer- issued what amounted to an officially sanctioned
ing volcano beneath him, and he continued to placeattack on the BBC: "The BBC has been insultingand
his trust entirelyinthe SAVAKand the security criticizing the Iranian nation in its Persian broadcast-
services, ing services.... Iraniandevelopment and progress is
That washisbiggest mistake, like a thorn inthe eyesof theBritish imperialists."
The man in charge of SAVAK's day-to-day affairs The Shiite clergy-led rebellion was also fed by
was General Hossein Fardoust, a childhood friend of the daily influx of hundreds of thousands of desperate,
the Shah who had attended the Le Rosey school in displaced peasants into Iran's major cities. The migra-
Switzerland with the Shah in the 1930s.According to tion from the countryside was the fruit of the eco-
information now available, Fardoust was likely the nomic policies of the Amouzegar government,
ringleader of the "inside" part of the revolution; for which, by halting many construction and develop-
at least a full year before February 1979 he was ment projects created instant unemployment among
carefully exploring for allies among the commanders the country's semiskilled and unskilled labor force.
of the armed forces and the intelligence services. Arriving in the cities, these peasants were shunted
Fardoust would sound out whether a particular offi-right into the mob violence that was gaining new
cer, perhaps with longstanding grudges against the strength with every new action.
Shah, would agree to join the Islamic revolution. Inviolate to police and law-enforcement authori-
"The Americans have decided to get rid of the Shah," ties, the mosques became rallying points for anti-Shah
Fardoust would say. "We have to save ourselves, activities. Speeches bytheleadingayatollahs, repeated
Willyou join us?" Many did. in hundreds of other speeches throughout the country,
, Both the Shah and his sister Princess Ashraf have whipped.up the semiliterate people oflran to a frenzy,
said that they consider General Fardoust to have been at the end of which they would swarm out onto the
a traitor to the regime. In her book, Facesin a Mirror, streets, chanting and singing praises of the exiled
Ashraf reports that, after the suspension of subsidies to Ayatollah Khomeini.
the clergy, the mosques became the scene of often It was not a political revolution, but a process of
violent anti-Shah demonstrations, cult building, of conditioning the fearful and desper-
Today, Fardoust is rumoredto be one of the ate emotions of Iran's backward peasants into a polit-
leaders of Khomeini's Savama; his home was linked ical battering ram of self-destruction. It was the mass
to the December 1979 murder of Prince Shafiq in suicide of the Reverend Jim Jones's Peoples Temple
Paris. Concerning that charge, the Shah told an on a national scale. When a group of fanatic marchers,
interviewer after the murder, "In my inner heart I often drugged with opium and told by the mullahs
hope its not true. Because it would be so... I mean, that by dying they would be saved (martyrdom is a
CAMPAIGNER /December 198037
OQ
centuries-old traditioninShiism), chargedinto the 25;year contract, that beganin1953 after theAnglo-
gun barrels of poorly trained police, their deaths only American intelligence coup d'etat that restored the
triggered further marches. Then, as is the custom Shah to the throne, had started in January 1978, and
among Shiites, on the fortieth day after any deaths, continued through the rest of the year. By October
new cerem6nial marches were staged in memory of they collapsed.
the dead. The result was new casualties. This forty-Iranians on the inside of the negotiations say that
day cycle, which began in the spring of 1978, was to the British were attempting to blackmail Iran during
repeat itself with quickening intensity throughout the the years preceding the contract's end by refusing to
year. honor an agreement to buy most of Iran's oil produc-
tion. Although BP and its allies had the authority to
purchase up to 8 million barrels of oil per day from
September8,1978,Black Friday. Teheran Iran by 1978, and had agreed to a minimum of 5
million, in practice they were contractingforonly 3
The Shah names General GholamAli Oveissi asadminis-to 4 million. This forced Iran to adjust its income
trator of martial law.Formerly the commander of the expectations and try to market the oil independently,
Imperial Guard,the Shah's elite force, Oveissi has a which they had been doingsuccessfully.
reputationasa hawk.Butfor somereason,thedeclarationof Now, in October1978, at the height of the
martial law,though broadcaston the radio,is not heardby revolution, the Shah andthe Nati_onal Iranian Oil
manypeople.Later that day a clashdevelopsbetweenpolice Company (NIOC) were negotiatingthe economic
and demonstrators,who had not been told by thezrleaders future of Iran. British Petroleumrejected NIOC's
that martial law had bannedall demonstrations.Up to 500 demands out of hand refusingtopromise tobuy
demonstratorsare killed in what becomesknown as "Black Iranian oilbut demandingthe exclusiveright to buy
Friday." that oil should it wish to in the future! The Shah and
NIOC flatly rejected BP's final offer, and it appeared
The Shah had thrown down the gauntlet: there was -that if the Shah overcame the revolt, then Iran would
no turning back now. Although he would still seek be totally free in its oil sales policy in 1979, able to
compromise, compromise was no longer an option, market its own oil to the state companies of France,
and his hesitation would cost him dearly. Spain, Brazil, and many other countries on a state-to-.
The day after the massacre, the word was out that state basis.
the White House had decided to get rid of the Shah. "If the consortium (BP) is not willing to show
French columnist Paul Marie de la Gorce reported: more flexibility in its dealings, perhaps it is time for
"It was clear, over the last several days, that the Iran to reconsider its overall relationship with the
calculations of the Shah aiming to reconcile the companies," declared an editorial in Iran's Kayhan
moderate elements of the Shiite clergy were in the Internationalin September. "In retrospect, the 25-year
process of failure. From all evidence, the Shah could partnership with the consortium and the 50-year
not wait any longer to impose martial law. He knew relationship with British Petroleum which preceded
very well that his removal was already being openly it have not been satisfactory ones for Iran .... Look-
discussed, including among his longtime allies--the ing to the future, NIOC should plan to handle all
Americans.... There were other solutions being operations by itself.... While this would shift in-
preparedin other Washington circles." vestment obligations wholly onto the NIOC it would
simultaneously have the attraction of placing the
profitable marketing of allthe country's oil products
into the hands of the state-owned company. The
Britain Pulled question on the minds of the oil industry executives
here is: has the time for change finally come?"
The Strings Almost simultaneously, the first signs of worker
unrest began in the Iranian oil fields. Iranian oil
From outside Iran, two institutions in particular aided output was slowed, several times during 1978, to a
the on-the-ground war against the Shah: British trickle. In the middle of the Iran-BP negotiations,
Petroleum and the British Broadcasting Corporation. Iran's chief asset--its enormous oil wealth--was mud-
It has gone unnoticed that during the entire year denly el!minated as a chip for bargaining.
of 1978, negotiations were proceeding between the Iran s oil workers, according to reports, were
government of Iran and the oil consortium repre- organized primarily by a team of radicals sent into
sented by British Petroleum. Talks on renewing the Khuzestan by the Bertrand Russell Foundation.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 39
In the American press, not a single line was programs and during its three programs in Persian
published about the Iranian fight with BP during the thinks of nothing but to make provocations, create
entire revolutionary period, disturbances, and chaos. This old fox Britain, no
As it appeared that the Shah was paralyzed by the longer able to secure goods for itself, is looking for a
events swirling around him, the British stepped up prey."
their sophisticated psychological warfare campaign. "My question for the government is this," de-
The instrument was the BBC. clared Daneshi. "Why does it not clarify political
Without the British Broadcasting Corporation, facts and why does it not inform the people about
there would have been no Khomeini. During the political developments in the world which have been
entire year of 1978, the BBC stationed dozens of launchedagainst Iran? Why does the government not
correspondentsthroughout the country, in every unveil Britain'sdesign asit is still tasting the fruitsof
remote town and village. BBC correspondents, often its plunderings?"
part-time stringers for Khomeini themselves, some-Why indeed? With the gathering storm, the BBC
times full-time British nationals in the employ of the became the de facto coordinator for revolution. On
British secret service, worked as the intelligence less than twenty-four hours notice, Teheran's mullahs
service for the revolution, could organize demonstrations in Iranian cities sepa-
As soon as a small incident occiarred in one -rated by a thousand miles--through the BBC. In
village, the BBC correspondent on the scene would Paris, Khomeini made tapes ordering his cult follow-
relay the news to BBC headquarters in Teheran. ers to rampage. Within hours, his precise instructions,
Within hours, BBC Persian'language broadcasts in his own voice, would be broadcast into Iran from
would beam exaggerated accounts of the incident to BBC's London headquarters.
the entire Iranian nation! Functioning as the national Belying its origins asan arm of the British Special
loudspeaker for the mullahs and their sympathizers, Operations Executive, the BBC began to broadcast
each day the BBC would beam into Iran gory psywar rumors in December, such as reports claiming
accounts of alleged atrocities committed by the Ira- that the Shah had fled the country, or had abdicated
nian policemoften without checking the veracity of the throne to this son, or had gone insane. In Decem-
the report. The Iranian government was never given ber the Iranian Information Minister Tehrani accused
a chance to rebut. Propagandists like Ibrahim Yazdi the BBC of inciting the Iranian oil workers to strike.
were given hours of air time to vent their spleens A BBC United Press International correspondent was
against the Shah, all of which was eagerly listened to expelled for reporting that the Shah had been assassi-
by the Shah's enemies in Iran. nated. For a brief time that month, as the Washington
By late fall, the BBC was broadcasting the long, Post reported that the BBC was considered to be
ranting speeches of the lunatic Ayatollah Khomeini Iran's "Public Enemy No. 1," the military govern-
himself--in their entirety. Several times during No- ment of Prime Minister General Gholam Reza Azhari
vember and December, the Shah said he would take jammed the BBC broadcasts. It was too late.
reprisals against London if the BBC's subversion were The Shah's enemies in the clergy were not averse"
not halted. Once he threatened to break diplomatic to a little psychological warfare of their own. Once,
relations with Great Britain. But the British govern- during a scheduled demonstrated in Teheran on De-
ment solemnly swore it had no influence over the cember 2, 1978, when the violence that antigovern-
BBC which, they claimed, was a "private corpora- ment fanatics hoped for did not materialize, the Shiite
tion." clergy brought professionally made tape recordings
At least twice the Shah summoned the British of screams, gunshots, and violence and played them
ambassador in Teheran to protest the actions of the over loudspeakers from the minarets of the mosques!
BBC, but to no avail. From time to time, the govern- Within hours, BBC correspondents in "on the scene"
ment would expel a BBC correspondent but no more. newscasts had their accounts of the December 2
Not until November 30, 1978, did a member of demonstrations beaming into Iran, complete with
the Iranian Parliament, Hossein Daneshi from Aba- backgroundnoise courtesy of the mullahs' electronic
dan, demand to know why the BBC had been equipment. The next day, people emerging from
permitted to play its provocateur role: "A glance at their homes found red stains on thepavement where
the events and developments throughout the world the march had taken place; mullahs had poured red-
over the past year demonstrates a diabolical plan colored dye on the streets to simulate blood.
aimed at the disintegration of Iran .... You should Tactics like this, so highly effective with Iran's
not be surprised if you see that the BBC prepares population, were not devised by illiterate mullahs.
40December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
Washington Follows tod yas a member of the French intelligenceservice.
Morethan anyone else, it was Bakhtiar's responsibil-
ity to organizea nationalconsensus around sanity to
British Direction prevent pQwer from slippingintothe hands of the
Dark Ages mullahs. No onecouldpossibly consider
January 4, 1979. Guadeloupe him a puppet of theShah; if hecould pull together a
government, then perhaps Khomeini could be
Here at a meetingof the headsof stateof the United States, stopped.
Great Britain,France,and West Germany, the U.S. Bakhtiar undertook to giveit a try. "When, in
administrationformally announcesto its alliesthat it will no1940, Charles de Gaulle climbed into his modest plane
longerwork to keep theShah inpower.With the "Islamic to go to London, he was not convinced of success
card"now on the table, it is only a matterof time beforethe either," he declared in an interview just after he
Shah is ousted, formed his cabinet.
Some two weeks earlier, Bakhtiar had joined
By this time, in Washington, the final go-ahead had forces with Darions Farouhar, another member of the
been given to replace the Shah with the ayatollah. In National Front, the main nonclergy opposition group
November, the Carter administration announced that that had been founded by ex-Prime Minister Mo-
it had appointed George Ball of the Trilateral Corn- hammed Mossadegh in the 1940s.Farouhar was called
mission and the Bilderberg Society to head a special upon to back the effort of Prime Minister Siddighi to
NSC task force on Iran and the Persian Gulf. Ball, form a cabinet in late January. That effort failed, and
who had long been known as an anti-Shah advocate so Bakhtiar took the mantle. On January 3, in the
of the human-rights mafia's views, delivered the United States, Lyndon LaRouche urged the world's
obituary-in-advance for the Pahlavi regime, recom- governments to throw all of their support behind
mending that the United States drop its support of the Bakhtiar's effort to form a constitutional government.
Shah and make contacts with the opposition. In the five weeks that Bakhtiar served as prime
At this same time, fall 1978, Khomeini was being minister, he displayed enormous courage and resolve
created as an international celebrity. For whatever to prevent Iran from falling into the Khomeini abyss.
reasons, partly self-serving, the French government Bakhtiar was conducting round-the-clock nego-
had allowed Khomeini to come in and take up tiations to find a workable coalition to support his
residence near Paris. Beginning in October 1978, he regime, and up until the last minute, there were
gave daily interviews to the press, chances he might succeed. The respected Ayatollah
A steady stream of American and British agents Shareatmadari showed signs that he and his several
filed through Khomeini's chateau to make the final million followers were prepared to support Bakhtiar
arrangments for the transfer of power to the ayatollah, as a transition government, and some members of the
Among Khomeini's guests were Ramsey Clark, the National Front also agreed, as did an increasing
former U.S. attorney general;Joseph Malone, an ex- number of military men.
CIA station chief in Beirut with close tries to British "if the priests take over Iran, then Iran will be in
intelligence; Zygmunt Nagorski, a member of the the Dark Ages," said Bakhtiar.
Council on Foreign Relations in New York; and "I am not going to accept the disintegration of
many more. this country. I will be pitiless with everyone who
The Anglo-American scenario for disintegrating threatens the unity and integrity of Iran. If I can have
the Middle East looked unstoppable. But the French a few weeks--say, two months of relative calm I
i and their allies sought the last chance. On January 6, can start up industrial production and make a new
the Shah named Shahpour Bakhtiar, a respected deal with all the strikers," he declared.
member of the National Front, as prime minister.
The Bakhtiar government was the last hope of
averting chaos in Iran. Dr. Bakhtiar himself had close February 1, 1979. Teheran
ties to France .and was held in high esteem among
Iranian nationalists. He had been jailed under the The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini arrivesin the capitalto
Shah for his role amongthe democratic opposition, a tumultuous welcome organized by his cult followers.
but he had no connections to the reactionary clergy. Within hoursof arrivalfromParis,heproclaimsBakhtiar's
During WorldWarII, he fought in the Free French government illegal,and'announcestheformation of his own
armed forces against the Nazis, and his son serves government of insanemullahsandcollaborators.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 41
just before Khomeini's return to Iran, a visitor thing; complicity in the kidnapping of American
had arrived in Teheran to take part in the anti- diplomatic personnelis another. It is difficult to
American demonstrations: Ramsey Clark. Marching believe that U.S. officials in responsible positions of
under banners that read: "Death to America!" the leadership would so recklessly place Americans'
Carter administration's Special Envoy Clark had lives--and world peace--in such grave danger to
declared his full support for Khomeini. From Teh- effect a political strategem.
eran, he had flown to Paris where he met the ayatol- But consider now just some of the relevant facts.
lah. After their talk, Clark had emerged to make one It is likely that the plan to seize the U.S. embassy
of the most astonishing declarations in American received its final approval, making related contin-
history: "The Ayatollah Khomeini and I hope ,that gency plans operational, sometime in late September
the American people and President Carter will respect 1979. It was then that Mustafa Chamran, the Berke-
our wishes, and that the United States will not Icy-trained chief of Iran's secret police, was named
interfere through the Army, through American ad- Iran's defense minister.
visers, the CIA, or through support for Bakhtiar, and In the same month Iran moderates, such as Hassan
let the nation determine its own fate." Nazih, who headed the National Iranian Oil Com-
pany, were purged from what became a streamlined
regime now almost totally under the control of the
inner councils of the secretive Muslim Brotherhood
Col[.llltdo'1_g_ltorunning Khomeini.
[The Muslim Brotherhood, .ostensibly an anti-
the Hostages Western religious secret society, was in fact formed
in 1929 by the Arab Bureau of the British Secret
After Khomeini's seizure of power, the United States Intelligence Service. It was established in Cairo and
did not interrupt its ongoing program of military Ismailia, Egypt, with funding from the British em-
supply, training, and arms sales to Iran. As the ayatol- bassy and the Suez Canal Company, and for more
lah ranted and raved against the United States, which than 50years it has functioned as the shocktroops of
he called "the great Satan," Washington was shipping London's policy of enforced backwardness in the
enormous quantities of arms to Khomeini's Guard. Muslim world. The Muslim Brotherhood has estab-
Hercules and Boeing 747air transport aircraft shuttled lished branches in virtually every Muslim country,
back and forth between New York and Iran, stopping and today it controls the governments of Iran, Paki-
in Madrid, Spain, and the Azores, carrying spare parts start, and Libya. ed.]
for Iran's American-made helicopters and military Chamran's colleague and partner, Foreign Min-
aircraft. The equipment was badly needed in the ister Ibrahim Yazdi, was at the time in New York to
battle to put down Kurdish tribesmen in Iran's west- attend the session of the United Nations General
ern provinces. Assembly. Yazdi, who has adopted the studied guise
This resupply was officially admitted by the State of a Muslim revolutionary ideologue, stalked through
Department and reported at the time in the Executive the U.N. halls basking in his self-styled reputation as
IntelligenceReview, the Wall StreetJournal, the Financial a fiery radical and enemy of "the great Satan,"
Times of London, and elsewhere. America.
Beginning in the late summer of 1979, U.S. However, in between his revolutionary speechi-
intelligence personnel began to move into Iran to take fying at the U.N., Yazdi found time on October 3 to
up positions as advisers to the Iranian secret service, pay a cordial visit to the New York Council on
the Savama. According to CIA sources, the American Foreign Relations, where he delivered a speech and
intelligence community had been involved even be- then met privately with CFR officials for a period of
fore the revolution in military training for Kho- several hours.
meini's partisans. The relationship continued after the The next day, Yazdi held a closed-door meeting
revolution's success, with Scretary of State Cyrus Vance. The Financial
David Aaron of the National Security Council, T_mes of London then reported on October 5 that, as
working with Warren Christopher and Ramsey a result of these meetings, Washington had ordered
Clark, had put together a team of sixty CIA agents the "resumption of large-scale airlifts of arms to Iran"
who enteredlran in January 1979, at the same time as and was considering dispatching a "limited number
General Robert Huyser, to help smooth the transition of technicians" to Iran as well. In Iran, Defense
to Khomeini. Minister Chamran explained that Iran was seeking
Military advice and provision of supplies are one "foreign advisers" to help train the army and the
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 43
Revolutionary Guard. Also on October 3-5, the would produce a violent reaction in Iran and proba-
United States began to strengthen its military pres- bly would result in the taking of American hostages.
ence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Official State Department cables released by Rep.
The Pentagon announced on October 3 that it George Hansen (R-Id.), dated beginning in August
was bolstering the U.S. Indian Ocean deployment. In 1979 and continuing through late October, declared
the same day Sultan Qabus ofOman, a British-trained repeatedly that the Iranians would probably attempt
puppet, expressed his country's willingness to have to storm the embassy if the Shah were allowed into
U.S. bases on its soil to "protect," the sea lines of the the United States.
Gulf. Immediately after the Shah's October 22 arrival
Immediately, in an unusual interview, Yazdi in New York, Iran began making extreme threats
hinted that Iran might well consider forming an against the Carter administration, beginning with
alliance with Oman to protect the straits! Yazdi said protests by oil workers and culminating in an hours-
that he was "not acquainted with" any plans by long speech by Ayatollah Khomeini himself on Oc-
Oman already in that direction, but he added coyly, tober 29. Khomeini declared that Iran must "shut the
Iran's "willingness to cooperate" with Oman in the door on the West" and ranted, "These American-
Gulf would "depend on the circumstances." He loving brains must be purged from the country."
refused to comment further. Finally, on November 1, he called upon Iran's stu-
Washington was tightening its cooperation with dents to "expand with all their might their attacks
revolutionary Iran. During the same few days at the against the United States and Israel, so they may force
beginning of October, Yazdi made contact with his the United States to return the deposed and cruel
old friend, Ramsey Clark. A few days later, on Shah."
October 12, the former U.S. attorney general sent a Despite suchaccumulatedevidence,not asingleprecau-
letter of crucial significance to the Iranian foreign tion was taken additionallyto protect the embassyand its
minister. The letter concerned the ongoing efforts of personnel!
David Rockefeller and Dr. Henry Kissinger to gain
admission for the Shah into the United States for
medical treatment. November4, 1979. Teheran
Clark advised Yazdi: "It is critically important to
show that despots cannot escape and live in wealth The Iranian student mobseizes the American embassy in
while nations they ravaged continue to suffer. [I urge]Iran.Fifty-three American diplomaticpersonnel are taken
the new government of Iran toseek damages for hostage.
criminaland wrongfulacts committed by the former
Shah, his family, and confederates unlawfully taken Three days earlier, in Algeria, Zbigniew Brzezinski
from the Iranian people." had held a surprisingmeeting with Foreign Minister
The Clarkletter was not leaked tothe press until Ibrahim Yazdi. Accordingtointelligence sources, it
after the U.S. embassy was seized on November 4. It was during the last t_te-_-t_te that final details con-
was taken as evidence that Special Envoy Clark had cerning the embassy takeover were hammered out.
incited the Iranians to take over the embassy and Returning to Iran, Yazdi went directly into a
demand the return of the Shah to Iran. meeting with U.S. Charg_ d'Affaires Bruce Laingen.
On October 14, two days after the Clark letter During the hours of the embassy seizure, Yazdi and
was written, Yazdi left New York and arrived in Laingen were meeting together inside the offices of
Paris to map out an "international campaign" among the Iranian foreign ministry. Now, though nominally
Iran's ambassadors and intelligence agents to prepare a hostage, Bruce Laingen is still inside Yazdi's old
for worldwide agitation on the issue of the return of offices at the foreign ministry, where he has access to
the Shah to Iran. a telex machine and other communications facilities.
Approximately one week later, the State Depart- Reportedly, Laingen is a close associate of the Muslim
ment announced that it would allow the deposed Brotherhood, dating back to his days asthe American
Shah to come to New York for medical treatment, ambassador to Malta, one of the area headquarters of
The State Department had taken its decision only the Muslim Brotherhood.
under pressur_eof the most extreme sort from Kissin- In the next days, President Carter named Ramsey
get, the Rockefeller family, and related interests. The Clark as official White House envoy plenipotentiary
Shah was now permitted to come to New York to Iran--the same Ramsey Clark who, only a few
despite the official advice from the CIA, the U.S. months earlier, was marchingunder "Death toAmer-
embassy in Teheran, and other sources that his entry ica" banners in Teheran.
44 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
into the United States to assassinate leading U.S.
Postscrit t: political figures and "enemies of the revolution,"
1including a specified list of Iranians of the former
The Setoudeh Affair regime.
According to Iranian sources, in the period after
Until late December 1979, almost one year after the the takeover of the U.S. embassy in Teheran, at least
Khomeini revolution and more than seven weeks 300 armedand well-trained Iranian terrorist personnel
after the seizure of the American embassy, Captain entered the United States on false passports with
Siavash Setoudeh, the defense attach_ of the Iranian phony visas that were obtained from a visa stamp
embassy in Washington, conducted his daily business stolen from the occupied U.S. embassy.
inside the offices of the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The Setoudeh story broke in the following way.
Setoudeh, representing a government with whom On December 19, 1979, the New York offices of
the UnitedStates was theoretically at the verge of NSIPS news agency pickedup rumors of direct
war, worked under the direct supervision of the collaboration between the Iranian embassy and the
Office of Naval Intelligence and ONR, assisted by a Pentagon. According to Iranian sources opposed to
sixteen-man team of Iranian terrorists and gun-run- the Khomeini regime, Captain Setoudeh--who was
hers. Within this highly sensitive facility at 800 North described as a "naval liaison officer who is the defense
Quincy Street in Arlington, Virginia, accessible only attach_ of the Iranian embassy"--could be found
to individuals with top security clearance, Captain located at 800 North Quincy Street.
Setoudeh, Captain Mansour, a recently arrived Ira- The next day, the NSIPS Washington Bureau
nian admiral, and a dozen other military agents of confirmed that the building in question was wholly
Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic Republic of Iran owned and operated by the Office of Naval Research.
worked with U.S. naval intelligence and with the An ONR spokesman, who refused to identify himself,
approval of Zbigniew Brzezinski's National Security said that the building was entirely occupied by orifices
Council. containing U.S. military personnel, "except for a few
The Carter administration's alliance with the foreigners who have reason for being there." He
Khomeini regime had gone way beyond the negoti- refused to elaborate.
ating stage. That same day, an NSIPS investigative reporter
At the end of December 1979, Setoudeh was called the offices of Captain Setoudeh,identifying
expelled from his American offices, following wide- herself as a representative of "a Hong Kong arms
spread exposure of his presence and activities there by dealer." Setoudeh immediately came to the phone.
New Solidarity International Press Service and the When the caller said that her employer had instructed
Executive Intelligence Review. Despite Setoudeh's ex- her to get in touch with Setoudeh to arrange a
pulsion, the Pentagon and the State Department meetinF for him "when he arrives in the country next
refused to make any comment on his activities or why week, the Iranian readily agreed.
he was allowed to use offices virtually inside the Setoudeh was told that a "massive" arms ship-
Pentagon itself, ment was coming into the UnitedStates "but outside
Setoudeh was allowed to remain within the normal channels." He replied: "That would be a
UnitedStates, however, returning to his original good suggestion, to have a meeting together and
office in the Iranian embassy on Massachusetts Ave- discuss these things and then if we can do any help to
hue--despite a presidential order one month earlier this problem [sic], by all means. Otherwise, then
expelling all Iranian diplomats in retaliation for the we'll ship it to someone else in the country, or maybe
seizure of the U.S. embassy, in the embassy."
Reportedly, the Iranian unit headed by Setoudeh Setoudeh confirmed, twice, that he was the
was involved in coordinating the activities of Iranian "proper person" to handle such matters. He asked
students in at least forty American colleges and uni- only, "Couldyou tell me only which force is your
versities with which the Iranian military attach_ has company dealing with? Is it the air force? The navy?
liaison. These activities included arms smuggling, Which one?" He also said that he would be glad to
gun-running, and conduiting weapons to terrorist clear his entire schedule for the next week--"even
units deployed from Iran into the United States. Christmas Day"--to meet the "_/rms dealer."
In November 1979,just before the Setoudehaffair Queried about his status in the United States
broke into the press, Ayatollah KhalkhaIi of the because of President Carter's expulsion order issued
Fedayeen-e Islam (the Iranian branch of the Muslim on December 12, Setoudeh laughed and replied,
Brotherhood) declared that he had senr killer squads "That doesn't apply to me."
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 45
CALENDAR
Continuedfrom page 4 Benjamin West and his Amer- was repressed in the Soviet Union.
lean Studentsis currently at the No longer able to support such
assembled by an international National Portrait Gallery, through fantastic projects for public build-
group of scholars. Its subject is January 4, 1981, F Street at 8th, ings, or production in factories,
"history painting," or paintings of Washington, D.C. the nation forced its proponents to
Biblical and religious, ancient his- confine their fantasies to the cin-
tory and mythical, and allegorical It was exactly the style of his- ema and theater. By the end of the
scenes, often done to commemo- tory painting that ambitious decade, the movement existed
rate particular historical events or American artists such as John only in emigr_ circles outside Rus-
individuals. Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale sia.
Many of the paintings come and his sons, were attempting to
from their original locations in reproduce in their paintings of the Expressionism: A German In-
Dutch town halls, where they period of the American Revolu- tuition1905-1920, November 4,
were hung as public monuments, tion. One hundred and. ten paint- 1980-January 19, 198I, the Solomon
Such paintings were held at the ings, assembled from collections Guggenheim Museum, 5th Avenue at
time to be the highest achievement throughout the United States, in- 89th Street, New York.
in art, although except for the clude both portraits and historical
very greatest masters, Dutch artists scenes. This exhibit, being built up as
did not equal what was achieved a major event for the art world, is
in Italy. The outstanding works in an attempt to revive the credibility
this exhibit are are by Rembrandt, Twentieth Century Art of Expressionism, until recently
Ter Brugghen, Jan Steen, and discredited by its clear association
Vermeer. The Russian Avant-Garde, with pre-Nazi Germany.
There is an additional pleasure 1910-1930; November 20, 1980- This "moven_ent" certainly
for the viewer attending the ex- February 5, 198I, The Hirshhorn contributed to the psychological
hibit in Washington. The Na- Museum, Independence'Avenueat 8th conditions that led to Nazism. In-
tional Gallery, in order to accom- Street, NW, Washington, D.C. deed, the deliberate abstraction
odate the show,, moved its and distortion of all form and con-
permanent collection of Dutch art This is a major exhibit. 250tent in paintings by these artists set
into the galleries of the new build- paintings from collections outside them up to be denounced astotally
ing. As a result, there is in one the U.S.S.R. are being shown, degenerate by the Nazis, and
special room 17 Rembrandts, in- V.I. Lenin characterized the helped open the way for Nazi
cluding a number of the great late Avant-Garde as a "leftwing infan- anti-intellectual purges.
paintings. Among the five Rem- tile disorder" that was plaguing Like the counterculture of the
brandts in the traveling exhibit are the Russian nation in 1921. Its art- past 20 years in this country, this
Belshazzar's Feast painted in 1626, ists wanted to build fantastic, sci- movement claimed to be a politi-
an early work; and the Denial of ence-fiction !nspired buildings and cal aswell asartistic revolution. Its
St.Peter. monuments in a country then in artistic methods were totally fo-
Between the exhibition and desperate economic trouble, and cused on "emotions," i.e., the psy-
the installation of the National considered redesigning even such chological effects of masses of
Gallery's permanent collection, householditems as cups and plates strong colors, shapes that became
the visitor in Washington D.C. as "significant" ways of changing unrecognizable, and deliberate
,will have one of the best possible the environment within Russia. primitivism. Expressionist paint-
experiences of Rembrandt's art Malevich, one of the central fig- ings were either deliberately of-
anywhere in the world.,ures of the movement, himself at- fensive or idyllic scenes of naked
The exhibition has been or- tempted to declare the "death" of men and women in the country-
ganized by the Detroit Institute of the creation of pictures by being side. This group despised cities--
Art. After closing at the National the first to eliminate all form and and modern industry and order--
Gallery January 4, 1981, it will be subject whatever from his can- although, of course, they lived in
shown in Detroit from February vases: he painted them entirely parasitic dependence on wealthy
16 through April 19, 1981, and in red, yellow, blue, and finally; patrons and exhibit galleries from
Amsterdam from May 18 through black, those cities.
July 19, 1981. After 1921, the Avant-Garde --MaryLouise McCourt
46 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
MUSIC
tests because leftist Redgrave is a
known, vocal supporter of "Is-
rael's enemy," the Palestine Lib-
eration Organization. The much-
publicized protest rang a bit hol-
low since none of the protesters
raised a peep about a far more
serious outrage committedthe day
before by Israel's own defense
minister. In the war with Iraq,
Israeli Defense Minister Shamir
announced, on Sept. 29, that Israel
was prepared to aid the Ayatollah
Khomeini--the same virulently
anti-Semitic Khomeini who in
1979 embraced Yasser Arafat and
turned over the Israeli embassy in
Teheran to the PLO!
Nonetheless, "Playing for
Time" was deeply offensive, par-
ticularly to Jewish viewers, for
reasons that are coherent with Va-
nessa Redgrave's decades-long
connections to terrorist funding
andsupport operations. As yet an-
other dramatization of the Nazi
horror recounted from the stand-
point of victims, the CBS movie
once again left totally moot the
question of who brought the Na-
• leaving iewers with
ZlS to power, v
the emotional choice of either be-
lieving in German collective guilt
or in some cosmic irrational force
BeethbvenatAuschwitz:avehiclefor slanderingGermanclassicalmusic, beyond any human control or
blame. Jews have a long-overdue
right to know that it was London's
Is Classical Music Fascist?_ commitment to enforcingthe "fis-
, calausterity" policy of Nazi Fi-
_r.¢_4_/I,¢.1,nance Minister Hjalmar Schacht
TV's "Playing for ll, _ffg7 thatbroughtHitlerto power.
But "Playing for Time" goes
beyond the usual victim's eye
On Sept. 30, 1980, CBS network away from the real, more insidious view of the Holocaust to launch a
television aired "Playing for offense of the TV movie, the Brit- major assault on the German-Jew-
Time," a three-hour Arthur ish actress Vanessa Redgrave was ish cultural tradition--an assault
Miller melodrama about aFrench- cast in the leading role of Fania that has gone unnoticed in the
woman's experience in a Nazi Fenelon, a French Jewish resist- contrived media flap over British
concentration camp that immedi- ance fighter captured by the Na- intelligence asset Vanessa Red-
ately touched off afuror of protest zis, who survived Auschwitz by grave. In a way that is scarcely
among Jewish organizations in the playing in the concentration camp subtle, the CBS melodrama por-
U.S.A. and abroad. In a move orchestra, trayed great German music as fas-
apparently calculated to draw fire CBS was flooded with pro- cist and its adherents as "soft on
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 47
MUSIC
the Nazis," while the products of the drama. (This scene contrasts to PARIS SYMPOSIUM
a manipulated twentieth century the "happy" group singing of the
"American" culture are presented tune, "Stormy Weather" under
as the essence of antifascist moral- Fania's direction earlier in the
ity. drama.) The starving orchestra is
trying to play Beethoven's Fifth "TmeArC
There areep:
two inci.pal char-
acters in the Mill script, both Symphony, and Alma in exasper-
Jewish women musicians.. The ation strikes a violinist, knocking IsMoral
central conflict is between Fania, her off her chair. As Fania and the
the moral, warm, compassionate others look on in horror, the guilt- /JgTlro_-re _y
antifascist who is mature and real- ridden conductor explains that
istic;and the orchestra's conduc-,such behavior is in the great tra-
tor, Alma, infantile, often cruel in dition of Austrian-German musi-
the service of her Nazi masters, cal perfection after all, "Wil-_ The European Academic des
and pathetically fleeing the reality helm Furtw_ingler used to slap his Edutes Humanistes and its Ameri-
of the concentration camp by musicians, and they respected him can affiliate, the Platonic Human-
clinging to her "professional" for it!" A little later, the Fifth ist Society, cosponsored theirfirst
identity as an artist. The attrac- Symphony Jis played during the international symposium in Paris
tiveness of the Fania character, hanging scene of two of the heros Nov. 27-28, an event unique in
played by Redgrave, is further of the concentration camp, who the contemporary music world.
reinforced by her efforts to dis- escaped and were recaptured. The symposium itself was the
suade one of the girls in the or- Furtw_ngler was of course the culmination of a three-week
chestra from collaborating with last great exponent of the tradition round of Europeanwide concert
the Nazi guards. The finishing of performing Beethoven in keep- tours and lively discussions among
touch is Fania's humane tolerance ing with the composer's own Academy members and leading
for the "alternative sexual prefer- compositional method, based on continental musicians and peda-
ences" that arise amid the grim the primacy of creative self-devel- gogues. The focus of these events
circumstance of the all-female opment. To attack Furtw_inglerin was the revival of the classical
concentration camp. Fania is pure this way is a disguised sneak attack musical tradition, and the creation
mother, while Alma is the hyster= on Beethoven. This is the reason of an educated audience over and
ical projection of the Nazi that Furtw_ingler was vilified as a above the ranks of the rapidly
"father" authority figure. The "Nazi" during and after World diminishing concert-going popu-
viewer is manipulated to admire War II, while actual Nazis such as lation.
and respect Fania, and to feel pity Herbert von Karajan rose to inter- Most of us in the United States
and contempt for Alma. national reputation. Von Karajan have the illusion that culture still
Within this setup, consider is now spearheading a huge re- flourishes in Europe and the broad
what kind of music is identified vival of the real proto-Nazi com- European population is a sophisti-
with each of these two Jewish poser, Richard Wagner. cated one in musical and related
musicians in Nazi captivity. Fania An American population that matters. There is truth in this,
the "antifascist" is skilled in caba- accepts Schubert and Beethoven insofar as Europeans do retain a
ret son_s, Broadway tunes, and as the music of Nazis or "Nazified sense that music and culture gen-
Puccinis sentimental "Madama Jews," and that regards the disci- erally are issues of day-to-day rel-
Butterfly." Alma, the "Nazified pline of perfection in musical per- evance, as opposed to their more
Jew," is trained in German mu- formance as concentraion-camp impoverished American cousins,
sic specifically in the movie, type tyranny, is easy prey for jazz, for whom music and poetry are
Beethoven and Schubert, which rock, ad "Stormy Weather," or abstractions free of hard, "pray-
the Nazis in charge of the camp the laments of Madama matic" relevance. But it is only
demand the orchestra perform. Butterfly in short, for the music necessary to see one of the most
Just in case the point doesn't of victims. This is what the makers prominent trios in Copenhagen
get across that one is to feel that of"Playing for Time" seem to be play a well-advertised concert to
showtunes areanti-Nazi and Bee- counting on. anaudience of a mere eight peo-
thoven is Nazi, a clinching scene pie, or to hear French culture rain-
occurs more than halfway through --Nora Hamerman istry officials speak of the pitifully
48 CAMPAIGNER /December 1980
a recognizeably identical poly-
phonic approach, including the
use of the same diatonic scale uti-
lized by Bach and his successors.
This gives the lie to those cultural
relativists who try to tell us today
that music is equally venerable, no
matter how barbaric.
John Sigerson, vocal director
of the American Platonic Human-
ist Society, presented a perspective
- 1
for restoring the poetic princip e
to music in connection with vocal
technique and interpretation. He
challenged the supremacy of Ital-
ian opera over the concept and
practice of vocal training by ex-
plicating the implications of Bee-
thoven's uniquely poetic setting of
CarolynPollakexplainsthe "movabledo"methodofsolfege, a Goethe poem "Nur wer die
• Sehnsucht kennt .... " Beethoven
few choruses in existence in the gressive, and theoretically in- demonstrates the primacy of con-
country, to be disabused of any formed effort to deal decisi_vely trapuntal principles in both poetry
illusions concerning Europe. with each of these problems, and music alike, by varying the
One of the issues raised again One indication of this could metrical scansion of the musical
and again by musicians !with be seen in the nature of the sym- setting four times while keeping
whom we symposium participants posium presentations. The event the same poetic text.
spoke was the choking domina- opened with a keynote by the In his presentation, Siegerson
tion of what they termed "the Academy's European director, called for a return to the notion of
music mafia," which dictates who Anno Hellenbroich, organized popular music implicit in the songs
will be allowed to succeed profes- around Beethoven's famous asser- of Schubert and in the spirit of the
sionally and who will not. Those tion that "All true art is moral writers Schiller and Rabelais.
who do succeed, particularly progress." Using the scherzo of Carolyn Pollak, principal
among the new crop of younger Beethoven's Ninth Symphony to oboist of the New Jersey Sym-
musicians, do so mainly because demonstrate how music is capable phony, then developed the peda-
they have accepted the "mafia's" of communicating the highest lev- gogical principles necessary to
dictates about what to perform els of ironic humor, Hellenbroich train a new generation of musi-
and how to perform it--with the developed the notion of music as cians in these rigorous pgetic prin-
resulting concerts strongly poetry. As with all great poetry, ciples. Her presentation sparked
weighted toward the cacophony he showed the only purpose of the most lively discussion between
of modern so-called composers, music to be the communication of panelists and the audience, which
The second issue raised ideas, as opposed to the purely consisted of leading concert
equally often is the poverty of sensual accoustical experience-- professionals, pedagogues, con-
modern music pedagogy, which that is, noise--most modern music cerned parents, and others.
destroys any capacity for recreat- claims as its subject. The stimulating debate arose
ing the work of the great eight- from Pollak's development of the
eenth and nineteenth century mas- 5,000 Years of Polyphony "movable do" method of solfeg-
ters even in performance, much The point of this presentation was ing music, in which notes are as-
lessat the level of composition, reiterated later in my own discus- signed a name according to the
The Humanist Academy sym- sion of the history of music. I function they perform in the con-
posium was consequently unique documented the fact that all great text of a particular scale. As key
in that it represented the launching music from the dawn of written changes occur, the function of a
of the only well-organized, ag- history (3000 B.C.) has followed note in a particular scale changes,
December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER 49
MUSIC
and so does its "name" in the some detail Schenker's theoretical tives of cultural ministries at the
movable do system. The discus- accomplishments in developing an various concerts surrounding the
sion showed to what extent even approach to explicating the foun- symposium, indicated the degree
professionals have gotten away dation of the greatest musical to which Europe is ripe for the
from thinking about composition compositions, Wyer showed how revival of musical science to which
as a scientific activity in which even those musicological innova- the Academy has dedicated itself.
notes, far from being arbitrarily tions currently being developed The enormous success of the
selected, are assigned defined roles by the Academy could not be concerts surrounding the sympos,
by the composer, in which they efficiently grasped outside of the ium was not only a further witness
function as proto-ideas within a Schenker tradition. It would be to this, but also demonstrated to
well-defined complex geometry the equivalent of attempting to other artists who are not yet par-
indicated by the particular scale, practice modern science without a ticipating that the Academy rep-
The theory behind this scien- knowledge of Max Plank, Ein- resents a real capability for the
tific approach was developed by stein, or Riemann. staging of musical events outside
Dr. Peter Wyer, director oftheo- of the hated "music mafia."
retical studies for the American Greetings From Giscard The concerts included a Eu-
Humanist Society. Wyer used his The symposium had opened with ropean tour by the violinist
presentation to reintroduce to Eu- a telegram from French President Thomas Magyar and pianist Bodil
rope the work of Heinrich Giscard d'Estaing's secretary, Frolund spanning Denmark, West
Schenker, the great music theorist apologizing for the president's in- Germany, and France. Mr. Mag-
and collaborator of Brahms who ability to attend. This, and the yar, recently retired as director of
died in 1935. As he explicated in attendance of various representa- the Dutch Chamber Orchestra,
,and the well-known Danish pian-
ist, were met with enthusiastic au-
"'a torrential concert.., an extremely diences in each performance. So-
gifted Milanese piantst.. . the tension of prano Joan Moynagh, currently a
theaudience deepened into professor at Miami University at
Oxford, Ohio also toured Italy
absolute concentration.., a glowing and France with her accompanist,
success.-Unita, September 28, 1980 Maria Theresa Immormino, avery
Humanist Academy Record Limited Edition young and exciting pianist. They
Musical performed in Paris to a nearly full
house at the Sale Cortot after the
first session of the symposium.
Masters Other performances in the
course of the two-day conference
inDialogue included a solo concert by Italian
pianist Carlo Levi-Minzi, whose
$7uniquely masterful interpretations
plus 11postage have also become known in the
featuring the Italianpianist and handling U.S.through the auspices of the
Carlo Levi Minzi Platonic Humanist Society.
An exciting new artist also
participating in the concert series
[] Please send me ' copies of Musical
Masters in Dialogue. was the Russian violinistIsabella
[] Please send me more information about the Petrosjan, a 14-yearstudentof the
Platonic HumanistSociety. renowned David Oistrakh. She
Name was accompanied by the noted
Address French pianist Eugenie Alecian,
director of the Jardin de Musique
City State Zip_ music school which cosponsored
Order from: Platonic Humanist Society, P.O. Box
1034, Radio City Station, New York, N.Y. 10101. - the symposium.
-- Vivian Zoakos
50December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
NO]gS
New Slanders Cover Up
Alexander's Murder
Readers who have followed the
centuries of America's Neopla-
tonic heritage in Campaignermay
wonder Why so much stress is laid
on the 3,000-year continuityof the
international oligarchy centered PeriodsculpturesofAlexandertheGreat
today around the British Crown. (left) andhisfather,Philipof
The appearance in the Sept. 23 Macedon.
New York Times science section of
a newly minted slander against
Alexander the Great illustrates
something about how this oligar- giastic god of wine. Olympias, as
chy thinks and why it is impor- is well known, was a_ways at-
tant. tached to the Temple of Zeus at
The article in question, "A1- Donona, a sister temple to the
coholism Defeated Alexander the oracle of Zeus-Ammo at Siwah
Great, Research Asserts," reports in Libya, a major intelligence and
on a forthcoming "scholarly arti- command center of the anti-Per-
cle" written by Queens Collegeworkofgenerations of the greatest sian struggle that was toproclaim
professorJohn Maxwell O'Brien names in classical civilization, toher son pharaohwhen he con-
undera grant from the Mellon destroy ancient Persia, includingquered Egypt.
Foundation. O'Brien, says the the victor of Marathon Miltiades, In his brief periodof rule,
Times, has made the shockingdis-the playwright Aeschylus, Socra-Alexander spread the Greek civi-
covery that Alexander the Great tes, and Plato. lization he had learned from Plato,
was an alcoholic, and that his The Persian empire is the Xenophon, and Homer through-
death at the ageof33, which model for today's oligarchy, out the barbarians of Persia. A1-
plunged his empire intobitter Founded on tax farmingand sub- though his empire was shattered
wars of dynastic succession, re- jectionof conquered nations, Per- followinghis death, it is doubtful
sulted from alcohol withdrawal, sia's evil cults remained intothe that Greek culture wouldhave
The man O'Brien slanders as modern era in the formof gnosti- survived, and PlatonismSpread,
a drunken and debauched mega- cism, magic, and astrology. The had he not accomplished what he
lomaniac was, on the contrary, the O'Brien study is particularly sen- did. Christianity, built upon a
world-historic giant whorealized sitive on this point, as it attempts Neoplatonic foundation, surely
the political programof Plato's touse Alexander's burning of Per- could not have occurred without
academy in the creationof a hu- sepolis, the Persian cult center, as Alexander.
manist empire which spanned the evidence of his instability when Classicists, usually a rather
then-known world. Alexander's intoxicated, and makes of his dour lot, haveleapt to Alexander's
victory against the Persian king mother Olympias a "devotee" of defense, notwith the customary
Darius at Gaugamela crowned the the evilcultof Dionysus, the or- salvo of footnotes, but with a rare
CAMPAIGNER/December 1980 51
NOTES
display of good sense andhumor,losopher whosemethod underliest
In Greece, where a follow-up Newthe outlook of the oligarchy to-
York Times article reports "scorn day, as in the past. The definitive
and anger" at the Mellon Foun-study of these accounts, in which
dation calumny, Prof. Manolis Aristotle's murder of Alexander is WOUM You
Andronikos, who, two years ago, proven on the more fundamental
excavated the tomb of Alexander's epistemological as well as histori-
father, Philip ofMacedon, hadthe cal evidence, is Criton Zoakos's Believe---
followingobservation: "Yes, "Aristotle, Political Warfare, and R_gh
these Macedonian leaders were Classical Studies_"' published in Animal Is,
men, not children, and were stim-The Campaigner, Sept.-Oct. 1978.
ulated by good drinking. But I It may seem incredible that Can you imagine being taken to
doubt that an alcoholic could the oligarchist faction, which has court by your dog and sued for
reach'the Himalayas, as Alexander cold-bloodedly murderedso mistreatment? It sounds outra-
did." many humanists--not to speak of geous,-but legislation has been
Moreover, he added, "It is a millions of other victims of their drafted and reached the committee
popular saying that civilizations policies of war and feudal eco- level in the United States Con-
only develop where there are nomic backwardness--should be gress that would put animals on an
vineyards, and common sense that so haunted by this particular equal footing with human beings
you can't achieve much under the crime. It is certainly true that in a court of law!
influence of Coca-Cola." Alexander is a special object of If you have a younger brother
French politician and aca- their fear and hatred since, had he or child in school, you may have
demic Maurice Druon, inter- lived, the development of science had the experience that his or her
viewed by the Times, answered and city building we associate biotogyexperimentordemonstra-
the charge by raising a glass of red with the Italian Renaissance tion was not accepted at the sci-
wine and laughing. Said Druon, would have been well under way ence fair because live frogs were
"Alexander, an alcoholic? No. A instead by the third century B.C. used. Or, you may have read that
good drinker, yes. But for The oligarchist opponents of in West Germany "chicken ho-
heaven's sake, after so many vic- scientific progress and industrial tels"--the mass production of eggs
tories, the man deserved a drink." growth fear nothing more than with a capital-intensive system of
In addition to these comments, the florescence of creative activity caged layers--are outlawed.
the Times's article on O'Brien also that characterized Alexander's . Allof these things are the
elicited a lively correspondence of brief reign and similar periods of work of the so-called animal rights
rebuttals to the "Alexander was a humanist ferment. And it is this movement, one of the kookier off-
drunk" slander. One letter asked fear which causes them, like shoots of the international envi-
the Times if it wished students to Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth, to ronmentalist movement. Firmly
believe that only neurotics accom- seekto wash their hands compul- entrenched in Europe, where Eu-
plish anything of historical impor-sively of Alexander's blood to this ropean aristocrats have enlisted
tance. The O'Brien "findings" very day, 2,300 years after his backward peasants in a neo-Mal-
have also been covered in the Lon- murder, thusian alliance, the animal rights
donTimes, Discoverymagazine, and --Charles Tare movement is dedicated to the dis-
the round of historical journals, mantling of capital-intensive live-
But the one issue not explored Publicationof the O'Brien article stock production--and by impli-
in any of the coverage to date is coincideswith an exhibit entitled"The cation, as stated quite frankly in
the one which makes the Times Search for Alexander,"which will many cases, eliminating the con-
article most interesting. The new tour five American museums.The sumption of animal protein alto-
dard is, in fact, a new alibi for exhibit is the largestcollectionofarti- gether.
the coverup of history's greatest facts of Alexander and his epochever Recently the animal rights
crime. Every classical source re- to tour America.Currently at the movement has been imported into
ports, and many credit, the story National Gallery of Art in Washing- the United States, where a gaggle
that Alexander died not from a ton, D.C., it will later travel to Chi- of Ralph Nader proteges and as-
strange disease, but was poisoned cago,Boston, San Francisco,andNew sorted environmentalist-consum-
on the orders of Aristotle, the phi-York. erist individuals and groups,-like
52 CAMPAIGNER /December 1980
ding for the animals that is
changed by hand. Welfaristspro-
test the "inhumanity" of the milk-
ing machine, for instance.
In Animal Factories (Crown
Publishers, 1980), a book experi-
enced kook watchers believe is
intended to be the "bible," the
Silent Spring of the animal rights
movement, authors Mason and
Singer state plainly that their book
documents the "tyranny" of hu-
mans over animals, and "explains
why it is wrong."
The fact that capital-intensive
agriculture requires constant tech-
nical and scientific discovery and
the application of new, improved
technologies to perfectman's con-
trol over and re-creation of nature
is attacked as an unjustified cost:
"Factory farming managers have
An "animal rights"demonstration at the August 1980 Democratic Party Convention in not yet learned the lesson that
New YorkCity. Rachel Carson tried to teach those
who would attempt to manage the
the Agribusiness Accountability serious factionaldifferenceswithin natural environment: biological
Project that has led the charge their ranks between the welfarists mechanisms are more complicated
against farm mechanization in tlae proper and the more radical ani- than we realize, and our attempts
U.S.--take marching orders from mal "liberation" advocates, who to manipulate them in our own
their British, Swiss, and Australian argue that there is no such thing as interests are likely to have unex-
gurus. Burgess Meredith with his humane slaughter of animals under pected costs."
"These Amazing Animals" show any circumstances. Dr. Fox made the point in a
provides the movement a potent But the words and writings of September interview with the
forum, the presumably relatively tame Philadelph!aBulletin, where he ex-
Understandably, in America, Dr. Fox--the author of such re- plained: The movement is not
where farm producers pride them- cent tides as The Soul of the Wolf just animals. It's women's rights,
selves on having built the most and Returning to Eden"Animal and consumer advocacy groups.
powerful food-production capa- Rights and Human Liberation--re- It's holistic health and
bility in the world on the basis of veal the common goal to be the medicine .... It's asking how you
scientific and technological devel- reversal of scientific progress in can live to reduce your negative
opment, one does not find the high-technology farming and of impact on the environment .... "
most hospitable environment for modern industrial civilization in The genocidal implications
the animal rights crusade. Dr. Mi- 'general. "The big problem with are not far below the surface in
chael Fox, a Britisher who directs the farmer," Dr. Fox insisted to this "people pollute" line. Nor are
the Institute for the Study of Ani- this reporter, "is that they believe they hidden in the argument Dr.
mal Problems in Washington, that productivity is pretty well the Fox makes that the "luxury" of
D.C. (a child of the Humane So- best sign of an animal's well being, feeding grain to animals to pro-
ciety and England's Royal Society and it's just not true; it's very duce the high quality animal _ro-
for the Prevention of Cruelty to crude;" Sometimes it's hard to tein essential to human develop-
Animals), spends a lot of time "sell" welfare, Dr. Fox admits, ment is something we can no
attempting to build credibility for because "a lot of our more hu- longer afford.
the animal welfarists' cause, mane alternatives tend to be more
Others in the movement report labor intensive," i.e., straw bed- --Susan Cohen
December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER 53
MOVIES II
FLASH/
No Sex,
No Violence
Big Red One
directedby Sam Fuller,with Lee
Marvin andMark Hamill
Hopscotch
directedby RonaldNeame,with
Walter Matthau andGlendaJackson
Occasionally, afilm is ahead of its
time and has to be defended from
a misunderstanding public and
critics. More rarely, a film isbehind
the times and has to be defended
just as strenuously. Sam Fuller's
Big Red One is that rarer kind of
film.
Big Red One might have been
an unremarkable film if it had
been released in the 1940sor 1950s, SamFuller'sred,white,andbluesquad:why Americafoughtfascismin World WarII.
the period that was Mr. Fuller's
directorial heyday. Its story is one
of a small group of men tested in day's directors of adult films, people die on-screen in Big Red
war. The group is a red-white- Whereas most directors have One, Fuller refuses to lavish atten-
and-blue cross-section of Ameri- taken the last thirty years of "lib- tion on the effect of bullet or
can culture: the tough profes- erating influences" in film as a bayonet ripping through flesh--
sional, the intellectual, the Italian- license to include pieces of their the gruesome techniques that have
American from New York, the own unbuttoned fantasy lives into made the modern careers of Sam
farmboy--exactly the premise of their scripts, Mr. Fuller's film is a (TheWild Bunch) Peckinpah and
all the good World War II-era polemic for directorial restraint, the insane group of young direc-
propaganda films like Lewis Mile- This restraint is particularly tots who are grinding out today's
stone's A Walk in theSun and commendable when you realize string of "low-budget horror"
PurpleHeart, and Michael Curtiz's that the film is a very autobio- films. And, while the filmincludes
Bogart vehicle, Action in the North graphical statement by a director a brothel scene, Fuller keeps his
Atlantic. who, by his own admission, has actors clothed. Fuller knows that
What does make Big RedOne been struggling to put his experi- sex is not exactly the most impor-
remarkable is that Fuller retells the ences as a wartime footsoldier in tant thing to men trying to survive
old story in 1980 by scrupulously the U.S. Army's First Division in war, and he therefore keeps it
avoiding the graphic violence and (the "Big Red One") into script- in its proper place.
soft pornography that have be- form for over two decades. In fact, Fuller exploits today's
come almost obligatory for to- Although a couple of hundred "permissiveness" to come up with
54 ' December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
acouple of delightful effects. First, Best in this vein is the devic.e A Tale ofExquisite Revenge
he allows his actors to talk exactly that Fuller uses to bracket the film. The issue of competent versus in-
the way a group of eighteen-year- In the opening scenes, Marvin as a competent theories of war is, in its
old male virgins do. Second, he World War I doughboy kills a own way, also the subject of an-
gives away the great secret of German soldier, not knowing that other thoroughly enjoyable film,
World War II: that the most im- the war ended hours before. In the Hopscotch.
portant use of a Government-issue film's final scene, a now-older The plot of Hopscotch pits what
condom is not the obvious one. Marvin bayonets a German, mo- are commonly called the CIA's
ments before his squad arrives to "old boys," the old professional
TheAmerican Craftsmen tell himthat the Nazis have sur- intelligence specialists who are
With Big Red One, Fuller confirms rendered. The squad then discov'committed to preventing--not
that he is one of the last of what I ers that the German is still breath-starting--WorldWar III, against
like to call the "American crafts-ing, and the same team that has the new breed of "dirty tricks"
men" directors--men like Frank been killing the enemy with great specialists. The brilliant CIA sta-
Capra, Michael Curtiz,John Hus-efficiency now begins laboring to-uon chief in Western Europe
ton,andLewis Milestone (who, gether to save.another human (Walter Matthau) has been called
unfortunately, died in Septem-being's life, Marvin all the while on the carpet by the new CIA
bet). These directors always be-yelling at the wounded man, operations head (Ned Beatty)for
lieved that a film should ennoble "You'll live, if I have to blow letting the Soviet "resident" in
or educate or, failing that, at least your head oflq." Europe escape. Matthau carefully
entertain without recourse to Sam Fuller's ignorance of the explains that he has known the
wrenching emotional shifts or trendiness of gore, nudity, and Soviet spy_for twenty years and if
flashy special effects--that is, portraying Americans as no better the Russian is removed it will take
without the techniques that may than fascists may explain why the years to figure out how his re-
titillate for the moment but leave film has been a box-office failure placement thinks. Effectively, the
the audience with nothing meaty so far and why the producers have Matthau character is claiming that
to think about after leaving the pulled it off the New York market intelligence is not based on prov-
theater, with unheard-of speed, ocation, and that his "courtesy
In Mr. Fuller's case, his disci-
pline in Big Red One serves his
purpose of explaining why Amer-
ica fought fascism in World War
II. Fuller believes, along with
every competent theorist of war,
that an important thing which de-
termines victory is the moral su-
periority of one society over its
opponent and that a moral society
will use only as much force as is
absolutely necessary, however
ruthlessly that force must be ap-
plied, to achieve victory. To this
end Fuller counterposes his Amer-
ican squad offootsoldiers to a Ger-
man squad. For example, when a
young American (Mark Hamill)
freezes in combat, his sergeant
(Lee Marvin) fires at him, care-
fully not hitting him, to goad him
forward. Marvin's Nazi counter-
part deals with a similar situation
by cutting the man down with his Hopscotch 's Lom and Matthau: KGB/CIA "courtesy relationships,"rather than
machine-gun, provocations.
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 '55
MOVIES
relationship" with the Soviets be who here plays the Soviet "resi- reports were published suggesting
maintained, dent," is also boxed in by the an intriguing, behind-the-scenes
Blustering incoherently about direction and not allowed to show battle over the political slant of the
Soviet troops in Cuba, the opera- a little of the nuttiness that he film.
tions chief reassigns Matthau to a demonstrates in all the Pink Panther Andrew Sarris, the film com-
desk job. Matthau calmly leaves, films, mentator of the hyper-liberal
goes to the records section, and These shortcomings are amply New York weekly Village Voice,
shreds his own file. The rest of the offset by the performances gener- reported October 14 that the film
film is-the story of Matthau's ex- ally, and by a soundtrack com- was originally planned to closely
quisite revenge against the dirty pletely devoted to the music of follow Brian Garfield's novel, a
tricksters. Mozart and Donizetti, to which drama apparently much"more po-
Since the humor of Hopscotch Mr. Matthau usually adds a hum- litically equivocal than the final
is largely based on the most ele- ming accompaniment--with utter film product. The screen adapta-
gant form of comedy--anticipa- disregard for key. The music, par- tion, on which Garfield collabo-
tion--I will say no more about the ticularly the Mozart, full of its rated, was reportedly being tai-
plot. I hope that viewers will not own whimsical surprises, beauti- lored as a serious vehicle for
takethe film's slightly murkypol- fully emphasizes the joy with "pretty-face" actor Warren
itics as a defense of anti-intelli- which Matthau and Jackson both Beatty.
gence community "whistle-blow- love each other and confound When the film turned into a
ers" like Philip Agee. their stodgy opponents. Perhaps comedy pitting a prod_tente fac-
Hopscotchis the obverse of Big Hopscotch will trigger another tion of the CIA against a maniacal
Red One: there is much violence, avant garde trend in film: the use "dirty tricks" faction, Garfield,
including traffic accidents and a of real music, who also acted as associate pro-
lot of gunfire, but only pride gets ducer of Hopscotch, began giving
hurt. Sex too is a subject, but is RERUNS "interviews [saying] that he was
limited to a wonderful soliloquy Two weeks after this issue's re- very unhappy with the move ver-
on the pleasures of wine-drinking view of Hopscotch was written, sion," according to the Village
which a former CIA field agent Voice's Sarris.
(Glenda Jackson) uses to seduce Who's responsible for the
Matthau, a former lover. Ms. transformation of Hopscotchinto a
Jackson's delivery struck me as a politically insightful comedy? We
cross between the dinner/seduc- don't know yet. Surely not the
tion scene from Tom Jones and very liberal producers, Eli and
Falstaff's soliloquy on sherry from Edy Landau (The Pawnbroker and
Henry IV, Part II. the ill-fated "American Film The-
ft Hopscotch suffers from any- atre" experiment). Perhaps direc-
thing, it is the underdirection of tor Neame; possibly the cast.
Ronald Neame. Neame's credits This reviewer was personally
include Battle of Britain, a faceless, delighted to witness Sarris's dis-
cast-of-thousands war spectacle in comfort at the film's final tilt
which he reduced his major actors against the anti-intelligence com-
to providing connecting material munity "whistle-blowers" like
for his demolitions experts and Philip Agee. Sarris bitterly corn-
special effects crew. I'm afraid that plains that if the filmmakers had
the same technique sometimes in- turned the Garfield hero into "an
forms Hopscotch.Ms.Jackson, who Agee, who turned on his former
can be an effective actress if she is masters for ideological reasons,
kept out of the clutches ofpornog- Hopscotch might encounter some
raphers like Ken Russell (Women box-office resistance in Middle
in Love, among others), is not al- America."
lowed enough time to play against Keep up the good work, Mid-
Matthau's droll character. Herbert Matthau under cover.He's no Philip dle America!
Lom, the oldhorror film actor Agee. --MichaelJ.Minnicino
56 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
to satisfy his compulsion.
,In reality, such sensationshthe
"itch," the "noises in the brain"
that won't go away--are charac-
Monsters 1 teristic of what is commonly
: known asa "nervous
breakdown."
Humans: 0 However, in Close Encounters
the audience is told by all the
filmic techniques available to di-
Close Encounters rector Spielberg that these behav-
of the Third Kind iors are not dysfunctions, but a
directedbySteven Spielberg, "higher truth." The alien mother
with RichardDreyfus and ship returns to Earth; it is a flying,
FrancoisTruffaut disco light-show which the direc-
tor clearly wants to be the most
fascinating visual aspect of the
What's worse? film. Dreyfus is ushered aboard
A "low-budget horror" film the ship by the guru-like UFO
advertising psychosis, perversion, authority (played by French film
cannibalism, and homicidal social director Francois Truffaut) who
chaos repulsive fare which no also has been looking for the al-
thinking parent would allow a iens, and achieves bliss. The hero's
member of the family to see? insanity, it seems, was merely a
Or the respectableClose En- premonition of his "higher state
countersof the Third Kind--which of consciousness."
just made the first of undoubtedly This outcome turns on its ear
numerous reappearances as a sci- the entire function of science and
ence fiction film "classic" this so-called horror fiction. In the
summer? typical, innocuous sci-fi film, the
Watch out for films like Close hero is confronted with a "mon-
Encounters;they are more sophisti- ster" sometimes a cypher for a
coted than the "ghoulies," and aInside, aflying discolight-show,social problem, sometimes just a
lot more evil in intent, unique and superhuman villain--
It is one thing for a film audi- The plot of Close Encountersis and the viewer's pleasure is usually
ence to watch a zombie gnaw on pretty well known: A Midwestern derived from watching the hero's
a human being or see a young telephone lineman (Richard figuring out how to defeat it. In
woman brutally murdered. While Dreyfus) sights a flying saucer and the best horror pieces (of which
the audience may, in fact, be being spends the rest of the movie des- they are admittedly very few), as
"conditioned" to such degrading perately trying to convince people in some works by Edgar Allan
acts--and to that extent the film is of what he has seen and trying to Poe, the "monster" is an internal
evil nonetheless the viewer is recontact the aliens, psychological problem which the
conscious of the choiceof identify- ,But consider what is going on hero must confront or the villain
ing with the threatened protago- behind the plot. After seeing the must inexorably succumb to.
nist or not. alien craft, the hero becomes ob- For directorSpielberg and his
Not soin CloseEncounters.The sessed, driving his wife and chil- producers, the rational problem-
apparent purpose of this film is to dren out of the house in terror of solvers are the unbelieving bad
entice the viewer into identifying him; he constantly hears a monot- guys. The glassy-eyed ones, the
with the mental collapse of the onous sequence of musical tones; cultists, and ultimately--the
hero/victim. In other words, we finally, he finds himself com- murderous zombies who used to
are supposed to root for the de- pletely fixated on a nondescript be the villains are merely off on a
grading defeat of the "goodobject which he sees in his headlegitimate search for truth.
guys. and ends up tearing apart hishome --Nicholas Benton
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 57
BOOKS
r-.......
The Pioneers (1823)
TheLast ofthe
Mohicans (1826,Let's Revive
ThePathfinder (1840)
James FenimoreCooper James Fenimore Cooper/
?
It was somewhat by accident that tain kinds of human activity. By
I began to read the novels ofJames usinga situation that is in many
Fenimore Cooper. I bought them ways "greaterthan life," the
in orderto give my. oldest son, readeris led to reflect on the
aged 10 and an avidreader, someproper approach tosolving pro-
reading matter of more value than found human problems.
the latest in the Hardy Boys series. The fantasy content can be
When he found them too difficult, used in precisely the opposite di-
I picked up The Last of theMohicans rection as well, of course. The
myself, and discovered that objective of today's pul_ thrillers
, Cooper's novelsare among the is to legitimize the reaaer s own
best that Americans have ever pro- obsession with his sensual needs or
duced, grandiose delusions, especially in
Like many Americans of my the face of a world (both fiction-
generation, I had abandoned read- alized and real) which seems to be
ing novels--particularly contem- more and more out of rational
porary ones--a long time ago. Ex- control.
cept for mystery and spy stories, _ The value of Cooper's novels
they fall into two general cate- is that they represent precisely the
gories: the racy,Jacqueline Susann right kind of moral approach to
kind of existentialist pornography, society, while being extremely en-
or the psychological novels that gaging and adventurous. They
immerse the reader in infantile immerse the reader in the life of
feeling-states of a more subtle sort. the American frontier of 1757 to
Both reinforce the fantasy content 1793 with a purpose in mind--
of the reader's mind in such a way getting the reader to approach the
Cooper as to seriously impairthe ability to problems of expanding civiliza-,
think, tion across the American continent
The novel does have a valid from the standpoint of natural
function within the life of a society law.
. which has put a premium on de-
velo_?!ng the minds and scientific TheNovel as
capabilities of its population,Intelligence Warfare
however.That function is lowerJames Fenimore Cooper was a
than poetry and drama, which novelist for a very specific pur-
"_- speak moredirectly to the precon-pose. As isdocumented inan up-
-scious creative mental processes of coming book by my colleague
the mind, but it is similar. The Allen Salisbtary, Cooper was one
successful novel uses a fantastic, or of the pivotal members of the early
fictionalized, situation to get the American intelligence community
reader to identify with, or think known as the Society of Cincin-
along the lines of, a character who natus, along with Edgar Allan
"_- %'e. _ makes an important contribution Poe, Samuel Morse, and General
,_;_v¢___.,___,_..--_.,,.,_-:.. to his society, and toperceive sen- Lafayette (to name a few). As he
suously the consequences of cer- himself described it, his novels, of
58 December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
BOOKS which there were at least 20, were by relegating the discussion of
weapons in the ongoing American "ideas" to abstruse literary essays
war against Great Britain: like those of Emerson, and confin-
"As long as America does not ing the discussion of "history" to
develop a national literature, we action-packed fantasies like Scott's
will forever be the moral slaves of Ivanhoe.
Great Britain .... We as a nation A crucial part of Britain's pur-
may be able to win wars, but the pose was to spawn a plethora of
real battle is,the contest for the "national" literature which
mind. If I can contribute through would idealize, and thus degrade
my literary efforts towardthis and distort, the origins of the ma-
goal, my life will have been worth jot nation-states. The population
living." was to be infantilized by swallow-
During the three decades dur- ing these national myths, in which
ing which Cooper wrote--1820to morality was replaced by a mysti-
1850--literature was one of the cal racial quality that can never
major fronts on which the war quite be accessed by reason. The
against Britain was being fought, most striking exampl e of this ex-
Just like today, the British pre- periment in the United States is
sumed to set the standards in liter- the work of Henry Wadsworth
ary culture and style. They had Longfe|low and his series of
engaged upon the project of the "epic" poems, like "The Song of
romantic novel--i.e., Sir Walter Hiawatha" and "Evangeline"
Scott, the national mythology-- (1847 and 1855). But Longfellow
the Odin Myth in Germany, the was not alone. His cothinkers
epic poem--Alfred, Lord Tenny- from New England, like William
son, and the ponderous literary Ellery Channing and Ralph
essay. They sought to flood the Waldo Emerson, were also striv-
popular culture of America by ing to produce a truly "Ameri-
these means, using their associates can" literature which eulogized
in Boston in particular, and pon- the brutal savages of the Six Na-
tificating on questions of taste and tions of Indian tribes and the nat-
style in the Edinburgh Review and uralscenery of the continent as the
-,
BlackwoodsJournal. essence of the nation's "roots."
Do you doubt that the area of This literary fad is in one sense
Poe literature could be a .key, even the real forerunner of the "fron-
decisive, battlefront in serious po- tier" theory of Frederick Jackson
litical warfare?The British know Turner, who at the end of the
better, nineteenth century arguedthat it
The purpose of each of the, was the rou h and tumble fight
literary forms which the British with the elements and the savages
made "popular" during this pe- which defined the true American
riod had a specific epistemological character. Politically, the British
content aimed at subverting the thrust was also matched by the
conception of a republican citi- personality of President Andrew
zenry, and that citizenry's identi- Jackson--the preeminent "ba'ar
fication with the universal tradi- hunting woodsman" who has
tion of Neoplatonic science that come down to American mythol-
brought Britain's major chal- ogy ever since.
lenger, the United States, into
being. It was c'rucial, therefore, The Real Americans
that the sensuousness of ideas de- In this comext Cooper's novels are
termining history and politics be a direct antidote to the self-image
submerged. In this case it was done which the British were trying to
CAMPAIGNER /December 1980 59
BOOKS
foist on the American public. Sup- peace. Although Cooper does not
ported by the Carey publishing skim over the fact that the initial
house, he joined Poe as the most approach of spreading civilization
popularauthor of the period, thus among the Indians was viciously
bringing down on himself the abrogated, he never takes the side
heaps of literary scorn one still of the savage retribution. He thor-
encounters today, oughly demolishes romantic illu-
The novels by and large center sions about the Delawares' ene-
around the adventures of one mies--the tribes of the Six Nations
Natty Bumppo, an aging woods- or the Maquas--the very savages
man who has served as a scout for which his literary enemies were
the Americans from the 1750s to trying to raise to the level of
the 1790s, and forged brotherly America's true founders.
ties with the remnants of the Del- Bumppo's acquaintance with
aware Indian tribes. Natty is un- civilizing culture is also a theme in
lettered, but highly skilled in the all the novels. In each of these
arts of the woods, particularly three a well-educated woman
with his rifle, and thus legendary from the city comes into the pic-
in the eyes of his enemies among ture. Tested by the wilderness,
the French and the Iroquois Indian each one exhibits uncommon
tribes, courage and stamina. This is par-
Most importandy, Natty is ticularly true of Cora in The Last
the antithesis of the swashbuc- of the Mohicans, who is a mulatto
kling, swearing frontier hero of daughter of a Scottish general. In
the Andrew Jackson era. He is not two of the novels the woman of
the flamboyant individualistic beauty and culture, whose life has
fighter, and is constandy contrast- been saved by Bumppo, lives on
•ing himself in that regard to his with one of Bumppo's more fron-
good friends among the Indians. tier-wise protrgrs, wedding her
In The Pioneers, the first novel in superior culture to the woodsman
which Bumppo appears, he is vic- qualities of the youth.
timized by the law for his hunter's It is the moral struggle of
_._._,'__.._ disregard for the poacher's law, Bumppo that Cooper usesto uplift
and it appears for a while that his reader. Each chapter begins
Cooper is turning him into a hero with a couplet or quotation from
against the encroachment of civi- a poem; song, or play. Many of
lization into the wilderness. But the epigrams are from Shake-
the novel resolves the problem by speare, particularly "A Midsum-
developing a bond of common mer Night's Dream," or "The
morality between the landlord Merchant of Venice." They de-
Judge and Bumppo against the mand that the reader think beyond
venal "get-rich-quick" mentality the particular act of adventure in
of the town's officials, who twist the chapter to the quality of moral
the intent of the law in order to decision being made by Bumppo
aggrandize themselves, or his antagonists or friends. The
Bumppo's close friendship moral struggle is how to preserve
with the last members of the Moh- and spread civilization on its high-
ican (Delaware) tribe are used po- est level. The civilization at issue
lemically by Cooper against the is shown by the molded statues
mythmakingoftheBostoncrowd, which appear in the house of
The Delaware, you may recall, is Judge Marmaduke in The Pi-
.... the tribe from Pennsylvania with oneers--Homer, Franklin, Shake-
Longfellow which William Penn, Benjamin speare, and Washington.
Franklin, and James Logan made Although the war is not yet
60December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
.BOOKS over, Cooper's enemies among they do the stuffofday-to-day life
British intelligence have won into a flat, socialist-realist paint-
most of the battles over the past ing.
century and ahalf. Cooper himself
is seldom read inschool, whileTheBattle Today
Longellow lives on. Poe has been If America is to have a chance of
turned into a cult figure, while his rebuilding itself and fulfilling the
enemy Charles Dickens is read by promise of the rejection ofJimmy
every schoolchild. The great uni- Carter, the level of culture must
versal poetry and literature which be raised to the level appropriate
Poe and Cooper drew from to to a republican citizenry. There
create a body of fiction that would must be great music everywhere,
successfully elevate the level of the great poetry, and great art cre-
American citizenry has long been ating an environment in which the
suppressed--Schiller, Dante, Rabe- population can develop its mental
Emerson lais, and the real Shakespeare. powers to the point of creating
Even where readable novels and implementing world histori-
have been presented, they have cal ideas.
abandoned the central moral pur- Within such a renaissance, the
_ose. We are presented with the revival of the work of James Fen-
anal internal psychological imore Cooper can play a small,
struggles of the middle class, or but significant part. Once we're in
today's tortured intellectual (Saul the midst of reviving that.culture,
Bellow), not the conflict of ideas we can move to gwe it to our
for practice. Nor do we find the children as well.
work of the "realists" like Studs
Terkel more valuable, leveling as --Nancy Spannaus
TheNumber of the Beast
Robert A. Heinlein
Fawcett-Columbine Heinlein SFPPTs Out
511 pages
$6.95 Robert Heinlein, one of America's vention, the Young Assistant falls
leading science fictioneers, has in love. Ultimately, the MadSci-
written a new best-seller, whose entist and the Dangerous Inven-
first sentence is: "He's a Mad Sci- tion destroy each other, and the
entist and I'm his Beautiful Young Assistant and Beautiful
:Daughter." This classifies the Daughter live happily ever after,
book as science fiction' pulp plotto secure in the knowledge that there
type #3 (SFPPT #3); classifica- are limits beyond which mankind
tions #1 and #2 are, of course, should not go.
"invaders from outer space" and Heinlein made some altera-
"the first man on Planet X." tions in the basic SFPPT ]/3 out-
To refresh the reader's mem- line. The main change was to give
ory on SFPPT ]/3: Young Assis- the Mad Scientist a sexpot wife of
tant comes to work at the labora- his own, which allows the four
tory of Mad Scientist, who has (a) principals to spouse-swap as they
a Beautiful Daughter and (b) a gallivant across the universe in the
Dangerous Invention. In the Mad Scientist's invention, in this
Heinlein course of saving the world from case a time spaceship built for four.
the Mad Scientist's Dangerous In- A couple of bomb blasts are
CAMPAIGNER /December 198061
BOOKS dropped on the professor by some like StarshipTrooperstoglorify the
aliens who don't want humans to notion of conquering the
possess such an invention. Unfor- "gooks." He combined this with
tunately, the four escape and go to a radical "shoot-the-tax-coUec-
Mars, described asa planet of mar-tor" outlook. In the early 1960s,
ijuana fields being contested by when sections of the Anglo-
the British Empire and the Rus- American intelligence establish-
siam. After helping the British ment were redeployed into the
win the war, they fly off and link MK-Ultra drug acculturation
up with another spaceship inhab- project, so was Heinlein. It was
itedbya family of hermaphroditic then that he came out with his
clones, whom they join, establish- ,flower-power book, Stranger In a
ing further multiples of sexual Strange Land, which wasimmedi-
pairings, ately promoted into a manifesto
Those who read Heinlein's for the emerging drug culture.
stories of the 1950s may react with But the quality of the effort rep-
surprise: "How could this happen? resented by The Number of the
Heinlein' didn't used to be a blath- Beast, down to the numerological
ering moron." True, Heinlein,.cultism of its title, is so low that
while never a writer, was not al- even with the most vigorous pro-
ways a blathering moron, motion efforts, there will be no
Heinlein was trained in naval long-term success of the sort en-
intelligence circles and initially joyed by Stranger.
deployed as a cold-war propa-
ganda operative, writing novels --Robert Zubrin
Entropy:ANew
World View Put Put Put
Jeremy Rifkinand •••. • • • * * • • *
Ted Howard
Viking Press The thesis ofJeremy Rifkin's new opposed to political or propagan-
Afterword by book, which he glorifies with the distic) content of Rifkin's book
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen name of the "entropy world should leave his sophomoric re-
511 pages view," is that everything is getting gurgitation of Georgescu-Roegen,
$10.95 worse. He is certainly right about and read Georgescu-Roegen's
the various rehashings of this the- 1971 book, The Entropy Law and
sis, of which Rifkin's is certainly the EconomicProcess.
the most banal, simple-minded In that book, Georgescu-Roe-
and pretentious, gen begins with an incisive cri-
Rifkin's idea is that the second tique of classical and current eco-
law of thermodynamics--which, nomics, pinpointing its funda-
accurately phrased, states that no mental fallacy in the assumption
transformation of energy can oc- of some equilibrium existence for
cur with 100 percent efficiency-- industrial capitalism. As Geor-
has applications to economics and gescu-Roegen points out, this is a
sociology. The idea got its most false assumption, one which de-
significant treatment from the rives from a linear, reductionist
economist who wrote an after- method of analysis.
word to Rifkin's book, Nicholas In the next step of his argu-
Georgescu-Roegen. ment, he shows, again correctly,
Riflein Any reader seriously inter-that if a system like human society
ested in pursuing the cognitive (as exists within a given set of natural
December 1980 /CAMPAIGNER
62
LETTERS
or physical laws, two- c0nse-a static creation whose initial per-
quences follow, fection has decayed under man's Continuedfrom page 5
First, increasing complexity, influence); and his attempts at sci- the picture through the forging of
growth, and economic develop-ence are laughable (he resurrects political movements committed to
ment cannot be long-term tend- the oldest misinterpretations of the the realization of the "City of
encies, but only short,term pertur- first and second laws of thermo- God." How this process worked
bat-ions in an overall progression dynamics). But Rifkin's admirers in Philo's time can be best under-
toward staffs in concrete terms, betray the real significance of his stood by reading Robert Drey-
he says that finite resources, finite work. fuss's "How Jesus and His Follow-
land areas, and fixed natural laws The Aquarian Conspiracy ers Saved Civilization," in the
forbid infinite growth. Second, writ large turned out to applaud August 1980 Campaigner. The
the natural long-term tendency of thepublishing of his book--Willis books and Campaigner magazine
temporal change, for economic Harmon of the Stanford Research writings authored by Lyndon H.
systems as well as physical ones, is Institute, Gar Alperovitz of the LaRouche present the most com-
governed by the only physicallaw National Center for Economic plete exposition of the broader
which talks about a direction of Alternatives, Hazel Henderson, scope of the "Neoplatonic Repub-
evolution--the second law of author of Creating Alternative Fu- lican" tradition and its fights
thermodynamics. Since this law tures, Sen. Mark Hatfield, and Sen. against the Aristotelians over the
requires that within a fixed sys- George McGovern, among others, past 3,000 years.
tem, everything must run and Most telling, however, is the In conclusion, I apologize for
eventually approach equilibrium, fact that Rifkin's program for de- the misspelling of Dr. Peru-
so must human society, population, ruralization, and chowski's name, and thank him
At this point in his book, ruthless austerity is exactly that of for his suggestions for further re-
Georgescu-Roegen unflinchingly the funders and founders of the search on the themes elaborated in
draws the rigorous conclusion that Aquarian Conspiracy, the World my article.
follows from his premises: there Bank, and the International Mon- Mark Burdman
are too many people; many must etary Fund. As one WorldBank
die; man can only survive in small economist, Peter Knight, said of
agricultural settlements or troops, the book: "Rifkin and Howard
much like baboons today. The al- call us to reflect on a law from
ternative, according to Geor- which there can be no escapeand to Friedricb Schiller
gescu-Roegen, is simple: use our remaining nonrenewable •
"Will mankind listen to any energy resources frugally to ease LolJcd by Americans
program that implies a constric- the inevitable transition to the so-
tion of its addiction to exosomatic lar age." To the editor:
comfort?Perhaps the destiny of There is a certain irony in the After reading and circulating
man is to have a short, but fiery, fact that any person who denies the June 1980 issue of the Cam-
exciting and extravagant life the possibility of human creativity paigner "Which Way America,"
rather than a long, uneventful, and and scientific endeavor to change my interest was really sparked by
vegetative existence. Let other the laws that limit mankind, who the reactions I encountered. I
species--the amoebas, for exam- says that his mental processes are found it really tragic, for instance,
pie--which have no spiritual am- governed by physical laws like the when I was told by leaders of the
bitions, inherit the earth still second law of thermodynamics, is, large German-American commu-
bathed in plenty of sunshine." in fact, correct. Rifkin's book is nity here in Baltimore that it was
The vegetative existence has certainly a dramatic proof of the much too dangerous for German-
found its popular champion inJer- finiteness of his intellect. Form- Americans to engage in a public
emy Rifkin. Rifkin's attempts at nately, the majority of humanity, dialogue celebrating the beloved
philosophy are pathetic (he does and its intellectual forefathers un- Friedrich Schiller. "My dear
not mention the single most influ- mentioned by Rifkin, are forging young woman," one of them
ential proponent of the concept of the technological, scientific, and chided me, "you and I may love
progress and development, G.W. moral solutions to the problems Schiller, but if we were to admit
Leibniz); his historiography is a Rifkin transforms into necessities, that publicly, we would be ac-
blatant lie (he lumps Plato and cused of promoting a particular
Aristotle together as believing in --Dr.Steven Bardwell brand of nationalism that Germans
CAMPAIGNER /December 198063
LETTERS
here have spent 40 years trying to understand all that made Schiller in an intensely deliberate way. A
dispel!" great, what is overwhelming isthe project to rewrite American his-
Friedrich Schiller, who loved his true celebration of America's great tory--economic, political and es-
fellow man so that he dedicated love for him. pecially cultural--was conducted
his life to educating all mankind to A junior high school student between approximately 1905 and
be geniuses, is an inextricable part writes a long letter in which he 1930. The most famous names as-
of our history, as Warren Hamer- explains that he has been taught in sociated with this effort were
man and Helga Zepp-LaRouche school that "Goethe was a greater Charles Beard and Frederick Jack-
made so clear. Yet, this Friedrich intellect than Schiller was." He son Turner.
Schiller, so loved by early Amer- says he disagrees. "But," writes The guiding concept was to
ica, is not only unknown to the the 13-year-old, "if it's true that disprove that the American repub-
great majorityofAmericanstoday Goethe was the greater poet, lic was created by adherents of
but those who do know and love Schiller was still the greater man. great republican ideas of govern-
him are intimidated by an ugly, Goethe managed to be a great poet ment, who consciously developed
irrationalcultism; ironically, the despite his rotten character; a powerful citizenry.
same ugly, irrational cultism that Schiller was a great poet and In addition to Charles Beard's
swept Weimar Germany. prophet because he had a noble infamous book, there are a half-
I recently found a book hid- nature and a very beautiful soul. dozen more proceeding from the
den away in the Special Collec- This is why in America we admire same false outlook. For example,
tions room of the Johns Hopkins Goethe but we love Schiller." History of Labor by John R. Com-
University library that sheds some In another piece, the boy who mons, published in 1918; and His-
new light on this part of our na- plays Wilhelm Tell in the chil- tory of Agriculture by Dr. Percy
tion's history. The book Schillerin dren's production of the drama isWells Bidwell and Dr. John Fal-
America, is a commemorative vol- asked what he thinks of Schiller. coner, 1925.
ume from the Chicago Schiller He replies, "Schiller himself was The same funding agency for
Gedenkfier that took place in May his most beautiful poem. It is hard this gigantic project, the Carnegie
1905 on the 100th anniversary of for me to explain why the world Institution of Washington, D.C.,
Schiller's death. So, I discovered, loves Schiller. I suppose it's for the financed a rewrite of the history of
as late as 1905 a Schiller festival same reason that we love the sun-- the "German contribution" to the
was held in America! they both shed light and they both development of America. Schiller
The book outlines a festival of give life." and the German republican con-
performances of Schiller's greatest The letters go on to describe tribution to America in general
plays followed by performances of Schiller's republicanism and were minimized. Thousands of
Beethoven's music, all free to the America's great debt to him. faculty and graduate students were
public in Chicago's Lincoln Park. These statements were made a dispersed around the country to
There is even a wonderful descrip- mere 75 years ago. Some of the find historical documents, central-
tion of a performance of "Wil- children are probably still alive, ize them at the University of Wis-
helm Tell" by Chicago school While this certainly doesn't di- consin in the name of "scholar-
children, minish the truth of the brutaliza- ship" and thus take them out of
A collection of letters from ti.on of the American population circulation.
hundreds of Americans expressing today it is still a most exciting Readers will be excited tohear
their feelings about Friedrich thing to discover in this century that there was a Schillerfest week-
Schiller are presented. Even Theo- and somehow it makes our own end in Mannheim, West Ger-
dore Roosevelt writes, providing tasks seem easier, many, on November 28-30, with
excuses for why he cannot attend! Debra Hanania Freeman plays and historical presentations
If one reads the letters carefully, it Baltimore, Maryland to celebrate Schiller's ideas. It
is clear that many of those who would be a great reestablishment
wrote certainly do not understand of the German-American heritage
the full import of what Zepp- The editor replies: if some of these presentations can
LaRouche describes as Schiller's One of the reasons great fig- be brought to audiences in the
"secret knowledge." But it almost ures and moments in American U.S. We will report on the Man-
doesn't matter, because even history lie waiting to be discov- nheim fest in a future issue.
though those who write do not ered is that they were suppressed --MM
64 December 1980 / CAMPAIGNER
